Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemistry
Compound No. | Common Name/IUPAC Name | Structure | Ref |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Inulin | [35] | |
2 | Caffeic acid/ (E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid | [36] | |
3 | Ferulic acid/(2E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid | [37] | |
4 | Caftaric acid/ (2R,3R)-2-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-3-hydroxybutanedioic acid | [38] | |
5 | Chicoric acid/ (2R,3R)-2,3-Bis{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) prop-2-enoyl]oxy}butanedioic acid | [39] | |
6 | 5-Caffeoylquinic acid (Chlorogenic acid)/ (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid | [40] | |
7 | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Isochlorogenic acid A)/ (3R,5R)-3,5-Bis{[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid | [38,41] | |
8 | Aesculetin/ 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one | [42] | |
9 | Aesculin/ 6-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one | [42] | |
10 | Luteolin/ 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | [43] | |
11 | Isoquercetin/ 3-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone | [38] | |
12 | Ellagic acid/ 2,3,7,8-Tetrahydroxy (1)benzopyrano[5,4,3-cde](1)benzopyran-5,10-dione | [44] | |
13 | Crepidiaside A/ (3aS,9aS,9bS)-6-Methyl-3-methylidene-9-({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3aH,4H,5H,9aH,9bH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione | [45] | |
14 | Cyanidin | [46,47] |
2.1. Hairy Root Culture (HRC)
2.2. Geographical Distribution
2.3. Agriculture Improvement
2.4. Extraction of the Main Constituents
2.5. Waste Valorization
2.6. Miscellaneous
3. Health Benefits of Chicory Constituents
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APX | Ascorbate peroxidase |
BHT | Butylated hydroxytoluene |
Caco-2 | Human colon carcinoma cell line |
CAT | Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase |
COX | Cyclooxygenase |
3-CQA | 3-Caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) |
4-CQA | 4-Caffeoylquinic acid |
5-CQA | 5-Caffeoylquinic acid |
3,4-diCQA | 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid |
3,5-diCQA | 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (isochlorogenic acid) |
4,5-diCQA | 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid |
DPPH | 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl |
GAE | Gallic acid equivalents |
GDF15 | Growth differentiation factor 15 |
HepG2 | Liver hepatocellular carcinoma |
HRC | Hairy root culture |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor kappa B |
POD | Antioxidant enzyme peroxidase |
POX | Class III plant peroxidase |
PPARα | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha |
mRNA | Messenger RNA |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
SREBP-1 | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 |
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Birsa, M.L.; Sarbu, L.G. Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061322
Birsa ML, Sarbu LG. Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061322
Chicago/Turabian StyleBirsa, Mihail Lucian, and Laura G. Sarbu. 2023. "Health Benefits of Key Constituents in Cichorium intybus L." Nutrients 15, no. 6: 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061322