Nutrients

15 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in European Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Results from the I.Family Study

by Annarita Formisano, Marika Dello Russo, Lauren Lissner, Paola Russo, Wolfgang Ahrens, Stefaan De Henauw, Antje Hebestreit, Timm Intemann, Monica Hunsberger, Dénes Molnár, Luis Alberto Moreno, Valeria Pala, Stalo Papoutsou, Lucia Reisch, Toomas Veidebaum, Garrath Williams, Maike Wolters, Alfonso Siani and Fabio Lauria

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132252 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 291

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) constitute a large proportion of the daily energy intake of Europeans, particularly among children and adolescents. High UPFs consumption is associated with poor dietary quality and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine whether high UPFs consumption [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) constitute a large proportion of the daily energy intake of Europeans, particularly among children and adolescents. High UPFs consumption is associated with poor dietary quality and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine whether high UPFs consumption is associated with metabolic health in children, adolescents, and adults, using data from the I.Family study. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis (2013/2014) included 2285 participants: 147 children (6–9 years), 645 adolescents (10–19 years), and 1493 adults (≥20 years). For the children and adolescents, a metabolic syndrome (MetS) z-score was calculated, consisting of age- and sex-standardized z-scores of WC, HOMA index, HDL-C, TRG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). For the adults, MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force and other societies. The participants completed at least one 24 h recall, from which their UPFs consumption was estimated using the NOVA classification. The consumption levels were divided into age- and sex-specific quintiles based on the relative energy contribution of these foods. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between UPFs consumption and MetS or its components. Results: No statistically significant associations were found between UPFs consumption and MetS or its components in any age group. The effect sizes were negligible across the quintiles (η² = 0.0065 in children, 0.015 in adolescents, and 0.0009 in adults). While the mean MetS score showed little variation, the prevalence of MetS scores above the 90th percentile increased in the highest UPFs quintile among the children. The diet quality decreased with increasing UPFs consumption. Conclusions: UPFs consumption was not associated with MetS or its components across the age groups. However, a decline in diet quality was observed with increasing UPFs intake, highlighting the importance of public health strategies to reduce UPFs consumption and improve dietary patterns, particularly among younger populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)

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13 pages, 2419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Gut Microbial Composition by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 Supplementation in a High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Jaeryang Chu, Chae-Won No, Hyunchae Joung, Kyung Hwan Kim, Chang Hun Shin, Jisu Lee and Jung-Heun Ha

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132251 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 (LL) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-regulatory effects in vitro and in vivo, including attenuation of hepatic steatosis and modulation of lipid metabolism. Given the known interactions between host metabolism and gut microbiota, these findings suggest [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 (LL) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-regulatory effects in vitro and in vivo, including attenuation of hepatic steatosis and modulation of lipid metabolism. Given the known interactions between host metabolism and gut microbiota, these findings suggest a potential role for LL in modulating microbial composition under conditions of diet-induced obesity. This study aimed to investigate the microbiome-related effects of LL using an established murine model. To evaluate the effect of LL supplementation on gut microbial composition and predict microbial metabolic functions in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet and administered LL orally for 12 weeks. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial taxonomic profiles were assessed using linear discriminant analysis effect size, and functional predictions were performed using PICRUSt2. Results: LL supplementation significantly altered the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and other commensal taxa while reducing the prevalence of pro-inflammatory genera such as Alistipes and Bilophila. Functional prediction analysis revealed a downregulation of lipopolysaccharide and ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis pathways. Microbial functions associated with carbohydrate metabolism and short-chain fatty acid production were enriched in the LL-treated group. Conclusions: LL modulated gut microbial composition and suppressed pro-inflammatory microbial pathways while enhancing beneficial metabolic functions in high-fat diet-fed mice. These findings support the potential of LL as a safe and effective microbiota-targeted probiotic for managing obesity-related metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics in Metabolism Disorder—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Gastrointestinal and Behavioral Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

by Anna Liber and Małgorzata Więch

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132250 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, often reported by individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), may impair functionality and exacerbate behavioral symptoms. Gut dysbiosis has been identified as a potential environmental factor influencing these symptoms through gut-brain axis dysregulation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is [...] Read more.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, often reported by individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), may impair functionality and exacerbate behavioral symptoms. Gut dysbiosis has been identified as a potential environmental factor influencing these symptoms through gut-brain axis dysregulation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapeutic strategy with potential to alleviate symptoms. This review systematically evaluates the efficacy and safety of FMT in GI and ASD-related symptoms. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. The review included clinical trials on FMT in children and adolescents with ASD, published up to October 2024. The bias assessments were performed using Cochrane tools. Outcomes focused on changes in GI and ASD-related symptoms using scales selected by the authors. Results: This systematic review included two RCTs and seven before-and-after studies. Improvements in GI and ASD-related outcomes were reported in all before-and-after studies, whereas the results of RCTs were inconsistent. The before-and-after studies showed a high risk of bias, while the RCTs demonstrated a low risk. Conclusions: Although many studies have been conducted, the methodological limitations of some and contradictory findings of others make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the effectiveness of FMT in children with ASD. Variations in intervention protocols underscore the importance of establishing standardized FMT procedures in future rigorously designed trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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21 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Milk Supplemented with Sodium Butyrate and Inulin: Physicochemical Characterization and Probiotic Viability Under In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

by Katarzyna Szajnar, Małgorzata Pawlos, Magdalena Kowalczyk, Julita Drobniak and Agata Znamirowska-Piotrowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132249 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 249

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in managing gastrointestinal disorders through modulation of gut microbiota. Restoring microbial balance remains a therapeutic challenge. Recent strategies combine probiotics, inulin, and sodium butyrate as synergistic agents for gut health. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in managing gastrointestinal disorders through modulation of gut microbiota. Restoring microbial balance remains a therapeutic challenge. Recent strategies combine probiotics, inulin, and sodium butyrate as synergistic agents for gut health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of milk supplementation with inulin and sodium butyrate on physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and the survival of selected probiotic strains during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Methods: Fermented milk samples were analyzed for color, pH, titratable acidity, and syneresis. A trained sensory panel evaluated aroma, texture, and acceptability. Samples underwent a standardized in vitro digestion simulating oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. Viable probiotic cells were counted before digestion and at each stage, and survival rates were calculated. Results: Physicochemical and sensory attributes varied depending on probiotic strain and supplementation. Inulin and the inulin–sodium butyrate combination influenced syneresis and acidity. Lacticaseibacillus casei 431 and Lactobacillus johnsonii LJ samples showed the highest viable counts before digestion. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that probiotic strain, supplementation type, and their interactions significantly affected bacterial survival during digestion (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The addition of inulin and sodium butyrate did not impair probiotic viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The effects on product characteristics were strain-dependent (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, L. casei 431, L. paracasei L26, L. acidophilus LA-5, L. johnsonii LJ). These findings support the use of inulin–butyrate fortification in dairy matrices to enhance the functional potential of probiotic foods targeting gut health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Postbiotics, Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health)

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27 pages, 15733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Lactation Lactoferrin Deficiency on Intestinal Microbiota in Different Mice Models

by Wenli Wang, Qin An, Yunxia Zou, Qingyong Meng and Yali Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132248 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The establishment of early gut microbiota is crucial for host health. Lactoferrin (LF), which is present in breast milk, positively impacts gut microbiota composition. However, the effect of lactation LF on the establishment and composition of early gut microbiota in different disease [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The establishment of early gut microbiota is crucial for host health. Lactoferrin (LF), which is present in breast milk, positively impacts gut microbiota composition. However, the effect of lactation LF on the establishment and composition of early gut microbiota in different disease models in adulthood remains unclear. Methods: Lactation-LF-deficient mice were established using systemically LF–knocked-out maternal mice. This study assessed the maturity of the gut microbiota in LF feeding-deficient mice in relation to age and changes in the gut microbiota in adult high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis, and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression models. Results: Compared to LF intake during lactation, LF deficiency during lactation increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the gut, resulting in abnormal microbial maturation. LF intake during lactation aggravated gut microbiota dysbiosis induced via HFD, DSS, and CUMS in adulthood and may change the function of Enterorhabdus, GCA-900066575, Peptococcus, Tuzzerella, Akkermansia, and Desulfovibrio. Comparing the different models revealed that bacteria that were jointly upregulated via HFD and DSS exhibited increased levels of inflammation and oxidation. LF deficiency during lactation may weaken the association between an HFD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The changing trends in many gut microbes caused by DSS and HFD were opposite to those that changed with age. Conclusions: Lactoferrin deficiency increases the abundance of potential pathogens and disrupts microbial maturation. This lack of LF exacerbates dysbiosis in models of obesity, colitis, and depression. Regulating the gut microbiota according to the rules of microbial succession during the maturation process of gut microbiota may improve gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with obesity and IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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25 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Were Our Grandmothers Right? Soup as Medicine—A Systematic Review of Preliminary Evidence for Managing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

by Sandra Lucas, Matthew J. Leach, Rachel Kimble and Joshua Cheyne

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132247 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 927

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a significant global health burden, contributing to increased healthcare use, absenteeism, and economic strain. While clinical treatments exist, many individuals use traditional dietary remedies such as soup to relieve symptoms. Soup is thought to support recovery [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a significant global health burden, contributing to increased healthcare use, absenteeism, and economic strain. While clinical treatments exist, many individuals use traditional dietary remedies such as soup to relieve symptoms. Soup is thought to support recovery through hydration, warmth, nutritional content, and possible anti-inflammatory effects. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of soup consumption on adults with ARTIs, focusing on symptom severity, illness duration, absenteeism, immune response, inflammatory biomarkers, and overall well-being. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2024 across MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, clinical trial registries, and supplementary sources. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, and controlled before-after studies evaluating soup as an intervention for ARTIs. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to heterogeneity in study design and outcome measures. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023481236). Results: Four studies (n = 342) met inclusion criteria. Interventions commonly included chicken-based soups with vegetables and herbs. Comparators varied (e.g., no treatment, water, or alternative soup). Findings showed modest reductions in symptom severity and illness duration (by 1–2.5 days). Two studies reported reductions in inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). No studies reported on absenteeism or well-being. Conclusions: Soup may offer modest benefits for ARTIs, particularly for symptom relief and inflammation. Further well-designed studies are needed to evaluate its broader clinical and functional impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Least Significant Change (LSC) for Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D

by Pawel Pludowski, Marek Wójcik, Maciej Jaworski, Agnieszka Ochocińska, William B. Grant and Michael F. Holick

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132246 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

Background: The least significant change (LSC) method should be introduced and considered a proper method to define the smallest clinically important difference between two consecutive measurements. Methods: The LSC was calculated based on 150 patients, with a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] IDS-iSYS assay [...] Read more.

Background: The least significant change (LSC) method should be introduced and considered a proper method to define the smallest clinically important difference between two consecutive measurements. Methods: The LSC was calculated based on 150 patients, with a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] IDS-iSYS assay performed in triplicate. The LSC was determined by multiplying the calculated root mean square precision error by a factor of 2.77. The study group was additionally divided into subgroups according to gender, age, serum 25(OH)D concentration, and date of assays. Results: The LSC was 4.0 ng/mL (13.2%) for the entire group (n = 150; 450 assays) and was not dependent on gender, age of patients, or the date of assays (p > 0.05). The LSC value depended only on the 25(OH)D concentration value. In the subgroup with vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), the obtained LSC value was 2.2 ng/mL (14.7%), which was lower compared to all other groups (p < 0.05 for insufficiency, and p < 0.0001 for the optimal concentration value). In the subgroup with 25(OH)D concentrations >50 ng/mL (n = 4; 12 assays), the calculated LSC was 11.8 ng/mL (16.9%) and differed statistically only from the subgroup with vitamin D deficiency (p < 0.005). Conclusions: An absolute LSC of 4.0 ng/mL was calculated for the IDS-iSYS assay used in our study and should be considered when two (or more) assay results of 25(OH)D performed for a single patient are compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of the 7th International Conference “Vitamin D—Minimum, Maximum, Optimum”)

14 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Prebiotics Inulin and Oat β-Glucan on Colonic Architecture and Hepatic Proteome in Mice with Circadian-Disruption-Aggravated Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis

by Nelson Kei, Kam Kuen Cheung, Ka Lee Ma, Tsz Kwan Yau, Susana Lauw, Xing Kang, Kiwi Wai Yan Sun, Yu Wang, Vincent Wai Sun Wong, Sunny Hei Wong and Peter Chi Keung Cheung

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132245 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

Background: Circadian disruption (CD) aggravates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but supplementation with prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan may mitigate its effects. However, their impact on colonic architecture and hepatic proteome remains unclear. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of prebiotics inulin and [...] Read more.

Background: Circadian disruption (CD) aggravates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but supplementation with prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan may mitigate its effects. However, their impact on colonic architecture and hepatic proteome remains unclear. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan on colonic architecture and hepatic proteome in mice with CD-aggravated MASH. Methods: CD was induced by weekly reversal of the light–dark cycle to simulate shift work. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to non-shifted chow, non-shifted fructose, palmitate, cholesterol, and trans-fat (FPC) diet, shifted chow, or shifted FPC diet (SFPC) for 26 weeks. Prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan supplementation were provided to the SFPC group in the final 10 weeks. Distal colon and serum samples were collected for histological examination and endotoxemia evaluation, respectively. Liver samples were collected for proteomic mass spectrometry analysis. Results: Mice with CD-aggravated MASH were found with colonic crypt loss and a distinct hepatic proteome structure compared to mice with non-CD MASH. Notably, inulin showed better effects than oat β-glucan in preserving colonic crypts in mice with CD-aggravated MASH. Furthermore, inulin supplementation restored the hepatic proteome structure similar to that of non-CD MASH mice, a benefit not observed with oat β-glucan. Conclusions: Given our prior findings showing oat β-glucan’s superior ability to enrich gut bacterial species associated with MASH improvement under CD, this study highlights inulin’s unique benefits for colonic architecture and hepatic proteome regulation in CD-aggravated MASH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dietary Polysaccharides for Human Health and Diseases)

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15 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polygenic Risk, Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors, and Metabolic Factors: Associations with HDL-C, Triglyceride Levels, and Cardiovascular Risk

by Danyel Chermon and Ruth Birk

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132244 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 176

Abstract

Background/Objective: Dyslipidemia significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), with triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as key components. While genetics play a key role in lipid levels, the interplay between genetic predisposition and modifiable lifestyle factors remains unexplored in population-based studies. [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Dyslipidemia significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), with triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as key components. While genetics play a key role in lipid levels, the interplay between genetic predisposition and modifiable lifestyle factors remains unexplored in population-based studies. We aimed to study the associations between weighted polygenic risk scores (wPRS) for TG and HDL-C, lifestyle, and metabolic factors with lipid traits and CVD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, genotype, metabolic and lifestyle data from an Israeli cohort (n = 5584 adults) were analyzed. Individual wPRSs were constructed for TG and HDL-C based on SNPs associated with each trait. Gene-environment (lifestyle and metabolic factors) associations were evaluated by stratifying participants into high wPRS (≥90th percentile) vs. lower wPRS (<90th percentile). Results: High wPRSs were significantly associated with unfavorable lipid profiles (higher TG and lower HDL-C) and elevated TG/HDL-C ratios. Males and females in the high wPRS_HDL had 97- and 10-fold higher odds of CVD, respectively (p < 0.0001). Individuals with a combined high wPRS_HDL and wPRS_TG showed a 44-fold increase in CVD odds (p < 0.0001). Obesity (BMI > 30) and HbA1c ≥5.7% were significantly associated with elevated TG and reduced HDL-C levels, particularly in high wPRS_HDL and WPRS_TG individuals, while moderate wine (1–3 drinks/week) consumption and coffee intake (≥1 cup/day) mitigated these effects, particularly among individuals with high wPRS. Conclusions: Risk stratification based on genetic, lifestyle and metabolic profiles may inform personalized prevention strategies for dyslipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Diversity and Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Pattern in Pregnancy Is Protective Against the Development of Early-Childhood Atopic Dermatitis

by Kristina Nadine Heye, Leonie Helen Bogl, Mari Sasaki, Remo Frei, Anna Breunig, Neeta Bühler, Christian Raphael Kahlert, Mehmet Goekkaya, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, Roger Lauener, CK-CARE study group and Caroline Roduit

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2243; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132243 - 7 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: The role of maternal diet in atopic dermatitis (AD) requires better understanding, as AD often manifests early in life and precedes other allergic diseases. We evaluated the association between maternal diet and AD up to 2 years of age. Methods: A total [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The role of maternal diet in atopic dermatitis (AD) requires better understanding, as AD often manifests early in life and precedes other allergic diseases. We evaluated the association between maternal diet and AD up to 2 years of age. Methods: A total of 116 mother–child dyads from the CARE birth cohort study were included. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed with a validated self-administered 97-item food frequency questionnaire, and dietary scores were calculated. AD was evaluated at ages 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years. The associations between maternal dietary patterns and AD were examined by logistic regression analysis adjusting for total energy intake, gender of the child, maternal antibiotic therapy during pregnancy, and history of atopic disease among both parents. Results: Of the 116 children, 27 (23.3%) developed AD by 2 years, 11 of whom (40.7%) had persistent AD within the first 2 years. AD risk was reduced with a higher Mediterranean diet score during pregnancy (upper median > 3 points versus lower median: adjusted OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.69, p = 0.009) and with greater dietary diversity, as measured by the number of items consumed (upper median > 53 items versus lower median: OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.06–0.58, p = 0.005). No association was found with macronutrients and micronutrients. Red meat consumption showed a positive association with the persistent AD phenotype (adjusted OR 5.04, 95% CI 1.47 to 31.36, p = 0.034). Conclusions: Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and a diverse diet during pregnancy may decrease the risk of developing early childhood AD. This highlights the synergistic role of nutrients in dietary patterns as they modulate immune development and disease susceptibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Allergic Diseases in Early Life)

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20 pages, 2556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Calorie Diets Exacerbate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pneumonia by Promoting Propionate-Mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

by Yingqiu Sun, Hui Liu, Jiyu Jiang, Leyan Hu, Qingpu Ma, Shuxuan Li, Tiegang Liu and Xiaohong Gu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132242 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Objectives: High-calorie diets are linked to increased risks of chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, yet their role in modulating pneumonia severity remains unclear. Focusing on the interactions among gut-originating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neutrophil function, and histone deacetylases (HDACs), this research examined [...] Read more.

Objectives: High-calorie diets are linked to increased risks of chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, yet their role in modulating pneumonia severity remains unclear. Focusing on the interactions among gut-originating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neutrophil function, and histone deacetylases (HDACs), this research examined the exacerbating effects of a high-calorie diet on pneumonia in rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old, 110 ± 10 g) were allocated among four groups: normal diet (N), high-calorie diet (G), LPS-induced pneumonia (P), and high-calorie diet combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia (GP). LPS was administered via aerosolization for three days. Fecal, serum, and lung SCFA levels were quantified via GC-MS. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, neutrophil apoptosis, and HDAC activity were assessed using immunofluorescence, TUNEL assays, and qRT-PCR. Propionate supplementation and HDAC inhibitor (trichostatin A) interventions were applied to validate mechanistic pathways. Results: The group GP exhibited exacerbated lung inflammation, increased NETs release, and reduced neutrophil apoptosis compared to the group P. Propionate levels in feces, serum, and lung tissues decreased sharply in GP rats, correlating with elevated HDAC1/2/3/6 activity and reduced histone acetylation. Propionate supplementation or HDAC inhibition significantly attenuated lung injury, suppressed NETs, and restored neutrophil apoptosis. Conclusions: High-calorie diets exacerbate pneumonia by depleting gut-derived propionate, which drives HDAC-mediated NETs overproduction and impairs neutrophil apoptosis. Restoring propionate levels or targeting HDACs may offer therapeutic strategies for diet-aggravated respiratory diseases. Mechanistically, propionate-mediated HDAC inhibition demonstrates proof-of-concept efficacy in modulating H4 acetylation, warranting further investigation in disease-specific pneumonia models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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39 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trace Mineral Imbalances in Global Health: Challenges, Biomarkers, and the Role of Serum Analysis

by Marta López-Alonso, Inés Rivas and Marta Miranda

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2241; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132241 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 335

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Trace minerals (TMs), both essential and toxic, are integral to human physiology, participating in enzymatic reactions, oxidative balance, immune function, and the modulation of chronic disease risk. Despite their importance, imbalances due to deficiencies or toxic exposures are widespread globally. While [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Trace minerals (TMs), both essential and toxic, are integral to human physiology, participating in enzymatic reactions, oxidative balance, immune function, and the modulation of chronic disease risk. Despite their importance, imbalances due to deficiencies or toxic exposures are widespread globally. While low-income countries often face overt deficiencies and environmental contamination, middle- and high-income populations increasingly deal with subclinical deficits and chronic toxic metal exposure. This review aims to explore the relevance of serum as a matrix for evaluating TM status across diverse clinical and epidemiological, geographic, and demographic settings. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted focusing on the physiological roles, health impacts, and current biomarker approaches for key essential (e.g., zinc, copper, selenium) and toxic (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic) trace elements. Particular emphasis was placed on studies utilizing serum analysis and on recent advances in multi-element detection using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: Serum was identified as a versatile and informative matrix for TM assessment, offering advantages in terms of clinical accessibility, biomarker reliability, and capacity for the simultaneous quantification of multiple elements. For essential TMs, serum levels reflect nutritional status with reasonable accuracy. For toxic elements, detection depends on instrument sensitivity, but serum can still provide valuable exposure data. The method’s scalability supports applications ranging from public health surveillance to individualized patient care. Conclusions: Serum trace mineral analysis is a practical and scalable approach for nutritional assessment and exposure monitoring. Integrating it into clinical practice and public health strategies can improve the early detection of imbalances, guide interventions such as nutritional supplementation, dietary modifications, and exposure mitigation efforts. This approach also supports advanced personalized nutrition and preventive care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Perspective: The Effect of Trace Elements on Human Health)

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3 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in the Prevention and Management of Celiac Disease

by Teresa Nestares and Rafael Martín-Masot

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132240 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 280

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) exemplifies the complexity inherent in multifactorial, immune-mediated disorders, with layers of pathogenesis and clinical expression that continue to challenge both researchers and clinicians [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Prevention and Management of Celiac Disease)

3 pages, 131 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Effects of Selenium and Other Micronutrient Intake on Human Health

by Shuang-Qing Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132239 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

Since its discovery in 1817, selenium had long been considered toxic, until 1957, when the element was demonstrated to protect vitamin E-deficient rats against liver necrosis and recognized as an essential micronutrient [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Selenium and Other Micronutrient Intake on Human Health)

4 pages, 142 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutrition Intervention in Gynecological Diseases

by Yuanyuan Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2238; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132238 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

Gynecological diseases are a group of diseases that affect the reproductive systems of women [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention in Gynecological Diseases)

12 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) and Healthcare Costs Among Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016 and 2021

by Soyoung Kim and Minseon Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132237 - 6 Jul 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study examined the association between diet quality, measured by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), and medical expenditures among Korean adults. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2021). Adults aged ≥20 years with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study examined the association between diet quality, measured by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), and medical expenditures among Korean adults. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2021). Adults aged ≥20 years with complete data on diet, sociodemographics, and healthcare use were included. Medical costs were estimated from self-reported service use and converted to USD. KHEI scores were categorized into quartiles. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between KHEI quartiles and log-transformed costs. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age (<57 vs. ≥57 years), and sensitivity analyses treated KHEI as a continuous variable. A two-part model addressed skewed, zero-inflated cost data. Results: Compared to Q1, participants in Q4 had significantly lower inpatient (β = −0.080; 95% CI: −0.139 to −0.020) and total costs (β = −0.086; 95% CI: −0.144 to −0.027). In the younger group, Q4 was associated with lower total costs (β = −0.115; 95% CI: −0.198 to −0.031). Higher continuous KHEI scores were also linked to lower costs. In the two-part model, Q4 participants had a higher probability of incurring any cost but lower conditional costs (Q3 vs. Q1: β = −0.173; Q4 vs. Q1: β = −0.160; both p < 0.05). Conclusions: Higher diet quality was associated with reduced healthcare costs in Korean adults, especially among younger individuals. Promoting healthy eating may help lower economic burdens in aging societies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Psychobehavioral Factors and the Increased Eating Rate of Ultra-Processed Versus Non-Ultra-Processed Meals in Individuals with Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

by Ludmila de Melo Barros, Vanessa Amorim Peixoto, Guilherme César Oliveira de Carvalho, Micnéias Róberth Pereira, Rodrigo Tenório Lins Carnaúba and Nassib Bezerra Bueno

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132236 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 313

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this eating behavior. Therefore, this study examined the moderating role of psychobehavioral factors in the association between meal type (UPF vs non-UPF) and eating rate among individuals with obesity. Methods: It is a secondary analysis of a randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted with 39 adults who have obesity. Participants were assigned to consume either a UPF-only composed meal or a UPF-free meal, both of which were isoenergetic (~550 kcal). Psychobehavioral variables (food addiction—mYFAS 2.0, body image perception and satisfaction—Silhouette Rating Scale, eating disorders—EAT-26, and anxiety—GAD-7) were assessed. Eating rate was measured in kcal/min. Results: Body image perception and satisfaction significantly interacted with the type of meal. In the UPF group, lower body image dissatisfaction was associated with a higher eating rate (β = 4.79 kcal/min; 95% CI: 1.40; 8.19; p = 0.007), while a higher body image perception score was associated with a lower eating rate (β = −4.61 kcal/min; 95% CI: −8.57; −0.65; p = 0.024). No significant associations were observed for food addiction scores, eating disorders or anxiety. Conclusions: Body image modulates the eating rate in the context of UPF consumption. These findings suggest that interventions against obesity should consider individual psychobehavioral characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes)

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16 pages, 2351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Dietary Amino Acid Intake and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Children: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Machine Learning Study

by Lianlong Yu, Xiaodong Zheng, Jilan Li, Changqing Liu, Yiya Liu, Meina Tian, Qianrang Zhu, Zhenchuang Tang and Maoyu Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132235 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, [...] Read more.

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, remain scarce. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Nutrition and China Children and Lactating Women Nutrition and Health Survey (2016–2019), focusing on 3514 children (724 with elevated hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L and 2790 with normal levels). Dietary information was gathered via a food frequency questionnaire, and hs-CRP levels were obtained from blood samples. Boruta algorithm and propensity scores were used to select and match dietary factors and sample sizes. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and logistic regression models assessed the link between amino acid intake and elevated hs-CRP risk, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and lifestyle factors. Results The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated hs-CRP were significant for several amino acids, including Ile, Leu, Lys, Ser, Cys, Tyr, His, Pro, SAA, and AAA, with values ranging from 1.10 to 2.07. The LightGBM algorithm was the most effective in predicting elevated hs-CRP risk, achieving an AUC of 0.927. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and proline were identified as important features by SHAP analysis and logistic regression. The intake of Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro showed a linear increase in the risk of elevated hs-CRP, especially in individuals with low protein intake and normal weight (p < 0.1). Conclusions Intake of amino acids like Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro significantly impacts hs-CRP levels in children, indicating that regulating these could help prevent inflammation-related diseases. This study supports future dietary and health management strategies. This is first large-scale ML study linking amino acids to pediatric inflammation in China. The main limitations are the cross-section design and the use of self-reported dietary data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Proteins and Amino Acids in Relation to Human Health)

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26 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbiota-Modulating Strategies in Neonates Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Narrative Review

by Nunzia Decembrino, Maria Grazia Scuderi, Pasqua Maria Betta, Roberta Leonardi, Agnese Bartolone, Riccardo Marsiglia, Chiara Marangelo, Stefania Pane, Domenico Umberto De Rose, Guglielmo Salvatori, Giuseppe Grosso, Federica Martina Di Domenico, Andrea Dotta, Lorenza Putignani, Irma Capolupo and Vincenzo Di Benedetto

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132234 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota (GM) is pivotal for immune regulation, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Infants undergoing surgery for congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are especially prone to microbial imbalances, with a paucity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides) and diminished short-chain fatty acid production. Dysbiosis [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota (GM) is pivotal for immune regulation, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Infants undergoing surgery for congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are especially prone to microbial imbalances, with a paucity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides) and diminished short-chain fatty acid production. Dysbiosis has been associated with severe complications, including necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and feeding intolerance. This narrative review aims to critically examine strategies for microbiota modulation in this high-risk cohort. Methods: An extensive literature analysis was performed to compare the evolution of GM in healthy neonates versus those requiring gastrointestinal surgery, synthetizing strategies to maintain eubiosis, such as early nutritional interventions—particularly the use of human milk—along with antibiotic management and supplementary treatments including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and lactoferrin. Emerging techniques in metagenomic and metabolomic analysis were also evaluated for their potential to elucidate microbial dynamics in these patients. Results: Neonates undergoing gastrointestinal surgery exhibit significant alterations in microbial communities, characterized by reduced levels of eubiotic bacteria and an overrepresentation of opportunistic pathogens. Early initiation of enteral feeding with human milk and careful antibiotic stewardship are linked to improved microbial balance. Adjunctive therapies, such as the administration of probiotics and lactoferrin, show potential in enhancing gut barrier function and immune modulation, although confirmation through larger-scale studies remains necessary. Conclusions: Modulating the GM emerges as a promising strategy to ameliorate outcome in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions. Future research should focus on the development of standardized therapeutic protocols and the execution of rigorous multicenter trials to validate the efficacy and safety of these interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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24 pages, 4677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dysregulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Drives Inflammatory Lipid Production in Localized Provoked Vulvodynia

by Sarah A. Fischer, Oluwademilade Oladele, Zahra Mahamed, Emanuelle Chrysilla, Anna Baumer, Tamari Bekauri, Krishna Rao Maddipati, Tanzy Love, Mitchell Linder and Megan Falsetta

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132233 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) is characterized by chronic vulvar pain upon light touch to the vestibule, a specialized ring of tissue immediately surrounding the vaginal opening. LPV affects about 14 million people in the US, yet the etiopathology of the disease [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) is characterized by chronic vulvar pain upon light touch to the vestibule, a specialized ring of tissue immediately surrounding the vaginal opening. LPV affects about 14 million people in the US, yet the etiopathology of the disease is unknown. In LPV, the vestibule expresses elevated levels of the pro-nociceptive pro-inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E₂ (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which corresponds to lower pain thresholds. Previous studies have shown reduced amounts of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived pro-resolving lipid mediators in tissue biopsies from LPV patients that might impede the resolution of inflammation. AA is obtained from dietary linoleic acid, pointing to a defect in the metabolism of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in LPV. We aimed to further explore the involvement of AA metabolism in LPV, which appears dysregulated in the vestibule of LPV patients and culminates in chronic inflammation and chronic pain. Methods: Vestibular and vulvar tissue biopsies obtained from LPV and non-LPV patients were used to generate fibroblast strains and assessed for COX/LOX expression using qRT-PCR. Fibroblast strains were treated with inflammatory stimuli, and then COX-1 and COX-2 expression was assessed using Western blot analysis. Pro-inflammatory mediator production was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ALOX5 and ALOX12 expression was assessed using qRT-PCR. Finally, lipidomic analysis was carried out to screen for 143 lipid metabolites following inflammatory challenge. Results: Tissue and fibroblasts from LPV patients exhibited altered expression of COX/LOX enzymes and production of AA-derived lipid mediators compared to non-LPV patients. Conclusions: Lipid profiles of tissue and vestibular fibroblasts from LPV patients differed from non-LPV patients, and this difference was attributed to differential COX/LOX expression and activity, which metabolizes AA derived from dietary linoleic acid. This dysregulation fosters chronic inflammation and reduced resolution capacity in LPV patients, causing chronic pain. While further work is needed, these findings suggest that dietary modifications could impact the LPV mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Function: Implications on Human Health)

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20 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Gut Microbiome in Patients with Coexisting Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

by Marcin Chojnacki, Aleksandra Błońska, Aleksandra Kaczka, Jan Chojnacki, Ewa Walecka-Kapica, Natalia Romanowska, Karolina Przybylowska-Sygut and Tomasz Popławski

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132232 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiome is a key modulator of the gut–brain axis and may contribute to the pathophysiology of both gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate gut microbiota composition and tryptophan/phenylalanine metabolism in women with unclassified irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-U), [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiome is a key modulator of the gut–brain axis and may contribute to the pathophysiology of both gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate gut microbiota composition and tryptophan/phenylalanine metabolism in women with unclassified irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-U), with or without coexisting chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods: Eighty women were enrolled and divided into two groups: IBS-U without CFS (Group I, n = 40) and IBS-U with coexisting CFS (Group II, n = 40). Microbial composition and diversity were assessed using the GA-map™ Dysbiosis Test, including the dysbiosis index (DI) and Shannon Diversity Index (SDI). Hydrogen and methane levels were measured in breath samples. Urinary concentrations of selected microbial and neuroactive metabolites—homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA), quinolinic acid (QA), hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA), and 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS)—were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Fatigue severity was assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ-11) and the fatigue severity scale (FSS). Results: Compared to Group I, patients with IBS-CFS showed significantly greater microbial diversity, higher breath methane levels, and elevated urinary concentrations of QA, XA, 3-IS, and HVA, alongside lower concentrations of 5-HIAA and KYN. Fatigue severity was positively correlated with urinary XA and QA levels. Conclusions: Women with IBS and coexisting CFS exhibit distinct gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolite profiles compared to those without fatigue. The observed metabolite–symptom associations, particularly involving neuroactive kynurenine derivatives, warrant further investigation. These preliminary findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and require validation through high-resolution microbiome analyses, functional pathway profiling, and longitudinal or interventional studies to clarify causality and clinical significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Evaluation and Treatment of Extraintestinal Disease Symptoms in Patients with Gut Dysbiosis)

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32 pages, 3472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Dietary Patterns and Health Behaviours of Centenarians in Ourense (Spain): Adherence to the Southern European Atlantic Diet

by Pablo García-Vivanco, Roberto Fernandez, Rosa Meijide-Faílde, Esperanza Navarro-Pardo, Cristina Conde, Ricardo de la Fuente, Cristina Margusinos, Alberto Rodríguez, Ana Canelada, Pablo Taboada, Alberto Cepeda and Alberto Coelho

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132231 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 216

Abstract

Background: Understanding the multifactorial determinants of human longevity remains a major scientific challenge. Certain regions of the world—so-called “longevity hotspots”—exhibit a notably high prevalence of centenarians; one such region is the province of Ourense, in north-western Spain. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse, [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the multifactorial determinants of human longevity remains a major scientific challenge. Certain regions of the world—so-called “longevity hotspots”—exhibit a notably high prevalence of centenarians; one such region is the province of Ourense, in north-western Spain. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse, for the first time, the nutritional factors associated with healthy longevity among centenarians, as well as those linked to longevity irrespective of health status, in the province of Ourense. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, mixed-methods study was conducted. A population of 261 individuals aged 100 or over residing in Ourense was identified. A sample of 156 participants was included in the quantitative analysis; from this sample, 25 centenarians were selected for in-depth qualitative analysis through personal interviews. Results: Dietary patterns aligned with the Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD), combined with strong social bonds and a culture of self-sufficiency, appear to be key contributors to exceptional longevity in this population. Conclusions: Remarkable longevity in Ourense is associated with a combination of factors: adherence to an SEAD-style dietary pattern, an active and uncomplicated lifestyle, and strong social support networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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11 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Fat Diet with Normal Caloric Intake Elevates TMA and TMAO Production and Reduces Microbial Diversity in Rats

by Mateusz Szudzik, Mikołaj Zajdel, Emilia Samborowska, Karol Perlejewski, Marek Radkowski and Marcin Ufnal

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132230 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Trimethylamine (TMA), produced by gut microbiota, and its derivative trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are both associated with cardiometabolic diseases. While the effects of high-fat diets (HFDs) and high-disaccharide diets (HDDs) on gut microbiota in the context of obesity have been well studied, their [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Trimethylamine (TMA), produced by gut microbiota, and its derivative trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are both associated with cardiometabolic diseases. While the effects of high-fat diets (HFDs) and high-disaccharide diets (HDDs) on gut microbiota in the context of obesity have been well studied, their impact on TMA/TMAO production, particularly alongside physiological caloric intake, remains obscure. This study investigates how standard HFDs and HDDs alongside physiological caloric intake influence gut microbiota composition and TMA/TMAO production in rats. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were fed one of three diets a standard diet, an HFD, or an HDD for 12 weeks, with chow availability adjusted by age to maintain physiological caloric intake. Gut bacterial diversity was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metabolites were quantified via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) in urine and plasma. Results: The HFD group had significantly higher urinary levels of TMA and TMAO compared to the control and HDD groups. Gut bacterial diversity in the HFD group was markedly reduced, displaying the lowest species richness and phylogenetic diversity among all the groups. Notably, Pasteurellaceae (within the order Pasteurellales) and S24-7 (within the order Bacteroidales) were positively correlated with TMAO levels. The demonstrated HDD group increased microbial diversity compared to both the control and HFD groups. Conclusions: A high-fat diet during controlled and physiological caloric intake increases TMA/TMAO production and reduces gut microbial diversity. This underscores the role of diet composition, beyond caloric excess, in shaping gut microbiota and the related cardiometabolic biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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27 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alcohol Consumption and Liver Metabolism in the Era of MASLD: Integrating Nutritional and Pathophysiological Insights

by Carlo Acierno, Fannia Barletta, Alfredo Caturano, Riccardo Nevola, Ferdinando Carlo Sasso, Luigi Elio Adinolfi and Luca Rinaldi

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132229 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 226

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, driven by the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this evolving nosological landscape, alcohol consumption—traditionally excluded from the diagnostic criteria of [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, driven by the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this evolving nosological landscape, alcohol consumption—traditionally excluded from the diagnostic criteria of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—has regained central clinical importance. The recently defined MetALD phenotype acknowledges the co-existence of metabolic dysfunction and a significant alcohol intake, highlighting the synergistic nature of their pathogenic interactions. This narrative review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biochemical, mitochondrial, immunometabolic, and nutritional mechanisms through which alcohol exacerbates liver injury in MASLD. Central to this interaction is cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), whose induction by both ethanol and insulin resistance enhances oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and fibrogenesis. Alcohol also promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, intestinal barrier disruption, and micronutrient depletion, thereby aggravating metabolic and inflammatory derangements. Furthermore, alcohol contributes to sarcopenia and insulin resistance, establishing a bidirectional link between hepatic and muscular impairment. While some observational studies have suggested a cardiometabolic benefit of a moderate alcohol intake, emerging evidence challenges the safety of any threshold in patients with MASLD. Accordingly, current international guidelines recommend alcohol restriction or abstinence in all individuals with steatotic liver disease and metabolic risk. The review concludes by proposing an integrative clinical model and a visual cascade framework for the assessment and management of alcohol consumption in MASLD, integrating counseling, non-invasive fibrosis screening, and personalized lifestyle interventions. Future research should aim to define safe thresholds, validate MetALD-specific biomarkers, and explore the efficacy of multidisciplinary interventions targeting both metabolic and alcohol-related liver injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol Consumption and Human Health)

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18 pages, 6772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of Peanut Skin Procyanidins on Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Jinxin Shen, Yi Zhou, Daijun Yang, Ruonan Liu, Xiaoling Zhu and Rui Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132228 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 249

Abstract

Background: Obesity-associated metabolic disorders represent a critical global health challenge, which necessitates innovative strategies targeting lipid metabolism. Peanut skin procyanidins (PSPs), abundant bioactive compounds derived from agricultural by-products, show potential in lipid regulation, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: This study [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity-associated metabolic disorders represent a critical global health challenge, which necessitates innovative strategies targeting lipid metabolism. Peanut skin procyanidins (PSPs), abundant bioactive compounds derived from agricultural by-products, show potential in lipid regulation, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: This study integrated hepatic metabolomics, network pharmacology, and gut microbiota analysis to systematically decipher the mechanisms for PSP to ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism disorders. Results: PSP intervention significantly attenuated HFD-induced increases in LDL-C, TG, and TC levels and effectively mitigated hepatic lipid accumulation. Metabolomics revealed that PSP reshaped hepatic lipid dynamics by modulating glycerophospholipid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, tryptophan, and nitrogen metabolism. Subsequent network pharmacology identified PLA2G10, PLA2G5, PLA2G2A, and CYP1B1 as the core targets, and PSP could markedly suppress their HFD-induced overexpression. Furthermore, PSP selectively reshaped the gut microbiota, enriching beneficial genera such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria within Firmicutes. PICRUSt-based functional prediction indicated that PSP alters gut microbial glutamine synthetase activity. Conclusions: Mechanistically, PSP regulates lipid metabolism by downregulating PLA2G10, PLA2G5, PLA2G2A, and CYP1B1 expression, remodeling gut microbiota structure, and increasing hepatic glutamine level. These findings provide novel insights into value-added utilization of agricultural byproducts and development of targeted intervention strategies for metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

l-Carnitine and Alpha-Lipoic Acid Fail to Improve Anaerobic and Aerobic Performance in Trained Cyclists Despite a Reduction in Blood Lactate Concentration

by Alejandro de Rozas, Juan-José Pérez-Díaz, José Joaquín Muros, Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz, José-Ángel Rufían-Henares, Mikel Zabala and José-Antonio Salas-Montoro

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2227; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132227 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four weeks of combined Acetyl-l-Carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance and fatigue resistance in trained cyclists, hypothesizing improvements in maximal aerobic power (MAP), Wingate test performance, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four weeks of combined Acetyl-l-Carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance and fatigue resistance in trained cyclists, hypothesizing improvements in maximal aerobic power (MAP), Wingate test performance, and reduced lactate accumulation. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized trial, 41 male trained cyclists (age: 36 ± 12 years; MAP: 4.35 ± 0.60 W·kg⁻¹) were assigned to a supplement group (SUP, n = 19; 1200 mg/day Acetyl-l-Carnitine, 300 mg/day ALA, 1.1 mg Vitamin B1, 2.5 µg Vitamin B12) or placebo group (PLA, n = 22) for four weeks. Performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention via counter-movement jumps (CMJs), Wingate tests (WG₁, WG₂), and a graded exercise test (GXT). Blood lactate ([La⁻]) was measured post-Wingate. A three-way mixed ANOVA analyzed Wingate performance (session, order, and group), and a two-way ANOVA assessed MAP and fatigue effects. Results: MAP increased by 3.4% (314 ± 32 W to 324 ± 37 W; p = 0.005) with no group interaction (p = 0.457). Wingate peak power showed main effects for order (p < 0.001) and session (p = 0.011) but no group interaction (p = 0.676). SUP reduced [La⁻] by 1.5 mmol·L⁻¹ post-WG₂ in POST (p = 0.049). No significant group differences were found for CMJ or fatigue metrics. Conclusions: Four weeks of Acetyl-l-Carnitine and ALA supplementation did not enhance aerobic or anaerobic performance in trained cyclists, despite reducing blood lactate after high-intensity exercise, suggesting no ergogenic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Strategies and Nutritional Supplements to Optimize Athletic Performance)

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25 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium: Exploring Gender Differences in Its Health Impact and Dietary Intake

by Elisa Mazza, Samantha Maurotti, Yvelise Ferro, Alberto Castagna, Carmelo Pujia, Angela Sciacqua, Arturo Pujia and Tiziana Montalcini

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2226; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132226 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

Background: Magnesium (Mg²⁺) plays a fundamental role in various physiological processes, including neuromuscular function, glucose metabolism, cardiovascular regulation, and bone health. Despite its significance, the influence of sex on magnesium metabolism, requirements, and health outcomes remains unexplored. The aim of [...] Read more.

Background: Magnesium (Mg²⁺) plays a fundamental role in various physiological processes, including neuromuscular function, glucose metabolism, cardiovascular regulation, and bone health. Despite its significance, the influence of sex on magnesium metabolism, requirements, and health outcomes remains unexplored. The aim of this review is to analyze sex-based differences in magnesium homeostasis, with a particular focus on hormonal regulation, body composition, and disease susceptibility. Methods: This narrative review, based on a non-systematic MEDLINE search conducted in January 2025, prioritized clinical trials from the past 15 years on human subjects and explored gender-specific aspects of magnesium intake, status, metabolism, and supplementation. Results: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly variations in estrogen levels, affect magnesium absorption, distribution, and retention, thereby influencing magnesium balance across different life stages such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Additionally, dietary intake and lifestyle factors often differ between men and women, further impacting magnesium status. Emerging evidence suggests that suboptimal magnesium levels may differentially contribute to conditions such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders in each sex. Conclusions: In conclusion, acknowledging sex-specific differences in magnesium metabolism is essential for developing personalized dietary guidelines and therapeutic strategies. Tailored nutritional approaches could significantly improve magnesium status, enhance overall health, and reduce the burden of chronic diseases linked to magnesium imbalance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium Status in Human Health)

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28 pages, 4093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional and Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Influence on Sleep Quality Among Spanish Adult Women

by Andrés Vicente Marín Ferrandis, Agnese Broccolo, Michela Piredda, Valentina Micheluzzi and Elena Sandri

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132225 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of health, and deprivation has been linked to numerous adverse outcomes, including reduced academic and occupational performance, greater risk of accidents, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases and premature mortality. Dietary and lifestyle behaviors are increasingly recognized [...] Read more.

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of health, and deprivation has been linked to numerous adverse outcomes, including reduced academic and occupational performance, greater risk of accidents, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases and premature mortality. Dietary and lifestyle behaviors are increasingly recognized as key determinants of sleep quality. Women are particularly susceptible to sleep disturbances due to hormonal fluctuations and psychosocial factors. However, women remain underrepresented in sleep research. This study aims to examine the associations between sleep quality, nutrition, and lifestyle in a large cohort of Spanish women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 785 women aged 18–64. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the NutSo-HH questionnaire on dietary and lifestyle behaviors. Descriptive analyses, correlation matrices, Gaussian Graphical Models, and Principal Component Analyses were used to assess relationships between variables. Results: More than half of the participants rated their sleep quality as good or very good, although over 30% experienced frequent nighttime awakenings. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with higher alcohol consumption, lower vegetable and white fish intake, and lower levels of physical activity. Diets rich in ultra-processed foods correlated moderately with subjective poor sleep and daytime dysfunction. However, no strong associations were found between stimulant consumption, late meals, or dietary patterns (e.g., Mediterranean diet) and sleep. Self-perceived health emerged as a protective factor, while nocturnal lifestyles were linked to longer sleep latency and fragmented sleep. Conclusions: In adult women, better sleep quality is linked to healthy dietary choices, regular physical activity, and a positive perception of general health. In contrast, alcohol use and irregular lifestyles are associated with poor sleep. Individual variability and cultural adaptation may moderate the impact of some traditionally harmful behaviors. Personalized, multidimensional interventions are recommended for promoting sleep health in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep and Diet: Exploring Interactive Associations on Human Health)

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19 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personal Values for Sustainable Eating: A Preliminary Investigation of a Value-Based Planned Behavior Model

by Edoardo Del Conte, Lucia Tecuta and Elena Tomba

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132224 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The adoption of sustainable eating behaviors is not only crucial for environmental health but also has significant implications for individual health outcomes. A deeper understanding of the psychological determinants underlying such changes is needed. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The adoption of sustainable eating behaviors is not only crucial for environmental health but also has significant implications for individual health outcomes. A deeper understanding of the psychological determinants underlying such changes is needed. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been widely used to understand the psychological factors influencing health behaviors, including dietary choices. Recent advances suggest integrating additional psychological constructs, such as personal values, to enhance TPB’s predictive power and the effectiveness of related behavioral interventions. Methods: A novel Food-Related Personal Values Questionnaire (FRPV-Q) was developed based on Schwartz’s circumplex model of basic values, and the role of these food-related personal values within an enhanced TPB framework was tested. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore the structure of the questionnaire. Results: Three components were identified within the FRPV-Q: Openness, Health and Security, and Autonomy (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test = 0.576). The regression analyses highlighted the potential role of personal values in predicting sustainable eating behaviors (adjusted R² = 0.318). Specifically, an orientation toward autonomy, hedonism, and self-directionality appeared to hinder the adoption of sustainable food choices, while an orientation toward health, security, and openness to novelty was found to promote more sustainable dietary choices. Conclusions: The results offer preliminary insights into the role of personal values in food-related behaviors. Future research aimed at understanding and promoting pro-environmental food-related behaviors should rigorously investigate the topic. Carefully tailored value-based psychological interventions may prove beneficial for the general population in the promotion of sustainable dietary lifestyles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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17 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Hypocaloric Dietary Intervention on Phenotypic Presentations of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

by Faith E. Carter, Brittany Y. Jarrett, Alexis L. Oldfield, Heidi Vanden Brink, Joy Y. Kim and Marla E. Lujan

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132223 - 4 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objective: Lifestyle intervention is recommended as first-line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This pilot study aimed to determine if a short-term hypocaloric dietary intervention induced changes in the phenotypic presentation of PCOS. Methods: Twenty women with PCOS and overweight/obesity participated in a [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Lifestyle intervention is recommended as first-line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This pilot study aimed to determine if a short-term hypocaloric dietary intervention induced changes in the phenotypic presentation of PCOS. Methods: Twenty women with PCOS and overweight/obesity participated in a 3-month hypocaloric dietary intervention with a 6-month follow-up. At pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up, assessments of menstrual cycle status, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology were performed, and PCOS phenotype status was determined using the following scale of decreasing severity: Phenotype A (ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries), Phenotype B (ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism), Phenotype C (hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries), or Phenotype D (ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovaries). Results: The participants lost 8 ± 3% of their initial body weight with the intervention (p < 0.001). Eight (40%) participants experienced a favorable shift in PCOS phenotype, while the remaining 12 (60%) participants had an unfavorable shift or no change. Changes in PCOS phenotype were primarily driven by reductions in menstrual cycle length (p = 0.010) and follicle number per ovary (p = 0.017), albeit no baseline clinical variable predicted a favorable-change PCOS presentation. At the 6-month follow-up (N = 12), weight was increased (p < 0.05), and seven participants (58%) had reverted to a more severe phenotype. Conclusions: Weight loss may provide temporary improvement in the phenotypic presentation of PCOS, yet sustained lifestyle change may be required to maintain these benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Effects on Women’s Reproductive Health and Disease)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 13 (July-1 2025) – 202 articles

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