Next Issue
Volume 16, February
Previous Issue
Volume 15, December
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
3.1
2.5
Journals
Behavioral Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 1
share announcement

Behav. Sci., Volume 16, Issue 1 (January 2026) – 161 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This scoping review examines how traditional, non-digital board and card games are used as active learning strategies in higher education and how their role is evolving in the context of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). Drawing on 26 studies across disciplines including STEM, business, health, and the social sciences, this review maps game types, pedagogical designs, and reported learning outcomes. Findings highlight consistent benefits for student engagement, collaboration, conceptual understanding, and reflective learning. While no studies directly investigate GenAI, the post-2023 literature suggests renewed interest in analogue games as human-centred, embodied pedagogies that complement AI-mediated education and sustain authenticity in learning. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
22 pages, 2725 KB  
Article
From Blocks to Bots: The STEM Potential of Technology-Enhanced Toys in Early Childhood Education
by Dimitra Bourha, Maria Hatzigianni, Trifaini Sidiropoulou and Michael Vitoulis
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010161 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 279
Abstract
Incorporating STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) into early childhood education has been associated with children’s holistic development. STEM education not only enhances critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, and other 21st-century skills but also contributes significantly to cognitive growth, emotional regulation, and social abilities. [...] Read more.
Incorporating STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) into early childhood education has been associated with children’s holistic development. STEM education not only enhances critical thinking, creativity, problem-solving, and other 21st-century skills but also contributes significantly to cognitive growth, emotional regulation, and social abilities. Within the early childhood context, the use of play and toys emerges as a natural and powerful medium for introducing STEM concepts in developmentally appropriate and engaging ways. Play and toys have a prominent role, and previous studies have provided strong evidence on their educational benefits. Toys enhanced with technological characteristics (Technology-Enhanced Toys—TETs), such as coding and interactive toys, are increasingly being viewed as cultural tools that mediate learning and nurture cognitive and collaborative skills among young learners. However, the impact TETs have on young children’s STEM learning remains largely unexplored. This qualitative observational study, grounded in a socio-cultural perspective, explored how 37 children aged 3 to 4 years in four early childhood settings in Greece exhibited STEM-related behaviours during free play with technology-enhanced toys. Data were collected through systematic video recordings and written observations over a three-month period that involved interacting with various TETs, such as Bee-Bot, Coko Robot, a remote-controlled dog, and others. Results indicate that playing with TETs enhanced problem-solving, computational thinking, and collaboration, thus affirming the positive influence of digital technology and the potential of TETs to enrich early STEM education. Implications for equity, the importance of teachers’ professional development in effectively integrating TETs into early childhood curricula and the need for further research will also be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Children’s Learning and Development in STEM: The Role of Digital Media, Tools and Resources for a Postdigital Generation)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure A1

19 pages, 550 KB  
Article
Freshman Experiences Among Neurodivergent Students Following a STEM-Focused High School-to-College Transition Program
by Bryan K. Dallas, Shupei Yuan and Briona Humphrey
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010160 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 185
Abstract
Little research exists that focuses on the transition experiences of students with disabilities (SWDs) from high school to college and scholarly investigation of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) pathways for neurodivergent students is emergent. The purpose of this current study is to [...] Read more.
Little research exists that focuses on the transition experiences of students with disabilities (SWDs) from high school to college and scholarly investigation of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) pathways for neurodivergent students is emergent. The purpose of this current study is to better understand the experiences and perspectives of college freshman with disabilities, following participation in a STEM-focused high school-to-college transition program. Participants in this study completed a yearlong STEM-based college transition program in 2023, followed by a follow up survey and semi-structured interview during their freshman year in college. Results outline participant successes and challenges related to multiple college and career readiness factors. Most participants experienced a successful transition to their first semester in college, continued engagement in STEM-related career development, and several social and extracurricular activities. Future practice and research recommendations are provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships Between Autistic Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 311 KB  
Article
Emodiversity Among U.S. Emerging Adults: Implications for Health and Wellbeing
by Robert R. Wright, Brandon Jones and Spencer Johnson
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010159 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 279
Abstract
Emodiversity, or diversity of emotional experience, has received mixed support in the literature as an indicator of health and wellness. The current investigation seeks to contribute to this literature by addressing how the concepts of positive emodiversity and negative emodiversity are related to [...] Read more.
Emodiversity, or diversity of emotional experience, has received mixed support in the literature as an indicator of health and wellness. The current investigation seeks to contribute to this literature by addressing how the concepts of positive emodiversity and negative emodiversity are related to several wellness indicators (physical, mental, social) within the U.S. emerging adult population (ages 18–30) using cross-sectional and repeated-measures (2 time points) methods. First, in Study 1, positive and negative emodiversity constructs were examined for concurrent relationships with health and wellness indicators among more than 1400 emerging adults. Second, in Study 2, using a Time 1/Time 2 study design, Time 2 health variables were regressed on Time 1 positive and negative emodiversity constructs to examine predictive validity. The results indicated support for positive emodiversity as a concurrent indicator of health and wellness but were not associated with future health and wellness. Negative emodiversity, however, was a poor concurrent indicator but was associated with some indicators of future health and wellness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)
14 pages, 1141 KB  
Review
The Impact of AI on Learners’ Self-Efficacy: A Meta-Analysis
by Liling Ren, Jason M. Stephens and Kerry Lee
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010158 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 556
Abstract
With the rise of generative artificial intelligence, the application of AI in learning environments has received widespread attention. Although empirical studies have explored the effect of AI on self-efficacy, the results have not been consistent. This study conducted a meta-analysis on the results [...] Read more.
With the rise of generative artificial intelligence, the application of AI in learning environments has received widespread attention. Although empirical studies have explored the effect of AI on self-efficacy, the results have not been consistent. This study conducted a meta-analysis on the results from 23 empirical studies on the impact of AI use on self-efficacy. These studies were published between January 2005 and February 2025 and indexed in one or more of the three major educational research databases: Web of Science, Scopus, and ERIC. The results indicated that AI had a significant positive impact on self-efficacy in learning contexts (effect size of 0.758). Specifically, discipline (Q = 10.348, p < 0.05) and the specific role played by AI (Q = 3.991, p < 0.05) significantly moderated the effect of AI on self-efficacy. In our discussion, suggestions are provided for enhancing learner self-efficacy and improving the effectiveness of AI in the learning contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Educational Psychology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 464 KB  
Article
Sectoral Differences in Psychosocial Well-Being: The Role of Work Environment Factors Across Public Administration, Healthcare, Pharmaceutical, and Energy Services
by Evija Nagle, Iluta Skrūzkalne, Silva Seņkāne, Otto Andersen, Anna Nyberg, Olga Zamalijeva, Olga Rajevska, Ingūna Griškēviča, Andrejs Ivanovs and Ieva Reine
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010157 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 150
Abstract
The psychosocial well-being of employees is crucial to health and productivity, and it forms the basis for organisational sustainability. Unfortunately, most studies rely on narrow indicators or small samples and thus are not generalisable. The present study aims to identify psychosocial and health-related [...] Read more.
The psychosocial well-being of employees is crucial to health and productivity, and it forms the basis for organisational sustainability. Unfortunately, most studies rely on narrow indicators or small samples and thus are not generalisable. The present study aims to identify psychosocial and health-related factors that distinguish employees with high and low SWB and determine whether these effects are universal or sector-specific. A total of 1628 employees with organisations in Latvia’s public administration, healthcare, pharmaceutical and energy sectors participated by completing the Multidimensional Psychosocial Well-Being Scale for Employed Persons (MPSWEP). This instrument assesses five key work environment factors: social inclusion, professional development, work intensity, health risks and autonomy. Subjective well-being (SWB) was measured as a separate outcome variable, and additional self-reported health problems were included as an independent variable in the analysis. Higher odds of high SWB were observed with greater social inclusion (OR = 5.11; p < 0.001), whereas higher work intensity (OR = 0.51; p < 0.001) and health problems (OR = 0.25; p < 0.001) were associated with lower odds of high SWB. Model accuracy was high (AUC = 0.85–0.87), with significant differences between sectors. The results suggest that some resources universally facilitate well-being across sectors, while others exert more sector-specific effects. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1189 KB  
Article
Interpersonal Dynamics at Work: How Positive and Negative Experiences Simultaneously Influence Work Attitudes
by Madison A. Malcore, Declan O. Gilmer and Vicki J. Magley
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010156 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 184
Abstract
Workplace mistreatment and positive interpersonal experiences are not often considered simultaneously in empirical research. However, people are realistically experiencing positive and negative interpersonal experiences at work regularly. The goal of this study is to fill this gap by examining the relative importance of [...] Read more.
Workplace mistreatment and positive interpersonal experiences are not often considered simultaneously in empirical research. However, people are realistically experiencing positive and negative interpersonal experiences at work regularly. The goal of this study is to fill this gap by examining the relative importance of both incivility and prosocial experiences on people’s job attitudes. Data from a large university in the northeastern United States revealed significant relationships between incivility and prosocial experiences and cynicism towards organizational change, job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and affective commitment. Further, relative weights analysis, controlling for established job stressors, identified interpersonal experiences as accounting for about half of the variance in job attitudes. This demonstrates the strong role that these experiences have in shaping attitudes. Further, experiences coming from supervisors were highlighted as particularly important. Follow-up analyses provide preliminary evidence that these interpersonal experiences have a stronger influence on job attitudes for racial minority workers than for white workers. Implications and future directions are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Workplace Harassment on Employee Well-Being)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 839 KB  
Article
The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Children’s Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Children’s Emotional Intelligence
by Siqi Zhang, Ping Wang, Weichen Wang, Heng Su and Xianbing Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010155 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Prosocial behavior is an important manifestation of socialization in young children. As the primary setting for socialization of young children, the family bears the significant responsibility of fostering prosocial behavior in young children. Drawing on family systems theory and Goleman’s emotional intelligence theory, [...] Read more.
Prosocial behavior is an important manifestation of socialization in young children. As the primary setting for socialization of young children, the family bears the significant responsibility of fostering prosocial behavior in young children. Drawing on family systems theory and Goleman’s emotional intelligence theory, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and children’s prosocial behavior and the mediating role of children’s emotional intelligence in it. In this study, an online questionnaire was distributed to 869 young children’s parents using the Parenting Style Questionnaire, Children’s Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire, and Children’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. The results indicated that democratic parenting style positively influenced children’s prosocial behavior, while indulgent parenting style, permissive parenting style and inconsistent parenting style negatively impacted it. Authoritarian parenting style had no significant effect on children’s prosocial behavior. Children’s emotional intelligence mediated the relationship between parenting styles and prosocial behavior. This study explored factors influencing children’s prosocial behavior from both external family systems and internal individual perspectives and revealed their underlying mechanisms, providing theoretical support for research and educational practice on children’s prosocial behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 562 KB  
Article
Impact of a Hybrid Prevention Program for High School Students on Prescription Drug Misuse Outcomes
by Kenneth W. Griffin, Christopher Williams, Sandra M. Sousa and Gilbert J. Botvin
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010154 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 255
Abstract
Prescription drug misuse among youth is a significant public health problem that can lead to negative consequences, including addiction and overdose deaths. This study examined the effectiveness of an evidence-based hybrid approach in preventing prescription drug misuse outcomes in high school students. The [...] Read more.
Prescription drug misuse among youth is a significant public health problem that can lead to negative consequences, including addiction and overdose deaths. This study examined the effectiveness of an evidence-based hybrid approach in preventing prescription drug misuse outcomes in high school students. The prevention program used a combination of e-learning modules and classroom activities to enhance social and personal competence skills and refusal skills to deter prescription drug misuse and other types of substance misuse. Findings indicated that prescription sedative misuse was lower among students who received the hybrid prevention program compared to students in the control group. Perceived risk of using prescription sedatives, painkillers, and stimulants prescribed for someone else was higher in the intervention group relative to the control group students. These findings indicate that a comprehensive, universal school-based hybrid prevention program can produce positive impacts on sedative use and perceived risks of prescription drug misuse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Interventions for Addiction and Mental Health)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 435 KB  
Article
The Community Readiness Instrument: A Quantitative Measurement Using Statistical Best Practices to Assess Systemic Change Readiness
by Natalie M. Ricciutti, Jenny L. Cureton and Sijia Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010153 - 22 Jan 2026
Viewed by 217
Abstract
Background: Community readiness assessment is used to gauge a community’s ability to address systemic issues and inform action. The Community Readiness Instrument (CRI) is the only published tool to have undergone rigorous development and testing. The purpose of this study is to further [...] Read more.
Background: Community readiness assessment is used to gauge a community’s ability to address systemic issues and inform action. The Community Readiness Instrument (CRI) is the only published tool to have undergone rigorous development and testing. The purpose of this study is to further refine the CRI and establish its score reliability and validity evidence so that healthcare professionals, community advocates, and researchers have a strong assessment of community readiness. Methods: The present study details continued assessment of the CRI through full-scale testing. We conducted a second-order confirmatory factor analysis to analyze the CRI’s six-factor structure. We also conducted Rasch analyses to determine the item-level fit statistics for each subscale. Results: Our results suggest that the CRI is a well-structured quantitative tool with items demonstrating sufficient fit under each first-order latent factor. The items each fell into one-factor solutions, and the six subscales collectively formed a higher-order construct of Community Readiness. The CRI continues to demonstrate strong psychometric properties, score reliability, and validity evidence. Conclusions: Mental health and addiction professionals can use the CRI to explore change readiness toward a specific issue in their communities. Implications for practitioners, community advocates, and future researchers are provided. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1193 KB  
Article
Physical Freezing in Children and Adolescents with Selective Mutism
by Shirley A. Landrock-White, Lindsay Lenton, Jean Victoria J. Roe and Chris A. Rogers
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010152 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 447
Abstract
Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder that prevents speech in certain situations. Increasingly, it is reported that a proportion of those with SM may also be autistic and that physical freezing may be an important feature of SM. Information on speech and [...] Read more.
Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder that prevents speech in certain situations. Increasingly, it is reported that a proportion of those with SM may also be autistic and that physical freezing may be an important feature of SM. Information on speech and freezing behavior in children with a diagnosis of autism only (n = 20), SM only (n = 61), both autism and SM (n = 19), or neither diagnosis (n = 131) was collected via a self-selected cross-sectional online parent survey with an embedded child survey completed by a small subsection of the children (total n = 27: autism only n = 1, SM only n = 13, both autism and SM n = 3, neither diagnosis n = 10). Throat and body freezing were reported by children with SM, whether they were also autistic or not. The most common reasons given by the children that increased their difficulty in speaking were pressure to talk, worries about how they would be perceived, and fear of making mistakes. The Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ) gave the lowest median score for children with both autism and SM, with median scores increasing in the order SM only, autism only, and neither diagnosis. Children who reported more freezing tended to have lower SMQ scores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Overcoming Selective Mutism in Children and Youths)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 538 KB  
Article
Psychological Adjustment and Tolerance for Psychological Pain: A Chain Mediation Model of Stress Mindset and Perceived Stress
by Metin Çelik, Hasan Batmaz, Nuri Türk and Sümeyye Derin
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010151 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 340
Abstract
Stressful life events can cause individuals to experience psychological pain. Tolerating psychological pain depends on the ability to psychologically adjust to challenging situations and to view stress as enhancing. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the path from psychological adjustment to tolerance for [...] Read more.
Stressful life events can cause individuals to experience psychological pain. Tolerating psychological pain depends on the ability to psychologically adjust to challenging situations and to view stress as enhancing. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the path from psychological adjustment to tolerance for psychological pain in terms of perceived stress and stress mindset. The study sample consisted of 709 adults from Turkey. A hypothetical model was tested using a chain mediation analysis. The study findings indicated that psychological adjustment predicted tolerance for psychological pain. Perceived stress and stress mindset were also found to have a chain mediating effect on the relationship between psychological adjustment and tolerance for psychological pain. The results are expected to contribute to programs and practices developed by mental health professionals to improve tolerance for psychological pain. These practices may specifically aim to increase psychological adjustment and an enhancing stress mindset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health Development under Contextual Adversity and Psychosocial Stress)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1048 KB  
Article
Longitudinal Associations Between Materialism and Problematic Smartphone Use in Adolescence: Within- and Between-Person Effects
by Xinran Dai, Huanlei Wang, Xiaoxiong Lai, Shunsen Huang, Xinmei Zhao and Yun Wang
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010150 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 211
Abstract
Although there are theoretically expected associations between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and materialism, there is a lack of research that examines these associations using a longitudinal design, focusing on both within-person and between-person effects. Clarifying this relationship may inform interventions for these related [...] Read more.
Although there are theoretically expected associations between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and materialism, there is a lack of research that examines these associations using a longitudinal design, focusing on both within-person and between-person effects. Clarifying this relationship may inform interventions for these related conditions. Accordingly, data from three annual waves collected from a substantial group of Chinese adolescents (N = 3029, Mage = 12.26 ± 2.36, male: 50.00%) were used to assess within-person and between-person effects in the association between PSU and materialism. Traditional cross-lagged panel models were utilized to analyze the data, which consistently showed reciprocal positive associations between PSU and materialism across all waves. In contrast, the random intercept cross-lagged panel model revealed that PSU and materialism exhibited reciprocal associations over time at the between-person level. However, no significant cross-lagged linkage was observed between PSU and materialism at the within-person level. These findings enhance our understanding of the temporal dynamic relationship between PSU and materialism and underscore the necessity to disaggregate within-person and between-person effects to elucidate the nature of the longitudinal associations between PSU and materialism. The study also has implications for theoretical and practical understanding. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 431 KB  
Article
“It Would’ve Been So Beautiful…If the Hospital Didn’t Have to Tell the Police”: The Incompatibility of Mandatory Reporting Policies and Adolescent Survivors’ Post-Assault Needs
by Jessica Shaw, Caroline Bailey, Abril N. Harris, Megan R. Greeson and Anastasiya Danylkiv
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010149 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 228
Abstract
Adolescent sexual assault survivors have myriad post-assault needs. However, if and how they access resources to attend to those needs can be complicated due to their legal status as minors and child abuse mandatory reporting policies. Such policies that require specific entities to [...] Read more.
Adolescent sexual assault survivors have myriad post-assault needs. However, if and how they access resources to attend to those needs can be complicated due to their legal status as minors and child abuse mandatory reporting policies. Such policies that require specific entities to be notified when a sexual assault involving a minor has occurred might deter adolescents from seeking post-assault care. However, no studies to date have examined how mandatory reporting laws inform adolescents’ post-assault decisions and experiences. Through semi-structured qualitative interviews with twenty-one survivors of adolescent sexual assault in one Northeastern US state, we found that mandatory reporting actively deterred sixteen survivors from seeking formal help; would have deterred two survivors from seeking formal help had they known about it; and was a nonissue for three survivors who chose to seek formal help in an attempt to have very specific needs met. Survivors of adolescent sexual assault had serious concerns about losing agency and control and about unwanted involvement from police, parents, and child protective services. Individual providers, organizations, and whole communities must seriously consider the potential harm of mandatory reporting policies and think creatively and collaboratively alongside adolescent survivors to ensure they can access the care they need and deserve. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adolescent Perspectives on Sexual Violence)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 683 KB  
Article
Self-Selected Leisure Promotes Ambulatory Blood Pressure Dipping: A Within-Person Randomized Field Experiment
by Marcellus M. Merritt, Matthew J. Zawadzki and Jack M. Cowger
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010148 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 154
Abstract
An early indicator of future cardiovascular risk is lower levels of nighttime blood pressure (BP) dipping from day to night. Prior work has been limited to identifying health behaviors that can promote greater dipping. This pilot study proposes that one possible set of [...] Read more.
An early indicator of future cardiovascular risk is lower levels of nighttime blood pressure (BP) dipping from day to night. Prior work has been limited to identifying health behaviors that can promote greater dipping. This pilot study proposes that one possible set of behaviors may be engagement in self-selected leisure activities (SSLAs, or freely chosen non-work activities that are performed with the purpose of relaxation and/or mental escape), which have been linked with reduced daily stress and general daily BP control. Healthy young adult college students [N = 32; 78.1% (n = 25) female, 71.9% (n = 23) white, with an average body mass index (BMI) of 26.31 (SD = 2.46)] visited our laboratory twice within approximately one week. At each visit, the participants were fitted with an ambulatory monitor to collect BP over 24 h. On each day, participants were randomly assigned to either engage in an agreed-upon SSLA or go about their day as usual, except to refrain from engaging in assigned SSLAs; compliance was verified by daily diaries. When accounting for BMI and race/ethnicity, the results showed a higher percentage of BP dipping on the SSLA versus control day for diastolic BP (d = 0.54). SSLAs may be associated with reduced future cardiovascular disease through a nighttime BP dipping effect. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 531 KB  
Article
Secondary Analysis of a Brief Parent-Implemented NDBI on Activity-Engaged Triadic Interactions Within Mother–Child Dyads
by Ciara Ousley, Tess Szydlik, Shelby Neiman and Nyah Elliott
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010147 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 237
Abstract
Family-implemented interventions are evidence-based practices used to support a range of developmental outcomes, including social communication. Social communication is a broad construct that encompasses a variety of skills, from foundational abilities such as joint attention (i.e., two people attending to the same object [...] Read more.
Family-implemented interventions are evidence-based practices used to support a range of developmental outcomes, including social communication. Social communication is a broad construct that encompasses a variety of skills, from foundational abilities such as joint attention (i.e., two people attending to the same object or event) to more advanced behaviors like triadic interactions (i.e., responding to or initiating conversation that involves reciprocal interactions). In a previous study, we examined the effects of a brief, parent-implemented Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention (NDBI), delivered over telepractice with video feedback coaching. The intervention resulted in increased strategy use by all mothers and the frequency of communication for three young children. In the current study, we conducted a secondary analysis of those data to explore whether the communication-focused intervention produced a collateral effect on activity-engaged triadic interactions (i.e., mother–child–mother or child–mother–child exchanges while simultaneously engaging in a joint activity). Although a functional relation was not established, critical theoretical implications are posed. These findings highlight the need for future research to break apart complex skills into subskills to detect any subtle changes in child outcomes. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Autism Spectrum Disorders)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 616 KB  
Article
Construct Validity of the MOBAK-KG Test for the Assessment of Basic Motor Competencies in Colombian Preschoolers
by Herley Linares-Guzman, Yisel Estrada-Bonilla, Nicolas Martinez-Lopez and Jaime Carcamo-Oyarzun
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010146 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 284
Abstract
The development of motor competence (MC) is a key objective in preschool education. It is essential to assess MC from a pedagogical perspective using valid and applicable instruments in educational settings. This study aimed to validate the MOBAK-KG test in Colombian preschool children [...] Read more.
The development of motor competence (MC) is a key objective in preschool education. It is essential to assess MC from a pedagogical perspective using valid and applicable instruments in educational settings. This study aimed to validate the MOBAK-KG test in Colombian preschool children and to describe their motor performance. The sample consisted of 495 children from public schools in Bogotá, Colombia (48.1% girls; M = 5.8 years, SD = 0.60). Factorial validity of the MOBAK-KG test and its correlations with sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis of eight MOBAK-KG items supported a bifactorial structure with object control and self-movement as dimensions (χ2 = 33.55; df = 19; p = 0.021; CFI = 0.959; RMSEA = 0.039). Including the covariates yielded significant associations in basic motor competencies (χ2 = 67.61; df = 33; p = 0.0004; CFI = 0.941; RMSEA = 0.046). Results showed sex differences (boys performed better in object control), BMI (negatively related to self-movement), and age (older children performed better). This study demonstrates that the MOBAK-KG test provides a feasible, educationally oriented assessment tool for preschool settings in Colombia. Moreover, it underscores the importance of considering factors such as sex, BMI, and age in the development of motor skills among children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Motor Development in Children)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 523 KB  
Article
The Relationship Between Parental Psychological Control and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: A Chain Mediation Model
by Xiaoxi Jiang, Tong Yue and Sizhe Wang
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010145 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant public health issue that threatens the physical and mental well-being of adolescents. Identifying associated factors is a crucial step toward effective intervention. Methods: This study analyzed data from 463 adolescents (42.12% boys; mean age = 16.21 [...] Read more.
Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a significant public health issue that threatens the physical and mental well-being of adolescents. Identifying associated factors is a crucial step toward effective intervention. Methods: This study analyzed data from 463 adolescents (42.12% boys; mean age = 16.21 years, range 12–18) to explore the relationships between NSSI, parental psychological control, self-disgust, and resilience. Results: Multivariate logistic regression indicated that parental psychological control, self-disgust, and resilience were significantly associated with NSSI. Furthermore, in the chain mediation model, self-disgust and resilience significantly mediated the relationship between parental psychological control and NSSI. Conclusions: This study examines the relationships between parental psychological control, self-disgust, resilience and NSSI in adolescents, providing theoretical insights and practical implications for developing intervention and prevention strategies. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2130 KB  
Article
Sex Differences in Functional Connectivity Patterns During Mental Rotation Task: An Event-Related EEG Study
by Shanshan Wang
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010144 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 359
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown sex differences in mental rotation (MR) tasks, but few have explored the internal neural influences through functional connectivity outcomes. To investigate neuro-activity influences on sex differences, this study conducted a revised MR task, examining low-scoring individuals via behavioral and [...] Read more.
Numerous studies have shown sex differences in mental rotation (MR) tasks, but few have explored the internal neural influences through functional connectivity outcomes. To investigate neuro-activity influences on sex differences, this study conducted a revised MR task, examining low-scoring individuals via behavioral and electrophysiological measures. It obtained event-related potential (ERP) components from fronto-central channels and explored the functional connectivity of different frequency bands. The results showed males outperformed females, consistent with prior research. There were significant differences between the two sexes when completing the task successfully. Males had shorter response times, smaller ERP amplitudes, and stronger beta and gamma functional connectivity than females. Compared to females, males showed better behavioral performance, weaker fronto-parietal ERP activity, required less mental effort, and had more effective internal regulation in connectivity. This helps clarify the fundamental neural activities in MR between different sex groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 657 KB  
Systematic Review
The Impact of Societal Ageing on Individual Consumers’ Insurance Purchase Intentions: A Review and Research Agenda
by Mohd Hafizuddin-Syah Bangaan Abdullah, Zhangwei Zheng, Hafizah Omar Zaki and Qin Lingda Tan
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010143 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 374
Abstract
This study examines how societal ageing influences insurance purchasing intentions, addressing the prevailing emphasis on elderly consumers and the limited conceptual integration of ageing within existing behavioural models. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review [...] Read more.
This study examines how societal ageing influences insurance purchasing intentions, addressing the prevailing emphasis on elderly consumers and the limited conceptual integration of ageing within existing behavioural models. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using an initial search (forty-three studies) supplemented by a top-up search in November 2025 that identified fourteen additional articles. Using the theories-contexts-characteristics-methods (TCCM) framework, the review synthesises theoretical, contextual, characteristic, and methodological patterns in this field. The findings indicate that although variables such as risk perception, anticipated dependence, and interpersonal influence are frequently examined, ageing itself is seldom conceptualised as an explanatory construct, constraining theoretical precision and practical relevance. To bridge this gap, the study introduces ageing risks (AR)—capturing perceived financial, health, and intergenerational uncertainties associated with demographic ageing—and illustrates its integration within the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The review highlights the need to validate AR empirically, extend research to non-elderly populations and underexplored regions, and broaden methodological approaches. These contributions strengthen theoretical development and inform more responsive insurance strategies in ageing societies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 132 KB  
Correction
Correction: Zhou et al. (2025). Financial Status of Model, Target, and Observer Modulates Mate Choice Copying and the Mediating Effect of Personality. Behavioral Sciences, 15(10), 1324
by Guomei Zhou, Shaxiao Ma and Di Wu
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010142 - 20 Jan 2026
Viewed by 150
Abstract
In the original publication (Zhou et al [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychology of Mate Choice, Romantic Relationships and Sexuality)
23 pages, 596 KB  
Review
The Enduring Gender Gap in STEM: A Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Efficacy in STEM Fields
by Samantha L. McMichael, Stephen G. West and Virginia S. Y. Kwan
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010141 - 19 Jan 2026
Viewed by 361
Abstract
Women have made substantial gains in representation in some STEM fields (e.g., biology, chemistry, math) but not others (e.g., physics, computer science, engineering). Researchers have called for a STEM field-specific approach to investigate the persistent gender gap. While some studies indicate that males [...] Read more.
Women have made substantial gains in representation in some STEM fields (e.g., biology, chemistry, math) but not others (e.g., physics, computer science, engineering). Researchers have called for a STEM field-specific approach to investigate the persistent gender gap. While some studies indicate that males report higher self-efficacy than females, which may contribute to the persistent gender gap, other studies do not. The current research used Hunter–Schmidt meta-analysis to clarify the relationship between gender and self-efficacy in STEM fields where women are underrepresented compared to fields where representation has improved. A meta-analysis of 145 effects found gender differences in self-efficacy in all but one field (biology), but the magnitude of the difference was field-specific. In computer science and physics, two fields in which underrepresentation most strongly persists, there were greater gender differences in self-efficacy compared to the other fields. Findings also highlight participant educational stage as a potentially important factor in explaining heterogeneity of gender differences in self-efficacy within STEM fields and as an area for continued research. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1054 KB  
Article
Investigating the Impact of AI-Supported Self-Coaching as a Professional Development Model for Embedded Instruction in Inclusive Early Childhood Settings
by Serife Balikci
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010140 - 19 Jan 2026
Viewed by 249
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-supported self-coaching system designed to improve preschool teachers’ implementation of embedded instruction (EI) for young children with autism in inclusive early childhood classrooms. Using a multiple-probe across participants single-case design with four teacher–child dyads, [...] Read more.
This study examined the effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-supported self-coaching system designed to improve preschool teachers’ implementation of embedded instruction (EI) for young children with autism in inclusive early childhood classrooms. Using a multiple-probe across participants single-case design with four teacher–child dyads, the study evaluated changes in teacher fidelity, child learning outcomes, maintenance, generalization, and teacher perceptions. Following baseline and an initial EI training, teachers engaged in weekly AI-supported self-coaching cycles that included planning, data entry, reflection, and AI-generated individualized feedback. Results demonstrated clear functional relations between the introduction of the AI-supported system and increases in teachers’ EI fidelity. All teachers reached high levels of accurate implementation, maintained their performance after AI supports were withdrawn, and generalized EI procedures to non-targeted routines. Correspondingly, children showed substantial improvements in unprompted correct responding on individualized goals, with gains sustained across maintenance and generalization probes. Social validity data indicated that teachers found both EI and AI-supported self-coaching highly acceptable, feasible, and helpful for guiding instructional decision-making. Findings provide promising initial evidence that AI-supported self-coaching can serve as a scalable, cost-effective professional development approach that strengthens teacher practice and enhances learning outcomes for young children with autism in inclusive preschool settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurocognitive and Behavioral Innovations for Inclusive Learning)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 774 KB  
Article
A Descriptive Study on the Association Between the Sensory Profile and the Autistic Quotient in Italian 3–12-Year-Old Preschoolers and Schoolers with Autism
by Annalisa Levante, Rosa Angela Fabio, Chiara Martis, Rossella Suriano, Valentina Romeo and Flavia Lecciso
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010139 - 19 Jan 2026
Viewed by 300
Abstract
Sensory reactivity has recently been introduced as a diagnostic criterion for autism, and growing attention is being paid to considering children’s behavioural responses to sensory stimuli. This study explored sensory reactivity in a sample of preschool- and school-aged autistic children. Parents of 68 [...] Read more.
Sensory reactivity has recently been introduced as a diagnostic criterion for autism, and growing attention is being paid to considering children’s behavioural responses to sensory stimuli. This study explored sensory reactivity in a sample of preschool- and school-aged autistic children. Parents of 68 participants [21 preschoolers (3–5 years) and 47 school-aged children (6–11 years)] completed an e-survey (Ethical Committee: 2024-412). Two research questions were addressed to explore: a. whether sensory reactivity dimensions differ according to autistic-like trait severity (medium vs. high) and b. whether sensory reactivity differs between preschool- and school-aged children. Controlling for age and sex, the results showed that children with higher autistic-like trait severity exhibited greater sensory reactivity across all dimensions. The interaction also supported higher sensory reactivity in each dimension for children with higher severity levels. In addition, no significant difference and interaction emerged between age group and sensory reactivity, supporting the potential stability of these features over time. However, group comparisons indicated that school-aged children showed higher parental-reported movement sensitivity, particularly during rough play or balance-related activities. These findings highlight the importance of considering sensory reactivity in autism diagnosis and in designing supportive and tailored intervention environments. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 591 KB  
Article
The Intricacy of Consuming Fast-Fashion Clothing: The Role of Guilt and Sustainability Values
by Judith Cavazos-Arroyo and Rogelio Puente-Díaz
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010138 - 18 Jan 2026
Viewed by 344
Abstract
The consumption of clothes creates paradoxes in which values, motives, and emotions interact to generate consumption experiences. To test some of these interactions, we conducted three correlational studies, studies 1, 2, and 3, one experiment, study 4, and one qualitative study, study 5. [...] Read more.
The consumption of clothes creates paradoxes in which values, motives, and emotions interact to generate consumption experiences. To test some of these interactions, we conducted three correlational studies, studies 1, 2, and 3, one experiment, study 4, and one qualitative study, study 5. Study 1 found negative relationships between sustainability values and materialism and positive relationships between sustainable values and the preference for experiential purchases. Study 2 found positive relationships between two components of the slow-fashion movement, equity and exclusiveness, and guilt, and a negative relationship with functionality, another component of slow fashion. Study 3 found an indirect relationship between sustainable values and guilt through their positive and significant relationship with increased awareness of the environmental impact of the fast-fashion industry, supporting a mediation model. Study 4 found that participants were was more likely, regardless of whether the purchase of clothing was labeled as fast fashion or not, to experience pride than guilt when recalling recent past purchases. Last, in study 5, we found that consumers buy clothes to look good and pay attention to quality and value without significant concerns for environmental issues. The implications for consumer behavior were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emotional Antecedents and Consequences of Buying and Consuming: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on Consumers’ Emotions—Second Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 335 KB  
Article
The Influence of Dark Triad Traits on Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Left-Behind Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model
by Jiale Wang and Tonglin Jin
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010137 - 18 Jan 2026
Viewed by 314
Abstract
This study explores the relationship model among the dark triad traits, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior in adolescents, negative life events, and depression. A moderated mediation model was tested among 224 middle school students with left-behind experience in Inner Monolgia. These students were surveyed [...] Read more.
This study explores the relationship model among the dark triad traits, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior in adolescents, negative life events, and depression. A moderated mediation model was tested among 224 middle school students with left-behind experience in Inner Monolgia. These students were surveyed using the Dirty Dozen Dark Triad Measure, the Adolescent Self-Harm scale, the Adolescent Self—Rating Life Events Checklist, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The dark triad traits had a significant positive predictive effect on NSSI behavior among adolescents with left-behind experience and indirectly influenced NSSI behavior through negative life events. The second half of the mediation path of “the dark triad traits → negative life events → NSSI behavior” was moderated by depression. The influence of the dark triad traits on NSSI behavior is exerted through negative life events, and the relationship between negative life events and NSSI behavior is moderated by depression. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 311 KB  
Article
Migrant-Led Community Organisations: Mobilising Ethnic Capital to Support Refugees and Asylum Seekers in England
by Samson Maekele Tsegay and Zewdi Amanuel Dagnew
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010136 - 17 Jan 2026
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Refugees and asylum seekers (RASs) are among the most marginalised, vulnerable, and economically disadvantaged groups worldwide. As a result, many government and non-government organizations, including migrant-led community organizations (MLCOs), support RASs to improve their lives in their host countries. However, there is a [...] Read more.
Refugees and asylum seekers (RASs) are among the most marginalised, vulnerable, and economically disadvantaged groups worldwide. As a result, many government and non-government organizations, including migrant-led community organizations (MLCOs), support RASs to improve their lives in their host countries. However, there is a lack of research on the role and challenges of MLCOs supporting RASs. Therefore, informed by the concepts of grassroots humanitarianism and ethnic capital, and based on data collected through focus group discussions, this article explores the rationale, activities, and challenges of Eritrean MLCOs in England. The findings indicate that MLCOs help fill some gaps left by government agencies by providing RASs with strong advocacy and support systems to protect their rights and meet their needs. Although volunteers with limited funding run these organizations, they utilise ethnic capital to provide knowledge, raise awareness, and deliver culturally sensitive services to RASs in their own language. This article advances understanding of MLCOs’ work and improves their services to better meet the needs of RASs. It also contributes to knowledge by highlighting MLCOs’ role as sites of learning and education. Full article
16 pages, 354 KB  
Article
Psychometrics of Drawmetrics: An Expressive–Semantic Framework for Personality Assessment
by Larry R. Price
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010135 - 17 Jan 2026
Viewed by 258
Abstract
This study examines whether Drawmetrics (DM), an expressive–semantic personality system, can be linked with the Five-Factor Model (Big Five) through an embedding-based mapping approach and network psychometric methods. A total of 185 participants completed both the DM assessment and the IPIP-NEO 120 Big [...] Read more.
This study examines whether Drawmetrics (DM), an expressive–semantic personality system, can be linked with the Five-Factor Model (Big Five) through an embedding-based mapping approach and network psychometric methods. A total of 185 participants completed both the DM assessment and the IPIP-NEO 120 Big Five inventory. DM term outputs were embedded using a miniLM sentence-transformer and aggregated into 30 facet composites, with six composites per domain. Big Five facet composites were extracted from standardized reports and harmonized to canonical facet names. Analyses focused on the overlap sample (N = 148) with valid scores on both instruments. DM composites demonstrated strong internal structure and high stability indices. Substantial semantic-space alignment was observed between DM term language and Big Five facet language, supporting interpretable linking. However, person-level correlations between DM and Big Five domains were modest (mean |r| ≈ 0.07; Spearman similar), with the largest facet-level association at |r| ≈ 0.26. DM appears to represent a coherent expressive–semantic trait space that is related to, but not isomorphic with, Big Five traits. These findings support a linking rather than equivalence interpretation and highlight the need for future research on scaling, reliability, range restriction, and criterion validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Personality, Emotions, and Emotional Intelligence Assessments: New Applications and Instruments)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 4263 KB  
Article
Technology Empowers Emotions: How AR Technology Triggers Consumers’ Purchase and Spread Behavior Towards Intangible Cultural Heritage Brands
by Yi Sheng, Jiajia Zhao and Euitay Jung
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010134 - 17 Jan 2026
Viewed by 373
Abstract
In recent years, the application of augmented reality digital technology in brands has transformed the way consumers interact with brands. This study focuses on the impact of augmented reality (AR) technology on consumption behavior and brand communication related to intangible cultural heritage products, [...] Read more.
In recent years, the application of augmented reality digital technology in brands has transformed the way consumers interact with brands. This study focuses on the impact of augmented reality (AR) technology on consumption behavior and brand communication related to intangible cultural heritage products, integrating the TAM and UTAUT2 theories to construct a research model. This study employed a time–location sampling method, utilizing SPSS and AMOS software for data analysis based on valid questionnaires completed by 305 AR-experiencing consumers in Changsha City, Hunan Province. Results indicate that the presence and novelty of AR technology significantly and positively influence consumers’ attitudes toward using AR technology, which in turn affects their purchase intent, social media sharing behavior, and brand attitudes. The study confirms that emotional factors and consumer perceptions play a guiding and decisive role in the new consumption reality enabled by AR technology. These research findings have practical significance and value for ICH brand building and AR marketing, demonstrating that AR is an effective means to enhance the visibility and influence of the ICH brand. They inject new vitality into promoting more sustainable ICH protection and popularization, as well as the development of the digital creative industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Affective Shifts: Emotion, Identity, and Consumer Behavior in a Changing Digital World)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 634 KB  
Review
Analogue Play in the Age of AI: A Scoping Review of Non-Digital Games as Active Learning Strategies in Higher Education
by Elaine Conway and Ruth Smith
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010133 - 16 Jan 2026
Viewed by 359
Abstract
Non-digital traditional games such as board and card formats are increasingly recognised as valuable tools for active learning in higher education. These analogue approaches promote engagement, collaboration, and conceptual understanding through embodied and social interaction. This scoping review mapped research on the use [...] Read more.
Non-digital traditional games such as board and card formats are increasingly recognised as valuable tools for active learning in higher education. These analogue approaches promote engagement, collaboration, and conceptual understanding through embodied and social interaction. This scoping review mapped research on the use of traditional, non-digital games as active learning strategies in tertiary education and examined whether the rise in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) since 2022 has influenced their pedagogical role. Following the PRISMA-ScR framework, a systematic search of Scopus (October 2025) identified 2480 records; after screening, 26 studies met all inclusion criteria (explicitly using card and/or board games). Whilst this was a scoping, not a systematic review, some bias due to using only one database and evidence could have missed some studies. Results analysed the use and impacts of the games and whether AI was a specific driver in its use. Studies spanned STEM, business, health, and social sciences, with board and card games most frequently employed to support engagement, understanding, and collaboration. Most reported positive learning outcomes. Post-2023 publications suggest renewed interest in analogue pedagogies as authentic, human-centred responses to AI-mediated education. While none directly investigated GenAI, its emergence appears to have acted as an indirect catalyst, highlighting the continuing importance of tactile, cooperative learning experiences. Analogue games therefore remain a resilient, adaptable form of active learning that complements technological innovation and sustains the human dimensions of higher-education practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Game-Based Learning)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1339 KB  
Article
Accounting the Role of Prosociality in the Disjunction Effect with a Drift Diffusion Model
by Xiaoyang Xin, Bo Liu, Bihua Yan and Ying Li
Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16010132 - 16 Jan 2026
Viewed by 178
Abstract
The disjunction effect in the prisoner’s dilemma game shows that humans tend to cooperate more under uncertain condition (U) than under the two complementary known conditions—one being competitive (D) and the other being cooperative (C)—a well-known violation of the classical decision principle. Our [...] Read more.
The disjunction effect in the prisoner’s dilemma game shows that humans tend to cooperate more under uncertain condition (U) than under the two complementary known conditions—one being competitive (D) and the other being cooperative (C)—a well-known violation of the classical decision principle. Our study explores the potential role of prosociality in the disjunction effect. We measured prosocial trait via the SVO Slider Measure, and prosocial bias via the drift diffusion model (DDM). By using the SVO Slider Measure (for prosocial trait) and the DDM starting-point bias parameter (for prosocial bias), we found that the variation in prosocial bias between uncertain and certain conditions substantially contributes to the disjunction effect. At the aggregate level, prosocial bias significantly decreased from U to D (competitive) but did not differ between U and C (cooperative). At the individual level, participants showed heterogeneous bias changes across prosocial-trait groups: intermediate participants had the largest bias shifts. This heterogeneity underlies the observed inverted U-shaped relationship between prosocial trait and effect size of the disjunction effect. Our study fills a critical gap by clarifying how prosocial inclination influences the disjunction effect. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-161
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop