To improve the measurement and subsequent use of human skin temperature (Tsk) data, there is a need for practical methods to compare Tsk sensors and to quantify and better understand measurement error. We sought to develop, evaluate, and utilize a sk...
This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration...
Wearable technology has attracted significant public attention and has generated huge societal and economic impact, leading to changes of both personal lifestyles and formats of healthcare. An important type of devices in wearable technology is flexi...
Self-powered skin sensors have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their great potential in medical care, robotics, prosthetics, and sports. More importantly, self-powered skin sensors do not need any energy-supply components like...
This paper proposes a validation method of the fabrication technology of a screen-printed electronic skin based on polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric polymer sensors. This required researchers to insure, through non-d...
Skin is the largest sensory organ and receives information from external stimuli. Human body signals have been monitored using wearable devices, which are gradually being replaced by electronic skin (E-skin). We assessed the basic technologies from t...
Background: A nanomaterial-based electronic-skin (E-Skin) wearable sensor has been successfully used for detecting and measuring body movements such as finger movement and foot pressure. The ultrathin and highly sensitive characteristics of E-Skin se...
The rapid advances in human-friendly and wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors have facilitated the continuous and real-time monitoring of physiological conditions, enabling self-health care without being restricted by location. In this paper,...
Skin-interfaced flexible sensors enable physiological monitoring during daily activities, sleep, and rehabilitation, but a sensitive device or a clear waveform does not by itself establish the validity of the physiological information obtained. Many...
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and wearable electronics, there is an increasing demand for skin-like, flexible, and self-powered sensors capable of continuously perceiving mechanical stimuli and human motions. Triboelectric nan...
Recently, owing to their excellent flexibility and adaptability, skin-like pressure and strain sensors integrated with the human body have the potential for great prospects in healthcare. This review mainly focuses on the representative advances of t...
Flexible electronics exhibit tremendous potential applications in biosensing and human–machine interfaces for their outstanding mechanical performance and excellent electrical characteristics. In this work, we introduce a soft, skin-integrated...
Electronic skin (e-skin) is pursued as a key component in robotics and prosthesis to confer them sensing properties that mimic human skin. For pressure monitoring, a great emphasis on piezoresistive sensors was registered due to the simplicity of sen...
The skin provides a life-sustaining interface between the body and the external environment. A dynamic communication among immune and non-immune cells in the skin is essential to ensure body homeostasis. Dysregulated cellular communication can lead t...
Conductive composite materials have attracted considerable interest of researchers for application in stretchable sensors for wearable health monitoring. In this study, highly stretchable and conductive composite films based on carboxymethyl cellulos...
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and carotenoids, the major prooxidants and antioxidants in vivo, respectively, are thought to be associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). To estimate AGEs and carotenoid levels simultaneously in patients with DM,...
3D printing has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Over the past three decades, various 3D printing technologies have been developed including photopolymerization-based, materials extrusion-based, sheet lamination-based, binder jetting-bas...
A smart-skin antenna structure is investigated for active flutter control with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The skin antenna is designed as a multilayer sandwich structure with a dielectric polymer to perform the role of antenna or radar stru...
Electronic skin (e-skin), which is an electronic surrogate of human skin, aims to recreate the multifunctionality of skin by using sensing units to detect multiple stimuli, while keeping key features of skin such as low thickness, stretchability, fle...
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is now essential for certifying many composite primary structures as it resolves strain redistribution at the moment of impact. Traditional detection methods, including resistive strain gauges, face challenges due t...
This research describes a wearable skin hydration sensor based on cotton textile to determine the state of hydration within the skin via impedance analysis. The sensor structure comprises a textile substrate, thermoplastic over-layer, conductive patt...
This article introduces a microwave sensor tailored for skin hydration monitoring. The design enables wireless operation by separating the sensing component from the reader, making it ideal for wearable devices like wristbands. The sensor consists of...
Soft biomimetic electronic devices primarily comprise an electronic skin (e-skin) capable of implementing various wearable/implantable applications such as soft human–machine interfaces, epidermal healthcare systems, and neuroprosthetics owing to its...
Capacitive humidity sensors typically consist of interdigitated electrodes coated with a dielectric layer sensitive to varying relative humidity levels. Previous studies have investigated different polymeric materials that exhibit changes in conducti...
MEMS-based skin friction sensors are used to measure and validate skin friction and its distribution, and their advantages of small volume, high reliability, and low cost make them very important for vehicle design. Aiming at addressing the accuracy...
In this work, a respiratory sensor is studied, measuring the capacitance constructed by attached electrodes on the abdomen. Based on previous findings, that skin thickness changes caused by respiration provides the signal, the fitting condition of th...
The development of a bio-hybrid tactile sensor array that incorporates a skin analogue comprised of alginate encapsulated fibroblasts is described. The electrical properties are modulated by mechanical stress induced during contact, and changes are d...
Wearable technology and mobile healthcare systems are both increasingly popular solutions to traditional healthcare due to their ease of implementation and cost-effectiveness for remote health monitoring. Recent advances in research, especially the m...
In order to replace nonrenewable resources and decrease electronic waste disposal, there is a rapidly rising demand for the utilization of reproducible and degradable biopolymers in flexible electronics. Natural biopolymers have many remarkable chara...
An infrared (IR) absorbance sensor has been designed, realized and tested with the aim of detecting malignant melanomas in human skin biopsies. The sensor has been designed to obtain fast measurements (80 s) of a biopsy using a small light spot (0.5...
The aim of our work was to analyze the influence of changes in humidity and temperature on temporal features of sensed photoplethysmography (PPG) waves. This paper describes a special prototype of a wearable PPG multi-sensor with an integrated I2C hu...
Many factors affect photoplethysmography (PPG) signal quality, one of them being the actual temperature of the skin surface. This paper describes the process of design, realization, and testing of a special wearable PPG sensor prototype with the cont...
The detection of aircraft skin is an important part of the process of aircraft design, manufacturing, and application. This paper proposes a metamaterial sensor for non-destructive detection of aircraft composite skin damage. Firstly, Using the pertu...
The increasing number of IoT devices has led to more electronic waste production, which harms the environment and human health. Self-powered sensor systems are a solution, but they often use toxic materials. We propose using biocompatible peanut skin...
This study presents a flexible wireless electronic skin (e-skin) sensor system that includes a multi-functional sensor device, a triple-mode reconfigurable readout integrated circuit (ROIC), and a mobile monitoring interface. The e-skin device’s mult...
Micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) skin friction sensors are considered to be promising sensors in hypersonic wind tunnel experiments owing to their miniature size, high sensitivity, and stability. Aiming at the problem of short test duration (a f...
Gait analysis plays a crucial role in assessing and monitoring the progress of individuals undergoing rehabilitation. This preliminary validation study aims to compare the performance of a new wearable system, NeuroSkin®, equipped with embedded s...
The skin friction of a hypersonic vehicle surface can account for up to 50% of the total resistance, directly affecting the vehicle’s effective range and load. A wind tunnel experiment is an important and effective method to optimize the aerody...
In the present study, novel dry-contact sensors for measuring electro-encephalography (EEG) signals without any skin preparation are designed, fabricated by an injection molding manufacturing process and experimentally validated. Conventional wet ele...
Flexible electronics, which can be distributed on any surface we need, are highly demanded in the development of Internet of Things (IoT), robot technology and electronic skins. Temperature is a fundamental physical parameter, and it is an important...
The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the skin wettedness factor (SWF) are considered parts of a key perspective related to skincare. The former is used to determine the loss of water content from the stratum corneum (SC), while the latter is used...
This paper presents major improvements to a multimodal, adjustable sensitivity skin sensor module. It employs a geomagnetic 3-axis Hall effect sensor to measure changes in the position of a magnetic field generated by an electromagnet. The electromag...
In recent years, with the rapid development of flexible electronic devices, researchers have a great interest in the research of electronic skin (e-skin). Traditional e-skin, which is made of rigid integrated circuit chips, not only limits the overal...
This paper describes the design, realization, and application of a wearable sensor based on the photoplethysmography (PPG) principle supplemented with a force-sensitive resistor and a thermometer for the measurement of contact pressure force and the...
It is difficult to accurately measure the volume of transdermally extracted interstitial fluid (ISF), which is important for improving blood glucose prediction accuracy. Skin resistance, which is a good indicator of skin permeability, can be used to...
With the development of technology, people’s demand for pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a wide working range is increasing. An effective way to achieve this goal is simulating human skin. Herein, we propose a facile, low-cost, and re...
We propose a new body sensor for extracting the respiration rate based on the amplitude changes in the body surface potential differences between two proximal body electrodes. The sensor could be designed as a plaster-like reusable unit that can be e...
Self-healing materials can prolong the lifetime of structures and products by enabling the repairing of damage. However, detecting the damage and the progress of the healing process remains an important issue. In this study, self-healing, piezoresist...
Different skin pigments among various ethnic group people have an impact on spectrometric illumination on skin surface. To effectively capture photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, a multi-wavelength opto-electronic patch sensor (OEPS) together with a...
This paper presents an easy means to produce a 3-axis Hall effect–based skin sensor for robotic applications. It uses an off-the-shelf chip and is physically small and provides digital output. Furthermore, the sensor has a soft exterior for safe inte...
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