The skin protects our body; however, it is directly exposed to the environment and is stimulated by various external factors. Among the various environmental factors that can threaten skin health, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) and particulate matte...
Protein kinases constitute a large group of enzymes catalysing protein phosphorylation and controlling multiple signalling events. The human protein kinase superfamily consists of 518 members and represents a complicated system with intricate interna...
Protein tyrosine kinases, especially receptor tyrosine kinases, have dominated the cancer therapeutics sphere as proteins that can be inhibited to selectively target cancer. However, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are also an emerging target. T...
The ErbB RTKs (EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4) have been well-studied in cancer. EGFR, HER2, and HER3 stimulate cancer proliferation, principally by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, re...
The signaling outputs of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, G-protein coupled receptors and integrins converge to mediate key cell process such as cell adhesion, cell migration, cell invasion and cell proliferation. Once activated by their ligands, these cel...
The vascular endothelium is the innermost layer of blood vessels and is a key regulator of vascular tone. Endothelial function is controlled by receptor signaling through G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and receptor serine-thre...
The search for an understanding of how cell fate and motility are regulated is not a purely scientific undertaking, but it can also lead to rationally designed therapies against cancer. The discovery of tyrosine kinases about half a century ago, the...
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is the canonical signaling pathway for many receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Downstream of the receptors, this pathway involves the activation of a kinase cas...
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), a catalytically defective receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), is often upregulated in various cancers. This study aimed to validate PTK7 as a target for breast cancer (BC) and investigate its oncogenic signaling mechanis...
Infantile myofibromatosis represents one of the most common proliferative fibrous tumors of infancy and childhood. More effective treatment is needed for drug-resistant patients, and targeted therapy using specific protein kinase inhibitors could be...
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that is involved in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation of haematopoietic progenitors of lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Oncogenic mutations in the FLT3 gene, resultin...
Cancer progression is closely linked to the enhanced uptake of extracellular amino acids, mediated by specific transporters that support biosynthesis, metabolic activity, and energy production through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. By increasing the e...
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) play a crucial factor in the growth, differentiation and survival of cells in health and disease. IGF-I and IGF-II primarily activate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which i...
Src family kinases (SFKs) are key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The expression of these non-receptor tyrosine kinases is strongly correlated with cancer development and tumor progression. Thus, this family of protei...
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) form a highly important group of protein receptors of the eukaryotic cell membrane. They control many vital cellular functions and are involved in the regulation of complex signaling networks. Mutations in RTKs have b...
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the first-line therapy for non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) that harbour sensitising mutations within the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, resistance remains a key issue, with tumour relapse l...
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), a catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase, is upregulated in tumor tissues and cell lines of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We showed that PTK7 plays an oncogenic role in various ESCC cel...
Cell surface proteins carrying N-glycans play important roles in inter- and intracellular processes including cell adhesion, development, and cellular recognition. Dysregulation of the glycosylation machinery has been implicated in various diseases,...
The scaffold protein IQGAP1 associates with over 150 interactors to influence multiple biological processes. The molecular mechanisms that underly spatial and temporal regulation of these interactions, which are crucial for proper cell functions, rem...
The bioactive lipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) binds to a family of G protein-coupled receptors, termed S1P1-S1P5. These receptors function in, for example, the cardiovascular system to regulate vascular barrier integrity and tone, the nervous sy...
The heteroreceptor complexes present a novel biological principle for signal integration. These complexes and their allosteric receptor–receptor interactions are bidirectional and novel targets for treatment of CNS diseases including mental diseases....
Resveratrol (RSV), a polyphenol found in a variety of berries and wines, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. It has been suggested that RSV may play a role in the regulation of metabolic disorders, including di...
In the neuromuscular junction, postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) clustering, trans-synaptic communication and synaptic stabilization are modulated by the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity. The synaptic functions...
Abnormal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) contributes to tumorigenesis, while protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) contribute to tumor control. One of the most representative PTPs is Src homology region 2 (SH2) domain-containing phospha...
A number of new compounds containing the 4-(aminomethyl)benzamide fragment as a linker were designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated as potential anticancer agents. The cytotoxicity activity of the designed compounds w...
Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide and calls for novel therapeutic targets. Membrane proteins are key players in various cancer types but present unique challenges compared to soluble proteins. The advent of computational drug disc...
The paradigm “one drug fits all” or “one dose fits all” will soon be challenged by pharmacogenetics research and application. Drug response—efficacy or safety—depends on interindividual variability. The current cli...
Understanding the mechanisms of metastasis is one of the most pressing issues in cancer therapy. Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is an important biomarker and functional driver of tumor progression and metastasis. However, the molecul...
Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. Despite advances in aggressive multidisciplinary treatments, the 5-year survival rate for this dreadful disease is only 50%, mostly due to high rate of recurrence and early invol...
Overexpression and amplification of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) has been found in several hematologic and solid malignancies. Activation of AXL can enhance tumor-promoting processes such as cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and su...
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ in adult humans that contributes to systemic energy homeostasis and represents a potential therapeutic target for obesity-associated metabolic diseases. However, ef...
Flotillins are highly conserved proteins that localize into specific cholesterol rich microdomains in cellular membranes. They have been shown to be associated with, for example, various signaling pathways, cell adhesion, membrane trafficking and axo...
The TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their ligands, Gas6 and protein S (ProS1), are implicated in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in various cancers. The β-galactoside binding protein galectin-3 (Gal-3)...
Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has been widely exploited to disrupt aberrant phosphorylation flux in cancer. However, a bottleneck of potent TKIs is the acquisition of drug resistance mutations...
Glucocorticoids are stress hormones released into circulation that play central roles in the immediate and slower adaptive responses of the brain and body to environmental and internal stimuli, whether perceived or imagined. Receptors for glucocortic...
Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of death due to gynecologic malignancy. Estrogen-related pathways genes, such as estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and their coregulators, proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1), and pro...
Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7), a catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase, is frequently upregulated in various cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Analysis of The...
TNBC is an aggressive cancer sub-type with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. New therapeutic targets are needed to improve outcomes in TNBC patients. PRCP is a lysosomal serine protease that cleaves peptide substrates when the penultimate...
24 August 2026
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) constitute two major superfamilies of signaling enzymes in mammals, displaying comparable genomic representation (~100 genes each) and numbers of catalytically active proteins (...
The ROS-1 gene plays a major role in the oncogenesis of numerous tumors. ROS-1 rearrangement is found in 0.9–2.6% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), mostly lung adenocarcinomas, with a significantly higher rate of women, non-smokers, and...
Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive lung cancer show a dramatic response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, acquired drug resistance eventually develops. This study explored the novel mechanisms re...
The TAM subfamily (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) of receptor tyrosine kinases are implicated in several cancers, where they have been shown to support primary tumorigenesis as well as secondary resistance to cancer therapies. Relatively little is known about th...
Objective: The association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels with cognitive function in the general population remains largely unexplored. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to query which CSF proteins may have potential cau...
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are major players in signal transduction, regulating cellular activities in both normal regeneration and malignancy. Thus, many RTKs, c-Kit among them, play key roles in the function of both normal and neoplastic cell...
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is a well-studied oncogenic pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A subset of advanced NSCLC patients (15–55%) have EGFR-driven mutations and benefit from treatment with EGFR-ty...
PTK7, a catalytically defective receptor protein tyrosine kinase, promotes angiogenesis by activating KDR through direct interaction and induction of KDR oligomerization. This study developed anti-PTK7 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to regulate angioge...
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a class of membrane proteins involved in several physiological processes such as growth, survival, angiogenesis, and differentiation, are profoundly influenced by the microenvironment, particularly by surrounding lip...
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a systemic therapy for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Although most patients initially respond to ADT, almost all cancers eventually develop castration resistance. Castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) is associated w...
Anti-angiogenics currently used in cancer therapy target angiogenesis by two major mechanisms: (i) neutralizing angiogenic factors or their receptors by using macromolecule anti-angiogenic drugs (e.g., therapeutic antibodies), and (ii) blocking intra...
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed tumor in adults in Europe and represents approximately 2.5% of cancer deaths. The molecular biology underlying renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression has...
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