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123 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
5,178 Views
16 Pages

Synthesis, Optical, Chemical and Thermal Characterizations of PMMA-PS/CeO2 Nanoparticles Thin Film

  • Areen A. Bani-Salameh,
  • A. A. Ahmad,
  • A. M. Alsaad,
  • I. A. Qattan and
  • Ihsan A. Aljarrah

4 April 2021

We report the synthesis of hybrid thin films based on polymethyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) doped with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). The As-prepared thin films of (PMMA-PS) incorporated with CeO2 NPs ar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,013 Views
14 Pages

Fabrication of Nanogroove Arrays on Acrylic Film Using Micro-Embossing Technique

  • Chana Raksiri,
  • Potejana Potejanasak and
  • Thitipoom Dokyor

18 September 2023

The fabrication of nanostructures is of great importance in producing biomedical devices. Significantly, the nanostructure of the polymeric film has a significant impact on the physical and biophysical behavior of the biomolecules. This study present...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,158 Views
13 Pages

1 February 2023

DLC (diamond-like carbon) films were prepared on Ti/PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate) under the different bias; the principal purpose of this study is to explore structural differences of films on Ti/PMMA with and without conductive material, and to furt...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,347 Views
14 Pages

Surface Functionalization of an Aluminum Alloy to Generate an Antibiofilm Coating Based on Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) and Silver Nanoparticles

  • Lisa Muñoz,
  • Laura Tamayo,
  • Miguel Gulppi,
  • Franco Rabagliati,
  • Marcos Flores,
  • Marcela Urzúa,
  • Manuel Azócar,
  • Jose H. Zagal,
  • María V. Encinas and
  • Maritza Páez
  • + 2 authors

24 October 2018

An experimental protocol was studied to improve the adhesion of a polymeric poly(methyl methacrylate) coating that was modified with silver nanoparticles to an aluminum alloy, AA2024. The nanoparticles were incorporated into the polymeric matrix to a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
9,637 Views
15 Pages

3 June 2015

The photostabilization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films having 2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate and Sn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes was investigated. The production of PMMA films containing such complexes (0.5% by weight)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,411 Views
21 Pages

10 April 2024

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is an interesting polymer employed in various applications due to its outstanding properties. However, its electrical and mechanical properties can be further improved by incorporating nanoparticles, and in particular,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,398 Views
10 Pages

6 February 2016

Nano-composite films have been the subject of extensive work for developing the energy-storage efficiency of electrostatic capacitors. Factors such as polymer purity, nanoparticle size, and film morphology drastically affect the electrostatic efficie...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,139 Views
21 Pages

25 October 2021

Blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and a triblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(butyl acrylate)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (MAM) have been obtained following both out-of-equilibrium (extrusion) and near-equilibrium (solvent cast...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,166 Views
10 Pages

Thin-Film Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based on Intramolecular Charge Transfer Fluorophore and Effect of Polymer Matrix on Device Efficiency

  • Fahad Mateen,
  • Namcheol Lee,
  • Sae Youn Lee,
  • Syed Taj Ud Din,
  • Woochul Yang,
  • Asif Shahzad,
  • Ashok Kumar Kaliamurthy,
  • Jae-Joon Lee and
  • Sung-Kyu Hong

31 October 2021

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) provide a transformative approach to integrating photovoltaics into a built environment. In this paper, we report thin-film LSCs composed of intramolecular charge transfer fluorophore (DACT-II) and discuss the e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,952 Views
12 Pages

Effects of Polymerization Time towards Conductivity and Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Polyaniline (PMMA/PANi) Copolymer

  • Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari,
  • Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli,
  • Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah,
  • Mohd Nazim Mohtar,
  • Norizah Abdul Rahman,
  • Azizan Ahmad,
  • Nurul Huda Osman and
  • Febdian Rusydi

21 July 2022

The effects of various polymerization times on the properties and conductivity of poly(methyl methacrylate)/polyaniline (PMMA/PANi) copolymer has been investigated. Different polymerization times, such as 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h, have been employed during...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,337 Views
13 Pages

2 November 2018

Transparent nanocomposite films containing quantum dots are popular because of their extensive applications. However, nanoparticles tend to aggregate, resulting in phase separation of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. Herein, we present a bulk...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
8,933 Views
11 Pages

Improvement of Aluminium Film Adhesion on PMMA Using Pre-Layer and Specific Annealing

  • Xiuhua Fu,
  • Gong Zhang,
  • Jing Zhang,
  • Kai Guo and
  • Yonggang Pan

During the electron beam evaporation for deposition of an aluminium film, high-speed electrons decelerate when they bombard the material and part of the electron energy contributes to radiation. Due to the high sensitivity of polymethyl methacrylate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,984 Views
8 Pages

15 March 2017

In this study, high energy conversion efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were successfully fabricated by attaching a double anti-reflection (AR) layer, which is composed of a subwavelength moth-eye structured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,736 Views
11 Pages

Optical Characteristics of ZnCuInS/ZnS (Core/Shell) Nanocrystal Flexible Films Under X-Ray Excitation

  • George Saatsakis,
  • Nektarios Kalyvas,
  • Christos Michail,
  • Konstantinos Ninos,
  • Athanasios Bakas,
  • Christina Fountzoula,
  • Ioannis Sianoudis,
  • George E. Karpetas,
  • George Fountos and
  • George Panayiotakis
  • + 2 authors

4 July 2019

The aim of this article is to evaluate optical characteristics, such as the intrinsic conversion efficiency and the inherent light propagation efficiency of three polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/methyl methacrylate (MMA) composite ZnCuInS/ZnS (core/sh...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,609 Views
12 Pages

Synthesis and Properties of Plasma-Polymerized Methyl Methacrylate via the Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization Technique

  • Choon-Sang Park,
  • Eun Young Jung,
  • Hyo Jun Jang,
  • Gyu Tae Bae,
  • Bhum Jae Shin and
  • Heung-Sik Tae

28 February 2019

Pinhole free layers are needed in order to prevent oxygen and water from damaging flexible electrical and bio-devices. Although polymerized methyl methacrylate (polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA) for the pinhole free layer has been studied extensively in...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,720 Views
8 Pages

1 October 2018

Metal–organic framework thin film-based dye sensitized solar cell is fabricated with highly oriented, crystalline, and porous Zn-perylene metal-organic framework (MOF) thin film (SURMOF) which is integrated with Bodipy embedded in poly(methyl m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,240 Views
10 Pages

2 December 2018

The dual-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) derivatives, which have the seven fluorinated alkanes and the single acrylate ester on the silica cube, were designed as a filler for lowering the refractive index (RI) and improving...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,514 Views
6 Pages

20 September 2017

Recently, thermoplastic polymers have become popular materials for microfluidic chips due to their easy fabrication and low cost. A polymer based microfluidic device can be formed in various fabrication techniques such as laser machining, injection m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
82 Citations
8,853 Views
18 Pages

Crystallinity and β Phase Fraction of PVDF in Biaxially Stretched PVDF/PMMA Films

  • Ye Zhou,
  • Wenting Liu,
  • Bin Tan,
  • Cheng Zhu,
  • Yaru Ni,
  • Liang Fang,
  • Chunhua Lu and
  • Zhongzi Xu

24 March 2021

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend films were prepared using biaxial stretching. The effects of PMMA content and stretching ratio on the crystallinity and β phase fraction of PVDF in blend films were investigate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,988 Views
15 Pages

22 December 2021

In this work, eight different types of optical oxygen sensing films were prepared by impregnating indicator and matrix solution on the surface of a polypropylene microporous filter membrane. The polymer matrix of the sensing films was ethyl cellulose...

  • Article
  • Open Access
323 Views
15 Pages

Comprehensive Investigation of the Commercial ELP-20 Electron-Beam Lithography Resist

  • Meruert Qairat,
  • Aliya Alzhanova,
  • Mustakhim Pshikov,
  • Renata Nemkayeva,
  • Nazim Guseinov,
  • Sergey Zaitsev and
  • Mukhit Muratov

19 December 2025

A systematic experimental study of the positive-tone resist ELP-20 was conducted, covering its structural properties, film-formation behavior, and response to electron-beam exposure. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated the methacrylate nature of the resi...

  • Feature Paper
  • Communication
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,545 Views
9 Pages

Rapid Coating of Ultraviolet Shielding Colloidal Crystals

  • Likun Wang,
  • Yu Xu,
  • Zhaoran Chu,
  • Wenwei Tang,
  • Yanfei Qiu,
  • Xueling Zhao,
  • Weizhong Jiang,
  • Jiayi Ye and
  • Cheng Chen

12 June 2020

A facile spray coating preparation of ultraviolet (UV) shielding Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based colloidal photonic crystal (PC) films was presented, where the UV radiation was physically resisted by the periodic structure. The specific wavele...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,643 Views
11 Pages

1 November 2024

Radiative cooling, an emerging technology that reflects sunlight and emits radiation into outer space, has gained much attention due to its energy-efficient nature and broad applicability in buildings, photovoltaic cells, and vehicles. This study foc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,923 Views
17 Pages

Effect of Polymer Demixed Nanotopographies on Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation

  • George Fleming,
  • Jenny Aveyard,
  • Joanne L. Fothergill,
  • Fiona McBride,
  • Rasmita Raval and
  • Raechelle A. D’Sa

21 November 2019

As the current global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) persists, developing alternatives to antibiotics that are less susceptible to resistance is becoming an urgent necessity. Recent advances in biomaterials have allowed for the development...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,438 Views
11 Pages

21 November 2020

To simultaneously achieve the high visible transparency and enhance the ultraviolet (UV)-blocking performance of displays, inorganic–organic hybrid nanoparticles, comprising TiO2 as a core and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a shell, were u...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,886 Views
13 Pages

Structural and Optical Characterizations of Polymethyl Methacrylate Films with the Incorporation of Ultrafine SiO2/TiO2 Composites Utilized as Self-Cleaning Surfaces

  • Maneerat Songpanit,
  • Kanokthip Boonyarattanakalin,
  • Saksorn Limwichean,
  • Tossaporn Lertvanithphol,
  • Mati Horprathum,
  • Wisanu Pecharapa and
  • Wanichaya Mekprasart

25 July 2023

The structural and optical characterizations of nanocomposite films of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and SiO2/TiO2 composites prepared via the spin-coating technique were investigated using different SiO2:TiO2 ratios. The SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposites we...

  • Article
  • Open Access
51 Citations
7,887 Views
8 Pages

PMMA Thin Film with Embedded Carbon Quantum Dots for Post-Fabrication Improvement of Light Harvesting in Perovskite Solar Cells

  • Askar A. Maxim,
  • Shynggys N. Sadyk,
  • Damir Aidarkhanov,
  • Charles Surya,
  • Annie Ng,
  • Yoon-Hwae Hwang,
  • Timur Sh. Atabaev and
  • Askhat N. Jumabekov

9 February 2020

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a standard sandwich structure suffer from optical transmission losses due to the substrate and its active layers. Developing strategies for compensating for the losses in light harvesting is of significant importanc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
8,574 Views
14 Pages

Transparent Conductive Films Fabricated from Polythiophene Nanofibers Composited with Conventional Polymers

  • Borjigin Aronggaowa,
  • Yuriko Toda,
  • Noriyuki Ito,
  • Kazuhiro Shikinaka and
  • Takeshi Shimomura

19 November 2013

Transparent, conductive films were prepared by compositing poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The transparency, conductivity, atmospheric stability, and mechanical strength of the resulting nanofiber compo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,199 Views
10 Pages

24 October 2019

Fabrication of organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) via high throughput solution process routes have attracted extensive attention. Herein, we report a simple one-step coating method for vertical phase separation of the poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
9,816 Views
13 Pages

Antireflection Coating on PMMA Substrates by Atomic Layer Deposition

  • Pallabi Paul,
  • Kristin Pfeiffer and
  • Adriana Szeghalmi

10 January 2020

Antireflection coatings (ARC) are essential for various optical components including such made of plastics for high volume applications. However, precision coatings on plastics are rather challenging due to typically low adhesion of the coating to th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,085 Views
17 Pages

5 June 2025

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the potential use of zinc 2,9,16,23-tetra-tert-butyl-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (ZnTTBPc) embedded in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and deposited on different substrates in active films for wearable device (WD) ap...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
759 Views
13 Pages

Compact FPI-Based Fiber Optic Humidity Sensors Functionalized with PMMA/PVA/PEG

  • Hongtao Dang,
  • Fujing Chen,
  • Jin Li,
  • Fuhua Liu and
  • Jianye Yang

22 October 2025

The Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) structure has been designed and fabricated through the heterogeneous splicing of single-mode fiber to hollow-core fiber, coupled with precision length cutting. Humidity sensitive materials of polymeth...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,907 Views
10 Pages

27 November 2022

Previous reports have shown that colloidal crystal (CC) films with visible Bragg reflection characteristics can be fabricated by the surface modification of monodisperse silica particles (SiPs) with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains, followed b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,245 Views
16 Pages

17 September 2024

Novel tetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl-containing oligomers prepared by visible light-promoted addition of 1,4-(bis-chlorotetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl) benzene or 1,3-(bis-chlorotetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl) benzene to either 1,4-diethynyl benzene...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,337 Views
24 Pages

27 April 2015

A pressure-sensitive film was used to characterize the asperity contacts along a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) interface in the laboratory. The film has structural health monitoring (SHM) applications for flanges and other precision fittings and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,969 Views
9 Pages

Broadband High-Reflection Dielectric PVD Coating with Low Stress and High Adhesion on PMMA

  • Zizheng Li,
  • Qiang Li,
  • Xiangqian Quan,
  • Xin Zhang,
  • Chi Song,
  • Haigui Yang,
  • Xiaoyi Wang and
  • Jinsong Gao

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is an attractive optical plastic that is widely used in augmented reality, virtual reality devices, display, wearable devices, portable optical equipment, and lightweight optics. Thin film prepared by physical vapor dep...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,863 Views
7 Pages

Cratering Induced by Slow Highly Charged Ions on Ultrathin PMMA Films

  • Raquel S. Thomaz,
  • Philipp Ernst,
  • Pedro L. Grande,
  • Marika Schleberger and
  • Ricardo M. Papaléo

20 September 2022

Highly charged ions are a well-known tool for the nanostructuring of surfaces. We report on the thickness dependence of nanostructures produced by single 260 keV Xe38+ ions on ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films (1 nm to 60 nm) deposited...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,422 Views
12 Pages

Analysis of Factors Affecting Optical Performance of GaN-Based Micro-LEDs with Quantum Dots Films

  • Zhili Zhao,
  • Xinzhong Wang,
  • Kaidong Yang,
  • Fang Fan,
  • Dan Wu,
  • Sheng Liu and
  • Kai Wang

14 March 2020

Optical performance in terms of light efficiency, color crosstalk and ambient contrast ratio were analyzed for blue GaN-based micro-light emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) combined with red/green quantum dots (QDs)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films. Th...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,624 Views
9 Pages

Performance Improvement of Residue-Free Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Using Au-Assisted Transfer Method

  • Yamujin Jang,
  • Young-Min Seo,
  • Hyeon-Sik Jang,
  • Keun Heo and
  • Dongmok Whang

31 October 2021

We report a novel graphene transfer technique for fabricating graphene field-effect transistors (FETs) that avoids detrimental organic contamination on a graphene surface. Instead of using an organic supporting film like poly(methyl methacrylate) (PM...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
4,144 Views
12 Pages

23 February 2019

Solution-processable nonvolatile memory devices, consisted of graphene oxide (GO) embedded into an insulating polymer polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), were manufactured. By varying the GO content in PMMA nanocomposite films, the memristic conductance...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
986 Views
14 Pages

9 May 2025

With the rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, ultra-wideband flexible transparent antennas have garnered substantial attention for their potential applications in wireless communication devices. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,669 Views
16 Pages

Synthesis of New Ruthenium Complexes and Their Exploratory Study as Polymer Hybrid Composites in Organic Electronics

  • Ricardo Ballinas-Indilí,
  • María Elena Sánchez Vergara,
  • Saulo C. Rosales-Amezcua,
  • Joaquín André Hernández Méndez,
  • Byron López-Mayorga,
  • René Miranda-Ruvalcaba and
  • Cecilio Álvarez-Toledano

9 May 2024

Polymeric hybrid films, for their application in organic electronics, were produced from new ruthenium indanones in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by the drop-casting procedure. Initially, the synthesis and structural characterization of the ruthen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,956 Views
14 Pages

A New Antibacterial Agent-Releasing Polydimethylsiloxane Coating for Polymethyl Methacrylate Dental Restorations

  • Hang-Nga Mai,
  • Do-Yeon Kim,
  • Dong Choon Hyun,
  • Ju Hayng Park,
  • Sang Min Lee and
  • Du-Hyeong Lee

1 November 2019

Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been incorporated into the composition of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental restorations to enhance their antimicrobial performance. However, the controlled delivery of CHX remains a challenge. Although previous findings w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
959 Views
23 Pages

MWCNT Localization and Electrical Percolation in Thin Films of Semifluorinated PMMA Block Copolymers

  • Ulrike Staudinger,
  • Andreas Janke,
  • Frank Simon,
  • Lothar Jakisch,
  • Eva Bittrich,
  • Petr Formanek,
  • Lukas Mielke,
  • Hendrik Schlicke,
  • Qiong Li and
  • Doris Pospiech
  • + 1 author

6 May 2025

Diblock copolymers (BCP) consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate) (PsfMA) blocks are employed as templates for controlled dispersion and localization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Sh...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,378 Views
12 Pages

Effect of Thermal Annealing on Conformation of MEH-PPV Chains in Polymer Matrix: Coexistence of H- and J-Aggregates

  • Shu Hu,
  • Yang Liao,
  • Yang Zhang,
  • Xiaoliang Yan,
  • Zhenlu Zhao,
  • Weiqiang Chen,
  • Xin Zhang,
  • Hongxing Liu,
  • Heng Li and
  • Chuanxiang Sheng
  • + 2 authors

7 August 2020

In diluted solid solution using poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), both aggregated and extended conformations could be formed according to the weight ratio. Aggr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,510 Views
13 Pages

Dispersion Management and Pulse Characterization of Graphene-Based Soliton Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers

  • Ahmad Fauzi Abas,
  • Kuen Y. Lau,
  • Wazie M. Abdulkawi,
  • Mohammed T. Alresheedi,
  • Farah D. Muhammad and
  • Mohd Adzir Mahdi

24 March 2022

This paper presents the generation and characterization of femtosecond pulses utilizing graphene-polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) thin-film saturable absorber (SA), which is subjected to different lengths of single-mode fiber (SMF) in an erbium-doped f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,467 Views
13 Pages

A tristable memory device with a trilayer structure utilizes poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sandwiched between double-stacked novel nanocomposite films that consist of 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) doped with graphe...

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
10,678 Views
22 Pages

Thermal, Mechanical and UV-Shielding Properties of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Cerium Dioxide Hybrid Systems Obtained by Melt Compounding

  • María A. Reyes-Acosta,
  • Aidé M. Torres-Huerta,
  • Miguel A. Domínguez-Crespo,
  • Abelardo I. Flores-Vela,
  • Héctor J. Dorantes-Rosales and
  • José A. Andraca-Adame

7 September 2015

Thick and homogeneous hybrid film systems based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the melt compounding method to improve thermal stability, mechanical and UV-shielding properties, as well as to propose...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
7,591 Views
16 Pages

Enhancement of Light Amplification of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dot Films via Surface Encapsulation by PMMA Polymer

  • Saif M. H. Qaid,
  • Hamid M. Ghaithan,
  • Khulod K. AlHarbi,
  • Bandar Ali Al-Asbahi and
  • Abdullah S. Aldwayyan

2 August 2021

Photonic devices based on perovskite materials are considered promising alternatives for a wide range of these devices in the future because of their broad bandgaps and ability to contribute to light amplification. The current study investigates the...

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