Journal Description
Atoms
Atoms
is an international, peer-reviewed and cross-disciplinary scholarly journal of scientific studies related to all aspects of the atom published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Astrophysics Data System, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, INSPIRE, and many other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Nuclear and High Energy Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 19.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2021).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Latest Articles
Evaluation of Fe XIV Intensity Ratio for Electron Density Diagnostics by Laboratory Measurements
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030060 - 30 Aug 2021
Abstract
The intensity ratio of Fe XIV 264.765A/274.203A is useful to determine the electron density of solar corona, and the relationship between the electron density and the intensity ratio obtained from a model should be evaluated using laboratory plasmas to estimate the electron density
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The intensity ratio of Fe XIV 264.765A/274.203A is useful to determine the electron density of solar corona, and the relationship between the electron density and the intensity ratio obtained from a model should be evaluated using laboratory plasmas to estimate the electron density more precisely. We constructed a new collisional–radiative model (CR-model) for Fe XIV (an Al-like iron ion) by considering the processes of proton-impact excitation and electron-impact ionization to the excited states of a Mg-like iron ion. The atomic data used in the CR-model were calculated using the HULLAC atomic code. The model was evaluated based on laboratory experiments using a compact electron beam ion trap, called CoBIT, and the Large Helical Device (LHD). The measured Fe XIV 264.785 Å/274.203 Å line intensity ratio with CoBIT was 1.869 ± 0.036, and it agreed well with our CR-model results. Concurrently, the measured ratio using LHD was larger than the results of our CR-model and CHIANTI. The estimated electron densities using our CR-model agreed with those from CHIANTI within a factor of 1.6–2.4 in the range of . Further model development is needed to explain the ratio in a high-electron density region.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic and Molecular Spectra in Magnetically Confined Torus Plasmas)
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Relativistic Study on the Scattering of e± from Atoms and Ions of the Rn Isonuclear Series
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, , , , and
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030059 - 27 Aug 2021
Abstract
Calculations are presented for differential, integrated elastic, momentum transfer, viscosity, inelastic, total cross sections and spin polarization parameters S, T and U for electrons and positrons scattering from atoms and ions of radon isonuclear series in the energy range from 1 eV–1 MeV.
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Calculations are presented for differential, integrated elastic, momentum transfer, viscosity, inelastic, total cross sections and spin polarization parameters S, T and U for electrons and positrons scattering from atoms and ions of radon isonuclear series in the energy range from 1 eV–1 MeV. In addition, we analyze systematically the details of the critical minima in the elastic differential cross sections along with the positions of the corresponding maximum polarization points in the Sherman function for the aforesaid scattering systems. Coulomb glory is investigated across the ionic series. A short range complex optical potential, comprising static, polarization and exchange (for electron projectile) potentials, is used to describe the scattering from neutral atom. This potential is supplemented by the Coulomb potential for the same purpose for a charged atom. The Dirac partial wave analysis, employing the aforesaid potential, is carried out to calculate the aforesaid scattering observables. A comparison of our results with other theoretical findings shows a reasonable agreement over the studied energy range.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electron Scattering in Gases –from Cross Sections to Plasma Modeling)
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Open AccessArticle
Interferometry in an Atomic Fountain with Ytterbium Bose–Einstein Condensates
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030058 - 25 Aug 2021
Abstract
We present enabling experimental tools and atom interferometer implementations in a vertical “fountain” geometry with ytterbium Bose–Einstein condensates. To meet the unique challenge of the heavy, non-magnetic atom, we apply a shaped optical potential to balance against gravity following evaporative cooling and demonstrate
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We present enabling experimental tools and atom interferometer implementations in a vertical “fountain” geometry with ytterbium Bose–Einstein condensates. To meet the unique challenge of the heavy, non-magnetic atom, we apply a shaped optical potential to balance against gravity following evaporative cooling and demonstrate a double Mach–Zehnder interferometer suitable for applications such as gravity gradient measurements. Furthermore, we also investigate the use of a pulsed optical potential to act as a matter wave lens in the vertical direction during expansion of the Bose–Einstein condensate. This method is shown to be even more effective than the aforementioned shaped optical potential. The application of this method results in a reduction of velocity spread (or equivalently an increase in source brightness) of more than a factor of five, which we demonstrate using a two-pulse momentum-space Ramsey interferometer. The vertical geometry implementation of our diffraction beams ensures that the atomic center of mass maintains overlap with the pulsed atom optical elements, thus allowing extension of atom interferometer times beyond what is possible in a horizontal geometry. Our results thus provide useful tools for enhancing the precision of atom interferometry with ultracold ytterbium atoms.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Interferometry with Bose–Einstein Condensates)
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Open AccessArticle
Constrained Molecular Dynamic Simulation of the Potential Mean Force of Lithium Bromide Ion Pairs in Acetonitrile
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030057 - 17 Aug 2021
Abstract
Molecular dynamic simulations of Li+, and Br− ions in acetonitrile were carried out. The simulated structural properties were compared to experimental data. The solvent potentials of Li+-Br−, Li+-Li+, and Br−-Br
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Molecular dynamic simulations of Li+, and Br− ions in acetonitrile were carried out. The simulated structural properties were compared to experimental data. The solvent potentials of Li+-Br−, Li+-Li+, and Br−-Br− were evaluated using constrained molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations, to determine the solvent contribution to the total force acting on the solute and estimate the liquid arrangements according to the potential of mean force (PMF) values. The PMF of friction kernels and the passage across the Li+-Br− barrier was studied using the Grote–Hynes theory. The union-separation development happens in the polarization confining system.
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(This article belongs to the Section Quantum Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Physics)
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Open AccessArticle
Deep Minimum and a Vortex for Positronium Formation in Low-Energy Positron-Helium Collisions
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030056 - 06 Aug 2021
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We find a zero in the positronium formation scattering amplitude and a deep minimum in the logarithm of the corresponding differential cross section for positron–helium collisions for an energy just above the positronium formation threshold. Corresponding to the zero, there is a vortex
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We find a zero in the positronium formation scattering amplitude and a deep minimum in the logarithm of the corresponding differential cross section for positron–helium collisions for an energy just above the positronium formation threshold. Corresponding to the zero, there is a vortex in the extended velocity field that is associated with this amplitude when one treats both the magnitude of the momentum of the incident positron and the angle of the scattered positronium as independent variables. Using the complex Kohn variational method, we determine accurately two-channel K-matrices for positron–helium collisions in the Ore gap. We fit these K-matrices using both polynomials and the Watanabe and Greene’s multichannel effective range theory taking into account explicitly the polarization potential in the Ps-He+ channel. Using the fitted K-matrices we determine the extended velocity field and show that it rotates anticlockwise around the zero in the positronium formation scattering amplitude. We find that there is a valley in the logarithm of the positronium formation differential cross section that includes the deep minimum and also a minimum in the forward direction.
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Open AccessArticle
Redistribution of the Rydberg State Population Induced by Continuous-Spectrum Radiation
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030055 - 06 Aug 2021
Abstract
We consider the redistribution of the Rydberg state population resulting from multistep cascade transitions induced by radiation with a continuous spectrum. The population distribution is analyzed within the space of quantum numbers n and l. The dynamics of the system are studied
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We consider the redistribution of the Rydberg state population resulting from multistep cascade transitions induced by radiation with a continuous spectrum. The population distribution is analyzed within the space of quantum numbers n and l. The dynamics of the system are studied using both the numerical solution of kinetic equations and the diffusion approximation based on the Fokker–Planck equation. The main path of the redistribution process is determined.
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(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)
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Open AccessArticle
Microwave Atom Chip Design
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030054 - 05 Aug 2021
Abstract
We present a toolbox of microstrip building blocks for microwave atom chips geared towards trapped atom interferometry. Transverse trapping potentials based on the AC Zeeman (ACZ) effect can be formed from the combined microwave magnetic near fields of a pair or a triplet
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We present a toolbox of microstrip building blocks for microwave atom chips geared towards trapped atom interferometry. Transverse trapping potentials based on the AC Zeeman (ACZ) effect can be formed from the combined microwave magnetic near fields of a pair or a triplet of parallel microstrip transmission lines. Axial confinement can be provided by a microwave lattice (standing wave) along the microstrip traces. Microwave fields provide additional parameters for dynamically adjusting ACZ potentials: detuning of the applied frequency to select atomic transitions and local polarization controlled by the relative phase in multiple microwave currents. Multiple ACZ traps and potentials, operating at different frequencies, can be targeted to different spin states simultaneously, thus enabling spin-specific manipulation of atoms and spin-dependent trapped atom interferometry.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Interferometry with Bose–Einstein Condensates)
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Open AccessObituary
A Tribute to Oleg Zatsarinny (1953–2021): His Life in Science
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030053 - 05 Aug 2021
Abstract
Oleg Ivanovich Zatsarinny (Figure 1) was born in the city of Uzhgorod, Ukraine, on 4 November 1953 [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Tribute to Oleg Zatsarinny (1953–2021) and His Science–Fees Are Waived)
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Open AccessArticle
Accurate Electron Drift Mobility Measurements in Moderately Dense Helium Gas at Several Temperatures
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030052 - 04 Aug 2021
Abstract
We report new accurate measurements of the drift mobility of quasifree electrons in moderately dense helium gas in the temperature range for densities lower than those at which states of electrons localized in bubbles appear.
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We report new accurate measurements of the drift mobility of quasifree electrons in moderately dense helium gas in the temperature range for densities lower than those at which states of electrons localized in bubbles appear. By heuristically including multiple-scattering effects into classical kinetic formulas, as previously done for neon and argon, an excellent description of the field E, density N, and temperature T dependence of is obtained. Moreover, the experimental evidence suggests that the strong decrease of the zero-field density-normalized mobility with increasing N from the low up to intermediate density regime is mainly due to weak localization of electrons caused by the intrinsic disorder of the system, whereas the further decrease of for even larger N is due to electron self-trapping in cavities. We suggest that a distinction between weakly localized and electron bubble states can be done by inspecting the behavior of as a function of N at intermediate densities.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electron Scattering in Gases –from Cross Sections to Plasma Modeling)
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Open AccessArticle
High Sensitivity Multi-Axes Rotation Sensing Using Large Momentum Transfer Point Source Atom Interferometry
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, , , , , and
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030051 - 03 Aug 2021
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A point source interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses during the expansion of a cloud of cold atoms behaving approximately as a point source. The PSI can work as a
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A point source interferometer (PSI) is a device where atoms are split and recombined by applying a temporal sequence of Raman pulses during the expansion of a cloud of cold atoms behaving approximately as a point source. The PSI can work as a sensitive multi-axes gyroscope that can automatically filter out the signal from accelerations. The phase shift arising from the rotations is proportional to the momentum transferred to each atom from the Raman pulses. Therefore, by increasing the momentum transfer, it should be possible to enhance the sensitivity of the PSI. Here, we investigate the degree of enhancement in sensitivity that could be achieved by augmenting the PSI with large momentum transfer (LMT) employing a sequence of many Raman pulses with alternating directions. We analyze how factors such as Doppler detuning, spontaneous emission, and the finite initial size of the atomic cloud compromise the advantage of LMT and how to find the optimal momentum transfer under these limitations, with both the semi-classical model and a model under which the motion of the center of mass of each atom is described quantum mechanically. We identify a set of realistic parameters for which LMT can improve the PSI by a factor of nearly 40.
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Open AccessArticle
Towards B-Spline Atomic Structure Calculations
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030050 - 31 Jul 2021
Abstract
The paper reviews the history of B-spline methods for atomic structure calculations for bound states. It highlights various aspects of the variational method, particularly with regard to the orthogonality requirements, the iterative self-consistent method, the eigenvalue problem, and the related sphf, dbsr-hf,
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The paper reviews the history of B-spline methods for atomic structure calculations for bound states. It highlights various aspects of the variational method, particularly with regard to the orthogonality requirements, the iterative self-consistent method, the eigenvalue problem, and the related sphf, dbsr-hf, and spmchf programs. B-splines facilitate the mapping of solutions from one grid to another. The following paper describes a two-stage approach where the goal of the first stage is to determine parameters of the problem, such as the range and approximate values of the orbitals, after which the level of accuracy is raised. Once convergence has been achieved the Virial Theorem, which is evaluated as a check for accuracy. For exact solutions, the V/T ratio for a non-relativistic calculation is −2.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Tribute to Oleg Zatsarinny (1953–2021) and His Science–Fees Are Waived)
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Open AccessObituary
Scientific Activities of Oleg Zatsarinny in the Ukraine
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030049 - 26 Jul 2021
Abstract
These memoirs about Oleg Ivanovich Zatsarinny (1953–2021) concentrate on his scientific activities in the Ukraine.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Tribute to Oleg Zatsarinny (1953–2021) and His Science–Fees Are Waived)
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Open AccessArticle
New Transition and Energy Levels of Three-Times Ionized Krypton (Kr IV)
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030048 - 23 Jul 2021
Abstract
A capillary pulsed-discharge and a theta-pinch were used to record Kr spectra in the region of 330–4800 Å. A set of 168 transitions of these spectra were classified for the first time. We extended the analysis to twenty-five new energy levels belonging to
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A capillary pulsed-discharge and a theta-pinch were used to record Kr spectra in the region of 330–4800 Å. A set of 168 transitions of these spectra were classified for the first time. We extended the analysis to twenty-five new energy levels belonging to 3s23p24d, 3s23p25d even configurations. We calculated weighted transition probabilities (gA) for all of the experimentally observed lines and lifetimes for new energy levels using a relativistic Hartree–Fock method, including core-polarization effects.
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(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)
Open AccessArticle
Relativistic B-Spline R-Matrix Calculations for Electron Collisions with Ytterbium
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030047 - 23 Jul 2021
Abstract
We have applied the full-relativistic Dirac B-Spline R-matrix method to obtain cross sections for electron scattering from ytterbium atoms. The results are compared with those obtained from a semi-relativistic (Breit-Pauli) model-potential approach and the few available experimental data.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Tribute to Oleg Zatsarinny (1953–2021) and His Science–Fees Are Waived)
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Open AccessArticle
Spectra of Ga-Like to Cu-Like Praseodymium and Neodymium Ions Observed in the Large Helical Device
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030046 - 14 Jul 2021
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of highly charged praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) ions have been investigated in optically thin high-temperature plasmas produced in the Large Helical Device (LHD), a magnetically confined torus device for fusion research. Discrete spectral lines emitted mainly from highly
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Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of highly charged praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd) ions have been investigated in optically thin high-temperature plasmas produced in the Large Helical Device (LHD), a magnetically confined torus device for fusion research. Discrete spectral lines emitted mainly from highly charged ions having 4s or 4p outermost electrons were observed in plasmas with electron temperatures of 0.8–1.8 keV. Most of the isolated lines of Ga-like to Cu-like Nd ions were identified by a comparison with the recent data recorded in an electron beam ion trap (EBIT). The isolated lines of Pr ions corresponding to the identified lines of Nd ions were easily assigned from a similarity of the spectral feature for these two elements. As a result, some of the lines of Pr ions have been newly identified experimentally for the first time in this study.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic and Molecular Spectra in Magnetically Confined Torus Plasmas)
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Open AccessArticle
EUV Beam-Foil Spectra of Titanium, Iron, Nickel, and Copper
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030045 - 13 Jul 2021
Abstract
Beam–foil spectroscopy offers the efficient excitation of the spectra of a single element as well as time-resolved observation. Extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) beam–foil survey and detail spectra of Ti, Fe, Ni, and Cu are presented, as well as survey spectra of Fe and Ni obtained
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Beam–foil spectroscopy offers the efficient excitation of the spectra of a single element as well as time-resolved observation. Extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) beam–foil survey and detail spectra of Ti, Fe, Ni, and Cu are presented, as well as survey spectra of Fe and Ni obtained at an electron beam ion trap. Various details are discussed in the context of line intensity ratios, yrast transitions, prompt and delayed spectra, and intercombination transitions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Spectroscopy and Collisions)
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Open AccessArticle
One-Electron Energy Spectra of Heavy Highly Charged Quasimolecules: Finite-Basis-Set Approach
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030044 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 1
Abstract
The generalized dual-kinetic-balance approach for axially symmetric systems is employed to solve the two-center Dirac problem. The spectra of one-electron homonuclear quasimolecules are calculated and compared with the previous calculations. The analysis of the monopole approximation with two different choices of the origin
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The generalized dual-kinetic-balance approach for axially symmetric systems is employed to solve the two-center Dirac problem. The spectra of one-electron homonuclear quasimolecules are calculated and compared with the previous calculations. The analysis of the monopole approximation with two different choices of the origin is performed. Special attention is paid to the lead and xenon dimers, Pb –Pb –e and Xe –Xe –e , where the energies of the ground and several excited -states are presented in the wide range of internuclear distances. The developed method provides the quasicomplete finite basis set and allows for the construction of perturbation theory, including within the bound-state QED.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Accelerator-Based Atomic Physics: Fast Ion–Atom and Ion–Molecule Collisions)
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Open AccessArticle
On the Electron Impact Integral Cross-Sections for Butanol and Pentanol Isomers
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030043 - 13 Jul 2021
Abstract
The need for a reliable and comprehensive database of cross-sections for many atomic and molecular species is immense due to its key role in R&D domains such as plasma modelling, bio-chemical processes, medicine and many other natural and technological environments. Elastic, momentum transfer
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The need for a reliable and comprehensive database of cross-sections for many atomic and molecular species is immense due to its key role in R&D domains such as plasma modelling, bio-chemical processes, medicine and many other natural and technological environments. Elastic, momentum transfer and total cross-sections of butanol and pentanol isomers by the impact of 6–5000 eV electrons are presented in this work. The calculations were performed by employing the spherical complex optical potential formalism along with single-centre expansion and group additivity rule. The investigations into the presence of isomeric variations reveal that they are more pronounced at low and intermediate energies. Elastic, total cross-sections (with the exception of n-pentanol) and momentum transfer cross-sections for all pentanol isomers are reported here for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Our momentum transfer cross-sections for butanol isomers are in very good agreement with the experimental and theoretical values available, and in reasonable consensus for other cross-sections.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electron Scattering in Gases –from Cross Sections to Plasma Modeling)
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Open AccessArticle
A Fully Relativistic Approach to Photon Scattering and Photoionization of Alkali Atoms
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030042 - 08 Jul 2021
Abstract
A fully relativistic approach to calculating photoionization and photon-atom scattering cross sections for quasi one-electron atoms is presented. An extensive set of photoionization cross sections have been calculated for alkali atoms: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. The importance of relativistic effects and
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A fully relativistic approach to calculating photoionization and photon-atom scattering cross sections for quasi one-electron atoms is presented. An extensive set of photoionization cross sections have been calculated for alkali atoms: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. The importance of relativistic effects and core polarization on the depth and position of the Cooper minimum in the photoionization cross section is investigated. Good agreement was found with previous Dirac-based B-spline R-matrix calculations of Zatsarinny and Tayal and recent experimental results.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Tribute to Oleg Zatsarinny (1953–2021) and His Science–Fees Are Waived)
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Open AccessCommunication
Classical Description of Resonant Charge Exchange Involving the Second Flavor of Hydrogen Atoms
by
Atoms 2021, 9(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030041 - 07 Jul 2021
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We studied the consequences of the existence of the second flavor of hydrogen atoms (SFHA)—the existence proven by atomic experiments and evidenced by astrophysical observations—on the resonant charge exchange. We found analytically that there is indeed an important difference in the corresponding cross-sections
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We studied the consequences of the existence of the second flavor of hydrogen atoms (SFHA)—the existence proven by atomic experiments and evidenced by astrophysical observations—on the resonant charge exchange. We found analytically that there is indeed an important difference in the corresponding cross-sections for the SFHA compared to the usual hydrogen atoms. This difference could serve as an additional tool for distinguishing between the two kinds of hydrogen atoms in future experiments/observations. We also show that the SFHA does not exhibit any Stark effect—whether in a uniform or a non-uniform electric field—in any order of the perturbation theory.
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Applications and Advances in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
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Theory and Simulations of Cold atomic Fermi systems: A Quantum Many-Body Laboratory
Guest Editor: Ettore VitaliDeadline: 15 September 2021
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Atomic Structure Calculations of Complex Atoms
Guest Editor: Igor Mykhaylovych SavukovDeadline: 30 September 2021
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Electron Scattering in Gases –from Cross Sections to Plasma Modeling
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