The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary route of tryptophan metabolism and a key interface linking immune activation, metabolic state, and neurochemical signaling. Although KP biomarkers are widely studied in psychiatric disorders, their interpret...
The polygenic and multifactorial nature of many psychiatric disorders has hampered implementation of the personalized medicine approach in clinical practice. However, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged as an innovative tool f...
Objectives: Addiction disorders remain a major challenge in contemporary psychiatry due to high relapse rates and significant individual and societal burden. Despite advances in addiction neurobiology, current diagnostic frameworks and dominant model...
Background/Objectives: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is strongly associated with violence, substance use, criminal behavior, and elevated suicide risk. Although inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation have been implicated in severe psychiat...
Background: Personalized precision medicine adapts therapeutic strategies to individual characteristics. In psychiatry, suboptimal outcomes with antipsychotics are often related to adverse drug reactions, poor adherence and therapeutic failure. Pharm...
Antipsychotic (AP)—induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a current problem of biological and clinical psychiatry. Despite the development of new generations of APs, the problem of AP-induced ADRs has not been solved and continues to be acti...
1 January 2024
The classification of personality disorders (PDs) has changed fundamentally from ICD-10 to ICD-11; the distinct diagnostic categories of ICD-10 are replaced by a dimensional approach in ICD-11. In ICD-11, various levels of severity are determined by...
The aspiration to personalize psychiatric care has long accompanied the field’s scientific development, yet its realization has often lagged behind advances seen in other areas of medicine [...]
Personalized psychiatry represents an innovative therapeutic approach that integrates biological, genetic, and clinical data to optimize the treatment of mental disorders. Laboratory diagnostics play a fundamental role in this process by providing pr...
Realizing the promise of precision medicine in psychiatry is a laudable and beneficial endeavor, since it should markedly reduce morbidity and mortality and, in effect, alleviate the economic and social burden of psychiatric disorders. This review ai...
11 November 2022
Several cases of COVID-19-related mental disorders have emerged during the pandemic. In a case of femicide that occurred in Italy during the first phase of the pandemic, coinciding with a national lockdown, a discrepancy arose among forensic psychiat...
Precision psychiatry aims to overcome clinical heterogeneity by means of biomarkers that allow predicting the clinical evolution and therapeutic response in psychiatric disorders. This literature review addresses its prognostic role and its potential...
In clinical psychology and psychiatry, personality is usually assessed using questionnaires developed through factor analysis (FA). Essential domains are identified, which correspond to questions/items defining a (sub)scale, and each question is rigi...
1 January 2019
In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Twelve years later, it has already been ratified by 177 countries. The purpose of this conven...
The landscape of psychiatric care is poised for transformation through the integration of pharmaco-multiomics, encompassing genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and microbiomics. This review discusses how these approaches...
Psychiatry stands at a turning point, where molecular insights promise to revolutionize how we diagnose, monitor, and treat neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, dementia, and schizophrenia (SCZ), am...
In this review, we explore the biomarkers of different psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Moreover, we show the interplay between genetic and environmental fact...
Mental health disorders are ambiguously defined and diagnosed. The established diagnosis technique, which is based on structured interviews, questionnaires and data subjectively reported by the patients themselves, leaves the mental health field behi...
(1) Background Pharmacological treatment for psychiatric disorders has shown to only be effective in about one-third of patients, as it is associated with frequent treatment failure, often because of side effects, and a long process of trial-and-erro...
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Antipsychotic (AP)...
Functional neurosurgery has emerged as a potential therapeutic option for patients with severe, treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Among the most studied in...
The side effects of Finasteride are currently a subject of controversy. Some studies report minor or acceptable adverse effects, which decrease after a variable period of time so that they do not necessitate terminating Finasteride administration. Ho...
1 January 2012
Demands on management teams and clients in inpatient treatment of mentally ill offenders in imprisonment under Criminal Code Art. 59 para. 3 exemplified by the forensic psychiatry department of Zürich prison system Modern forensic inpatient measures...
The registry project led by the Japanese Society for Clinical Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Research aims to establish a centralized database of epidemiological, clinical, and biological data on TMS therapy for refractory psychiatric disord...
Background: Patients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of depressive disorders compared to the general population. The comorbidity between schizophrenia and depression suggests a potential coincidence of the pathophysiology and/or genetic pre...
Valproic acid (VPA) and its salts (sodium calcium magnesium and orotic) are psychotropic drugs that are widely used in neurology and psychiatry. The long-term use of VPA increases the risk of developing adverse drug reactions (ADRs), among which meta...
1 January 2017
Autonomy, a key term in psychiatry although somewhat cumbersome “Autonomy” has become a central point of reference in the realm of medical ethics. This also applies without exception to psychiatry in patient care and research. The term of autonomy, h...
Psychiatric disorders affect nearly one billion people worldwide and remain a major therapeutic challenge due to frequent treatment resistance. Pharmacogenetics provides a precision-informed approach by accounting for interindividual variability in d...
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a multifaceted mental illness characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and presenting in a var...
Background and objectives: The quality of life and disease outcomes in bipolar patients, including increased risk of psychiatric hospitalizations and suicide, are adversely affected by the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Our study...
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a complex and often debilitating condition that can emerge from early behavioral disturbances in childhood and adolescence. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding...
Background/Objectives: Psychotic disorders with childhood or adolescent onset pose major therapeutic challenges due to their complex etiology and variable treatment response. While pharmacogenetics and neuroimaging biomarkers have independently shown...
Background/Objectives: This cohort study aimed to elucidate the real-world treatment course of patients receiving low-dose olanzapine (<2.5 mg), to assess its efficacy, and to examine its metabolic side effects. This study was a cohort study using...
Treatment-resistant mental health concerns significantly contribute to society in terms of financial costs and individually by creating emotional and functional costs. An important yet little-recognized cause of treatment-resistant mental health cond...
Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing to inform antidepressant medication selection and dosing is gaining attention from healthcare professionals, patients, and payors in Australia. However, there is often uncertainty regarding which test is most suitable fo...
Altered cytochromes P450 enzymes (CYP) and P-glycoprotein transporter (P-gp) activity may explain variabilities in drug response. In this study, we analyzed four years of phenotypic assessments of CYP/P-gp activities to optimize pharmacotherapy in ps...
The inadequate efficacy and adverse effects of antipsychotics severely affect the recovery of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). We report the evidence for associations between pharmacogenetic (PGx) variants and antipsychotics outc...
Background: The aim of the present study is to identify the main sociodemographic and clinical correlates associated with frequent service users (FSUs) in an Italian psychiatric emergency department. Methods: This study is an observational and prospe...
Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), are among the leading causes of disability worldwide and are frequently associated with treatment resistance, functional impairment, and high comorbidity with metabo...
Depression poses significant challenges to global healthcare systems and impacts the quality of life of individuals and their family members. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have had a transformative impact on the diagnosis and tr...
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of documented borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis and study-defined BPD indicators among adults with depressive disorders in outpatient psychiatric care, and to quanti...
Background: Socio-cognitive deficits constitute a core and persistent feature of adolescent-onset schizophrenia, significantly impairing functional outcomes. However, the interplay between genetic metabolic markers such as CYP2D6 and specific socio-c...
Background/Objectives: Autistic traits are distributed dimensionally across psychiatric populations, yet their systematic assessment in mood and psychotic spectrum disorders remains limited. While elevated autistic traits have been documented in schi...
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) remains a significant clinical challenge due to limited therapeutic options and a poor understanding of its underlying biology. Recent findings suggest that immune system dysregulation may play a critical role...
Substance use disorder (SUD) undermines social connection, identity, and well-being. While art therapy is formally incorporated into clinical treatment, far less is known about how informal, group-based creative activities contribute to recovery. Thi...
10 June 2025
The rapid expansion of digital communication platforms has created new spaces for antisocial, manipulative, and emotionally detached behaviors. While psychopathy has been extensively studied in clinical and forensic settings, its digital manifestatio...
In recent years, growing attention has been directed toward the early diagnosis and intervention of bipolar disorder (BD), driven by the recognition that timely clinical action may significantly alter the trajectory of the illness. Early identificati...
Background/Objectives: Gut microbiota dysregulation has been increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet clinical responses to standardized probiotic interventions remain inconsistent, likely reflecting subst...
Background/Objectives: While there is mounting scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of PGx (pharmacogenomics)-guided medical treatment, its implementation into clinical care is still lagging. Stakeholder buy-in, in particular from prescri...
Background and Objectives: to investigate the current state of art in the study of personality disorders in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), also taking into account the dimensional approach. Materials and Methods: this systematic review was c...
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