This entry describes the methods used to quantify methane emissions from either point or area sources using downwind methods. The methods described could be used as a practical guide to quantify emissions of any trace gas type from either a point or...
Downwind wind turbines offer potential for reduced blade loads and lighter designs, yet systematic aeroelastic comparisons against upwind configurations remain limited, especially for multi-megawatt scales. This study conducts comprehensive OpenFAST...
This paper examines the potential for reducing the cost of energy for super-scale wind turbines through the use of a downwind configuration. Using nonlinear aeroelastic modeling, the responses of 10 MW upwind and downwind wind turbine blades are simu...
A new analysis method to calculate the rotor-induced average tower drag of downwind turbines in the blade element momentum (BEM) method was developed in this study. The method involves two parts: calculation of the wind speed distribution using compu...
Downwind rotors are a promising concept for multi-megawatt scale large wind turbines due to their advantages in safety and cost reduction. However, they have risks from impulsive loads when one of the blades passes across the tower wake, where the wi...
This paper studies an effective finite difference scheme for solving two-dimensional Heston stochastic volatility option-pricing model problems. A dynamically balanced up-downwind strategy for approximating the cross-derivative is implemented and ana...
The theoretical feasibility of the power output strategy based on rotor cone angle control for ultra-scale downwind wind turbines is studied in this paper via the Open FAST simulation platform. The performance of five cases, namely UW, DW, DWC, DW6,...
The vibrissae of harbor seals exhibit a distinct three-dimensional structure compared to circular cylinders, resulting in a wave-shaped configuration that effectively reduces drag and suppresses vortex shedding in the wake. However, this unique cylin...
A dynamic stall model for tower shadow effects is developed for downwind turbines. Although Munduate’s model shows good agreement with a 1.0 m wind tunnel test model, two problems exist: (1) it does not express load increase before the entrance...
The process of designing a sail can be a challenging task because of the difficulties in predicting the real aerodynamic performance. This is especially true in the case of downwind sails, where the evaluation of the real shapes and aerodynamic force...
11 December 2021
Solving environmental odor issues can be confounded by many analytical, technological, and socioeconomic factors. Considerable know-how and technologies can fail to properly identify odorants responsible for the downwind nuisance odor and, thereby, f...
Wildfires have played an increasing role in wreaking havoc on communities, livelihoods, and ecosystems globally, often starting in remote regions and rapidly spreading into inhabited areas where they become difficult to suppress due to their size and...
The application of naturally ventilated pig buildings (NVPBs) with outdoor exercise yards is on the rise mainly due to animal welfare considerations, while the issue of emissions from the buildings to the surrounding environment is important. Since a...
As part of a comprehensive environmental assessment of the Dun-Gel railway project located in Dunhuang city, Gansu Province, China, a wind tunnel experiment was proposed to predict surface shear stress changes on a sand dune when a bridge was built u...
Downwind turbines have favorable characteristics such as effective energy capture in up-flow wind conditions over complex terrains. They also have reduced risk of severe accidents in the event of disruptions to electrical networks during strong storm...
Top-down estimates of surface NOX emissions were derived for 23 European cities based on the downwind plume decay of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns from the LOTOS-EUROS (Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Ozone Simulation) chemistry tra...
A measurement campaign was undertaken April–October 2021 using PM10 filter samplers to collect 24 h samples downwind of the Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (ODSVRA), an area that allows off-highway driving on its coastal dunes. The...
The tropospheric production of O3 is complex, depending on nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and solar radiation. We present a case study showing that the O3 concentration is higher in a rural area, 14 km downwind f...
Natural gas (NG) leaks from below-ground pipelines pose safety, economic, and environmental hazards. Despite walking surveys using handheld methane (CH4) detectors to locate leaks, accurately triaging the severity of a leak remains challenging. It is...
In the Cenomanian, the southern passive margin of the Neotethys Ocean was dominated by a giant carbonate factory. This succession is known as Sarvak Formation, a significant reservoir in Iran. This study focuses on a detailed analysis of facies varia...
This paper investigates how stationary gravity waves generated by flow over orography enhance rainfall, with particular attention to the role of induced waves in the melting level. The findings reveal a new mechanism by which gravity wave flow focuse...
Crop residue burning emits a variety of air pollutants that drastically affect air quality, both locally and regionally. To study the impact of crop residue burning, in the present study, concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5), trace gases (tro...
Road dust resuspension is widely recognized as a major contributor to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) in urban environments. Nevertheless, reported emission factors exhibit substantial variability. These discrepancies stem not only from the i...
Estimating and measuring the occurrence of a sensation, odor, around livestock facilities is challenging. This research compares the estimated frequency of odor nuisance with measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations at various distances around...
Two poultry Confined Animal Feeding Units (CAFUs), “House A” and “House B”, were selected from the TAMU poultry facility for the study, and samples were collected over a five-day period. Bioaerosol sampling was conducted using...
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Vegetative environmental buffers (VEBs), which are composed of tolerant trees, shrubs, and tall grasses, can be used to control and reduce the transport of ammonia (NH3) emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs). However, the effectiveness of V...
It is supposed that the determination of the content and the mode of occurrence of ecotoxic elements (EE) in feed coal play the most significant role in forecasting distribution of EE in the soil and plants in the vicinity of power stations. Hence, t...
Laser class is an Olympic sport in which technical and tactical variables are very important in the performance of the sailor. However, the variables that determine performance in a regatta have not been studied, and less so with Olympic sailors. The...
Roadside noise barrier helps to reduce downwind pollutant concentrations from vehicle emission. This positive characteristic of the construction feature can be explained by its interaction with flow distribution and species dispersion. In this paper,...
A detailed study of solar wind turbulence throughout the heliosphere in both the upwind and downwind directions is presented. We use an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence model that includes the effects of electrons, the separation o...
The aim of the study was to determine the content of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the soil near Road No. 7, near Chyżne. Soil samples were collected in 12 transects (locations) on the east (downwind) and west (upwind) sides of the ro...
10 May 2019
We examined two near-road monitoring sites where the daily PM2.5 readings were among the highest of any near-road monitoring location in the U.S. during 2014–2016: Denver, Colorado, in February 2014 and Indianapolis, Indiana, in November 2016....
Three ground-based radars in the Pearl River Delta successfully observed Typhoon Higos (2020), which traveled over the offshore area in the South China Sea. During the observation period, the stratiform region of the outer rainband of HIGOS became ac...
Many important ecosystem services show spatial flow characteristics, which are crucial for the study of environmental processes, such as the transformation, correlation, coordination, and management of ecosystem services at different scales. As a res...
Recent studies estimate that emissions from oil and gas production facilities contribute between 20 and 50% of the total methane (
Bridges and subgrades are the main route forms for expressways. The ideal form for passing through sandy areas remains unclear. This study aims to understand the differences in the influence of expressway bridges and subgrades on the near-surface blo...
Numerical simulations of the leakage and diffusion behavior of liquid CO2 vessels and security analyses were conducted in this paper, based on a CO2 compression energy storage system. With isentropic choking model, the leakage of vessels under specif...
The release of pathogens into the air from swine confinement buildings are mitigated through preventative measures, such as outgoing air filtration, to reduce the risk of spread to nearby barns and communities. The present study aims to characterize...
The size of wind turbine rotors is still rapidly increasing, though many technical challenges emerge. Novel rotor designs emerge to satisfy this up-scale trend, such as downwind load-aligned concepts, which orients the loads along the blade spanwise...
The phenomenal growth of remotely piloted aerial application systems (RPAASs) in recent years has raised questions about their impact on the off-target movement of plant protection products. The spray droplet spectrum is one of the important determin...
In this study, large-eddy simulations are performed to investigate the flow inside and around large finite-size wind farms in conventionally-neutral atmospheric boundary layers. Special emphasis is placed on characterizing the different farm-induced...
Prescribed pasture burning plays a critical role in ecosystem maintenance in tallgrass prairie ecosystems and may contribute to agricultural productivity but can also have negative impacts on air quality. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration...
Temperature distribution inside the vacuum chamber of the TRX 2000(A) near space environment simulation test system (NSESTS) was investigated through both experimentation and computational fluid dynamics simulation. Comparison between the experimenta...
The downwash airflow generated by the rotors can enhance the penetration of pesticide droplets, allowing them to penetrate deeper into the canopy and more comprehensively control pests. Downwash air will produce a “wind vortex” in plant c...
The changes in the concentration and composition of biomass-burning organic aerosol (OA) downwind of a major wildfire are simulated using the one-dimensional Lagrangian chemical transport model PMCAMx-Trj. A base case scenario is developed based on r...
Vortex generators (VGs) attached to the leading edge of an agricultural aircraft are purported to control airflow over the upper surface of the wing by creating small vortices that delay boundary layer separation, thereby improving the performance of...
We have investigated the effects of the rotating blades of an upwind-type three-blade horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) on the basic characteristics of aerodynamic forces acting on its tower by conducting improved delayed detached-eddy simulations...
Formula Kite is an Olympic sport that mainly differs from other kitesurfing modalities for the use of a hydrofoil. It is considered an extreme sport due to the great technical ability required. Regarding performance, the variables that determine perf...
The spatiotemporal and especially the vertical distributions of dust aerosols play crucial roles in the climatic effect of dust aerosol. In the present study, the spatial-temporal distribution of dust aerosols over East Asia was investigated using Cl...
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