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  • Article
  • Open Access
59 Citations
7,656 Views
17 Pages

13 January 2021

The urban heat island (UHI) effect has been recognized as one of the most significant terrestrial surface climate-related consequences of urbanization. However, the traditional definition of the urban–rural (UR) division and the newly establish...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Remote Sensing)
  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
32 Citations
5,937 Views
14 Pages

23 November 2021

As the basic spatial unit of urban planning and management, it is necessary to understand the real development trend of urban functional zones in time and carry out reasonable planning adjustment. Because of the complexity of urban functional zones,...

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,364 Views
18 Pages

30 August 2023

Urban heat islands (UHIs) caused by urbanization have become a major issue affecting the sustainable development of the ecological environment. The distribution of UHIs is mainly affected by the reflection and transmission of heat radiation caused by...

(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,036 Views
15 Pages

The classification of urban functional areas is important for understanding the characteristics of urban areas and optimizing the utilization of urban land resources. Existing related methods have improved accuracy. However, they neglect cognitive di...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
8,683 Views
23 Pages

Urban parks have important impacts on urban ecosystems and in disaster prevention. They also have diverse social functions that are important to the living conditions and spatial structures of cities. Identifying and classifying the different types o...

  • Review
  • Open Access
94 Citations
11,195 Views
32 Pages

25 October 2021

Urbanization is accelerating due to economic and societal development. The accurate identification of urban functional zones is significant for urban structure optimization, urban planning, and resource allocation. This paper reviews the scholarly li...

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,715 Views
26 Pages

Urban Functional Zone Classification via Advanced Multi-Modal Data Fusion

  • Tianyu Liu,
  • Hongbing Chen,
  • Junfeng Ren,
  • Long Zhang and ,
  • Hongrui Chen,
  • Rundong Hong,
  • Chenshuang Li,
  • Wenlong Cui,
  • Wenhua Guo and
  • Changji Wen
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

19 December 2024

The classification of urban functional zones is crucial for improving land use efficiency and promoting balanced development across urban areas. Existing methods for classifying urban functional zones using mobile signaling data face challenges prima...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,647 Views
20 Pages

The determination of a reasonable spatial analysis unit is an essential step in urban functional zone (UFZ) division, which significantly affects the results. However, most studies on the division of functional zones are based on excessively large sp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,852 Views
27 Pages

XT-SECA: An Efficient and Accurate XGBoost–Transformer Model for Urban Functional Zone Classification

  • Xin Gao,
  • Xianmin Wang,
  • Li Cao,
  • Haixiang Guo and ,
  • Wenxue Chen and
  • Xing Zhai
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

The remote sensing classification of urban functional zones provides scientific support for urban planning, land resource optimization, and ecological environment protection. However, urban functional zone classification encounters significant challe...

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence Models, Tools and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
71 Citations
9,133 Views
18 Pages

5 March 2023

The identification of urban spatial functional units is of great significance in urban planning, construction, management, and services. Conventional field surveys are labour-intensive and time-consuming, while the abundant data available via the int...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,751 Views
18 Pages

6 August 2025

Carbon flow tracking and spatial pattern optimization at the scale of urban functional zones are key scientific challenges in achieving carbon neutrality. However, due to the complexity of carbon metabolism processes within urban functional zones, re...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Second Edition: Urban Planning Pathways to Carbon Neutrality)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,077 Views
19 Pages

10 April 2026

Accurately identifying an urban functional zone (UFZ) is crucial for rationally allocating urban land resources and optimizing urban spatial structure. Existing research based on Points of Interest (POIs) mostly uses the relationship between the numb...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,311 Views
25 Pages

Urban Functional Zone Classification Based on High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery and Nighttime Light Imagery

  • Junyu Chen,
  • Yingbiao Chen,
  • Zihao Zheng,
  • Zhenxiang Ling and ,
  • Xianxin Meng,
  • Junyu Kuang,
  • Xianghua Shi,
  • Yifan Yang,
  • Wentao Chen and
  • Zhifeng Wu
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

30 April 2025

Urbanization has led to rapid changes in the landscapes of cities, making the quick and accurate identification of urban functional zones crucial for urban development. Identifying urban functional zones requires understanding not only the physical c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nighttime Light Remote Sensing Products for Urban Applications)
  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,212 Views
7 Pages

Timely and precise acquisition of urban functional zone (UFZ) information is crucial for effective urban planning, management, and resource allocation. However, current UFZ mapping approaches primarily focus on individual functional units’ visu...

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 31st International Conference on Geoinformatics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
6,165 Views
21 Pages

Integrating Aerial LiDAR and Very-High-Resolution Images for Urban Functional Zone Mapping

  • Siji Sanlang,
  • Shisong Cao,
  • Mingyi Du,
  • You Mo and ,
  • Qiang Chen and
  • Wen He
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

1 July 2021

This study presents a new approach for Urban Functional Zone (UFZ) mapping by integrating two-dimensional (2D) Urban Structure Parameters (USPs), three-dimensional (3D) USPs, and the spatial patterns of land covers, which can be divided into two step...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geospatial Understanding of Sustainable Urban Analytics Using Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,140 Views
23 Pages

Urban Functional Zone Identification Based on Multimodal Data Fusion: A Case Study of Chongqing’s Central Urban Area

  • Yongchuan Zhang,
  • Yuhong Xu,
  • Jie Gao,
  • Zunya Zhao and ,
  • Jing Sun and
  • Fengyun Mu
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

12 March 2025

Urban Functional Zones (UFZs) are spatial units of the city divided according to specific functional activities. Detailed identification of UFZs is vital for optimizing urban management, guiding planning and design, and promoting sustainable developm...

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing Image Processing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
495 Views
27 Pages

9 July 2026

Urban functional zones (UFZ) serve as fundamental units of human activity, and their spatial configurations significantly influence urban carbon emissions. However, current research often overlooks the heterogeneity of UFZ forms and the complex, mult...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,809 Views
20 Pages

Self-Supervised Learning with Trilateral Redundancy Reduction for Urban Functional Zone Identification Using Street-View Imagery

  • Kun Zhao,
  • Juan Li,
  • Shuai Xie,
  • Lijian Zhou and ,
  • Wenbin He and
  • Xiaolin Chen
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 February 2025

In recent years, the use of street-view images for urban analysis has received much attention. Despite the abundance of raw data, existing supervised learning methods heavily rely on large-scale and high-quality labels. Faced with the challenge of la...

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,096 Views
30 Pages

18 January 2024

Urban Functional Zones (UFZs) serve as the fundamental units of cities, making the classification and recognition of UFZs of paramount importance for urban planning and development. These differences between UFZs not only encompass geographical lands...

(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing and GIS for Monitoring Land Use Change and Its Ecological Effects)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,433 Views
27 Pages

19 August 2024

Local climate zones (LCZs) and urban functional zones (UFZs) can intricately depict the multidimensional spatial elements of cities, offering a comprehensive perspective for understanding the surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect. In this study, we...

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing for Geospatial Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,023 Views
13 Pages

13 May 2023

Developing urban functional zone classification method to study urban spatial structure is a hotspot in current research. Using the word embedding model to excavate spatial relationship of the geographic elements in urban functional zones is an impor...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
5,960 Views
20 Pages

Identification and Portrait of Urban Functional Zones Based on Multisource Heterogeneous Data and Ensemble Learning

  • Nan Xu,
  • Jiancheng Luo,
  • Tianjun Wu,
  • Wen Dong and ,
  • Wei Liu and
  • Nan Zhou
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

21 January 2021

Urban functional zones are important space carriers for urban economic and social function. The accurate and rapid identification of urban functional zones is of great significance to urban planning and resource allocation. However, the factors consi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Remote Sensing Applications in Urban Areas)
  • Article
  • Open Access
73 Citations
9,597 Views
30 Pages

12 February 2018

Urban functional zones, such as commercial, residential, and industrial zones, are basic units of urban planning, and play an important role in monitoring urbanization. However, historical functional-zone maps are rarely available for cities in devel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,729 Views
22 Pages

Accurately extracting semantic features of urban functional zones is crucial for understanding urban functional zone types and urban functional spatial structures. Points of interest provide comprehensive information for extracting the semantic featu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Geographical Information System in Urban Design, Management or Evaluation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,541 Views
27 Pages

Investigating the Influence of Urban Morphology on Seasonal Thermal Environment Based on Urban Functional Zones

  • Meiling Zeng,
  • Chunxia Liu,
  • Yuechen Li,
  • Bo He and ,
  • Rongxiang Wang,
  • Zihua Qian,
  • Fang Wang,
  • Qiao Huang,
  • Peng Li and
  • Yunjing Huang
  • + 6 authors+ 1 author

24 October 2025

With the rapid advancement of urbanization, urban heat environment issues have become increasingly severe, presenting significant challenges to sustainable urban development. Although previous research has demonstrated the substantial impact of urban...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Urban Planning on the Urban Heat Island Effect)
  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
5,864 Views
19 Pages

5 March 2025

With the acceleration of urbanization, the urban heat island effect has garnered increasing attention. However, few studies have explored the differential impacts of urban green spaces on the UHI across various urban functional zones (UFZs). This stu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urbanization and Environmental Sustainability—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,995 Views
20 Pages

Identification of Urban Functional Zones Based on the Spatial Specificity of Online Car-Hailing Traffic Cycle

  • Zhicheng Deng,
  • Xiangting You,
  • Zhaoyang Shi,
  • Hong Gao and ,
  • Xu Hu,
  • Zhaoyuan Yu and
  • Linwang Yuan
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

The study of urban functional zoning is not only important for analyzing urban spatial structure but also for optimizing urban management and promoting scientific urban planning. Different areas undertaking different urban functions correspond to dif...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,020 Views
13 Pages

23 March 2018

Population growth and distribution are still widely seen from the perspective of urban areas. Though the city has many zones with various functions, so comes the question, what zone will have population growth and hold the highest population growth d...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Uses and Rural Governance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
6,651 Views
17 Pages

With rapid urbanization, urban functional zones have become important for rational government and resource allocation. Points of interest (POIs), as informative and open-access data, have been widely used in studies of urban functions. However, most...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
7,646 Views
27 Pages

Studying driving factors of the urban heat island phenomenon is vital for enhancing urban ecological environments. Urban functional zones (UFZs), key for planning and management, have a substantial impact on the urban thermal environment through thei...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Geographical Information System in Urban Design, Management or Evaluation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
60 Citations
6,392 Views
20 Pages

Local warming induced by rapid urbanization has been threatening residents’ health, raising significant concerns among urban planners. Local climate zone (LCZ), a widely accepted approach to reclassify the urban area, which is helpful to propos...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,067 Views
25 Pages

16 October 2024

Identifying urban functional zones is one of the important foundational activities for urban renewal and the development of high-quality urban areas. Efficient and accurate identification methods for urban functional zones are significant for smart c...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transformation of Urban and Region: Design, Planning and Governance)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,543 Views
15 Pages

30 March 2022

The effects of land use and socioeconomic changes on urban landscape patterns and functional zones have been increasingly investigated around the world; however, our knowledge on these effects is still inadequate for sustainably managing urban ecosys...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geography and Sustainable Earth Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,129 Views
19 Pages

As a precious non-renewable resource, the rational utilization of land resources is crucial for global sustainable development, with urban land development scenario prediction and analysis serving as key methodologies to achieve this goal. Although p...

(This article belongs to the Topic Spatial Decision Support Systems for Urban Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
70 Citations
7,469 Views
15 Pages

12 January 2021

With the development of Web2.0 and mobile Internet, urban residents, a new type of “sensor”, provide us with massive amounts of volunteered geographic information (VGI). Quantifying the spatial patterns of VGI plays an increasingly import...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,151 Views
19 Pages

9 May 2022

Urbanization and increasing demand for natural resources and land have affected the urban thermal environment. This is an important hot topic in urban climate research. In this study, we obtained multi-time scale land surface temperatures (LST) at th...

(This article belongs to the Section Land–Climate Interactions)
  • Article
  • Open Access
92 Citations
8,787 Views
26 Pages

DFCNN-Based Semantic Recognition of Urban Functional Zones by Integrating Remote Sensing Data and POI Data

  • Hanqing Bao,
  • Dongping Ming,
  • Ya Guo,
  • Kui Zhang and ,
  • Keqi Zhou and
  • Shigao Du
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

28 March 2020

The urban functional zone, as a special fundamental unit of the city, helps to understand the complex interaction between human space activities and environmental changes. Based on the recognition of physical and social semantics of buildings, combin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Mapping and Analysis in the Big Data Era)
  • Article
  • Open Access
430 Views
31 Pages

Analysis of Influencing Factors of the Thermal Environment Based on 2D/3D Urban Morphology Across Urban Functional Zones: A Case Study of Shenyang, China

  • Xiaohan Qu,
  • Yang Li,
  • Junjiao Sun,
  • Xiaoqing Wei and ,
  • Jing Cao,
  • Feng Gao,
  • Xueyan Wang and
  • Quanping Zhang
  • + 3 authors+ 0 author

15 September 2026

Urban spatial patterns regulate microclimates, yet those nonlinear interactive actions of 2D landscape patterns and 3D building morphology on land surface temperature (LST) among diverse urban functional zones (UFZs) remain insufficiently quantified....

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,386 Views
18 Pages

21 August 2025

Rapid urbanization intensifies disturbances to the ecological environment, underscoring the urgent need for effective strategies to guide regional development towards sustainability. Functional zoning offers a promising approach to address this chall...

(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,258 Views
21 Pages

19 November 2021

Scientific functional zone planning is the key to achieving long-term development goals for cities. The rapid development of remote sensing technology allows for the identification of urban functional zones, which is important since they serve as bas...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Optimisation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
89 Citations
6,993 Views
25 Pages

1 August 2019

The non-uniformity of the relationships between urban temperature and landscape has attracted board attention. The non-uniformity in urban areas is reflected in the spatial landscape’s heterogeneity and the difference of socio-economic function...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Heat Island Remote Sensing)
  • Article
  • Open Access
41 Citations
7,474 Views
19 Pages

27 January 2019

Accurate and timely classification and monitoring of urban functional zones prove to be significant in rapidly developing cities, to better understand the real and varying urban functions of cities to support urban planning and management. Many effor...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Study of Land Use and Land Cover Change)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,387 Views
29 Pages

20 November 2024

Amid the rapid socio-economic development of urban fringe areas, promoting the multi-functional supply of ecosystems and sustainable development is essential. Taking Jiangning District in Nanjing as a case study, this study explores the relationships...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Services Design from Single Space Solution to Landscape Vision)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,533 Views
21 Pages

Exploring Crowd Travel Demands Based on the Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Interaction between Urban Functional Zones

  • Ju Peng,
  • Huimin Liu,
  • Jianbo Tang,
  • Cheng Peng and ,
  • Xuexi Yang,
  • Min Deng and
  • Yiyuan Xu
  • + 2 authors+ 0 author

As a hot research topic in urban geography, spatiotemporal interaction analysis has been used to detect the hotspot mobility patterns of crowds and urban structures based on the origin-destination (OD) flow data, which provide useful information for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
632 Views
41 Pages

Refined urban flood risk assessment requires a paradigm beyond traditional single-scale analyses. Existing approaches often overlook fine-scale functional differentiation and cascading risk connectivity across urban systems. This study proposes an in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,413 Views
21 Pages

The Impact of Meteorological Factors and Canopy Structure on PM2.5 Dynamics Under Different Urban Functional Zones in a Subtropical City

  • Yichen Huang,
  • Yue Cai,
  • Jiejie Jiao,
  • Chunyu Pan and ,
  • Guangyu Wang,
  • Chong Li,
  • Zichen Jia,
  • Zhihao Chen,
  • Yufeng Zhou and
  • Guomo Zhou
  • + 5 authors+ 0 author

9 March 2025

PM2.5 pollution has intensified with rapid urbanization and industrialization, raising concerns about its health and environmental impacts. Both meteorological factors and urban forests play crucial roles in influencing PM2.5 concentrations. However,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on the Influence of Vegetation and Forest on Urban Air Quality and Thermal Comfort—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
5,076 Views
23 Pages

12 April 2022

Anthropogenic interferences through various intensive social-economic activities within construction land have induced and strengthened the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects in global cities. Focused on the relative heat effect produced by different so...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geographical Analysis and Modeling of Urban Heat Island Formation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,179 Views
31 Pages

Daytime–Nighttime Contrasts in Morphology–LST Associations Across Urban Functional Zones Under Heatwave Conditions: Evidence from Beijing and Nanjing, China

  • Cong Zhou,
  • Baolei Zhang,
  • Qixia Man,
  • Pinliang Dong and ,
  • Zhongchang Sun,
  • Linlin Lu,
  • Qian Yu,
  • Changyong Dou,
  • Xinming Yang and
  • Zhuang Tan
  • + 6 authors+ 1 author

7 August 2026

Extreme heatwaves intensify urban heat islands and pose increasing risks to urban sustainability and human health. However, how urban morphology is associated with daytime and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) across urban functional zones (UF...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Source Remote Sensing and Spatial Statistical Analysis in Urban Sustainability Research)
  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,210 Views
19 Pages

Recognizing Urban Functional Zones by GF-7 Satellite Stereo Imagery and POI Data

  • Zhenhui Sun,
  • Peihang Li,
  • Dongchuan Wang,
  • Qingyan Meng and ,
  • Yunxiao Sun and
  • Weifeng Zhai
  • + 1 author+ 0 author

22 May 2023

The identification of urban functional zones (UFZs) is crucial for urban planning and optimizing industrial layout. Fusing remote sensing images and social perception data is an effective way to identify UFZs. Previous studies on UFZs recognition oft...

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Sciences)
  • Article
  • Open Access
415 Views
25 Pages

20 September 2026

Urban functional zone (UFZ) identification supports refined territorial spatial governance and urban remote sensing. It faces the dual challenges of spectral confusion and functional mixing, which single-source remote sensing cannot resolve at high a...

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