Skip to Content

12,666 Results Found

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
4 Citations
6,675 Views
12 Pages

Critical Raw Material Resource Potentials in Europe

  • Antje Wittenberg and
  • Daniel de Oliveira

The vulnerability of economies and the associated familiar lifestyles have led to numerous policy measures in Europe. The proposed Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) sets indicative targets for 2030. A sustainable change in the supply situation requir...

  • Editorial
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,295 Views
6 Pages

Modelling and Calculation of Raw Material Industry

  • Krzysztof Czajka,
  • Witold Kawalec,
  • Robert Król and
  • Izabela Sówka

10 July 2022

Scientific and technical issues related to the extraction and processing of raw materials are inextricably linked with environmental concerns. The extraction, transportation and processing of raw materials and the creation of new products place a hea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,498 Views
15 Pages

Future Development of Raw Material Policy Based on Statistical Data Analysis

  • Lucia Domaracká,
  • Damiana Šaffová,
  • Katarína Čulková,
  • Marcela Taušová,
  • Barbara Kowal and
  • Simona Matušková

For the European Union in the field of raw material policy, it is primarily important to ensure reliable, seamless, and unrestricted access to raw materials in all EU countries. An important aspect in assessing the European Union’s raw material...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,685 Views
12 Pages

Management of Forest Residues as a Raw Material for the Production of Particleboards

  • Marta Pędzik,
  • Karol Tomczak,
  • Dominika Janiszewska-Latterini,
  • Arkadiusz Tomczak and
  • Tomasz Rogoziński

16 November 2022

Expanding the base of raw materials for use in the production of wood-based materials, researchers and panel manufacturers around the world are increasingly trying to produce panel prototypes from raw materials available in a given area and climate,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,116 Views
22 Pages

A Data Driven Approach for Raw Material Terminology

  • Olivera Kitanović,
  • Ranka Stanković,
  • Aleksandra Tomašević,
  • Mihailo Škorić,
  • Ivan Babić and
  • Ljiljana Kolonja

24 March 2021

The research presented in this paper aims at creating a bilingual (sr-en), easily searchable, hypertext, born-digital, corpus-based terminological database of raw material terminology for dictionary production. The approach is based on linking dictio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,436 Views
10 Pages

Hemp Shives as a Raw Material for the Production of Particleboards

  • Radosław Auriga,
  • Marta Pędzik,
  • Robert Mrozowski and
  • Tomasz Rogoziński

5 December 2022

Increased demand for wood affects its price and thus contributes to the growing interest in raw materials that can be used as a partial or total substitute for wood in the production of particleboard. One of the raw materials for the production of pa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,645 Views
15 Pages

Model of Raw Material Exploitation for the Support of Sustainable Development

  • Henrieta Pavolová,
  • Tomáš Bakalár,
  • Zuzana Šimková and
  • Alexander Tokarčík

27 August 2021

The interactions between the indicators of sustainable regional development due to the exploitation of raw material deposits in the Slovak Republic are the starting point for effective raw material management. The primary objective of the study is to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,724 Views
10 Pages

Recovered Fly Ashes as an Anthropogenic Raw Material

  • Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk and
  • Eugeniusz Mokrzycki

29 April 2023

Poland is a country where the commercial power industry mainly uses coal to produce energy. As a result of energy production processes, by-products of combustion are generated, primarily fly ashes. In Poland, these are mostly obtained from convention...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,151 Views
17 Pages

23 May 2025

The particle size of raw materials is crucial for clinker formation, ultimately affecting cement performance. However, the specific effects of the fineness of individual raw materials on clinker burnability remain insufficiently understood. In this s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
2,726 Views
17 Pages

Waste Glass Valorization as Raw Material in the Production of Portland Clinker and Cement

  • Alina Bădănoiu,
  • Adriana Moanță,
  • Ovidiu Dumitrescu,
  • Adrian Ionuț Nicoară and
  • Roxana Trușcă

21 October 2022

The paper presents experimental results regarding the synthesis of Portland clinker starting from raw mixes based on two types of clayey precursors, i.e., clay and marl (the most common types of raw materials used in the cement industry), with and wi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,698 Views
15 Pages

Physicochemical Studies of Opoka as a Raw Material Component of Sodium Silicate Mixture for Subsequent Synthesis of Foam Glass Material Based on It

  • Bibol Zhakipbayev,
  • Alexandr Kolesnikov,
  • Samal Syrlybekkyzy,
  • Leila Seidaliyeva,
  • Akmaral Koishina and
  • Lyailim Taizhanova

4 February 2025

The present article presents the results of physical and chemical studies of opoka. In particular, the opoka was subjected to chemical analysis, X-ray phase, differential thermal analysis, scanning microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive elemental mi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
7,500 Views
26 Pages

30 April 2015

The indicator domestic material consumption (domestic extraction + imports – exports) is widely used to track the scale, composition, and dynamics of material use. As production increasingly occurs at a spatial distance from the demand it ultimately...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
9,933 Views
16 Pages

8 December 2016

Due to mounting concerns about the security of raw material supplies, numerous studies dealing with the quantification of supply risks and material criticality at the national level have been carried out in previous years. Regarding these studies, mo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,638 Views
14 Pages

Volcanic Tuff as Secondary Raw Material in the Production of Clay Bricks

  • Nicoleta Cobîrzan,
  • Gyorgy Thalmaier,
  • Anca-Andreea Balog,
  • Horia Constantinescu,
  • Andrei Ceclan and
  • Mircea Nasui

15 November 2021

The present work examines an innovative manufacturing technique for fired clay bricks, using tuff as a secondary raw material. Samples were made of clay and tuff (0–30 wt.%) fired at 900 to 1100 °C. The chemical and mineralogical compositions and phy...

  • Review
  • Open Access
36 Citations
10,862 Views
26 Pages

An Overview of Indicator Choice and Normalization in Raw Material Supply Risk Assessments

  • Christoph Helbig,
  • Martin Bruckler,
  • Andrea Thorenz and
  • Axel Tuma

Supply risk assessments are an integral part of raw material criticality assessments frequently used at the country or company level to identify raw materials of concern. However, the indicators used in supply risk assessments to estimate the likelih...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,589 Views
35 Pages

Alternative Wood Raw Material Sources in Particleboard and OSB Production—Challenges and Perspectives

  • Dorota Dukarska,
  • Jakub Kawalerczyk,
  • Ján Sedliačik,
  • Petar Antov and
  • Mehr Unisa

26 June 2025

This review examines the potential use of alternative wood raw materials, including fast-growing plantation species, juvenile wood, non-plantation species, and recycled wood, in the production of particleboard (PB) and oriented strand board (OSB). In...

  • Review
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,263 Views
12 Pages

29 August 2021

This paper concerns problems related to the mechanical processing of mineral raw materials. The aspects explored were limited to the analysis of comminution technologies in terms of their effectiveness and energy consumption, modeling and simulation...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
1,938 Views
6 Pages

Mineral raw materials prices have been shown to be affected by macroeconomic factors such as aggregate demand and commodity-specific factors (e.g., supply shocks). In addition, it has been shown that certain mineral raw material prices co-move, meani...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,750 Views
11 Pages

22 January 2021

In the whole process of cement production, the electricity consumption of a raw material mill accounts for about 24% of the total. Based on the statistics of the electricity consumption of the raw material mill system of 1005 production lines in Chin...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,244 Views
13 Pages

By combining blockchain with physical tracking technologies, raw materials can potentially be traced throughout their global supply chains. Physical tracking technologies enable observing how raw materials move within the physical world, whereas bloc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,520 Views
14 Pages

Evaluation of Clayey Raw Materials and Ceramic Masses from Ceramic Building Material Companies Located in Northeastern Brazil

  • Gricirene Sousa Correia,
  • Thales Henrique Silva Vaz,
  • Fabiana Pereira da Costa,
  • Mauro Francisco Pinheiro da Silva,
  • Wellington Marcos da Silva,
  • Antonio Ernandes Macêdo Paiva,
  • Aluísio Alves Cabral and
  • Alisson Mendes Rodrigues

22 October 2024

The challenge of improving the quality of ceramic products is faced worldwide, especially in areas where artisanal production is common and the need for in-depth knowledge about raw materials, together with inefficient production processes, limits th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
4,279 Views
22 Pages

Study of a Waste Kaolin as Raw Material for Mullite Ceramics and Mullite Refractories by Reaction Sintering

  • Pedro José Sánchez-Soto,
  • Dolores Eliche-Quesada,
  • Sergio Martínez-Martínez,
  • Luis Pérez-Villarejo and
  • Eduardo Garzón

13 January 2022

A deposit of raw kaolin, located in West Andalusia (Spain), was studied in this work using a representative sample. The methods of characterization were X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analysis by sieving and sediment...

  • Extended Abstract
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,981 Views
4 Pages

Promotion of Circular Economy: Steelwork Dusts as Secondary Raw Material in Conventional Mortars

  • Angélica Lozano-Lunar,
  • Auxi Barbudo,
  • José María Fernández and
  • José Ramón Jiménez

22 October 2018

Among the actions proposed by the European Union for the implementation of Circular Economy is the use of waste as a secondary raw material (SRM). During the fusion of the scrap, a steel dust is generated, named Electric Arc Furnace Dust (EAFD). The...

  • Article
  • Open Access
355 Views
15 Pages

13 January 2026

The aim of this paper is to analyze the potential of circular economy in the context of increasing the supply of raw materials for modern economy with particular focus on the role of science and business. The article presents an approach consistent w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,139 Views
17 Pages

Wood Biomass Resources in Poland Depending on Forest Structure and Industrial Processing of Wood Raw Material

  • Marek Wieruszewski,
  • Aleksandra Górna,
  • Katarzyna Mydlarz and
  • Krzysztof Adamowicz

4 July 2022

(1) Wood is a widely available raw material on the market, which satisfies the industrial demand and which is used both as a source of biomass for the wood materials industry in a broad sense and for energy-supplying purposes. These areas prove the f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,747 Views
25 Pages

In-Depth Understanding of Granule Compression Behavior under Variable Raw Material and Processing Conditions

  • Tibor Casian,
  • Sonia Iurian,
  • Alexandru Gâvan,
  • Alina Porfire,
  • Anca Lucia Pop,
  • Simona Crișan,
  • Anda Maria Pușcaș and
  • Ioan Tomuță

Tablet manufacturing involves the processing of raw materials through several unit operations. Thus, the mitigation of input-induced variability should also consider the downstream processability of intermediary products. The objective of the present...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,870 Views
17 Pages

21 April 2022

This article presents an approach to the diagnosis of the business area for new entities on the raw material market in Poland. In the face of the need for changes as a result of the assumptions of the Green Deal and the global transformation of produ...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,757 Views
21 Pages

9 October 2024

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the rotary hearth furnace system has emerged as a key technology that facilitates a win-win situation for both environmental protection and enterprise economic benefits. This is attributed to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,910 Views
15 Pages

The Effects of Enzymes, Species, and Storage of Raw Material on Physicochemical Properties of Protein Hydrolysates from Whitefish Heads

  • Jannicke Fugledal Remme,
  • Sigurd Korsnes,
  • Stine Steen,
  • Rachel Durand,
  • Kristine Kvangarsnes and
  • Janne Stangeland

10 November 2023

The rest raw materials of whitefish have great potential for increased utilisation and value creation. Whitefish heads have a high protein content and should be considered a healthy protein source for the growing population’s demands for sustai...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
7,071 Views
14 Pages

Forecasting the Global Battery Material Flow: Analyzing the Break-Even Points at Which Secondary Battery Raw Materials Can Substitute Primary Materials in the Battery Production

  • Michael Neidhardt,
  • Jordi Mas-Peiro,
  • Magnus Schulz-Moenninghoff,
  • Josep O. Pou,
  • Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos,
  • Arno Kwade and
  • Benedikt Schmuelling

9 May 2022

Growing numbers of electric vehicles (EVs) as well as controversial discussions on cost, scarcity and the environmental and social sustainability of primary raw materials that are needed for battery production together emphasize the necessity for bat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,606 Views
27 Pages

23 August 2025

The Dazhuzhuang, Biting, and Likou Sites are located along the Hui River basin in Yongcheng, eastern Henan. These three sites are situated close to each other and all yielded Longshan Culture period (2300–1800 BCE) remains, including large quan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
12,797 Views
11 Pages

Caffeic Acid-layered Double Hydroxide Hybrid: A New Raw Material for Cosmetic Applications

  • Maria Bastianini,
  • Caterina Faffa,
  • Michele Sisani and
  • Annarita Petracci

Bioactive ingredients from natural sources possess well-known positive effects in cosmetic applications. Among them, phenolic acids have emerged with very interesting potential. Caffeic acid (CAF) is one of the most promising active compounds because...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,579 Views
13 Pages

6 December 2024

This study explored the potential of natural red clay as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and costs associated with the cement industry. Given that cement production is one of the largest contributors to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,935 Views
8 Pages

Fatigue Behavior of Zr58Cu15.46Ni12.74Al10.34Nb2.76Y0.5 Bulk Metallic Glass Fabricated by Industrial-Grade Zirconium Raw Material

  • Shichao Zhou,
  • Tao Zhang,
  • Lugee Li,
  • Jiedan Yang,
  • Min Zhang,
  • Chengyong Wang and
  • Yong Zhang

21 January 2021

In this work, the fatigue behavior of a low-cost Zr58Cu15.46Ni12.74Al10.34Nb2.76Y0.5 (at%) bulk metallic glass (BMG) fabricated by industrial-grade Zirconium raw material was investigated under three-point bending loading mode. X-ray, fatigue tests u...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,700 Views
13 Pages

10 March 2022

The four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon markers (PAH4) of benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are indicators showing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination levels in Chinese med...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,580 Views
15 Pages

2 March 2020

A large number of sand shrubs have been planted in western China, especially in Inner Mongolia. Sand shrubs produce a large amount of stump residue, and wood biomass power generation enterprises that use stump residue as raw materials have emerged in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,206 Views
15 Pages

Optimizing Predictor Variables in Artificial Neural Networks When Forecasting Raw Material Prices for Energy Production

  • Marta Matyjaszek,
  • Gregorio Fidalgo Valverde,
  • Alicja Krzemień,
  • Krzysztof Wodarski and
  • Pedro Riesgo Fernández

18 April 2020

This paper applies a heuristic approach to optimize the predictor variables in artificial neural networks when forecasting raw material prices for energy production (coking coal, natural gas, crude oil and coal) to achieve a better forecast. Two goal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,175 Views
14 Pages

21 August 2022

This study aims to compare two approaches for the reserve calculation of cement raw material by geological sections and structural maps. The first is legally based, and its accuracy is approved by periodical calculation of the exploited material on s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,763 Views
17 Pages

Flotation Sludges from Precious Metal Recovery Processes: From Waste to Secondary Raw Material in Ceramics

  • Matteo Perotti,
  • Francesco Iacoviello,
  • Narcisa M. Marian,
  • Carlo Indelicato,
  • Giancarlo Capitani,
  • Riccardo Salvini,
  • Marco Zampini and
  • Cecilia Viti

In this study, we investigated flotation muds (FM) deriving from the recovery processes of precious metals contained in e-waste (wastes from electronics) and exhausted catalysts. FM consist of an amorphous phase, corresponding to a Ca- and Al-rich si...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,865 Views
32 Pages

25 August 2025

This study examines the evolution of agricultural raw material exports in seven emerging economies of Central and Eastern Europe (Romania, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary) from 1995 to 2023 and provides forecasts...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,459 Views
6 Pages

The EU’s demand for numerous mineral raw materials is growing intensively, while the security of their supplies (mostly form outside the EU) is often at high risk. This is especially the case for critical raw materials (CRMs). Poland is now and may b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,788 Views
13 Pages

4 November 2021

Recently, biodigesters have attracted much attention as an efficient alternative for energy generation and organic waste treatment. The final performance of a biodigester depends heavily on the quality of its building process and the selection of its...

  • Commentary
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,804 Views
11 Pages

16 August 2019

Globally emerging smart city concepts aim to make resource production and allocation in urban areas more efficient, and thus more sustainable through new sociotechnical innovations such as smart grids, smart meters, or solar panels. While recent crit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,807 Views
18 Pages

14 November 2023

To ensure food safety and protect human health, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in model smoked-pork meat products were examined to select which type of casing and variant of raw material contributes to minimizing th...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
8,064 Views
21 Pages

Vitis vinifera (Vine Grape) as a Valuable Cosmetic Raw Material

  • Marta Sharafan,
  • Magdalena A. Malinowska,
  • Halina Ekiert,
  • Beata Kwaśniak,
  • Elżbieta Sikora and
  • Agnieszka Szopa

This review refers to botanical, ecological and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. (vine grape)–a species, the valuable properties of which are widely exploited in the food industry and in recent times in medicine as well as in...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2,626 Views
8 Pages

The mineral raw materials’ resource efficiency is currently recognized in Europe as the way for the future development of the European mining economies. With this aim, a West Balkan Mineral Register was created in the EIT Raw Materials RESEERVE...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,876 Views
20 Pages

9 October 2022

Recent findings of archaeological research in the Vathy gulf area, Astypalaia Island, indicate its continuous habitation since prehistoric times, most importantly in the transitional period from the Final Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age (late 4th/e...

  • Review
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,239 Views
16 Pages

Analytical Proof of Origin for Raw Materials

  • Frank Melcher,
  • Valentina Dietrich and
  • Hans-Eike Gäbler

27 April 2021

Growing public interest in getting information on the origin of raw materials used to manufacture goods for daily life has triggered the development of concepts to increase the transparency of raw material supply chains. Analytical proofs of origin (...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
5,187 Views
14 Pages

Efficient Use of Critical Raw Materials for Optimal Resource Management in EU Countries

  • Lucia Domaracka,
  • Simona Matuskova,
  • Marcela Tausova,
  • Andrea Senova and
  • Barbara Kowal

27 May 2022

The European Commission has established a Critical Raw Materials List (CRM) for the European Union (EU), which is subject to regular review and updating. CRMs are needed in many key industries such as automotive, steel, aerospace, renewable energy, e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,803 Views
23 Pages

Dry Hydrogen Production in a Tandem Critical Raw Material-Free Water Photoelectrolysis Cell Using a Hydrophobic Gas-Diffusion Backing Layer

  • Stefano Trocino,
  • Carmelo Lo Vecchio,
  • Sabrina Campagna Zignani,
  • Alessandra Carbone,
  • Ada Saccà,
  • Vincenzo Baglio,
  • Roberto Gómez and
  • Antonino Salvatore Aricò

13 November 2020

A photoelectrochemical tandem cell (PEC) based on a cathodic hydrophobic gas-diffusion backing layer was developed to produce dry hydrogen from solar driven water splitting. The cell consisted of low cost and non-critical raw materials (CRMs). A rela...

of 254