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Materials Proceedings

Materials Proceedings is an open access journal dedicated to publishing findings resulting from conferences, workshops, and similar events, in all areas of material sciences. The conference organizers and proceedings editors are responsible for managing the peer-review process and selecting papers for conference proceedings.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2673-4605

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Vol. 22

ICAET 2025

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Vol. 21

ANM 2024

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Vol. 20

IOCB 2024

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Vol. 19

IOCFB 2024

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Vol. 18

ICAET 2024

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Vol. 17

CEMP 2023

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Latest Articles

9 pages, 1664 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrating Data Science and Numerical Methods for Next-Generation Metal Processing

by Amir M. Horr and Rodrigo Gómez Vázquez

Mater. Proc. 2025, 24(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025024001 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2025

The structured integration of analytical methods, numerical simulations, and emerging data science techniques enables a highly efficient and robust modeling approach for manufacturing processes. To successfully implement advanced analytical strategies, numerical methods, and data-driven tools within digital twin or digital shadow frameworks for [...] Read more.

The structured integration of analytical methods, numerical simulations, and emerging data science techniques enables a highly efficient and robust modeling approach for manufacturing processes. To successfully implement advanced analytical strategies, numerical methods, and data-driven tools within digital twin or digital shadow frameworks for next-generation metal processing, several critical requirements must be addressed. This paper discusses the foundational elements necessary for the seamless integration of these technologies, with a focus on achieving impactful optimization and precise control of material processes. The research highlights the outcomes of combining data-driven models with high-fidelity numerical simulations, emphasizing their complementary roles in process control and data generation for future-oriented manufacturing modeling. Full article

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9 pages, 1522 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of a Biocompatible Artificial Human Heart

by Muhammad Awais, Ali Almas, Danial Kamran, Muhammad Ashraf Ahmed and Ali Turab Jafry

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023023 - 18 Aug 2025

This study proposes a design and initial validation of a biocompatible artificial human heart that mimics beating behavior. Advanced geometrical modelling in SolidWorks software (student version) and finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS 2024 (student version) has been made, including Neo-Hookean hyper elastic [...] Read more.

This study proposes a design and initial validation of a biocompatible artificial human heart that mimics beating behavior. Advanced geometrical modelling in SolidWorks software (student version) and finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS 2024 (student version) has been made, including Neo-Hookean hyper elastic material i.e., medical-grade silicone for cardiac tissue replication. The design consists of four-chambers, where the chambers’ dimensions were optimized to maintain uniform pressurization. We observed controlled wall displacement and low stress under simulated physiological conditions with our model. These results provide the basis of the design to be used as an effective teaching platform for medical students and a platform to future progress toward an implantable circulatory assistance device. These findings provide deeper insights into cardiac biomechanics and represent a novel approach to managing a growing need for cardiac alternatives to transplantation. Additionally, the report details the application of pressure and records displacement and stress outcomes from FEA. Through integration of hyper elastic material behavior into the design framework, the research provided critical insights into the performance of silicone-based models, informing future experimental studies and clinical translation. Full article

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9 pages, 3798 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

FeNiS/PANI Hybrid Composite for Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Performance

by Areeba Sajid, Yumna Sohail and Mohsin Ali Marwat

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023022 - 18 Aug 2025

This study focuses on developing FeNiS/PANI composites for supercapacitor applications, leveraging the individual benefits of iron–nickel sulfide (FeNiS) and polyaniline (PANI). FeNiS offers high electrical conductivity and energy density, while PANI contributes enhanced flexibility and pseudocapacitive behavior. The goal is to create a [...] Read more.

This study focuses on developing FeNiS/PANI composites for supercapacitor applications, leveraging the individual benefits of iron–nickel sulfide (FeNiS) and polyaniline (PANI). FeNiS offers high electrical conductivity and energy density, while PANI contributes enhanced flexibility and pseudocapacitive behavior. The goal is to create a composite with superior electrochemical performance. Synthesis involved chemical oxidative polymerization for PANI and an in situ method for FeNiS, followed by integration. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, and EDS confirmed the successful formation and homogeneous elemental dispersion of the composite, showing that PANI formed an interconnected network that improved charge transport. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated significant improvements. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests revealed that the FeNiS/PANI composite exhibited a doubled discharge time (159 s vs. 72 s for FeNiS) and a higher specific capacitance (113.5 F/g vs. 51.42 F/g). These results highlight the promise of FeNiS/PANI as an advanced material for efficient and sustainable energy storage. Full article

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5 pages, 1083 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Fluid Absorption Time Delays Through Glycerol Concentration Variations in Microfluidic Paper-Based Systems

by Nauman Naeem, Irtaza Ahmed Khan, Hammas Ullah, Moazzam Ali, Huma Ajab and Ali Turab Jafry

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023021 - 18 Aug 2025

Paper-based microfluidics provides an economical and flexible approach to fluid handling for simple and complex assays. Many applications still require ease of flow control with the added advantage of low-cost fabrication for commercial applications. In this study, we develop a fluid control strategy [...] Read more.

Paper-based microfluidics provides an economical and flexible approach to fluid handling for simple and complex assays. Many applications still require ease of flow control with the added advantage of low-cost fabrication for commercial applications. In this study, we develop a fluid control strategy using glycerol as a barrier within paper channels. Glycerol reduces porosity and increases resistance, causing delayed flow times. As glycerol is hydrophilic in nature and can establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules, it is an efficient substrate for creating these delay zones in paper strips. The Lucas–Washburn model describes the physics for flow of liquid water through the porous substrate. From our findings, we observed that the water flow time was delayed from 5 to 20 min and penetration reduced from 43 mm to 24 mm by increasing glycerol concentration from 0% to 30%. Using oleic acid (fatty acid) as the working fluid instead of water extended the delay further, causing it to take up to 1 day to transport 35 mm with 30% glycerol investigation into the effects of glycerol concentration on flow behavior highlights the importance of understanding absorption time delays and the physics of wet-out flow in porous media., and we hope that, ultimately, our findings will be applicable for a variety of paper-based microfluidic devices for commercial applications Full article

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7 pages, 1219 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Thermo-Powered IoT Fire Detector: A Self-Sustained Smart Safety System

by Rizwan Zahid, Muhammad Adden, Naqash Ahmad, Muhammad Faham Shafique, Muhammad Abdullah and Mubashir Shah

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023018 - 18 Aug 2025

Fire detection systems play a critical role in ensuring safety, yet their reliance on external power sources limits their deployment in remote or energy-constrained environments. This study presents a novel system that transforms waste heat into electrical energy for fire detection. Using the [...] Read more.

Fire detection systems play a critical role in ensuring safety, yet their reliance on external power sources limits their deployment in remote or energy-constrained environments. This study presents a novel system that transforms waste heat into electrical energy for fire detection. Using the See beck effect, the system harvests heat from power plant chimneys, vehicle exhausts, and direct fire sources to power a microcontroller, heat sensors, an OLED display, and an IoT module. The sensors monitor temperature fluctuations, identifying potential fire hazards. Data is displayed locally and sent to the cloud for remote monitoring and timely alerts. By repurposing waste heat, the system minimizes environmental impact, reduces energy waste, and eliminates dependence on external power sources. This approach combines energy recovery with smart safety features, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for fire detection while addressing global energy challenges. Full article

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7 pages, 1280 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Analysis of a Novel Solar-Assisted Desiccant Wheel-Based Heating and Humidification System

by Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Usman, Owais Ahmad, Awais Mansoor, Farhan Ali, Abdul Moiz and Muzaffar Ali

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023020 - 15 Aug 2025

The building sector accounts for nearly 40% of global primary energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems contributing significantly to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Conventional HVAC systems face challenges in addressing humidity control and efficiency, particularly in cold [...] Read more.

The building sector accounts for nearly 40% of global primary energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems contributing significantly to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Conventional HVAC systems face challenges in addressing humidity control and efficiency, particularly in cold and dry climates. This research demonstrates the development and transient simulation of a novel solar-assisted desiccant wheel-based system for heating and humidification (SDHH) in Taxila, Pakistan. The proposed system includes a desiccant wheel, heat wheel, water-to-air heat exchanger, and a direct evaporative cooler. An array of flat plate collectors supply hot water to the heat exchanger. TRNSYS simulations investigated the performance of SDHH by evaluating heating capacity, humidification, and indoor temperature and humidity values in winter. Results show that the SDHH system maintained the required temperature in the zone and improved the zone humidity level. The desiccant wheel increased the absolute humidity of product air by 0.003 kg/kg. The average indoor temperature was 21 °C, and the average absolute humidity was around 0.008 kg/kg. These results justify using the proposed system in dry and cold climate conditions. Full article

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11 pages, 2560 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Double-Layered Authentication Door-Lock System Utilizing Hybrid RFID-PIN Technology for Enhanced Security

by Aneeqa Ramzan, Warda Farhan, Itba Malahat and Namra Afzal

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023019 - 13 Aug 2025

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is popular and attaining momentum in manifold sectors, including, but not limited to, pharmaceuticals, retail, defense, transport, healthcare and currently security. Utilizing RFID solely as a solution does not result in effective security. Conventional systems have integrated only one [...] Read more.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is popular and attaining momentum in manifold sectors, including, but not limited to, pharmaceuticals, retail, defense, transport, healthcare and currently security. Utilizing RFID solely as a solution does not result in effective security. Conventional systems have integrated only one solution, such as GSM, cryptography, wireless sensors, biometrics or a One-Time Password (OTP); however, the security provided is limited since each incorporated technology has its disadvantages. Our paper proposes improving the conventional methods in the field by proposing an intelligent door-lock system prototype implementing two-step authentication, providing double-layered security provisions in, for instance, highly sensitive zones. The suggested technique, firstly based on RFID technology and then a password (PIN) during the authentication process, results in a hybrid system that is more accurate and efficient compared to a traditional, single-method system. The Arduino micro-controller is interfaced with RFID, with a keypad that receives the input to the micro-controller, a Liquid Crystal Display to output the authentication status and finally a motor connected to the door for automation within a limited time-frame. Adding biometric verification, such as fingerprints and face recognition, can enhance the proposed design further by providing an additional layer of security from external intruders. Full article

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17 pages, 3452 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Performance Optimization of Battery Pack with AI-Driven Thermal Runaway Prediction

by Jalal Khan, Sher Jan, Sami Ifitkhar, Ajmal Yaqoob, Ubaid Ur Rehman, Taqi Ahmad Cheema, Shahid Alam and Usman Habib

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023017 - 8 Aug 2025

Battery thermal management is a critical factor in ensuring the performance, safety, and longevity of electric vehicle (EV) battery packs. This study investigates the effectiveness of a forced air convection cooling system, optimized cell spacing and suitable configuration in maintaining optimal battery cell [...] Read more.

Battery thermal management is a critical factor in ensuring the performance, safety, and longevity of electric vehicle (EV) battery packs. This study investigates the effectiveness of a forced air convection cooling system, optimized cell spacing and suitable configuration in maintaining optimal battery cell temperatures. A 3D computational model was developed to analyze the temperature distribution of a battery pack under varying airflow velocities, cell spacings and configurations. The numerical simulations were validated through experimental testing, demonstrating a strong correlation between simulated and measured results. The findings reveal that with a 2 m/s velocity of the fan, the battery’s maximum temperature is reduced by 7% compared to the case of natural convection, while the fan consumed only 4% of the battery pack available capacity. An AI algorithm was trained on the experimental data obtained to perform data-driven predictions of failures. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing air cooling systems in EV applications. Future work will explore the effect of non-uniform air flow distribution in reducing the risk of thermal runaway and avoiding hot spots in the battery pack for optimal performance. Full article

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8 pages, 3709 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Assessment of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S/rGO Hybrid Composite as Potential Material for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

by Anusha Arif, Hasnain Murtaza, Mohsin Ali Marwat, Muhammad Ramzan Abdul Karim and Shariq Ijaz

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023014 - 8 Aug 2025

Transition metal sulfides have found a popular spot in research for super capacitive materials due to their enhanced power density and conductivity. This study reports the preparation of a hybrid iron copper sulfide, Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S/rGO, composite via the co-precipitation method. [...] Read more.

Transition metal sulfides have found a popular spot in research for super capacitive materials due to their enhanced power density and conductivity. This study reports the preparation of a hybrid iron copper sulfide, Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S/rGO, composite via the co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the successful integration of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S with rGO. The composite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 416.91 F/g at 1 A/g, 330.65% higher than 96.81 F/g of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S and outstanding cyclic stability. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S and rGO, facilitating efficient charge transfer kinetics, ion diffusion, and structural stability, making it a promising candidate for high-performing supercapacitor applications. Full article

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13 pages, 4100 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Microfluidic Device Used for Cell Focusing and Sorting Based on an Inertial Microfluidics Technique

by Muhammad Zulfiqar, Fizzah Asif, Emad Uddin, Muhammad Irfan, Ch Abdullah, Sibghat Ullah, Danish Manshad and Hamza Mohsin

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023013 - 6 Aug 2025

Cell separation is a major process in biomedicine and diagnostics and in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, a channel design is proposed for cell separation based on a passive cell sorting technique and sheath less flow. Initially, erythrocytes and monocytes [...] Read more.

Cell separation is a major process in biomedicine and diagnostics and in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, a channel design is proposed for cell separation based on a passive cell sorting technique and sheath less flow. Initially, erythrocytes and monocytes are injected into the designed channel, and the behavior of the particles is observed. The erythrocyte and monocyte are 8 μm and 20 μm in size, respectively. The final design is tested for different cross-sectional areas and particle sizes; 20 μm is the largest particle size that can be sorted with this design. Particles are separated due to inertial migration because the forces that focus the particles in the channels, in the form of different streams, deepen the lift force on the inertia of the moving particles. The lift force pushes the particles toward the wall, while the Dean force causes them to rotate near to the wall, stabilizing their positions. The lift and Dean forces depend on the inertia of the particles and topology of the channel, respectively. In this research, cell sorting is quantified by the distance between the two separated particles, and the trend of Δ x x versus Q is discussed. The channel throughput is also quantified in terms of the minimum and maximum allowable flow rates. Particles are best sorted by critical flow rate and Dean number. This hook-shaped design is created using polymethyl siloxane (PDMS), which is ideally suited for use in lab-on-chip (LOC) devices for continuous filtration and particle separation. The design is also experimentally tested and validated with the simulation results. Full article

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8 pages, 1557 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multi-Sensor Indoor Air Quality Monitoring with Real-Time Logging and Air Purifier Integration

by Muhammad Afrial, Muneeza Rauf, Muhammad Nouman, Muhammad Talal Khan, Muhammad Arslan Rizwan and Naqash Ahmad

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023012 - 5 Aug 2025

Most people utilize their time indoors, either at home or in the workplace. However, certain human interventions badly affect the indoor atmosphere, causing potential health problems for occupants. This study aims to propose an air monitoring device integrated with an air purifier that [...] Read more.

Most people utilize their time indoors, either at home or in the workplace. However, certain human interventions badly affect the indoor atmosphere, causing potential health problems for occupants. This study aims to propose an air monitoring device integrated with an air purifier that monitors the pollutants affecting the indoor environment and automatically turns on/off the air purifier based on the pollution level. In the system, MQ7, MQ2, DHT11, and GP2Y1010AU0F sensors are integrated with ESP32 to detect indoor air pollutants, e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), temperature, humidity, and PM2.5. Data were collected for 30 days by mounting a proposed device in different indoor locations, including a poorly ventilated average living room, an indoor kitchen, and a crowded office space. The emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH₄) was at 29.4 ppm and 10.9 ppm, PM2.5 was detected as 3 µg/m³, and the temperature and humidity were at 23 °C and 28%, respectively. Utilizing the Wi-Fi ability of ESP32, the data were transferred to the ThingSpeak IoT platform for the live tracking and analysis of the indoor atmosphere. Observing the measured data, the proposed system’s accuracy was calculated by comparing the results against a known standard device, which was estimated to be 95%. To protect the designed system, a protective case was also designed. Full article

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9 pages, 1843 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Modelling of Void Closure Diffusion Model

by Muhammad Akif, Massab Junaid, Tauheed Shehbaz and Fahd Nawaz Khan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023011 - 5 Aug 2025

A void closure analytic model for the diffusion bonding of titanium TC4 alloy is developed in this study, in which an FEA-based deformation mechanism is coupled with a numerical analysis for diffusion. The focus was to evaluate the effect of pressure and the [...] Read more.

A void closure analytic model for the diffusion bonding of titanium TC4 alloy is developed in this study, in which an FEA-based deformation mechanism is coupled with a numerical analysis for diffusion. The focus was to evaluate the effect of pressure and the temperature on the bonded ratio. As the value of bonding pressure or the bonding temperature increased, the bonding time decreased. The dependence of bonded ratio and time was modeled as an exponential curve. The geometrical model for the mechanism was utilized so that it can incorporate the void division aspect in the process of diffusion bonding. Full article

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2 pages, 118 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Jongwan Hu, Dongkeon Kim and Mosbeh Kaloop

Mater. Proc. 2025, 22(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025022010 - 4 Aug 2025

n/a Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 11th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology)

2 pages, 582 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface to the 2025 11th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology

by Jongwan Hu, Dongkeon Kim and Mosbeh Kaloop

Mater. Proc. 2025, 22(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025022009 - 4 Aug 2025

n/a Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 11th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology)

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8 pages, 1843 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Designing a Sustainable Organic Rankine Cycle for Remote Geothermal Heat Sources in Pakistan

by Muhammad Shoaib Ijaz, Marig Shabbir Ansari, Aftab Sabghatullah, Intesar Alam and Muhammad Qasim Zafar

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023010 - 31 Jul 2025

This paper discusses a thorough analysis, as well as the design, of an environmentally friendly, single-stage Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, particularly optimized for untapped geothermal applications in Pakistan that are secluded and off-grid, to tackle the severe energy crises choking this country [...] Read more.

This paper discusses a thorough analysis, as well as the design, of an environmentally friendly, single-stage Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, particularly optimized for untapped geothermal applications in Pakistan that are secluded and off-grid, to tackle the severe energy crises choking this country and its resources. Keeping in mind its Global Warming Potential (GWP), as well as its performance in the ORC, r600a was chosen as the operating fluid. This study focuses on varying the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of not only the geothermal reservoir but that of the operating fluid in the ORC as well. The impacts of adjusting these parameters on the net power output, cycle efficiency, and component-wise exergy destruction, as well as the total exergy destruction, are examined extensively. Analyses of the component-wise exergy destruction found that the maximum exergy destruction occurred in the evaporator, whereas it was discovered that decreasing the condenser pressure below 350 kPa led to negative exergy destruction values, although the total exergy destruction remained positive. Full article

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11 pages, 1887 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Evaluation of Coefficient of Friction for Fretting Regimes

by Shumaila Fatima, Shahid Mehmood, Muhammad Awais Hamza, Atta Ur Rahman, Hafiz Samama Sumair, Soban Ullah, Muhammad Ammar Nasir, Muhammad Ehtisham and Husnain Zulfiqar Ali

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023009 - 31 Jul 2025

This study investigates the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear behavior in fretting regimes—stick, stick–slip, and gross sliding—under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. Fretting tests were conducted by increasing oscillation amplitude from a few micrometers to 48 µm. In dry conditions, displacement amplitude initially [...] Read more.

This study investigates the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear behavior in fretting regimes—stick, stick–slip, and gross sliding—under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. Fretting tests were conducted by increasing oscillation amplitude from a few micrometers to 48 µm. In dry conditions, displacement amplitude initially rose rapidly, stabilizing after about 5 million load cycles, indicating steady-state behavior. The friction ratio (FR) surged early, peaking between 0.7 and 1.0, before declining to stable values, suggesting a shift from adhesive to stable frictional interaction. The minimal slip amplitude confirmed the predominance of the stick regime. Conversely, in oil-lubricated conditions, displacement amplitude stabilized after an initial increase, achieving higher amplitudes than in dry tests. The FR started below 0.2, gradually increasing to a peak around 10,000 load cycles for higher oscillation amplitudes (e.g., 15 µm), reflecting the lubricant’s role in reducing metal-to-metal contact. COF curves in lubricated tests showed smoother transitions and lower peak values compared to dry tests. These findings highlight the lubricant’s effectiveness in minimizing adhesion and enhancing sliding efficiency, offering insights for optimizing material performance in engineering applications. Full article

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11 pages, 3090 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating Mesh Sensitivity in Linear and Non-Linear Buckling Analysis of Composite Cylindrical Shells

by Shahmeer Khalid Chatha, Muhammad Sher Ali, Muhammad Noman Butt and Muhammad Usman

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023008 - 31 Jul 2025

This study investigates mesh sensitivity in the buckling analysis of composite cylindrical shells using the finite element methods. Two Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) models with distinct layups were subjected to linear (Eigenvalue) and non-linear (Riks) analyses under axial compression. Mesh sizes ranging from [...] Read more.

This study investigates mesh sensitivity in the buckling analysis of composite cylindrical shells using the finite element methods. Two Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) models with distinct layups were subjected to linear (Eigenvalue) and non-linear (Riks) analyses under axial compression. Mesh sizes ranging from 50 mm to 2.5 mm were tested using Abaqus. The results revealed that the non-linear analysis is more mesh-sensitive and computationally demanding. Model-1 showed better convergence in non-linear analysis, with <1% error, while Model-2 favored linear analysis, with <0.5% error at finer meshes. The comparison of models results with the experimental data highlights the importance of an empirical correction factor. These findings provide practical guidelines for mesh selection in composite shell analysis. Full article

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7 pages, 1019 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Melting Boundaries: How Heat Transforms Recycled Bottles into Chemical Time Bombs

by Marwa Al-Ani and Noora Al-Qahtani

Mater. Proc. 2025, 22(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025022008 - 31 Jul 2025

Plastic recycling, especially of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is essential for reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability. This study examines the migration of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from locally sourced recycled PET (rPET) bottles under high-temperature conditions (24 °C, 50 °C, and cyclic 70 [...] Read more.

Plastic recycling, especially of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is essential for reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability. This study examines the migration of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from locally sourced recycled PET (rPET) bottles under high-temperature conditions (24 °C, 50 °C, and cyclic 70 °C) over a period of three weeks. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed increased PAE leaching at elevated temperatures, though levels remained below international safety limits. Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) confirmed that plastic caps exhibit higher thermal stability and decompose more completely than plastic bottles under various thermal conditions, highlighting the influence of material composition and thermal aging on degradation behavior. Findings highlight the importance of proper storage and ongoing monitoring to ensure consumer safety. Future research should investigate alternative plasticizers to improve the safety of PET recycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 11th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology)

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7 pages, 1077 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synergistic Copper–Nickel-Doped Biochar from Animal Waste as Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

by Ala Al-Ardah, Zainab Baloochi, Yousra Kamal, Moza Al-Neama, Haya Suwaidan, Mostafa Selim and Noora Al-Qahtani

Mater. Proc. 2025, 22(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025022007 - 31 Jul 2025

As the global energy industry shifts away from fossil fuels, there is a growing need for sustainable and renewable hydrogen production methods. This research investigates the potential of using biochar derived from animal waste as a precursor for creating effective catalysts for the [...] Read more.

As the global energy industry shifts away from fossil fuels, there is a growing need for sustainable and renewable hydrogen production methods. This research investigates the potential of using biochar derived from animal waste as a precursor for creating effective catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). By incorporating copper and nickel into the biochar through hydrothermal processing, the study examined the resulting catalysts’ structural, chemical, and catalytic properties. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful integration of metallic nanoparticles and revealed notable changes in surface morphology, elemental composition, and functional group distribution. The Cu–Ni co-doped biochar catalyst (Cu–Ni/BC) demonstrated a significant 45% increase in hydrogen evolution efficiency compared to the undoped biochar control sample. These results highlight the synergistic effects of copper and nickel in enhancing the catalyst’s electron transfer capabilities and active site availability. This study offers a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional hydrogen production catalysts, presenting considerable potential for waste valorization while promoting clean energy solutions. The research aligns with circular economy principles, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 2025 11th International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Technology)

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12 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Lie Optimal Solutions of Heat Transfer in a Liquid Film over an Unsteady Stretching Surface with Viscous Dissipation and an External Magnetic Field

by Haris Ahmad, Chaudhry Kashif Iqbal, Muhammad Safdar, Bismah Jamil and Safia Taj

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023007 - 30 Jul 2025

A lie point symmetry analysis of flow and heat transfer under the influence of an external magnetic field and viscous dissipation was previously conducted using a couple of lie point symmetries of the model. In this article, we construct a one-dimensional optimal system [...] Read more.

A lie point symmetry analysis of flow and heat transfer under the influence of an external magnetic field and viscous dissipation was previously conducted using a couple of lie point symmetries of the model. In this article, we construct a one-dimensional optimal system for the flow model to extend the previous analysis. This optimal system reveals all the solvable classes of the flow model by deducing similarity transformations, reducing flow equations, and solving the obtained equations analytically. A general class of solutions that encompasses all the previously known lie similarity solutions is provided here. Full article

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