Materials Proceedings

10 pages, 2462 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Interfacial Microstructural Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Al-Si-Mg Alloy on a Pre-Machined Aluminum Alloy Substrate

by Mpinda Bob Mampuya, Ngeleshi Michel Kibambe, Mutombo Christian Umba, Timilehin Adekunle Omotoyinbo, Olusoji Oluremi Ayodele and Peter Apata Olubambi

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031018 - 20 Apr 2026

Abstract

Hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM) offers a viable solution to the size and cost limitations of conventional additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys. This study investigates the interfacial microstructural behavior of an AlSi₇Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) onto a [...] Read more.

Hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM) offers a viable solution to the size and cost limitations of conventional additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys. This study investigates the interfacial microstructural behavior of an AlSi₇Mg alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) onto a pre-machined AA6082 substrate. The results revealed a metallurgically bonded interface formed through partial substrate melting and elemental diffusion. The interface was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, JMatPro-based modeling, and microhardness testing. Phase analysis revealed that α-Al dominated solidification, with negligible secondary phases present in trace amounts, whereas X-ray diffraction confirmed α-Al as the primary phase throughout all zones. Microhardness assessments revealed a gradual transition from the additively built zone to the substrate, signifying mechanical compatibility. These findings indicate that L-PBF-based HAM facilitates the fabrication of a coherent AlSi7Mg/AA6082 interface with a transitional microstructure and microhardness. Full article

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10 pages, 674 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Historical and Current Nuclear Waste to Ensure Safe and Effective Management

by Motlalepula Nete, Pheello I. Nkoe and Tshifhiwa M. Masikhwa

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031016 - 20 Apr 2026

Abstract

Nuclear activities require a delicate balance between harnessing their benefits and mitigating the environmental and health risks they pose to local ecosystems and beyond. One of the critical challenges is the management of nuclear waste, which is material that has been used in [...] Read more.

Nuclear activities require a delicate balance between harnessing their benefits and mitigating the environmental and health risks they pose to local ecosystems and beyond. One of the critical challenges is the management of nuclear waste, which is material that has been used in nuclear processes, such as nuclear energy production or medical applications like radiotherapy. This waste is radioactive and potentially dangerously hazardous. Globally, approximately 400,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel exist, and comprehensive long-term management and disposal plan remain limited. The safe disposal of nuclear waste is paramount to prevent adverse environmental and health impacts. However, effective disposal strategies not only mitigate these risks but also contribute to the sustainability of nuclear power, a low-carbon energy source that can help combat climate change. This research aimed to determine the composition of specific nuclear waste at the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), recognizing that effective management is crucial for both human and environmental protection. By understanding the composition of nuclear waste, we can develop targeted strategies for safe handling and disposal, ultimately supporting a more sustainable nuclear industry. Full article

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14 pages, 1755 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of the Design and Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a Polymeric Heart Valve Through Computational Modelling

by Lebohang Reginald Masheane, Willie du Preez and Jacques Combrinck

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031017 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

There is a need to develop a native human heart valve substitute that is optimally designed, cost-effective, possesses an adequate lifespan, requires minimal anticoagulant medication, and features minimal turbulence and pressure variations within the cardiovascular system. Polymer heart valves, due to their design [...] Read more.

There is a need to develop a native human heart valve substitute that is optimally designed, cost-effective, possesses an adequate lifespan, requires minimal anticoagulant medication, and features minimal turbulence and pressure variations within the cardiovascular system. Polymer heart valves, due to their design which allows blood to flow centrally through the valve, are the most promising prosthetic heart valve type for future hemodynamic enhancement. The search continues to mitigate premature mechanical failure of polymer valves and to improve their effectiveness through in vitro experiments. The leaflet must withstand repeated stress from millions of opening and closing cycles without degrading or compromising its functionality. In exploring new materials, two different carbothane materials were employed to improve valve durability and facilitate fabrication utilizing compression moulding. Computational modelling and finite element analysis were used to simulate the response of various materials, designs, and manufacturing techniques to complex loading conditions encountered by polymer valves. A systematic thickening of leaflet regions with higher stress concentrations was implemented to address the design limitations of a reverse-engineered dip-moulded polymer valves. The optimized geometry and structure of the polymer valve, which promote smooth, less turbulent blood flow, were evaluated to determine mechanical stresses in the leaflets and the valve’s hemodynamic performance. The study concluded that the systematic increase in the thickness of leaflet regions highly affected by stress concentration significantly reduced stress distribution and improved the valve’s hemodynamic performance. Prototypes were manufactured using a combination of additive manufacturing and compression moulding to ensure precise geometric specifications. It was concluded that computational modelling reduced the need for extensive physical prototyping and testing, which can be time-consuming and costly. Full article

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7 pages, 1013 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Potential of Hydrogen as a Future Green Fuel Technology for the Current Industry

by Osama Majeed Butt and Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031013 - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

Alternative fuel and greenhouse emissions are always a keen focus for researchers aiming to cater to energy demands. There is an urgent need to find new clean and inexhaustible energy sources. In the past few years, hydrogen has gained attention from researchers as [...] Read more.

Alternative fuel and greenhouse emissions are always a keen focus for researchers aiming to cater to energy demands. There is an urgent need to find new clean and inexhaustible energy sources. In the past few years, hydrogen has gained attention from researchers as a green fuel. The scientific and policy maker circles have now widely recognized the practicality of hydrogen as an energy carrier through the due to its clean combustion, ease of transportation, distribution, and utilization. Different ways of its production and its use in different applications have also been widely studied. In this study, a review is carried out on how to produce hydrogen using the electrolysis process by renewable energy and its potential for application in different industries. Hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel to power catalytic boilers, gas-powered heat pumps, and direct-flame combustion boilers that are more or less the same as natural gas boilers. A large variety of district heating techniques can be repurposed to employ hydrogen cost-effectively. The use of hydrogen gas is not limited to combustion engines and industrial applications but is also applicable for house heating purposes. Finally, it is suggested that an alkaline electrolyzer could be energized with renewable sources to produce hydrogen which could be used as an alternative auxiliary fuel for the incineration system in managing municipal solid waste. This could be a step towards a green environment in terms of alternative clean fuel and municipal solid waste management. Full article

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13 pages, 1226 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Surface Modification of Titanium Implants with Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Composite: A Review on Osseointegration and Bioactivity

by Amantle Balang and Roxane Bonithon

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031012 - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS–HA) composite coatings offer a multifunctional surface modification to improve titanium implant performance, combining hydroxyapatite’s osteoconductivity with chitosan’s biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. This review examines recent in vitro and in vivo studies, noting consistent enhancements in osteoblast adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, apatite [...] Read more.

Chitosan–hydroxyapatite (CS–HA) composite coatings offer a multifunctional surface modification to improve titanium implant performance, combining hydroxyapatite’s osteoconductivity with chitosan’s biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties. This review examines recent in vitro and in vivo studies, noting consistent enhancements in osteoblast adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, apatite formation, and bone–implant contact. Incorporation of silver, strontium, or graphene oxide can further boost antibacterial and osteogenic effects. However, variability in coating preparation, substrate treatment, and testing protocols limits reproducibility and clinical extrapolation. Standardised methodologies and extended in vivo validation are essential to advance CS–HA coatings toward reliable dental and orthopaedic applications. Full article

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10 pages, 1273 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Impurities from Recycled Materials on Battery Safety and Life Cycle

by Tshifhiwa Moureen Masikhwa, Motlalepula Nete, Pheello Nkoe and Mpho Wendy Mathebula

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031011 - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

As the global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to rise, battery recycling has become a critical strategy for mitigating resource depletion, minimising environmental impact, and advancing a circular economy. However, recycled electrode materials, particularly cathode and anode powders, often contain residual impurities [...] Read more.

As the global demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to rise, battery recycling has become a critical strategy for mitigating resource depletion, minimising environmental impact, and advancing a circular economy. However, recycled electrode materials, particularly cathode and anode powders, often contain residual impurities such as transition metals (e.g., Cu, Fe, Al), polymeric binders (e.g., PVDF), and electrolyte decomposition products. These contaminants can significantly impair the electrochemical performance, thermal stability, and overall safety of newly manufactured cells. This study aims to systematically investigate the nature, origin, and impact of impurities in recycled cathode and anode materials. A suite of analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), will be employed to quantify impurity levels and assess material integrity across various recycling streams. The findings are expected to inform the establishment of impurity threshold limits for battery-grade recycled materials and guide the development of enhanced purification protocols. Ultimately, this research will support the production of safer and more reliable second-life batteries, offering valuable insights to recyclers, manufacturers, and regulatory bodies committed to sustainable energy storage technologies. Full article

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13 pages, 1806 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable High-Entropy Alloys from E-Waste: Microstructural Refinement and Hardness Improvement Through Heat Treatment

by Kerryn Ngobeni, Gontse Nkwana, Retshepile Motloung, Edward Jabulani Dlamini, Paul Oluwaseun Adu, Olorundaisi Emmanuel, Chika Oliver Ujah, Samson Dare Oguntuyi and Peter Apata Olubambi

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031015 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling presents a sustainable pathway for developing advanced materials while mitigating environmental concerns. In this study, a high-entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated via casting using a hybrid feedstock comprising 40% e-waste metallic fractions (Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn) and 60% Al-Ni-Cr-Mn-Si industrial scrap. The [...] Read more.

Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling presents a sustainable pathway for developing advanced materials while mitigating environmental concerns. In this study, a high-entropy alloy (HEA) was fabricated via casting using a hybrid feedstock comprising 40% e-waste metallic fractions (Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn) and 60% Al-Ni-Cr-Mn-Si industrial scrap. The as-cast alloy was subjected to heat treatment under controlled conditions to evaluate its microstructural evolution and hardening response. Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of multiphase structures, with distinct transformations in grain morphology and phase distribution after thermal processing. Hardness measurements indicated a significant enhancement in mechanical performance, attributed to microstructural refinement and phase stabilization induced by heat treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating e-waste into high-entropy alloy design, offering a circular metallurgical approach to produce value-added structural materials with improved mechanical properties. Full article

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8 pages, 1106 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Microstructural Evolution and Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated Multicomponent Superalloys from E-Waste Scrap

by Boikarabelo Matlala, Mbhoni Shibambo, Diengwane Anicia Dipale, Nyasha P. Mhasvi, Olorundaisi Emmanuel, Chika Oliver Ujah, Samson Dare Oguntuyi, Melaku Dereje Mamo and Peter Apata Olubambi

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031006 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

This research experiment aimed to transform multicomponent Ni-based superalloys produced with e-waste additives into corrosion-resistant materials via heat treatment. The experiment involved a two-hour heat treatment of as-cast samples at 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere, followed by quenching in water and characterization [...] Read more.

This research experiment aimed to transform multicomponent Ni-based superalloys produced with e-waste additives into corrosion-resistant materials via heat treatment. The experiment involved a two-hour heat treatment of as-cast samples at 1000 °C in an argon atmosphere, followed by quenching in water and characterization by scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Thereafter, the corrosion characteristics of the heat-treated and non-heat-treated samples were studied in 0.5 M sulfuric acid using open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). Results showed that the FCC gamma solid-solution matrix in the microstructure was homogenized by heat treatment. A continuous grain boundary M₂₃C₆ and interdendritic M₆C were redistributed into discrete particles after the heat treatment, which facilitated the reduction in galvanic pathways and boosted corrosion resistance. The heat-treated samples exhibited nobler OCP, increased low-frequency impedance, reduced corrosion current density, a broader passive range, and increased breakdown potential. These findings have proved that it is feasible to convert scrap to service affordably. Full article

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11 pages, 3546 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Computational Design of Multicomponent Superalloys from Electronic Waste

by Nyasha P. Mhasvi, Diengwane Anicia Dipale, Olorundaisi Emmanuel, Adeola Borode, Chika Oliver Ujah, Paul Oluwaseun Adu, Glenda Tsholofelo Motsi, Melaku Dereje Mamo and Peter Apata Olubambi

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031010 - 14 Apr 2026

Abstract

Electronic waste (e-waste) offers a sustainable pathway for recovering critical metals, yet its heterogeneous composition complicates the design of advanced alloys. This work applies a computational approach to design multicomponent superalloys from e-waste, using Thermo-Calc to predict phase stability and microstructural evolution. Nickel-based [...] Read more.

Electronic waste (e-waste) offers a sustainable pathway for recovering critical metals, yet its heterogeneous composition complicates the design of advanced alloys. This work applies a computational approach to design multicomponent superalloys from e-waste, using Thermo-Calc to predict phase stability and microstructural evolution. Nickel-based alloys alloyed with Cu–Sn–Pb fractions were modeled, revealing improved ductility through phase refinement and suppression of graphite formation. Experimental validation with SEM and XRD confirmed the computational predictions. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating computational thermodynamics with e-waste recycling to develop high-performance superalloys, advancing both sustainability and material innovation. Full article

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10 pages, 323 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Prospect of Renewable Energy in South Africa

by Olalekan Joseph Ogunniyi, Charles Mbohwa, Peter Onu, Steadyman Chikumba and Humbulani Phuluwa

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031009 - 14 Apr 2026

Abstract

The growing challenge for electricity in South Africa is placing pressure on the country’s current electricity-generating capacity. Moreover, conventional power plants are the main source of high concentrations of greenhouse gases in the country. South Africa is the seventh-largest producer of coal globally, [...] Read more.

The growing challenge for electricity in South Africa is placing pressure on the country’s current electricity-generating capacity. Moreover, conventional power plants are the main source of high concentrations of greenhouse gases in the country. South Africa is the seventh-largest producer of coal globally, and coal takes the largest share in the generation of electricity, with significant negative environmental impacts. There is insufficient electricity grid infrastructure, which prevents remote areas from receiving electricity from the centralized power grid. South Africa has promise in adopting sustainable energy systems such as biomass, hydropower, wind, and solar energy. The country obtains 2500 h of sunshine per year, and the radiation content is 4–6 kWh/m². Solar and wind have significant potential, while biomass and hydropower have less potential. However, some challenges and limitations that affect the use of RE have been identified. Increasing offshore wind and solar energy will enable South Africa to attain its target of increasing the percentage of renewable energy in the energy mix from 11% to 41% by 2030. The diversification of production and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions require South Africa to actively modernize its transmission infrastructure and speed up the approval process of projects. Full article

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9 pages, 846 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Biogas Generation from an Anaerobic Digester: A Review

by Olalekan Joseph Ogunniyi, Charles Mbohwa, Peter Onu, Steadyman Chikumba and Humbulani Phuluwa

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031005 - 14 Apr 2026

Abstract

The energy and environmental advantages of anaerobic digestion have led to a gradual growth in interest in biogas technology in recent years. Opportunities are presented by anaerobic digestion technology to produce renewable energy, minimize greenhouse gas discharge into the atmosphere, and minimize the [...] Read more.

The energy and environmental advantages of anaerobic digestion have led to a gradual growth in interest in biogas technology in recent years. Opportunities are presented by anaerobic digestion technology to produce renewable energy, minimize greenhouse gas discharge into the atmosphere, and minimize the release of waste in landfills. The study aims to consider the state of the art of biogas development while exploring emerging trends in optimization parameters and tools. Optimizing process parameters such as temperature, HRT, pH, and OLR were considered, which are essential to maximize digesting efficiency and biogas yield. Some optimizing tools were also discussed, such as Aspen Plus, MATLAB/Simulink, RSM, and ANN. The effective use of the optimization process parameters and tools will help to promote the optimum use of biomass for biogas generation, thereby promoting clean and affordable energy, as well as policies that minimize the emission of GHG, and contribute to the UN SDGs 7 and 13. More research needs to be carried out on the development and utilization of advanced optimization tools and techniques, which will enhance the use of biomass for biogas generation. Full article

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17 pages, 6917 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Lithography-Based Ceramic Manufacturing of Diamond Lattice Structure for Bone Regeneration Scaffolds

by Morakane Gloria Moletsane, Willie Bouwer du Preez, Deon de Beer and Shathani Nkhwa

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031004 - 14 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical and biological properties of diamond lattice structure produced through lithography-based ceramic manufacturing, an additive manufacturing technique. HA480 specimens, cubes of 5 × 5 × 5 mm, were manufactured with appropriate pore sizes and porosity. Printed HA480 specimens were [...] Read more.

This study investigates the mechanical and biological properties of diamond lattice structure produced through lithography-based ceramic manufacturing, an additive manufacturing technique. HA480 specimens, cubes of 5 × 5 × 5 mm, were manufactured with appropriate pore sizes and porosity. Printed HA480 specimens were tested and analysed for compression strength, cell proliferation, and cell attachment. The printed cubes displayed interconnected pore geometry. A set of ten HA480 diamond lattice structure specimens were compressed until failure to obtain a compressive strength of 10.7 MPa. HA480 solid scaffolds were seeded with the human osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19 cells. The fluorescence level results were higher on day 3 and decreased on days 5 and 7. Cell attachment was observed from day 1 to day 7. In this study, biodegradation was also evaluated with diamond lattice structure immersed in the simulated body fluid for days 1 and 7 and 28 days. The Scanning Electron Microscopy showed precipitation after 7 days immersion and evidence of apatite after 28 days on the HA480 surface. The findings provide evidence that HA480 reacts with biological fluids and can be used as a material for bone regeneration scaffold. Full article

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16 pages, 2155 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Microstructural and Phase Integrity of 3D-Printed High-Purity Alumina for Bio-Inspired Dental Implants

by Emmanuel Munenge, Winnie Mtetwa, Harry Ngwangwa, Thanyani Pandelani and Lebogang Lebea

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031014 - 13 Apr 2026

Abstract

High-purity α-Al₂O₃ ceramics are widely used in dental applications due to their excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility; however, maintaining phase stability and microstructural integrity during 3D printing remains challenging. In this study, bio-inspired dental implants were fabricated using lithography-based ceramic [...] Read more.

High-purity α-Al₂O₃ ceramics are widely used in dental applications due to their excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility; however, maintaining phase stability and microstructural integrity during 3D printing remains challenging. In this study, bio-inspired dental implants were fabricated using lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) and characterized structurally and mechanically. XRD confirmed phase-pure α-Al₂O₃ with high crystallinity, an average crystallite size of 28.68 nm, and low compressive microstrain. SEM revealed uniform, fine equiaxed grains (4.60 ± 0.28 µm) with good densification. The implants exhibited a Vickers hardness of 15.49 GPa and compressive strength of 991.5 MPa, demonstrating suitability for load-bearing dental applications. These findings demonstrate that lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) produces phase-pure and microstructurally uniform implants, confirming its viability for manufacturing bio-inspired dental implants with reliable mechanical performance. Full article

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12 pages, 1354 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exergy-Informed Machine Learning Framework for Optimizing Waste Heat-to-Power Conversion in Automotive Systems: A Meta-Analytic Study

by Luke Ajuka and Christopher Enweremadu

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031008 - 13 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study quantifies the benefit of integrating machine learning (ML) with exergy analysis for automotive waste heat-to-power (WHP) systems. A PRISMA 2020 systematic review (2015–2025) across Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science screened open-access peer-reviewed articles, yielding 19 eligible studies on organic Rankine [...] Read more.

This study quantifies the benefit of integrating machine learning (ML) with exergy analysis for automotive waste heat-to-power (WHP) systems. A PRISMA 2020 systematic review (2015–2025) across Scopus, ScienceDirect and Web of Science screened open-access peer-reviewed articles, yielding 19 eligible studies on organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermoelectric generator (TEG) and hybrid ORC–TEG configurations. A random-effects meta-analysis shows a pooled moderate-to-strong gain (Hedges’ g = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.31–0.67) and a symmetric funnel plot. ORC–ANN optimization is strongest (g = 0.61), followed by hybrid CFD–ML (0.55). Multi-objective ML (0.52) and TEG models (0.34–0.41) improved performance, supporting improved recovery and reduced fuel use and CO₂ emissions. Full article

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8 pages, 2273 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Cu Powder Oxygen Content on the 6063 Al Alloy/Cold-Sprayed Coating Interface

by Yanhong Yu, Manting Wu, Xianjian Cui, Qingsong Lu and Hongye Li

Mater. Proc. 2026, 32(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026032001 - 13 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study reveals the structure–property relationship between Cu powder characteristics on 6063 Al alloy surface and the interface behavior of cold spray coatings. Through systematic experiments, we examined the effects of different oxygen content in atomized Cu powder to deposition thickness and coating [...] Read more.

This study reveals the structure–property relationship between Cu powder characteristics on 6063 Al alloy surface and the interface behavior of cold spray coatings. Through systematic experiments, we examined the effects of different oxygen content in atomized Cu powder to deposition thickness and coating interface adhesion strength. Results showed that #2 Cu powder exhibited smooth surfaces with clear particle distribution and low oxygen content, while #1 powder contained more fine particles and higher oxygen content. Under identical process conditions, #2 cold spray coatings achieved thickness distributions ranging from 73.94 μm to 162.27 μm with excellent density, whereas #1 products displayed uneven thickness distribution (minimum 34.27 μm, maximum 136.69 μm) and crack formed between coatings. The adhesion strength between #2 products substrate and coating exceeded 70 MPa, which was 61 MPa higher than #1’s maximum adhesion strength. Full article

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9 pages, 2912 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Surface-Engineered Graphene Oxide–MXene–SLG Composite with Enhanced Bactericidal Properties

by Manish Pratap Singh, Avdhesh Kumar, Ankit Singh, Sarva Shakti Singh and Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026020 - 9 Apr 2026

Abstract

The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated an urgent need for innovative antimicrobial materials that inhibit microbial growth through physical and chemical surface interactions, as opposed to traditional biochemical methods. In this work, we synthesized a composite of graphene oxide (GO), single-layer [...] Read more.

The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated an urgent need for innovative antimicrobial materials that inhibit microbial growth through physical and chemical surface interactions, as opposed to traditional biochemical methods. In this work, we synthesized a composite of graphene oxide (GO), single-layer graphene (SLG), and delaminated MXene (d-MXene) by an ultrasonication-assisted technique. The synthesized materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) with elemental mapping to examine the structure and morphology of the GO/SLG/d-MXene composite. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against E. coli using the optical density method. The GO/SLG/d-MXene composite exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to GO, SLG, and d-MXene. These results indicate that the GO/SLG/d-MXene composite may serve as a promising antibacterial material. These nanomaterials may be further explored for surface-related antimicrobial applications in healthcare, sanitation, and environmental settings such as coatings for medical devices, disinfectant surfaces in hospitals, and treatment of contaminated water sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Online Conference on Materials)

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18 pages, 558 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Waste Tyre Management Options in South Africa and Their Environmental Impacts Using Life Cycle Assessment

by Nhlanhla Nkosi, Trust Nhubu, Athi-enkosi Mavukwana and Mohamed Belaid

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031007 - 9 Apr 2026

Abstract

The rapid growth of the population, industrialisation, and technological advancement has increased waste generation in many economies, including South Africa (SA). In 2019, 2020, and 2021, SA generated approximately 11.22 million, 5.90 million, and 10.42 million waste tyres, respectively. As general waste, tyres [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of the population, industrialisation, and technological advancement has increased waste generation in many economies, including South Africa (SA). In 2019, 2020, and 2021, SA generated approximately 11.22 million, 5.90 million, and 10.42 million waste tyres, respectively. As general waste, tyres require proper disposal due to their environmental impact. This study identifies and quantifies traditional waste tyre management strategies in SA and assesses their environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA). The SimaPro software (v9.4.0.2) and ReCiPe 2016 (v1.07) midpoint and endpoint methods were used to evaluate environmental consequences of tyre landfilling, open-air combustion, and exporting. In 2019, an estimated 163,375 tons of uncollected waste tyres was managed through landfilling (51%), open-air burning (4%), and exporting (1%). LCA findings showed that open-air combustion had the highest intermediate and long-term damaging effects on the atmosphere, releasing harmful gases and particulate matter linked to human health carcinogenic risks. Landfilling contributed significantly to long-term human carcinogenic toxicity and freshwater pollution, while exporting posed high resource depletion impacts. This study suggests that addressing waste tyre management challenges in SA requires a shift from traditional disposal methods toward reuse, recycling, and material and energy recovery to ensure more sustainable and ecologically responsible solutions. Full article

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12 pages, 4961 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Tool Pin Geometry on Elemental, Structural, Tensile, and Fracture Behavior of Friction Stir Processed AA 1100/17-4 PH SS Composites

by Tawanda Marazani, Velaphi Msomi and Sipokazi Mabuwa

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031003 (registering DOI) - 9 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study examines the influence of straight square (SQ) and taper threaded (TT) tool pin geometries on the friction stir processing (FSP) of pure aluminum-based composites. Both pins had a shoulder-to-pin ratio of 3, with FSP conducted at 2400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and [...] Read more.

This study examines the influence of straight square (SQ) and taper threaded (TT) tool pin geometries on the friction stir processing (FSP) of pure aluminum-based composites. Both pins had a shoulder-to-pin ratio of 3, with FSP conducted at 2400 rpm, 40 mm/min, and 11.2 kN axial force. Elemental and XRD analyses showed that the TT pin achieved superior reinforcement dispersion and formation of longer intermetallic chains. The TT pin also produced higher tensile strength (84.68 MPa) and elongation (27.92%), with SEM revealing ductile fracture features. The TT pin demonstrated better overall performance and is recommended for pure aluminum-based composite fabrication. Full article

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17 pages, 2363 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Co-Gasification of Waste Tyres and Automotive Paint Sludge: Modelling and Simulation with Aspen Plus

by Ndingalutendo Mulaudzi and Athi-enkosi Mavukwana

Mater. Proc. 2026, 31(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2026031002 - 7 Apr 2026

Abstract

Waste tyres, with their high carbon content and heating value that is greater than that of coal and biomass, present a potential feedstock for energy recovery. Similarly, automotive paint sludge (APS) is a hazardous waste rich in volatile and inorganics compounds, making it [...] Read more.

Waste tyres, with their high carbon content and heating value that is greater than that of coal and biomass, present a potential feedstock for energy recovery. Similarly, automotive paint sludge (APS) is a hazardous waste rich in volatile and inorganics compounds, making it difficult to dispose of safely, but it also has potential for thermochemical conversion. Gasification is a thermochemical process which can turn such wastes into syngas, a mixture mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be utilized to generate power and produce liquid fuels. To deal with challenges of single feedstock gasification, co-gasification combines two or more feedstocks, taking advantage of synergistic interactions to enhance syngas yield and overall efficiency. In this work, Aspen Plus simulation software is used to develop a model for the co-gasification of waste tyres and automotive paint sludge. Sensitivity analysis was performed with the aim of investigating and optimizing the overall process conditions of waste tyre and APS co-gasification. This study investigated the effect of air (ER) and water feed (SFR) and blend ratios on the adiabatic reaction temperature, product gas composition and heat value of the product syngas. Optimal operating ranges were identified as ER = 0.35–0.40 and SFR = 1.0–1.2 for tyre gasification, ER ≈ 0.50–0.55 for APS-only gasification, and ER = 0.40–0.48 with SFR = 0.8–1.0 for co-gasification blends. Adiabatic temperatures under recommended conditions were typically 700–800 °C. The LHV of syngas decreased with increasing ER, SFR, and APS fraction, falling from ~13 MJ/kg for tyre gasification to below 10 MJ/kg for APS-rich cases due to oxidation and dilution by CO₂ and ash. No positive synergistic effect in syngas quality was observed under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. APS primarily acted as an ash-rich, low-carbon diluent, reducing CO concentration, heating value and adiabatic temperature. However, potential catalytic interactions from APS mineral matter, which are not represented in the equilibrium model, may produce synergistic effects in practical gasifiers. Full article

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Journal Description

Materials Proceedings

Vol. 30

ANM 2025

Vol. 29

IOCG 2025

Vol. 28

SINAMEV 2025

Vol. 27

ISAMR 2025

Vol. 26

IOCM 2025

Vol. 25

IOCN 2025

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