The primary challenge to the commercialization of any electric vehicle is the performance management of the battery pack. The performance of the battery module is influenced by the resistance of the inter-cell connecting plates (ICCP) and the positio...
The market of accumulator based technologies is changing very fast, especially the electro mobility market due to different decisions made to reduce the impact on climate change. In most markets battery packs are used, which means accumulators are co...
In this paper, we propose a battery management algorithm to maximize the lifetime of a parallel-series connected battery pack with heterogeneous states of health in a battery energy storage system. The growth of retired lithium-ion batteries from ele...
Lithium-ion batteries are usually connected in series and parallel to form a pack for meeting the voltage and capacity requirements of energy storage systems. However, different pack configurations and battery module collector positions result in dif...
Inconsistencies that are associated with parallel-connected cells used in electric vehicles induce varied states of charge (SOCs) in each cell. Thus, loop current in the battery pack is inevitable, and this reduces overall capacity, energy utilizatio...
Inconsistencies in lithium-ion battery packs pose significant challenges for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems, causing diminished energy utilization and accelerated battery aging. This study investigates the characteristics and aging...
With the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as a promising method for battery pack diagnostics. However, existing EIS research has been predominantly limi...
Lithium-ion polymer batteries currently are the most popular vehicle onboard electric energy storage systems ranging from the 12 V/24 V starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) battery to the high-voltage traction battery pack in hybrid and electric ve...
Current distribution in serial–parallel battery packs is commonly assumed to be uniform in the absence of cell-to-cell variations. However, in practical systems, the electrical topology and finite resistance of current-collecting busbars can in...
This paper presents a novel integrated control architecture for automotive battery management systems (BMSs). The primary focus is on estimating the state of charge (SoC) and the state of health (SoH) of a battery pack made of sixteen parallel-connec...
The parameter inconsistency of the battery cells and the series-parallel connection mode are closely related to the battery pack capacity. Studying the degree of influence of battery pack capacity by battery cell parameters is of great significance t...
This work analyzes the effects of a BMS (battery management system) on the characterization and modeling of series and parallel connections of Li-ion cell packs. The Li-ion pack studied consists of four series modules connected in parallel. This pack...
Battery applications, such as electric vehicles, electric propulsion ships, and energy storage systems, are developing rapidly, and battery management issues are gaining attention. In this application field, a battery system with a high capacity and...
In this paper, we propose a battery management algorithm to optimize the lifetimes of retired lithium batteries with heterogeneous states of health in a battery energy storage system under dynamic power demand. A battery energy storage system allows...
Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems are made from sets of battery packs that are connected in series and parallel combinations depending on the application’s needs for power. To achieve optimal control, advanced battery management system...
The anode state of charge (SOC) and degradation information pertaining to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for understanding battery degradation over time. This information about each cell in a battery pack can help prolong the battery pack&rs...
In an electric vehicle, a large number of lithium-ion cells are connected in parallel. While cells in parallel increase the reliability of the battery pack, it increases the probability of current imbalance between the parallel branches, thus ageing...
Safety is one of the most important concerns for lithium-ion batteries due to the high energy density of the cells. In battery packs for HEV, PHEV, or EV applications, there exist dozens of lithium-ion cells that are connected in series and/or parall...
To meet the load voltage and power requirements for various specific needs, a typical lithium–ion battery (LIB) pack consists of different parallel and series combinations of individual cells in modules, which can go as high as tens of series a...
A new SOC (State-Of-Charge)–VOC (Voltage-of-Open-Circuit) mathematical model was proposed in this paper, which is particularly useful in parallel lithium battery modeling. When the battery strings are charged in parallel connection, the batteri...
In this paper, the authors propose to use batteries to improve the performance of grid-connected photovoltaic plants when their photovoltaic fields are subject to partial shading phenomena. Particular attention is devoted to predictable and repetitiv...
This paper deals with the state of charge (SoC) estimation of a lithium-ion battery pack (LiBP) connected by some cells in series and parallel. The voltage noise, noise and current bias of current through the LiBP are taken into account in the SoC es...
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electrical vehicles (EVs), but safety issues with LIBs still occur frequently. State of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are two crucial parameters for describing the state of LIBs. However, due t...
Electric Vehicles (EVs) play a significant role in the reduction of CO2 emissions and other health-threatening air pollutants Accordingly, several research studies are introduced owing to replacing conventional gasoline-powered vehicles with battery-...
The transportation sector is under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decarbonizing its operations. One prominent solution that has emerged is the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). As the electric vehicles market experiences...
This paper presents a straightforward power management algorithm that supervises the contribution of more than one energy source for charging a vehicle, even if the car is in motion. The system is composed of a wireless charging system, photovoltaic...
This work implements a smart boost converter to enable an electric bicycle to be powered by a battery/supercapacitor hybrid combination. A 36V, 250W front hub motor was retrofitted onto a normal geared bike powered by a 36V; 12Ah lithium ion phosphat...
Reliable pack-level battery systems capable of safely handling instantaneous high-C-rate discharge above 10C during take-off, climb, and hovering are required for the commercialization of urban air mobility (UAM) aircraft. However, pack-level studies...
Recently, the increased adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has significantly demanded new energy storage systems (ESS) technologies. In this way, Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the mainstream technology for this application. Lithium presents severa...
This paper presents a hybrid equalization (EQ) topology of lithium-ion batteries (LIB). Currently, LIBs are widely used for electric mobility due to their characteristics of high energy density and multiple recharge cycles. In an electric vehicle (EV...
To eliminate the influence of the inconsistency on the cycle life and the available capacity of battery packs, and improve the balancing speed, a novel inductor-based layered bidirectional equalizer (IBLBE) is proposed. The equalizer is composed of t...
Battery systems are one of the most important components for the development of flexible energy storage for future applications. These comprise energy storage in both the mobility sector and stationary applications. To ensure the safe operation of mu...
In electric vehicles, power batteries consist of numerous individual cells connected in series or parallel. Variations in manufacturing, operating conditions, and aging can lead to differences among these cells. Such inconsistencies can compromise th...
Manufacturing tolerances inevitably induce cell-to-cell inconsistencies. These inconsistent cells are connected in series and parallel to form battery packs, which will affect the safety and reliability of the battery system. This study presents a no...
In this paper, a modular cell balancing circuit based on a bidirectional flyback converter (BFC) is designed, which is equipped with a symmetrical BFC for each cell. The primary side of all BFCs is in parallel with the battery pack, and the secondary...
The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of the current ripple, originating from the dc-dc converter of e.g. a PHEV powertrain, on the ageing of Li-ion batteries. Most research concerning batteries focuses on very low (μHz) to low (Hz) freq...
The combination of lithium ion battery (LIB) and organic (polymer) solar cells is expected to deliver versatile self-rechargeable portable energy sources, but less attention has been paid to the charging characteristics of LIB-using polymer solar cel...
Renewable and distributed energy generation includes wind turbines, fuel cells, solar cells, and batteries. These distributed energy sources need special power converters in order to connect them to the grid and make the generated power available for...
Urban transport systems play a major role in the development of today’s societies, but they require technological changes to reduce their environmental impact. The problem lies in their level of autonomy, which is why electrical energy producti...