As renewables become more established in the electricity grid, the focus, and therefore adaptability, will need to shift from the generation side to the demand side. Since the building sector accounts for a large share of the energy demand, it will b...
The ambitious environmental goals set by the 2030 Climate Target Plan can be reached with a strong contribution coming from the residential sector and the exploitation of its flexibility, intended as the capacity of a building to shift its consumptio...
With the growing concern about decreasing CO
The transition to a sustainable society and a carbon-neutral economy by 2050 requires extensive deployment of renewable energy sources that, due to the aleatority and non-programmability of most of them, may seriously affect the stability of existing...
Buildings are increasingly required to accommodate distributed renewable generation while providing flexible demand and supporting power system operation. However, the existing review literature remains fragmented across photovoltaic (PV) systems, en...
The smart active residential buildings play a vital role to realize intelligent energy systems by harnessing energy flexibility from loads and storage units. This is imperative to integrate higher proportions of variable renewable energy generation a...
The EU energy and climate policy has set quantitative goals for decarbonization based on the energy efficiency and the evolution of energy systems. The utilization of demand side flexibility can help towards this direction and achieve the target of h...
This paper proposes a flexible modeling approach to develop a theoretical reference building (RB) for energy analysis. We designed an RB for five non-residential buildings, using dynamic simulation from statistically analyzed data of building stock i...
Building energy flexibility is essential for integrating renewables, optimizing energy use, and ensuring grid stability. While renewable and storage systems are increasingly used in buildings, poorly designed storage strategies often cause supply-dem...
A focal point of ongoing research is matching the energy demand in the built environment to the energy supply from onsite generation, to maximize the self-consumption, and from the energy grids, to lower energy costs and reduce peak loads on the syst...
The aim of this article is to identify how research on smart buildings has evolved in the context of the energy transition, with particular emphasis on energy flexibility, grid interaction, market integration, and policy barriers. The study addresses...
The insufficient flexibility of the hybrid renewable integrated energy system (HRIES) causes renewable power curtailment and weak operational performance. The regulation potential of flexible buildings is an effective method for handling this problem...
Unexpected power outages and extreme weather encouraged research on energy-resilient buildings throughout the world. Resilient building research mainly focuses on hot weather rather than cold extremes. This study defines resilience terminologies base...
The electricity sector foresees a significant change in the way energy is generated and distributed in the coming years. With the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, smart algorithms can determine the difference about how and when ene...
Electricity generation from renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and, in the long term, the cost of electricity in power grids. However, there is currently no strong positive correlation between greenhouse gas intensity and electricity s...
All-electric buildings are playing an important role in the electrification plan towards energy-neutral smart cities. Batteries are key components in all-electric buildings that can help the demand-side energy management as a flexibility asset and im...
The increasing penetration of renewable energy into the grid has given rise to an emerging challenge of maintaining the supply–demand balance. Conventional supply-side regulation is now insufficient to maintain this balance, necessitating flexi...
A chosen case study house forms the basis of this paper, which is a pilot energy-efficient social housing project, completed by one of the largest housing developers in the UK. The main aim of this study is to inform the redesign of flexible energy-...
This paper presents a general methodology to model and activate the energy flexibility of electrically heated school buildings. The proposed methodology is based on the use of archetypes of resistance–capacitance thermal networks for representa...
The current energy system is dealing with an increasing share of renewable energy that, because of its intermittent availability, can affect the effectiveness of the energy supply. To cope with the problem, buildings need to become energy flexible. A...
A significant amount of research has addressed the issue of energy consumption reduction and the use of natural ventilation. Nevertheless, fewer studies have discussed the use of vernacular solutions and their integration with modern architecture on...
Currently, in the European Economic Area (EEA), producers of building materials are implementing innovative solutions that provide a chance for the widespread construction of zero-emission and zero-energy buildings. However, they encounter legal barr...
This study analyzed the environmental role of a flexible canopy as a microclimate modifier in balancing indoor energy demands and outdoor thermal comfort. Flexible building elements are often installed in traditional buildings, depending on the local...
With the increasing use of renewable energy, the energy flexibility of buildings becomes increasingly important regarding grid support. Therefore, there is a need to describe this flexibility in a concise manner. For the characterization of building...
Energy management models for buildings have been designed primarily to reduce energy costs and improve efficiency. However, the focus has recently shifted to GEBs with a view toward balancing energy supply and demand while enhancing system flexibilit...
The low-carbon transition of the global energy system is an urgent necessity to address climate change and meet growing energy demand. As a major source of energy consumption and emissions, buildings play a key role in this transition. This study sys...
The penetration rates of intermittent renewable energies such as wind and solar energy have been increasing in power grids, often leading to a massive peak-to-valley difference in the net load demand, known as a “duck curve”. The power de...
Energy communities, also known as renewable or citizen energy communities, can be a source of innovative aggregation solutions at the local level. The unleashed flexibility potential of households could provide self-balancing services for local energ...
Buildings as prosumers have an important role in the energy aggregation market due to their potential flexible energy consumption and distributed energy resources. However, energy flexibility provided by buildings can be very complex and depend on ma...
This paper presents a software-based modular and hierarchical building energy management system (BEMS) to control the power consumption in sensor-equipped buildings. In addition, the need of this type of solution is also highlighted by presenting the...
The heating energy consumption in public buildings in cold regions is notably significant, presenting substantial scope for energy savings and emission reductions. Flexible loads can actively participate in controlling the operation of the power grid...
In this study, simulation work has been carried out to investigate the impact of a demand-side management control strategy in a residential nZEB. A refurbished apartment within a multi-family dwelling representative of Mediterranean building habits w...
In the face of increasingly severe global climate change, achieving zero-carbon development goals has gradually become a consensus across various industries. Enhancing the electrification level of building energy use and increasing the proportion of...
The paper presents the analysis of energy retrofitting, integration of renewable energy and activation of energy flexibility in a cluster of buildings in the surroundings of a port on the Mediterranean Sea in Southern Italy, with the aim of checking...
This paper proposes an active–reactive power collaborative scheduling model with cluster division for the flexible distributed energy resources (DERs) of smart-building systems to resolve the high complexity of the centralized optimal schedulin...
Energy efficiency, generation from renewable sources and more recently energy flexibility are key elements of present sustainability policies. However, we are beginning to see a recognition of the need to couple technological solutions with lifestyle...
Demand Response (DR) programs represent an effective way to optimally manage building energy demand while increasing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) integration and grid reliability, helping the decarbonization of the electricity sector. To fully expl...
Occupant behavior and business processes in a building environment constitute an inseparable set of important factors that drives energy consumption. Existing methodologies for building energy management lag behind in addressing these core parameters...
Accessing the demand-side management potential of the residential heating sector requires sophisticated control capable of predicting buildings’ response to changes in heating and cooling power, e.g., model-predictive control. However, while st...
The use of Building Energy Models (BEM) has become widespread to reduce building energy consumption. Projection of the model in the future to know how different consumption strategies can be evaluated is one of the main applications of BEM. Many ener...
The change from a centralized to a decentralized energy supply creates new challenges in the planning of such energy supply concepts. Specialized planning tools that can cope with the complex requirements and multi-layered boundary conditions of loca...
The market of energy services for the residential sector in Europe is very limited at present. Various reasons can be argued such as the high transaction costs in a highly fragmented market and the low energy consumption per dwelling. The rather long...
According to the European Energy Efficiency Directive for Buildings, member states are required to develop long-term strategies to adopt more sustainable, secure, and decarbonized energy systems in buildings by 2050. In this line of approach, an opti...
Modular buildings offer faster construction process, provide better construction quality, allow reducing construction waste and are potentially flexible. Frames of modular units can be made of metal, timber, concrete or mixed materials but lightweigh...
The photovoltaic–energy storage–direct current–flexibility (PEDF) system provides an integrated pathway for low-carbon and intelligent building energy management by combining on-site PV generation, electrical storage, DC distributio...
The implementation of model predictive controls (MPCs) in buildings represents an important opportunity to reduce energy consumption and to apply demand side management strategies. In order to be effective, the MPC should be provided with an accurate...
The growing deployment of distributed renewable generation, storage, electric vehicles, heat pumps, smart buildings, and controllable demand is expanding the flexibility available to local energy systems. Energy communities provide the governance con...
Decarbonisation and efficiency goals set as a response to global warming issue require appropriate decision-making strategies to promote an effective and timely change in energy systems. Conceptualization of change is a relevant part of energy transi...
Household room air conditioners (RACs) are widely used in residential buildings to maintain an indoor thermal climate in China’s hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone. The aggregate utilization of RACs in a region has a great impact on regiona...
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems account for the largest share of energy consumption in European Union (EU) buildings, representing approximately 40% of the final energy use and contributing significantly to carbon emissions....
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