Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) form an important part of industrial application. There has been growing interest in the potential use of WSNs in applications such as environment monitoring, disaster management, health care monitoring, intelligence s...
Energy-efficient routing has become a critical issue for advanced energy-hungry unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Routing in a flying ad hoc network is always challenging and becomes even more critical when a small number of UAVs must cover a large ar...
1 September 2026
Battery-powered IoT sensor nodes require energy-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols to extend network lifetime while supporting priority-sensitive traffic. This paper proposes a Priority-Aware Packet Aggregation/Piggybacking-Based (Priori...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a major role in various applications, but the main challenge is to maintain security and balanced energy efficiency. Classical routing protocols struggle to achieve both energy efficiency and security because they...
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have become one of the promising technologies for exploring underwater natural resources and collecting scientific data from the aquatic environment. As obstacles hinder the communications among sensor node...
Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have been considered as a powerful technique for many applications. However, acoustic communications in UWSNs bring in huge QoS issues for time-critical applications. Additionally, excessive contr...
The gradual increase in the maturity of sensor electronics has resulted in the increasing demand for wireless sensor networks for many industrial applications. One of the industrial platforms for efficient usage and deployment of sensor networks is s...
The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments has created an urgent need for energy-efficient communication strategies that can adapt to dynamic operational conditions. This study presents a novel adaptive protocol selection framework that...
Cluster-based hierarchical routing protocols play an essential role in decreasing the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) has been proposed as an application-specific protocol arch...
A cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is a wireless sensor network in which sensor nodes are equipped with cognitive radio. CRSNs benefit from cognitive radio capabilities such as dynamic spectrum access and transmission parameters reconfigurabili...
The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates different advanced technologies in which a wireless sensor network (WSN) with many smart micro-sensor nodes is an important portion of building various IoT applications such as smart agriculture systems, smart...
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become highly efficient in performing different operations in oceanic environments. Compared to terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs), MAC and routing protocols in UWSNs are prone to low bandwid...
In recent years, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have emerged as a prominent technique for delivering multimedia information such as still images and videos. Being under the great spotlight of research communities, however, multimedia del...
One of the major concerns in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is most of the sensor nodes are powered through limited lifetime of energy-constrained batteries, which majorly affects the performance, quality, and lifetime of the network. Therefore, div...
Medical emergency monitoring body sensor networks (BSNs) monitor the occurrence of medical emergencies and are helpful for the daily care of the elderly and chronically ill people. Such BSNs are characterized by rare traffic when there is no emergenc...
Deploying and effectively utilizing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in underwater habitats remains a challenging task. In underwater wireless sensors networks (UWSNs), the availability of a continuous energy source for communicating with nodes is eit...
The usage of wireless sensor devices in many applications, such as in the Internet of Things and monitoring in dangerous geographical spaces, has increased in recent years. However, sensor nodes have limited power, and battery replacement is not viab...
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) can be effectively used for time-critical sensing applications. UAVs can be used to collect the sensed data from sensors and transfer them to a base station. The real-time transfer...
In medical environments, a wireless body sensor network (WBSN) is used to operate remotely, and sensor nodes are employed. It consists of sensor nodes installed on a human body to monitor a patient’s condition, such as heartbeat, temperature, a...
The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) poses serious challenges in preserving network longevity since the IoT necessitates a considerable amount of energy usage for sensing, processing, and data communicati...
This paper proposes an adaptive duty-cycled hybrid X-MAC (ADX-MAC) protocol for energy-efficient forest fire prediction. The Asynchronous sensor network protocol, X-MAC protocol, acquires additional environmental status details from each forest fire...
The research work presents an artificial intelligence-driven, energy-aware data aggregation and routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with the primary objective of extending overall network lifetime. The proposed scheme leverages reinf...
Wireless sensor networks are at the center of scientific interest thanks to their ever-growing range of applications. The main weakness of wireless sensor networks is the restricted lifetime of their sensor nodes due to limited energy capacity. The e...
The increase of application areas in wireless sensor networks demands novel solutions in terms of energy consumption and radio frequency management. Cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs) are key for ensuring efficient spectrum management, by making...
Due to the dynamic and harsh underwater environment, which involves a long propagation delay, high bit error rate, and limited bandwidth, it is challenging to achieve reliable communication in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) and network s...
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are a pivotal solution for continuous health monitoring, but their energy constraints pose a significant challenge for long-term operation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art energy-effi...
The health industry is one of the most auspicious domains for the application of Internet of Things (IoT) based technologies. Lots of studies have been carried out in the health industry field to minimize the use of resources and increase the efficie...
Long range wide area networks (LoRaWANs) have recently received intense scientific, research, and industrial interest. LoRaWANs play a pivotal role in Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their capability to offer large coverage without sacri...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may be incorporated with thousands of small nodes. This gives them the capability to effectively sense, communicate, and compute parameters. However, the security and life span of a WSN node is a primary concern. This...
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently been viewed as the basic architecture that prepared the way for the Internet of Things (IoT) to arise. Nevertheless, when WSNs are linked with the IoT, a difficult issue arises due to excessive energy uti...
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are key enabling technology for the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT), supporting environmental monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster warning and surveillance. Existing routing approaches include de...
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are an important application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, in healthcare monitoring systems, it is important to screen the patient’s biometric signals. For example, the elderlies’ vi...
A reliable energy-efficient routing protocol plays a key role in underwater data transmission. In the face of acoustic communication challenges in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), including long propagation delay, topology change, limited...
The issues inherent in caring for an ever-increasing aged population has been the subject of endless debate and continues to be a hot topic for political discussion. The use of hospital-based facilities for the monitoring of chronic physiological con...
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology for sensing and monitoring the environment to reduce disaster impact. Energy is one of the major concerns for IoT devices, as sensors used in IoT devices are battery-operated. Thus, it is importa...
In this paper, novel energy-aware and reliable routing protocols are proposed. The aim is to maximize the lifespan of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) subject to predefined reliability constraints by using multi-hop routing schemes, in which the sourc...
Underwater wireless sensor networks are currently seeing broad research in various applications for human benefits. Large numbers of sensor nodes are being deployed in rivers and oceans to monitor the underwater environment. In the paper, we propose...
The commonly unattended and hostile deployments of WSNs and their resource-constrained sensor devices have led to an increasing demand for secure energy-efficient protocols. Routing and data aggregation receive the most attention since they are amo...
Energy-efficient and robust routing remains a critical problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where limited energy resources and dynamic topologies hinder performance. To address this challenge, a novel cluster-based routing protocol FGOGNN is p...
In this paper, we propose the Adaptive Power-Controlled Energy-Efficient Depth-Based Routing (APC-EEDBR) protocol. This protocol is designed to address the challenges posed by complex environments and limited resources in underwater-sensor networks....
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) contain sensor nodes that sense the data and then transfer them to the sink node or base station. Sensor nodes are operationalized through limited-power batteries. Therefore, improvement in energy consumpti...
A hot spot problem is a problem where cluster nodes near to the base station (BS) tend to drain their energy much faster than other nodes due to the need to perform more communication. Unequal clustering methods such as unequal clustering routing (UD...
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been around for over a decade and have been used in many important applications. Energy and reliability are two of the major problems with these kinds of applications. Reliable data delivery is an important issue...
Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are a type of challenged network where there is no guaranteed of end-to-path between the nodes for data delivery because of intermittent connectivity, node mobility and frequent topology changes. In such an environmen...
Due to the advancement of information and communication technologies, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased exponentially. In the development of IoT, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) perform a vital part and comprises of low-cost s...
Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained prominence in wireless sensor technology, featuring resource-limited sensor nodes deployed in challenging underwater environments. To address challenges like power consumption, network lifetime,...
Routing in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) is a daunting task owing to dynamic topology, intermittent connectivity, spectrum heterogeneity, and energy constraints. Other prominent aspects such as channel stability, path reliability, and rout...
Recent developments in electronics and wireless communications have enabled the improvement of low-power and low-cost wireless sensors networks (WSNs). One of the most important challenges in WSNs is to increase the network lifetime due to the limite...
The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has seen rapid growth in the development of real-time applications due to its ease of management and cost-effective attributes. However, the balance between optimization of network lifetime and load distribution betw...
Wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) generate a huge amount of multimedia data. Congestion is one of the most challenging open issues in WMSNs. Congestion causes low throughput, high packet loss and low energy efficiency. Congestion happens wh...
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