Nutrients

14 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Standard Hypercaloric, Hyperproteic vs. Leucine-Enriched Oral Supplements in Patients with Cancer-Induced Sarcopenia, a Randomized Clinical Trial

by Aura D. Herrera-Martínez, Soraya León Idougourram, Concepción Muñoz Jiménez, Rosa Rodríguez-Alonso, Rosario Alonso Echague, Sonia Chica Palomino, Ana Sanz Sanz, Gregorio Manzano García, María Ángeles Gálvez Moreno, Alfonso Calañas Continente and María José Molina Puertas

Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122726 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3958

Abstract

(1) Background: Malnutrition frequently affects patients with cancer, and it negatively impacts treatment tolerance, clinical outcomes and survival. Thus, appropriate nutritional screening and early nutrition support are extremely recommended. Currently, a significant number of oral supplements (OS) are commercially available; despite this, there [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Malnutrition frequently affects patients with cancer, and it negatively impacts treatment tolerance, clinical outcomes and survival. Thus, appropriate nutritional screening and early nutrition support are extremely recommended. Currently, a significant number of oral supplements (OS) are commercially available; despite this, there is a lack of evidence for recommending specific OS, including leucine-enriched OS, for nutritional support in patients with cancer. (2) Aim: To compare the clinical evolution of patients with cancer (undergoing systemic treatment) that received standard hypercaloric, whey protein-based hyperproteic oral supplements vs. hypercaloric, hyperproteic leucine-enriched OS using a novel morphofunctional nutritional evaluation. (3) Patients and methods: This paper details an open-label, controlled clinical study in which patients were randomly assigned to receive nutritional treatment with whey protein-based hyperproteic oral supplements (control group) vs. hypercaloric, hyperproteic leucine-enriched OS (intervention group) during a twelve-week period. Forty-six patients were included; epidemiological, clinical, anthropometric, ultrasound (muscle echography of the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps and abdominal adipose tissue) and biochemical evaluation were performed. All patients received additional supplementation with vitamin D. (4) Results: Nutritional parameters (including bioimpedance, anthropometric, ultrasound and biochemical variables) of all included patients remained stable after the nutritional intervention. Extracellular mass tended to increase in the patients that received the leucine-enriched formula. Functionality (evaluated through the stand-up test) improved in both groups (p < 0.001). Prealbumin, transferrin levels and superficial adipose tissue increased in the control group (p < 0.05), while self-reported quality of life improved in all the evaluated patients (p < 0.001). (5) Conclusions: Nutritional support with hypercaloric, hyperproteic (with whey protein) OS and vitamin D supplementation were associated with the maintenance of body composition and improvements in functionality and in quality of life in the patients with cancer undergoing systemic treatment. No significant benefits were observed when a leucine-enriched formula was used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer and Nutrition: From Epidemiology to Medical Nutrition Therapy)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Omega 3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids on Glucose Metabolism: An Updated Review

by Filippo Egalini, Ornella Guardamagna, Giulia Gaggero, Emanuele Varaldo, Beatrice Giannone, Guglielmo Beccuti, Andrea Benso and Fabio Broglio

Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122672 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 12027

Abstract

Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid [...] Read more.

Massive changes have occurred in our diet. A growing consumption of vegetal oils rich in omega-6 (ω-6) and a depletion of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FAs) in our food has led to an imbalance between ω-3 and ω-6. In particular, eicosapentaenoic (EPA)/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio seems to be an indicator of this derangement, whose reduction is associated to the development of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. Our aim was therefore to investigate the literature on the effects of ω-3 and ω-6 FAs on glucose metabolism. We discussed emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies and from clinical trials. Notably, conflicting results emerged. Source of ω-3, sample size, ethnicity, study duration and food cooking method may be responsible for the lack of univocal results. High EPA/AA ratio seems to be a promising indicator of better glycemic control and reduced inflammation. On the other hand, linoleic acid (LA) appears to be also associated to a minor incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is still not clear if the outcome is related to a reduced production of AA or to its intrinsic effect. More data derived from multicenter, prospective randomized clinical trials are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism)

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18 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Clinical Pathobiochemistry of Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency: Improving Our Understanding by Exploring Novel Mechanisms with a Focus on Diabetic Neuropathy

by Erwin Schleicher, Triantafyllos Didangelos, Evangelia Kotzakioulafi, Alexander Cegan, Andreas Peter and Konstantinos Kantartzis

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2597; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112597 - 1 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4775

Abstract

Vitamin B₁₂ (B₁₂) is an essential cofactor of two important biochemical pathways, the degradation of methylmalonic acid and the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. Methionine is an important donor of methyl groups for numerous biochemical reactions, including DNA synthesis and [...] Read more.

Vitamin B₁₂ (B₁₂) is an essential cofactor of two important biochemical pathways, the degradation of methylmalonic acid and the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. Methionine is an important donor of methyl groups for numerous biochemical reactions, including DNA synthesis and gene regulation. Besides hematological abnormalities (megaloblastic anemia or even pancytopenia), a deficiency in B₁₂ may cause neurological symptoms, including symptoms resembling diabetic neuropathy. Although extensively studied, the underlining molecular mechanism for the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is still unclear. Most studies have found a contribution of oxidative stress in the development of DPN. Detailed immunohistochemical investigations in sural nerve biopsies obtained from diabetic patients with DPN point to an activation of inflammatory pathways induced via elevated advanced glycation end products (AGE), ultimately resulting in increased oxidative stress. Similar results have been found in patients with B₁₂ deficiency, indicating that the observed neural changes in patients with DPN might be caused by cellular B₁₂ deficiency. Since novel results show that B₁₂ exerts intrinsic antioxidative activity in vitro and in vivo, B₁₂ may act as an intracellular, particularly as an intramitochondrial, antioxidant, independent from its classical, well-known cofactor function. These novel findings may provide a rationale for the use of B₁₂ for the treatment of DPN, even in subclinical early states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment in Diabetes)

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18 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies

by Sara Paola Mambrini, Francesca Menichetti, Simone Ravella, Marta Pellizzari, Ramona De Amicis, Andrea Foppiani, Alberto Battezzati, Simona Bertoli and Alessandro Leone

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112583 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 11114

Abstract

Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are energy-dense, nutritionally unbalanced products, low in fiber but high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar. Recently, UPF consumption has increased likewise the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. To highlight a possible relationship, we conducted a systematic review of [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are energy-dense, nutritionally unbalanced products, low in fiber but high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar. Recently, UPF consumption has increased likewise the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. To highlight a possible relationship, we conducted a systematic review of prospective studies from PubMed and Web of Science investigating the association between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Seventeen studies were selected. Eight evaluated the incidence of general and abdominal obesity, one the incidence of impaired fasting blood glucose, four the incidence of diabetes, two the incidence of dyslipidemia, and only one the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Studies’ quality was assessed according to the Critical Appraisal Checklist for cohort studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Substantial agreement emerged among the studies in defining UPF consumption as being associated with the incident risk of general and abdominal obesity. More limited was the evidence on cardiometabolic risk. Nevertheless, most studies reported that UPF consumption as being associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In conclusion, evidence supports the existence of a relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk. However, further longitudinal studies considering diet quality and changes over time are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality and Human Health)

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36 pages, 1426 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effectiveness of Lifestyle Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions for Childhood Obesity and Associated Comorbidities among Children from Minority Ethnic Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by George Obita and Ahmad Alkhatib

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112524 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 10394

Abstract

Lifestyle physical activity (PA) and nutrition are known to be effective interventions in preventing and managing obesity-related comorbidities among adult populations but less so among children and adolescents. We examined the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in children from minority ethnic populations in Western [...] Read more.

Lifestyle physical activity (PA) and nutrition are known to be effective interventions in preventing and managing obesity-related comorbidities among adult populations but less so among children and adolescents. We examined the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in children from minority ethnic populations in Western high-income countries (HICs). Our systematic review included 53 studies, involving 26,045 children from minority ethnic populations who followed lifestyle intervention programmes lasting between 8 weeks and 5 years with the aim of preventing and/or managing childhood obesity and associated comorbidities, including adiposity and cardiometabolic risks. The studies were heterogenous in terms of lifestyle intervention components (nutrition, PA, behavioural counselling) and settings (community vs. schools and after-school settings). Our meta-analysis included 31 eligible studies and showed no significant effects of lifestyle interventions when they focused on body mass index (BMI) outcomes (pooled BMI mean change = −0.09 (95% CI = −0.19, 0.01); p = 0.09). This was irrespective of the intervention programme duration (<6 months vs. ≥6 months), type (PA vs. nutrition/combined intervention) and weight status (overweight or obese vs. normal weight) as all showed nonsignificant effects in the sensitivity analysis. Nonetheless, 19 of the 53 studies reported reductions in BMI, BMI z-score and body fat percentage. However, the majority of lifestyle interventions adopting a quasi-design with combined primary and secondary obesity measures (11 out of 15 studies) were effective in reducing the obesity comorbidities of cardiometabolic risks, including metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, in overweight and obese children. Preventing childhood obesity in high-risk ethnic minority groups is best achieved using combined PA and nutrition intervention approaches, which jointly target preventing obesity and its comorbidities, especially the outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, public health stakeholders should integrate cultural and lifestyle factors and contextualise obesity prevention strategies among minority ethnic groups in Western HICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Lifelong Health)

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15 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Allergies in Children: A Literature Review

by Alexandru Cosmin Pantazi, Cristina Maria Mihai, Adriana Luminita Balasa, Tatiana Chisnoiu, Ancuta Lupu, Corina Elena Frecus, Larisia Mihai, Adina Ungureanu, Mustafa Ali Kassim Kassim, Antonio Andrusca, Maria Nicolae, Viviana Cuzic, Vasile Valeriu Lupu and Simona Claudia Cambrea

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112529 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7573

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota is a diverse and complex microecosystem that lives and thrives within the human body. The microbiota stabilizes by the age of three. This microecosystem plays a crucial role in human health, particularly in the early years of life. Dysbiosis has [...] Read more.

The intestinal microbiota is a diverse and complex microecosystem that lives and thrives within the human body. The microbiota stabilizes by the age of three. This microecosystem plays a crucial role in human health, particularly in the early years of life. Dysbiosis has been linked to the development of various allergic diseases with potential long-term implications. Next-generation sequencing methods have established that allergic diseases are associated with dysbiosis. These methods can help to improve the knowledge of the relationship between dysbiosis and allergic diseases. The aim of this review paper is to synthesize the current understanding on the development of the intestinal microbiota in children, the long-term impact on health, and the relationship between dysbiosis and allergic diseases. Furthermore, we examine the connection between the microbiome and specific allergies such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and food allergies, and which mechanisms could determine the induction of these diseases. Furthermore, we will review how factors such as mode of delivery, antibiotic use, breastfeeding, and the environment influence the development of the intestinal flora, as well as review various interventions for the prevention and treatment of gut microbiota-related allergies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Microbiota and Nutrition and Health: Proceedings from the 5th International Scientific Conference on Probiotics and Prebiotics)

11 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Inverse Association between Oxidative Balance Score and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Yu-Jin Kwon, Hye-Min Park and Jun-Hyuk Lee

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2497; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112497 - 27 May 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2609

Abstract

Mitigating the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be achieved through the maintenance of a healthy weight, the adoption of a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity. The oxidative balance score (OBS), an integrated measure of pro- and antioxidant [...] Read more.

Mitigating the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be achieved through the maintenance of a healthy weight, the adoption of a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity. The oxidative balance score (OBS), an integrated measure of pro- and antioxidant exposure conditions, represents an individual’s overall oxidative balance status. This study aimed to evaluate the association between OBS and T2DM incidence using data from a large, community-based, prospective cohort study. Data from 7369 participants aged 40–69 years who engaged in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) were analyzed. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for T2DM incidence of sex-specific OBS tertile groups were calculated using univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. During the mean 13.6-year follow-up period, 908 men and 880 women developed T2DM. The fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for incident T2DM of the middle and highest tertile groups, compared with the referent lowest tertile group, were 0.86 (0.77–1.02) and 0.83 (0.70–0.99) in men and were 0.94 (0.80–1.11) and 0.78 (0.65–0.94) in women, respectively. Individuals with a high OBS are at lower risk for the development of T2DM. This implies that lifestyle modification with more antioxidant properties could be a preventive strategy for T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Quality and Risk of Cardiometabolic and Diabetes)

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26 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Diet and Exercise Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Older Adults: A Narrative Review

by Mickeal N. Key and Amanda N. Szabo-Reed

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112495 - 27 May 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 11532

Abstract

The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and [...] Read more.

The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and the collective progress made toward understanding their impact on cognition and brain health. The diets covered in this review include the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and weight loss management. The exercise approaches covered in this review include endurance, resistance, combined exercise programs, yoga, tai chi, and high-intensity interval training. Although valuable evidence is building concerning how diet and exercise influence cognitive performance and brain structure, many of the open questions in the field are concerned with why we see these effects. Therefore, more strategically designed intervention studies are needed to reveal the likely multiple mechanisms of action in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)

15 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Understanding the Human Gut Microbiota and Its Implication in Pediatric Celiac Disease—A Narrative Review

by Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Laura Mihaela Trandafir, Anca Adam Raileanu, Cristina Maria Mihai, Ionela Daniela Morariu, Iuliana Magdalena Starcea, Adriana Mocanu, Lacramioara Ionela Butnariu, Gabriela Stoleriu, Delia Lidia Salaru, Tatiana Chisnoiu, Dragos Munteanu, Costica Mitrofan and Ancuta Lupu

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2499; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112499 - 27 May 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4785

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial disorder, defined by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Both genetic predisposition and dietary exposure to gluten are essential factors in triggering CD. However, there is proof that their presence is necessary, but not sufficient, [...] Read more.

Celiac disease (CD) is a multifactorial disorder, defined by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Both genetic predisposition and dietary exposure to gluten are essential factors in triggering CD. However, there is proof that their presence is necessary, but not sufficient, for disease development. Through gut microbiota modulation, several additional environmental factors have shown their potential role as co-factors in CD pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to illustrate the possible mechanisms that stand behind the gut microbiota’s involvement in CD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss microbiota manipulation’s potential role as both a preventative and therapeutic option. The available literature provides evidence that even before CD onset, factors including cesarean birth and formula feeding, as well as intestinal infection exposure, amplify the risk of CD in genetically predisposed individuals, due to their influence on the intestinal microbiome composition. Active CD was associated with elevated levels of several Gram-negative bacterial genera, including Bacteroides, Escherichia, and Prevotella, while beneficial bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were less abundant. Viral and fungal dysbiosis has also been described in CD, evidencing specific taxa alteration. A gluten-free diet (GFD) may improve the clinical symptoms and duodenal histopathology, but the persistence of intestinal dysbiosis in CD children under a GFD urges the need for additional therapy. Probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbial transplant have demonstrated their efficacy in restoring gut microbiota eubiosis in adult CD patients; however, their efficacy and safety as adjunctive therapies to a GFD in pediatric patients needs further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates in the Nutrition Therapy and Therapeutic Approach of Celiac Disease)

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15 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Aspects of Iron in Health and Disease

by Edouard Charlebois and Kostas Pantopoulos

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112441 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8889

Abstract

Dietary iron assimilation is critical for health and essential to prevent iron-deficient states and related comorbidities, such as anemia. The bioavailability of iron is generally low, while its absorption and metabolism are tightly controlled to satisfy metabolic needs and prevent toxicity of excessive [...] Read more.

Dietary iron assimilation is critical for health and essential to prevent iron-deficient states and related comorbidities, such as anemia. The bioavailability of iron is generally low, while its absorption and metabolism are tightly controlled to satisfy metabolic needs and prevent toxicity of excessive iron accumulation. Iron entry into the bloodstream is limited by hepcidin, the iron regulatory hormone. Hepcidin deficiency due to loss-of-function mutations in upstream gene regulators causes hereditary hemochromatosis, an endocrine disorder of iron overload characterized by chronic hyperabsorption of dietary iron, with deleterious clinical complications if untreated. The impact of high dietary iron intake and elevated body iron stores in the general population is not well understood. Herein, we summarize epidemiological data suggesting that a high intake of heme iron, which is abundant in meat products, poses a risk factor for metabolic syndrome pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. We discuss the clinical relevance and potential limitations of data from cohort studies, as well as the need to establish causality and elucidate molecular mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ironing Human Health: From Basic Discovery to Clinical Translational Medicine)

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20 pages, 5593 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modulation of the Intestinal Barrier Integrity and Repair by Microbiota Extracellular Vesicles through the Differential Regulation of Trefoil Factor 3 in LS174T Goblet Cells

by Yenifer Olivo-Martínez, Manel Bosch, Josefa Badia and Laura Baldomà

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112437 - 24 May 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3390

Abstract

Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) plays a key role in the maintenance and repair of intestinal mucosa. TFF3 expression is upregulated by the microbiota through TLR2. At the posttranscriptional level, TFF3 is downregulated by miR-7-5p. Reduced TFF3 levels have been detected in the damaged [...] Read more.

Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) plays a key role in the maintenance and repair of intestinal mucosa. TFF3 expression is upregulated by the microbiota through TLR2. At the posttranscriptional level, TFF3 is downregulated by miR-7-5p. Reduced TFF3 levels have been detected in the damaged tissue of IBD patients. Here, we investigate the regulation of TFF3 expression by microbiota extracellular vesicles (EVs) in LS174T goblet cells using RT-qPCR and inhibitors of the TLR2 or PI3K pathways. To evaluate the subsequent impact on epithelial barrier function, conditioned media from control and vesicle-stimulated LS174T cells were used to treat Caco-2 monolayers. The barrier-strengthening effects were evaluated by analysing the expression and subcellular distribution of tight junction proteins, and the repairing effects were assessed using wound-healing assays. The results showed a differential regulation of TFF3 in LS174T via EVs from the probiotic EcN and the commensal ECOR12. EcN EVs activated the TFF3 production through TLR2 and downregulated miR7-5-p through PI3K. Consistently, high levels of secreted TFF3 reinforced the tight junctions and stimulated wound healing in the Caco-2 cells. ECOR12 EVs did not cause these effects. TFF3 is a potential therapeutic target in IBD. This study contributes to understanding the molecular players (microbiota EVs) connecting gut microbes to health and may help in designing better nutritional interventions based on microbiota bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD))

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23 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018–2023)

by Magdalena Zielińska, Edyta Łuszczki and Katarzyna Dereń

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112433 - 23 May 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 13873

Abstract

Depression is classified as one of the most common mental disorders. Its prevalence has recently increased, becoming a growing public health threat. This review focuses on clarifying the role and importance of individual nutrients in the diet and the impact of nutrient deficiencies [...] Read more.

Depression is classified as one of the most common mental disorders. Its prevalence has recently increased, becoming a growing public health threat. This review focuses on clarifying the role and importance of individual nutrients in the diet and the impact of nutrient deficiencies on the risk of depression. Deficiencies in nutrients such as protein, B vitamins, vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, selenium, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids have a significant impact on brain and nervous system function, which can affect the appearance of depressive symptoms. However, it is important to remember that diet in itself is not the only factor influencing the risk of or helping to treat depression. There are many other aspects, such as physical activity, sleep, stress management, and social support, that also play an important role in maintaining mental health. The data review observed that most of the available analyses are based on cross-sectional studies. Further studies, including prospective cohort, case-control studies, are recommended to draw more reliable conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Sleep, Physical Activity and Mood Disorders)

38 pages, 2342 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Acute Effects of Dietary Fiber in Starchy Foods on Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Crossover Trials

by Sofia Tsitsou, Christina Athanasaki, George Dimitriadis and Emilia Papakonstantinou

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102383 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5884

Abstract

Dietary fiber (DF) consumption has been associated with improved glycemic control in epidemiological and long-term interventional studies. However, its acute effects are not yet clear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the postprandial effects of DF in starchy products on glycemia and insulinemia. [...] Read more.

Dietary fiber (DF) consumption has been associated with improved glycemic control in epidemiological and long-term interventional studies. However, its acute effects are not yet clear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the postprandial effects of DF in starchy products on glycemia and insulinemia. An electronic search of databases was conducted, and forty-one records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. It was shown that soluble DF does not clearly affect glycemia in individuals with normal weight, while resistant starch may be more effective in flattening glycemic responses. Concerning insulinemia, both soluble DF and resistant starch have mixed results, with either favorable or no effects. Data on insoluble DF and glucose metabolism are scarce. The same mixed results for glycemia can be seen in healthy volunteers with overweight/obesity, while resistant starch seems to improve insulinemic responses. Finally, more studies need to examine the acute effects of DF in starchy foods on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in individuals facing glucose abnormalities. Additionally, more studies are needed to prove whether ingesting high-fiber carbohydrate-containing products per se can result in blunted glycemic and insulinemic responses and which DF type and amount are more effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)

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27 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population’s Health

by Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska and Anna Winiarska-Mieczan

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102393 - 19 May 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 9063

Abstract

Table salt is the main source of sodium (Na) in the human diet. Excessive supply of Na in a diet is strongly linked to many non-communicable human diseases, such as hypertension, obesity and stomach cancer. The World Health Organization recommends that daily intake [...] Read more.

Table salt is the main source of sodium (Na) in the human diet. Excessive supply of Na in a diet is strongly linked to many non-communicable human diseases, such as hypertension, obesity and stomach cancer. The World Health Organization recommends that daily intake of salt in adult diets should be kept below 5 g/person/day, which corresponds to 2 g Na/person/day. However, on average, adults consume about 9–10 g/person/day, and children and young people about 7–8 g/person/day. Initiatives to reduce salt intake include modifications of food composition in collaboration with the food industry, education of consumers, salt marking on foodstuff labels and taxation of salt. A need also exists to educate society so that they choose low-sodium products. In view of the food technology and amount of salt intake, the most important and the easiest change to make is to reduce the content of salt in baked goods. This paper analyses the results of surveys regarding strategies to reduce salt content in food products and considers multifaceted initiatives to reduce salt intake as a possible efficient method of improving the population’s health status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Dietary Sodium and Improving Human Health 2.0)

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15 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Older Patients: A Narrative Review

by Michele Niero, Giulio Bartoli, Paolo De Colle, Marialaura Scarcella and Michela Zanetti

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102365 - 18 May 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7669

Abstract

The beneficial impact of dietary fiber on the prevention and management of several chronic conditions associated with aging, including diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is well-known. High fiber intake has been associated with reduced inflammatory mediators counteracting the low-grade chronic inflammation typical [...] Read more.

The beneficial impact of dietary fiber on the prevention and management of several chronic conditions associated with aging, including diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is well-known. High fiber intake has been associated with reduced inflammatory mediators counteracting the low-grade chronic inflammation typical of older age. In addition, dietary fiber improves postprandial glucose response and insulin resistance. In contrast, during acute diseases, its effects on insulin resistance and modulation of immune response are unclear. The aim of this narrative is to summarize the evidence for the potential impact of dietary fiber on inflammation and insulin resistance in older adults, with a particular focus on those acutely ill. Available evidence suggests that dietary fiber has the potential to counteract acute inflammation and to improve metabolic health. In addition, modulation of gut microbiota composition may contribute to improved immune function, particularly in the setting of aging-associated dysbiosis. This phenomenon has relevant implications in those acutely ill, in whom dysbiosis can be exacerbated. Our review leads to the conclusion that dietary interventions based on fiber manipulation could exploit its beneficial effects on inflammation and insulin resistance, if conducted from a precision nutrition perspective. This could also be true for the acutely ill patient, even though strong evidence is lacking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)

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11 pages, 564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Metal Homeostasis and Exposure in Distinct Phenotypic Subtypes of Insulin Resistance among Children with Obesity

by Álvaro González-Domínguez, María Millán-Martínez, Jesús Domínguez-Riscart, Alfonso María Lechuga-Sancho and Raúl González-Domínguez

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102347 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

Background: Trace elements and heavy metals have proven pivotal roles in childhood obesity and insulin resistance. However, growing evidence suggests that insulin resistance could encompass distinct phenotypic subtypes. Methods: Herein, we performed a comprehensive metallomics characterization of plasma samples from children and adolescents [...] Read more.

Background: Trace elements and heavy metals have proven pivotal roles in childhood obesity and insulin resistance. However, growing evidence suggests that insulin resistance could encompass distinct phenotypic subtypes. Methods: Herein, we performed a comprehensive metallomics characterization of plasma samples from children and adolescents with obesity and concomitant insulin resistance, who were stratified as early (N = 17, 11.4 ± 2.4 years), middle (N = 16, 11.8 ± 1.9 years), and late (N = 33, 11.7 ± 2.0 years) responders according to the insulin secretion profile in response to an oral glucose tolerance test. To this end, we employed a high-throughput method aimed at determining the biodistribution of various essential and toxic elements by analyzing total metal contents, metal-containing proteins, and labile metal species. Results: Compared with the early responders, participants with delayed glucose-induced hyperinsulinemia showed a worsened insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, 4.5 vs. 3.8) and lipid profile (total cholesterol, 160 vs. 144 mg/dL; LDL-cholesterol, 99 vs. 82 mg/dL), which in turn was accompanied by sharpened disturbances in the levels of plasmatic proteins containing chromium (4.8 vs. 5.1 µg/L), cobalt (0.79 vs. 1.2 µg/L), lead (0.021 vs. 0.025 µg/L), and arsenic (0.077 vs. 0.17 µg/L). A correlation analysis demonstrated a close inter-relationship among these multielemental perturbations and the characteristic metabolic complications occurring in childhood obesity, namely impaired insulin-mediated metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Conclusions: These findings highlight the crucial involvement that altered metal homeostasis and exposure may have in regulating insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia in childhood obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Metabolic Disease)

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16 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades

by Estefanía Herrera-Ramos, Laura Tomaino, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Santiago F. Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Maddi Osés, Marcela González-Gross, Narcis Gusi, Susana Aznar, Elena Marín-Cascales, Miguel Ángel González-Valeiro, Nicolás Terrados, Josep A. Tur, Marta Segú, Montserrat Fitó, Clara Homs, Juan Carlos Benavente-Marín, Idoia Labayen, Augusto G. Zapico, Jesús Sánchez-Gómez, Fabio Jiménez-Zazo, Pedro Emilio Alcaraz-Ramón, Marta Sevilla-Sanchez, Susana Pulgar-Muñoz, Cristina Bouzas, Clara Sistac-Sorigué, Helmut Schröder and Lluis Serra-Majem Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102348 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4443

Abstract

Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative [...] Read more.

Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative analysis of two cross-sectional nationwide representative studies: enKid (1998–2000, n = 1001) and PASOS (2019–2020, n = 3540). Taking into account the educational level of pupils, as well as the characteristics of the place of living, a significant association was found between a KIDMED score ≥ 8 (optimal MD adherence) and primary education as well as residency in an area of <50,000 inhabitants, while living in the southern regions was associated with non-optimal MD adherence (p < 0.001). Participants of the 2019–2020 study showed an increase in the consumption of dairy products (31.1% increase), pasta/rice (15.4% increase), olive oil (16.9% increase), and nuts (9.7% increase), as well as a decreased sweets and candies intake (12.6% reduction). In contrast, a significantly lower MD adherence was found when comparing the 2019–2020 (mean ± SE: 6.9 ± 0.04) and the 1998–2000 study (7.37 ± 0.08); p < 0.001), due to less consumption of fish (20.3% reduction), pulse (19.4% reduction), and fruits (14.9% reduction), and an increased intake of commercial goods/pastries or fast-food intake (both 19.4% increase). The lowest adherence was recorded for adolescents also in the most recent study, where 10.9% of them presented a KIDMED score ≤ 3. This study shows that eating habits are deteriorating among Spanish children and adolescents. Such findings point out the urgency of undertaking strong measures to promote the consumption of healthy, sustainable, and non-ultra-processed food, such as those available in an MD, not only at a scientific and academic level, but also at a governmental one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time Trends and Determinants of the Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Children and Adults)

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14 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbial Metabolism of the Soy Isoflavones Daidzein and Genistein in Postmenopausal Women: Human Intervention Study Reveals New Metabotypes

by Sebastian T. Soukup, Ann Katrin Engelbert, Bernhard Watzl, Achim Bub and Sabine E. Kulling

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102352 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3076

Abstract

Background: Soy isoflavones belong to the group of phytoestrogens and are associated with beneficial health effects but are also discussed to have adverse effects. Isoflavones are intensively metabolized by the gut microbiota leading to metabolites with altered estrogenic potency. The population is classified [...] Read more.

Background: Soy isoflavones belong to the group of phytoestrogens and are associated with beneficial health effects but are also discussed to have adverse effects. Isoflavones are intensively metabolized by the gut microbiota leading to metabolites with altered estrogenic potency. The population is classified into different isoflavone metabotypes based on individual metabolite profiles. So far, this classification was based on the capacity to metabolize daidzein and did not reflect genistein metabolism. We investigated the microbial metabolite profile of isoflavones considering daidzein and genistein. Methods: Isoflavones and metabolites were quantified in the urine of postmenopausal women receiving a soy isoflavone extract for 12 weeks. Based on these data, women were clustered in different isoflavone metabotypes. Further, the estrogenic potency of these metabotypes was estimated. Results: Based on the excreted urinary amounts of isoflavones and metabolites, the metabolite profiles could be calculated, resulting in 5 metabotypes applying a hierarchical cluster analysis. The metabotypes differed in part strongly regarding their metabolite profile and their estimated estrogenic potency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytoestrogens and Health)

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19 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnesium Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Disease

by Remi Fritzen, Amy Davies, Miriam Veenhuizen, Matthew Campbell, Samantha J. Pitt, Ramzi A. Ajjan and Alan J. Stewart

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102355 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 12194

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg²⁺) has many physiological functions within the body. These include important roles in maintaining cardiovascular functioning, where it contributes to the regulation of cardiac excitation–contraction coupling, endothelial functioning and haemostasis. The haemostatic roles of Mg²⁺ impact upon both the [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg²⁺) has many physiological functions within the body. These include important roles in maintaining cardiovascular functioning, where it contributes to the regulation of cardiac excitation–contraction coupling, endothelial functioning and haemostasis. The haemostatic roles of Mg²⁺ impact upon both the protein and cellular arms of coagulation. In this review, we examine how Mg²⁺ homeostasis is maintained within the body and highlight the various molecular roles attributed to Mg²⁺ in the cardiovascular system. In addition, we describe how nutritional and/or disease-associated magnesium deficiency, seen in some metabolic conditions, has the potential to influence cardiac and vascular outcomes. Finally, we also examine the potential for magnesium supplements to be employed in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders and in the management of cardiometabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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30 pages, 7822 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sex, Nutrition, and NAFLD: Relevance of Environmental Pollution

by Arianna Dolce and Sara Della Torre

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2335; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102335 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5547

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease and represents an increasing public health issue given the limited treatment options and its association with several other metabolic and inflammatory disorders. The epidemic, still growing prevalence of NAFLD [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease and represents an increasing public health issue given the limited treatment options and its association with several other metabolic and inflammatory disorders. The epidemic, still growing prevalence of NAFLD worldwide cannot be merely explained by changes in diet and lifestyle that occurred in the last few decades, nor from their association with genetic and epigenetic risk factors. It is conceivable that environmental pollutants, which act as endocrine and metabolic disruptors, may contribute to the spreading of this pathology due to their ability to enter the food chain and be ingested through contaminated food and water. Given the strict interplay between nutrients and the regulation of hepatic metabolism and reproductive functions in females, pollutant-induced metabolic dysfunctions may be of particular relevance for the female liver, dampening sex differences in NAFLD prevalence. Dietary intake of environmental pollutants can be particularly detrimental during gestation, when endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with the programming of liver metabolism, accounting for the developmental origin of NAFLD in offspring. This review summarizes cause–effect evidence between environmental pollutants and increased incidence of NAFLD and emphasizes the need for further studies in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Fertility Status: Relevance in Health and Disease)

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13 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Global Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Nutrition and Dietetic University Students: A Systematic Scoping Review

by Sarah Budhiwianto, Christie J. Bennett, Claire A. Bristow and Janeane Dart

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2317; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102317 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8373

Abstract

Background: Nutrition and dietetics (ND) training encourages behaviors that can be considered risk factors for eating disorders or disordered eating. This paper aims to explore the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) and predictors of eating disorders (/P-EDs) in ND students. Methods: A systematic [...] Read more.

Background: Nutrition and dietetics (ND) training encourages behaviors that can be considered risk factors for eating disorders or disordered eating. This paper aims to explore the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) and predictors of eating disorders (/P-EDs) in ND students. Methods: A systematic scoping review of the literature was performed on PubMed, ERIC, PsychINFO, OVID Medline, and Scopus in October 2022. Results: A total of 2097 papers were retrieved from the search, of which 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. The resultant literature reported that 4–32% of ND students were at high risk of EDs (n = 6 studies), and 23–89% could be classified as having orthorexia nervosa (n = 7 studies). Further, 37–86% reported body image/fat dissatisfaction (n = 10 studies), and 100% of students reported weight dissatisfaction (n = 1 study). Conclusions: This paper highlights the prevalence of EDs and P-EDs across ND students. Further research is warranted to explore the cause, context, and impact on ND students’ wellbeing and professional identity and supporting diversity within the profession. Future studies should also consider curriculum approaches to address this occupational hazard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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12 pages, 1015 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association of Pork (All Pork, Fresh Pork and Processed Pork) Consumption with Nutrient Intakes and Adequacy in US Children (Age 2–18 Years) and Adults (Age 19+ Years): NHANES 2011–2018 Analysis

by Sanjiv Agarwal and Victor L. Fulgoni III

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2293; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102293 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6646

Abstract

Pork is a rich source of high-quality protein and select nutrients. The objective of this work was to assess the intakes of all pork (AP), fresh pork (FP) and processed pork (PP) and their association with nutrient intake and meeting nutrient recommendations using [...] Read more.

Pork is a rich source of high-quality protein and select nutrients. The objective of this work was to assess the intakes of all pork (AP), fresh pork (FP) and processed pork (PP) and their association with nutrient intake and meeting nutrient recommendations using 24 h dietary recall data. Usual intake was determined using the NCI method and the percentage of the population with intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement, or above the Adequate Intake for pork consumers and non-consumers, was estimated. About 52, 15 and 45% of children and 59, 20 and 49% of adults were consumers of AP, FP and PP, respectively, with mean intakes in consumers of 47, 60 and 38 g/day for children and 61, 77 and 48 g/day for adults, respectively. Among consumers of AP, FP and PP, the intakes of copper, potassium, selenium, sodium, zinc, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B₆ and choline were higher (p < 0.05) and a higher (p < 0.05) proportion met nutrient recommendations for copper, potassium, zinc, thiamin and choline compared to non-consumers. There were additional differences (p < 0.05) in intakes and adequacies for other nutrients between consumers and non-consumers depending upon the age group and pork type. In conclusion, pork intake was associated with higher intakes and adequacies in children and adults for certain key nutrients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health)

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26 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Knowledge and Beliefs about Herb/Supplement Consumption and Herb/Supplement–Drug Interactions among the General Population, including Healthcare Professionals and Pharmacists: A Systematic Review and Guidelines for a Smart Decision System

by Artemisa R. Dores, Miguel Peixoto, Maria Castro, Catarina Sá, Irene P. Carvalho, Andreia Martins, Eva Maia, Isabel Praça and António Marques

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102298 - 13 May 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7213

Abstract

The increased consumption of a variety of herbs/supplements has been raising serious health concerns. Owing to an inadequate understanding of herb/supplement–drug interactions, the simultaneous consumption of these products may result in deleterious effects and, in extreme cases, even fatal outcomes. This systematic review [...] Read more.

The increased consumption of a variety of herbs/supplements has been raising serious health concerns. Owing to an inadequate understanding of herb/supplement–drug interactions, the simultaneous consumption of these products may result in deleterious effects and, in extreme cases, even fatal outcomes. This systematic review is aimed at understanding the knowledge and beliefs about the consumption of herbs/supplements and herb/drug–supplement interactions (HDIs). The study follows the PRISMA guidelines. Four online databases (Web of Science; PubMed; Cochrane; and EBSCOhost) were searched, and a total of 44 studies were included, encompassing 16,929 participants. Herb and supplement consumption is explained mostly by the reported benefits across multiple conditions and ease of use. Regarding HDIs, most people take both herbs/supplements and prescription drugs simultaneously. Only a small percentage of participants have knowledge about their interaction effects, and many reported adverse interactions or side effects. Nevertheless, the main reason for stopping the prescribed drug intake is the perceived lack of its effect, and not due to interactions. Therefore, it is important to increase the knowledge about supplement use so that further strategies can be elaborated to better detect or be alert for whenever a potentially dangerous reaction and/or interaction may occur. This paper raises awareness regarding the need for developing a decision support system and ends with some considerations about the development of a technological solution capable of detecting HDIs and, thereby, aiding in the improvement of pharmacy services. Full article

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17 pages, 5605 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut Microbial Metabolite Butyrate and Its Therapeutic Role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review

by Neeraja Recharla, Ramasatyaveni Geesala and Xuan-Zheng Shi

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102275 - 11 May 2023

Cited by 67 | Viewed by 25037

Abstract

Background and objective: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by aberrant immune responses and compromised barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. IBD is associated with altered gut microbiota and their metabolites in [...] Read more.

Background and objective: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by aberrant immune responses and compromised barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. IBD is associated with altered gut microbiota and their metabolites in the colon. Butyrate, a gut microbial metabolite, plays a crucial role in regulating immune function, epithelial barrier function, and intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we aim to present an overview of butyrate synthesis and metabolism and the mechanism of action of butyrate in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and to discuss the therapeutic implications of butyrate in IBD. Methods: We searched the literature up to March 2023 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as butyrate, inflammation, IBD, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis. Clinical studies in patients and preclinical studies in rodent models of IBD were included in the summary of the therapeutic implications of butyrate. Results: Research in the last two decades has shown the beneficial effects of butyrate on gut immune function and epithelial barrier function. Most of the preclinical and clinical studies have shown the positive effect of butyrate oral supplements in reducing inflammation and maintaining remission in colitis animal models and IBD patients. However, butyrate enema showed mixed effects. Butyrogenic diets, including germinated barley foodstuff and oat bran, are found to increase fecal butyrate concentrations and reduce the disease activity index in both animal models and IBD patients. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that butyrate is a potential add-on therapy to reduce inflammation and maintain IBD remission. Further clinical studies are needed to determine if butyrate administration alone is an effective therapeutic treatment for IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet–Host–Microbiota Interaction to Regulate Intestinal Homeostasis)

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18 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Carotenoids Diet: Digestion, Gut Microbiota Modulation, and Inflammatory Diseases

by Helena R. Rocha, Marta C. Coelho, Ana M. Gomes and Manuela E. Pintado

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102265 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6429

Abstract

Several epidemiologic studies have found that consuming fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of getting a variety of chronic illnesses, including several types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and bowel diseases. Although there is still debate over the bioactive components, various secondary plant [...] Read more.

Several epidemiologic studies have found that consuming fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of getting a variety of chronic illnesses, including several types of cancers, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and bowel diseases. Although there is still debate over the bioactive components, various secondary plant metabolites have been linked to these positive health benefits. Many of these features have recently been connected to carotenoids and their metabolites’ effects on intracellular signalling cascades, which influence gene expression and protein translation. Carotenoids are the most prevalent lipid-soluble phytochemicals in the human diet, are found in micromolar amounts in human serum, and are very susceptible to multiple oxidation and isomerisation reactions. The gastrointestinal delivery system, digestion processes, stability, and functionality of carotenoids, as well as their impact on the gut microbiota and how carotenoids may be effective modulators of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, are still lacking research advances. Although several pathways involved in carotenoids’ bioactivity have been identified, future studies should focus on the carotenoids’ relationships, related metabolites, and their effects on transcription factors and metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Western Diet and Lifestyles on Inflammatory Diseases: Emerging Strategies from Prevention to Treatment)

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19 pages, 4194 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ultra-Processed Food Intake Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Alex E. Henney, Conor S. Gillespie, Uazman Alam, Theresa J. Hydes and Daniel J. Cuthbertson

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2266; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102266 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10884

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to chronic caloric excess and physical inactivity. Previous meta-analyses have confirmed associations between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and obesity and T2D. We aim to ascertain the [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to chronic caloric excess and physical inactivity. Previous meta-analyses have confirmed associations between ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and obesity and T2D. We aim to ascertain the contribution of UPF consumption to the risk of developing NAFLD. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO (CRD42022368763)). All records registered on Ovid Medline and Web of Science were searched from inception until December 2022. Studies that assessed UPF consumption in adults, determined according to the NOVA food classification system, and that reported NAFLD determined by surrogate (steatosis) scores, imaging or liver biopsy were included. The association between UPF consumption and NAFLD was assessed using random-effects meta-analysis methods. Study quality was assessed, and evidence credibility evaluated, using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and NutriGrade systems, respectively. A total of 5454 records were screened, and 112 records underwent full text review. From these, 9 studies (3 cross-sectional, 3 case-control and 3 cohort), analysing 60,961 individuals, were included in the current review. Both moderate (vs. low) (pooled relative risk 1.03 (1.00–1.07) (p = 0.04) (I² = 0%)) and high (vs. low) (1.42 (1.16–1.75) (<0.01) (I² = 89%)) intake of UPF significantly increased the risk of NAFLD. Funnel plots demonstrate low risk of publication bias. Consumption of UPF is associated with NAFLD with a dose–response effect. Public health measures to reduce overconsumption of UPF are imperative to reduce the burden of NAFLD, and the related conditions, obesity and T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From NAFLD to MAFLD: The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Its Pathophysiology and Treatment)

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18 pages, 2539 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Obesity, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolome: From Pathophysiology to Nutritional Interventions

by Zivana Puljiz, Marko Kumric, Josip Vrdoljak, Dinko Martinovic, Tina Ticinovic Kurir, Marin Ozren Krnic, Hrvoje Urlic, Zeljko Puljiz, Jurica Zucko, Petra Dumanic, Ivana Mikolasevic and Josko Bozic

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102236 - 9 May 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8385

Abstract

Obesity is a disorder identified by an inappropriate increase in weight in relation to height and is considered by many international health institutions to be a major pandemic of the 21st century. The gut microbial ecosystem impacts obesity in multiple ways that yield [...] Read more.

Obesity is a disorder identified by an inappropriate increase in weight in relation to height and is considered by many international health institutions to be a major pandemic of the 21st century. The gut microbial ecosystem impacts obesity in multiple ways that yield downstream metabolic consequences, such as affecting systemic inflammation, immune response, and energy harvest, but also the gut–host interface. Metabolomics, a systematized study of low-molecular-weight molecules that take part in metabolic pathways, represents a serviceable method for elucidation of the crosstalk between hosts’ metabolism and gut microbiota. In the present review, we confer about clinical and preclinical studies exploring the association of obesity and related metabolic disorders with various gut microbiome profiles, and the effects of several dietary interventions on gut microbiome composition and the metabolome. It is well established that various nutritional interventions may serve as an efficient therapeutic approach to support weight loss in obese individuals, yet no agreement exists in regard to the most effective dietary protocol, both in the short and long term. However, metabolite profiling and the gut microbiota composition might represent an opportunity to methodically establish predictors for obesity control that are relatively simple to measure in comparison to traditional approaches, and it may also present a tool to determine the optimal nutritional intervention to ameliorate obesity in an individual. Nevertheless, a lack of adequately powered randomized trials impedes the application of observations to clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Composition, Eating Habits and Their Impact on Metabolic Diseases)

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18 pages, 1891 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Does the Mediterranean Diet Have Any Effect on Lipid Profile, Central Obesity and Liver Enzymes in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Subjects? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials

by Cristian Del Bo’, Simone Perna, Sabika Allehdan, Ayesha Rafique, Sara Saad, Fahad AlGhareeb, Mariangela Rondanelli, Reema F. Tayyem, Mirko Marino, Daniela Martini and Patrizia Riso

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102250 - 9 May 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6466

Abstract

The effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet (MD) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) subjects has been evaluated in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the overall effects of MD intervention in a cohort of NAFLD patients [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet (MD) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) subjects has been evaluated in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the overall effects of MD intervention in a cohort of NAFLD patients targeting specific markers such as central obesity, lipid profile, liver enzymes and fibrosis, and intrahepatic fat (IHF). Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were explored to collect relevant studies from the last 10 years. RCTs with NAFLD subjects were included in this systematic review with a mean intervention duration from 6 weeks to 1 year, and different intervention strategies, mainly including energy restriction MD (normal or low glycaemic index), low-fat MD with increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and increased exercise expenditure. The outcomes measured in this meta-analysis were gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC), waist circumference (WC), and liver fibrosis. Ten randomized controlled trials, which involved a total of 737 adults with NAFLD, were included. According to the results, the MD seems to decrease the liver stiffness (kPa) by –0.42 (CI95% –0.92, 0.09) (p = 0.10) and significantly reduce the TC by –0.46 mg/dl (CI95% –0.55, −0.38) (p = 0.001), while no significant findings were documented for liver enzymes and WC among patients with NAFLD. In conclusion, the MD might reduce indirect and direct outcomes linked with NAFLD severity, such as TC, liver fibrosis, and WC, although it is important to consider the variations across trials. Further RCTs are necessary to corroborate the findings obtained and provide further evidence on the role of the MD in the modulation of other disorders related to NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Browning of Adipocytes: A Potential Therapeutic Approach to Obesity

by Vittoria Schirinzi, Carolina Poli, Chiara Berteotti and Alessandro Leone

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092229 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4430

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity suggests that current strategies based on diet, exercise, and pharmacological knowledge are not sufficient to tackle this epidemic. Obesity results from a high caloric intake and energy storage, the latter by white adipose tissue (WAT), and [...] Read more.

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity suggests that current strategies based on diet, exercise, and pharmacological knowledge are not sufficient to tackle this epidemic. Obesity results from a high caloric intake and energy storage, the latter by white adipose tissue (WAT), and when neither are counterbalanced by an equally high energy expenditure. As a matter of fact, current research is focused on developing new strategies to increase energy expenditure. Against this background, brown adipose tissue (BAT), whose importance has recently been re-evaluated via the use of modern positron emission techniques (PET), is receiving a great deal of attention from research institutions worldwide, as its main function is to dissipate energy in the form of heat via a process called thermogenesis. A substantial reduction in BAT occurs during normal growth in humans and hence it is not easily exploitable. In recent years, scientific research has made great strides and investigated strategies that focus on expanding BAT and activating the existing BAT. The present review summarizes current knowledge about the various molecules that can be used to promote white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and energy expenditure in order to assess the potential role of thermogenic nutraceuticals. This includes tools that could represent, in the future, a valid weapon against the obesity epidemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modulation by Dietary Supplements in Obesity)

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22 pages, 1196 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Short-Chain Fatty-Acid-Producing Bacteria: Key Components of the Human Gut Microbiota

by William Fusco, Manuel Bernabeu Lorenzo, Marco Cintoni, Serena Porcari, Emanuele Rinninella, Francesco Kaitsas, Elena Lener, Maria Cristina Mele, Antonio Gasbarrini, Maria Carmen Collado, Giovanni Cammarota and Gianluca Ianiro

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092211 - 6 May 2023

Cited by 348 | Viewed by 26070

Abstract

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a key role in health and disease, as they regulate gut homeostasis and their deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and cardiometabolic disorders. SCFAs are metabolites of specific bacterial [...] Read more.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a key role in health and disease, as they regulate gut homeostasis and their deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and cardiometabolic disorders. SCFAs are metabolites of specific bacterial taxa of the human gut microbiota, and their production is influenced by specific foods or food supplements, mainly prebiotics, by the direct fostering of these taxa. This Review provides an overview of SCFAs’ roles and functions, and of SCFA-producing bacteria, from their microbiological characteristics and taxonomy to the biochemical process that lead to the release of SCFAs. Moreover, we will describe the potential therapeutic approaches to boost the levels of SCFAs in the human gut and treat different related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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17 pages, 1470 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Fibers in Healthy Children and in Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Practical Guide

by Silvia Salvatore, Maria Serena Battigaglia, Elena Murone, Eugenia Dozio, Licia Pensabene and Massimo Agosti

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092208 - 6 May 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8521

Abstract

Dietary fibers include non-digestible plant carbohydrates, lignin and resistant starch. Dietary fibers provide immune, cardiovascular, metabolic and intestinal beneficial effects in humans. Fibers naturally present in foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals) or used as supplements have different physical, chemical and functional profiles. This [...] Read more.

Dietary fibers include non-digestible plant carbohydrates, lignin and resistant starch. Dietary fibers provide immune, cardiovascular, metabolic and intestinal beneficial effects in humans. Fibers naturally present in foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, cereals) or used as supplements have different physical, chemical and functional profiles. This narrative review provides an update to the knowledge on the effects of dietary fibers in healthy subjects and in children with gastrointestinal disorders. Soluble fibers are digested by gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids and energy for colonocytes, and may exert prebiotic effects that promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Non-soluble fibers are bulking agents and may improve intestinal transit. The exact amount and characteristics of the fiber requirement in infants and children need to be further established. There are limited data evaluating fibers in children with gastrointestinal disorders. The low intake of fibers has been associated with constipation, but the intake of excessive fibers is not recommended as it may cause flatulence and abdominal discomfort. Certain fibers (particularly psyllium in irritable bowel syndrome) have shown beneficial effects in children with gastrointestinal disorders, but the limited and heterogenous data do not currently allow a specific recommendation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Children)

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12 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Measurement of Serum Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride-Rich Remnant Cholesterol as Independent Predictors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Possibilities and Limitations

by Dieter Lütjohann, Hans-Ulrich Klör and Frans Stellaard

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092202 - 5 May 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4041

Abstract

The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is the dominant clinical parameter to judge a patient’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence supports the theory that cholesterol in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) contributes significantly to the atherogenic risk, independent of [...] Read more.

The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is the dominant clinical parameter to judge a patient’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence supports the theory that cholesterol in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) contributes significantly to the atherogenic risk, independent of LDL-C. Therefore, combined analysis of both targets and adequate treatment may improve prevention of CVD. The validity of TRL-C calculation is solely dependent on the accuracy of the LDL-C measurement. Direct measurement of serum LDL- C is more accurate than established estimation procedures based upon Friedewald, Martin–Hopkins, or Sampson equations. TRL-C can be easily calculated as total C minus high density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) minus LDL-C. Enhanced serum LDL-C or TRL-C concentrations require different therapeutic approaches to lower the atherogenic lipoprotein C. This review describes the different atherogenic lipoproteins and their possible analytical properties and limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Dietary Cholesterol to Blood Cholesterol)

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17 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Health and Gut Microbiota

by Thomas M. Barber, Stefan Kabisch, Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer and Martin O. Weickert

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092150 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 11279

Abstract

The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is plant-based and consists of multiple daily portions of vegetables, fruit, cereals, and olive oil. Although there are challenges with isolating the MD from the typical Mediterranean lifestyle and culture (including prolonged ‘social’ meals and siestas), much evidence supports [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is plant-based and consists of multiple daily portions of vegetables, fruit, cereals, and olive oil. Although there are challenges with isolating the MD from the typical Mediterranean lifestyle and culture (including prolonged ‘social’ meals and siestas), much evidence supports the health benefits of the MD that include improved longevity, reduced metabolic risk of Diabetes Mellitus, obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome, reduced risk of malignancy and cardiovascular disease, and improved cognitive function. The MD is also associated with characteristic modifications to gut microbiota, mediated through its constituent parts (primarily dietary fibres, extra virgin olive oil, and polyunsaturated fatty acids [including ω-3]). These include enhanced growth of species that produce short-chain fatty acids (butyrate), such as Clostridium leptum and Eubacterium rectale, enhanced growth of Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species, and reduced growth of Firmicutes and Blautia species. Such changes in gut microbiota are known to be associated favourably with inflammatory and oxidative status, propensity for malignancy and overall metabolic health. A key challenge for the future is to explore the extent to which the health benefits of the MD are mediated by such changes to gut microbiota. The MD confers both health and environmental benefits. Adoption of the MD should perhaps be encouraged and facilitated more generally and not just restricted to populations from Mediterranean regions. However, there are key challenges to this approach that include limited perennial availability of the constituent parts of the MD in some non-Mediterranean regions, intolerability of a high-fibre diet for some people, and potential cultural disconnects that juxtapose some traditional (including Western) diets with the MD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Gut Microbiota)

15 pages, 1721 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Effects of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Regional Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

by Ryan Burke, Alec Piñero, Max Coleman, Adam Mohan, Max Sapuppo, Francesca Augustin, Alan A. Aragon, Darren G. Candow, Scott C. Forbes, Paul Swinton and Brad J. Schoenfeld

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092116 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 59114

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to carry out a systematic review with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined the combined effects of resistance training (RT) and creatine supplementation on regional changes in muscle mass, with direct imaging measures of hypertrophy. [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper was to carry out a systematic review with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined the combined effects of resistance training (RT) and creatine supplementation on regional changes in muscle mass, with direct imaging measures of hypertrophy. Moreover, we performed regression analyses to determine the potential influence of covariates. We included trials that had a duration of at least 6 weeks and examined the combined effects of creatine supplementation and RT on site-specific direct measures of hypertrophy (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or ultrasound) in healthy adults. A total of 44 outcomes were analyzed across 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. A univariate analysis of all the standardized outcomes showed a pooled mean estimate of 0.11 (95% Credible Interval (CrI): −0.02 to 0.25), providing evidence for a very small effect favoring creatine supplementation when combined with RT compared to RT and a placebo. Multivariate analyses found similar small benefits for the combination of creatine supplementation and RT on changes in the upper and lower body muscle thickness (0.10–0.16 cm). Analyses of the moderating effects indicated a small superior benefit for creatine supplementation in younger compared to older adults (0.17 (95%CrI: −0.09 to 0.45)). In conclusion, the results suggest that creatine supplementation combined with RT promotes a small increase in the direct measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in both the upper and lower body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise Metabolism and Recovery)

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23 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Women and Reproductive Health across the Lifespan: A Narrative Review

by Maria Karolina Szmidt, Dominika Granda, Dawid Madej, Ewa Sicinska and Joanna Kaluza

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2131; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092131 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8565

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been previously proven to have various health-related benefits; however, its effect on women’s reproductive health over a lifespan is yet to be summarized. This study aimed to summarize the evidence-based knowledge regarding the association between the MD and [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been previously proven to have various health-related benefits; however, its effect on women’s reproductive health over a lifespan is yet to be summarized. This study aimed to summarize the evidence-based knowledge regarding the association between the MD and selected reproductive health outcomes. By searching PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, as well as reference lists, 21 studies were included in this narrative review. The available evidence was very limited; however, there is some suggestion that higher adherence to the MD may be positively associated with a lower risk of early age menarche (1 study) and shorter menstrual cycles (1 study), but is unrelated to dysmenorrhea (1 study). Moreover, no study to date has examined the relationship between the MD and the onset age of natural menopause. Considering reproductive health diseases, there was limited evidence that a higher adherence to the MD was associated with a lower risk of premenstrual syndrome (1 study), an improvement in sexual health and a lower prevalence of sexual dysfunction (3 studies), and an improvement in the general condition of with endometriosis and the pain they can experience (1 study). The largest number of studies were found for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS; 7 studies) and infertility (6 studies). Results showed that a higher adherence to the MD was associated with a lower risk of infertility, while results for PCOS were unclear, but mostly indicated a beneficial trend. Further investigations are necessary to establish the role of adherence to the MD in reproductive health maintenance and its possible role in the prevention and treatment of reproductive health diseases in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 888 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Beta-Glucans of Cereals: Functional and Technological Properties

by Anna Lante, Elisa Canazza and Paolo Tessari

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092124 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7232

Abstract

β-glucans are a polymeric dietary fiber characterized by β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers. They are often used as thickeners, stabilizers, and fat substitutes in foods. The functional and technological quality of β-glucans is attributed to their origin/source, molecular weight, and [...] Read more.

β-glucans are a polymeric dietary fiber characterized by β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers. They are often used as thickeners, stabilizers, and fat substitutes in foods. The functional and technological quality of β-glucans is attributed to their origin/source, molecular weight, and structural properties. In particular, physical treatments such as drying, cooking, freezing, and refrigeration influence their molecular, morphological, and rheological characteristics. In addition to their useful technical qualities, β-glucans are recognized for their numerous beneficial impacts on human health. For this reason, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has provided a positive opinion on health claims such as cholesterol lowering and hypoglycemic properties relating to oats and barley β-glucans. This paper provides insight into the properties of β-glucans and different treatments affecting their characteristics and then reviews the latest research on β-glucans as a functional ingredient for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)

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16 pages, 328 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical Activity, Rather Than Diet, Is Linked to Lower Insulin Resistance in PCOS Women—A Case-Control Study

by Justyna Jurczewska, Joanna Ostrowska, Magdalena Chełchowska, Mariusz Panczyk, Ewa Rudnicka, Marek Kucharski, Roman Smolarczyk and Dorota Szostak-Węgierek

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2111; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092111 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5272

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The importance of lifestyle interventions in the management of PCOS is strongly highlighted and it is suggested that diet and physical activity may significantly influence insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we evaluated the [...] Read more.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The importance of lifestyle interventions in the management of PCOS is strongly highlighted and it is suggested that diet and physical activity may significantly influence insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we evaluated the link between diet and physical activity and various indices of insulin resistance, including adipokines secreted by the adipose tissue in 56 PCOS and 33 healthy control women. The original food frequency questionnaire and Actigraph GT3X-BT were used to assess the adherence to the diet recommended in IR and the level of physical activity, respectively. We observed that higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower HOMA-IR and a greater chance of its normal value in PCOS group. No such relationship was observed for other IR indices and adipokines or for the diet. However, we noted a strong correlation between HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) and HOMA-AD (Homeostatic Model Assessment-Adiponectin) in PCOS women. Additionally, when we used HOMA-AD we observed a higher prevalence of IR among PCOS women. Our study supports the beneficial role of physical activity in the management of insulin resistance in PCOS women. Moreover, our findings indicate that HOMA-AD may be a promising surrogate marker for insulin resistance assessment in women with PCOS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions and Women’s Health)

15 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationship between Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia and Lipid Triad and Scales That Assess Insulin Resistance

by Hernán Paublini, Angel Arturo López González, Carla Busquets-Cortés, Pilar Tomas-Gil, Pere Riutord-Sbert and José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092105 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2753

Abstract

Background: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia (AD) and lipid triad (LT) are characterised by high triglyceride levels together with low HDL and normal or high LDL cholesterol and are favoured by a persistent state of insulin resistance (IR), which increases the release of free fatty acids [...] Read more.

Background: Atherogenic dyslipidaemia (AD) and lipid triad (LT) are characterised by high triglyceride levels together with low HDL and normal or high LDL cholesterol and are favoured by a persistent state of insulin resistance (IR), which increases the release of free fatty acids from abdominal adipose tissue. This alteration in the lipid profile favours the accelerated development of atherosclerosis, which is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in all countries in the developed and developing world. One of the elements that plays a major role in the genesis of AD is IR. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between variables that assess atherogenic risk (AD and LT) and scales that assess the risk of presenting insulin resistance. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 418,343 workers was conducted to evaluate atherogenic dyslipidaemia and lipid triad; a relationship with three insulin resistance risk scales (Triglycerides/HDL, TyG index, METS-IR) was established. The usefulness of IR risk scales for predicting AD and LT was calculated by applying ROC curves, obtaining the area under the curve (AUC) and cut-off points with their sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index. Multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of high-risk values for insulin resistance with all of the scales is much higher in people with AD and LT compared to those without. The ROC curves present us with an AUC with the three insulin resistance risk scales for the two dyslipidaemias studied with figures ranging between 0.856 and 0.991, which implies that the results are good/very good. Conclusions: A relationship between atherogenic dyslipidaemia and the three insulin resistance risk scales assessed is revealed, with higher IR mean values and prevalence in people with atherogenic dyslipidaemia and lipid triad. The three scales make it possible to adequately classify the presence of AD and LT. The highest AUC is presented by the triglycerides/HDL scale, with a result close to 1. METS-IR is the most recommended formula to estimate insulin resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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23 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Status and Its Detection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

by Beata Jabłońska and Sławomir Mrowiec

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081991 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7083

Abstract

Malnutrition is an important issue in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). It is caused by altered digestion and absorption within the small bowel, inadequate food intake, and drug–nutrient interactions in patients. Malnutrition is an [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is an important issue in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). It is caused by altered digestion and absorption within the small bowel, inadequate food intake, and drug–nutrient interactions in patients. Malnutrition is an essential problem because it is related to an increased risk of infections and poor prognosis in patients. It is known that malnutrition is also related to an increased risk of postsurgery complications in IBD patients. Basic nutritional screening involves anthropometric parameters with body mass index (BMI) and others (fat mass, waist-to-hip ratio, muscle strength), medical history concerning weight loss, and biochemical parameters (including the Prognostic Nutritional Index). Besides standard nutritional screening tools, including the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Nutritional Risk Score 2002 (NRS 2002), and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), specific nutritional screening tools are used in IBD patients, such as the Saskatchewan Inflammatory Bowel Disease–Nutrition Risk Tool (SaskIBD-NR Tool and IBD-specific Nutritional Screening Tool). There is a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies (including iron, zinc, magnesium) and vitamin deficiencies (including folic acid, vitamin B12 and D) in IBD patients. Therefore, regular evaluation of nutritional status is important in IBD patients because many of them are undernourished. An association between plasma ghrelin and leptin and nutritional status in IBD patients has been observed. According to some authors, anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNFα) therapy (infliximab) can improve nutritional status in IBD patients. On the other hand, improvement in nutritional status may increase the response rate to infliximab therapy in CD patients. Optimization of nutritional parameters is necessary to improve results of conservative and surgical treatment and to prevent postoperative complications in patients with IBDs. This review presents basic nutritional screening tools, anthropometric and laboratory parameters, dietary risk factors for IBDs, common nutrient deficiencies, associations between anti-TNFα therapy and nutritional status, selected features regarding the influence of nutritional status, and surgical outcome in IBD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity in Autoimmune Diseases)

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14 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Soy and Gastrointestinal Health: A Review

by Damien P. Belobrajdic, Genevieve James-Martin, Darren Jones and Cuong D. Tran

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081959 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9801

Abstract

Soybean is the most economically important legume globally, providing a major source of plant protein for millions of people; it offers a high-quality, cost-competitive and versatile base-protein ingredient for plant-based meat alternatives. The health benefits of soybean and its constituents have largely been [...] Read more.

Soybean is the most economically important legume globally, providing a major source of plant protein for millions of people; it offers a high-quality, cost-competitive and versatile base-protein ingredient for plant-based meat alternatives. The health benefits of soybean and its constituents have largely been attributed to the actions of phytoestrogens, which are present at high levels. Additionally, consumption of soy-based foods may also modulate gastrointestinal (GI) health, in particular colorectal cancer risk, via effects on the composition and metabolic activity of the GI microbiome. The aim of this narrative review was to critically evaluate the emerging evidence from clinical trials, observational studies and animal trials relating to the effects of consuming soybeans, soy-based products and the key constituents of soybeans (isoflavones, soy proteins and oligosaccharides) on measures of GI health. Our review suggests that there are consistent favourable changes in measures of GI health for some soy foods, such as fermented rather than unfermented soy milk, and for those individuals with a microbiome that can metabolise equol. However, as consumption of foods containing soy protein isolates and textured soy proteins increases, further clinical evidence is needed to understand whether these foods elicit similar or additional functional effects on GI health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

37 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Health Effects of Red Wine Consumption: A Narrative Review of an Issue That Still Deserves Debate

by Mauro Lombardo, Alessandra Feraco, Elisabetta Camajani, Massimiliano Caprio and Andrea Armani

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081921 - 16 Apr 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 11831

Abstract

A strong controversy persists regarding the effect of red wine (RW) consumption and health. Guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancers discourage alcohol consumption in any form, but several studies have demonstrated that low RW intake may have positive effects [...] Read more.

A strong controversy persists regarding the effect of red wine (RW) consumption and health. Guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancers discourage alcohol consumption in any form, but several studies have demonstrated that low RW intake may have positive effects on CVD risk. This review evaluated randomised controlled trials (RCTs), examining the recent literature on the correlations between acute and chronic RW consumption and health. All RCTs published in English on PubMed from 1 January 2000 to 28 February 2023 were evaluated. Ninety-one RCTs were included in this review, seven of which had a duration of more than six months. We assessed the effect of RW on: (1) antioxidant status, (2) cardiovascular function, (3) coagulation pathway and platelet function, (4) endothelial function and arterial stiffness, (5) hypertension, (6) immune function and inflammation status, (7) lipid profile and homocysteine levels, (8) body composition, type 2 diabetes and glucose metabolism, and (9) gut microbiota and the gastrointestinal tract. RW consumption mostly results in improvements in antioxidant status, thrombosis and inflammation markers, lipid profile, and gut microbiota, with conflicting results on hypertension and cardiac function. Notably, beneficial effects were observed on oxidative stress, inflammation, and nephropathy markers, with a modest decrease in CVD risk in five out of seven studies that evaluated the effect of RW consumption. These studies were conducted mainly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and had a duration between six months and two years. Additional long-term RCTs are needed to confirm these benefits, and assess the potential risks associated with RW consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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27 pages, 4129 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Natural Pigments Production and Their Application in Food, Health and Other Industries

by Eleonora Di Salvo, Giovanna Lo Vecchio, Rita De Pasquale, Laura De Maria, Roberta Tardugno, Rossella Vadalà and Nicola Cicero

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081923 - 16 Apr 2023

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 12079

Abstract

In addition to fulfilling their function of giving color, many natural pigments are known as interesting bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. These compounds have various applications. In recent times, in the food industry, there has been a spread of natural pigment application [...] Read more.

In addition to fulfilling their function of giving color, many natural pigments are known as interesting bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. These compounds have various applications. In recent times, in the food industry, there has been a spread of natural pigment application in many fields, such as pharmacology and toxicology, in the textile and printing industry and in the dairy and fish industry, with almost all major natural pigment classes being used in at least one sector of the food industry. In this scenario, the cost-effective benefits for the industry will be welcome, but they will be obscured by the benefits for people. Obtaining easily usable, non-toxic, eco-sustainable, cheap and biodegradable pigments represents the future in which researchers should invest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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23 pages, 2738 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Antioxidant Compounds from Edible Mushrooms as Potential Candidates for Treating Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Grazia Maria Liuzzi, Tania Petraglia, Tiziana Latronico, Aniello Crescenzi and Rocco Rossano

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081913 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8698

Abstract

The last century has seen an increase in our life expectancy. As a result, various age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), have emerged, representing new challenges to society. Oxidative stress (OS), a condition of redox imbalance resulting from excessive production of reactive [...] Read more.

The last century has seen an increase in our life expectancy. As a result, various age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), have emerged, representing new challenges to society. Oxidative stress (OS), a condition of redox imbalance resulting from excessive production of reactive oxygen species, represents a common feature that characterizes the brains of elderly people, thus contributing to NDs. Consequently, antioxidant supplementation or dietary intake of antioxidant-containing foods could represent an effective preventive and therapeutic intervention to maintain the integrity and survival of neurons and to counteract the neurodegenerative pathologies associated with aging. Food contains numerous bioactive molecules with beneficial actions for human health. To this purpose, a wide range of edible mushrooms have been reported to produce different antioxidant compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, polysaccharides, vitamins, carotenoids, ergothioneine, and others, which might be used for dietary supplementation to enhance antioxidant defenses and, consequently, the prevention of age-related neurological diseases. In this review, we summarized the role of oxidative stress in age-related NDs, focusing on the current knowledge of the antioxidant compounds present in edible mushrooms, and highlighting their potential to preserve healthy aging by counteracting age-associated NDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Healthy Aging)

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34 pages, 3238 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phytochemicals in Cancer Treatment and Cancer Prevention—Review on Epidemiological Data and Clinical Trials

by Anna Rudzińska, Pola Juchaniuk, Jakub Oberda, Jolanta Wiśniewska, Witold Wojdan, Katarzyna Szklener and Sławomir Mańdziuk

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081896 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 6566

Abstract

Phytochemicals are a non-nutritive substances that are present in plants and contribute significantly to their flavor and color. These biologically active compounds are classified into five major groups, namely phenolics, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alkaloids, and are known for their potential [...] Read more.

Phytochemicals are a non-nutritive substances that are present in plants and contribute significantly to their flavor and color. These biologically active compounds are classified into five major groups, namely phenolics, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alkaloids, and are known for their potential health benefits in the prevention of various diseases, including cancer. The purpose of this review article is to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of the dietary phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, carotenoids, and stilbenes, in cancer treatment and prevention based on the epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Although the majority of epidemiological studies report a significant advantage of the heightened phytochemical consumption and increased serum levels of these compounds, linking increased exposure with a lower cancer risk across most cancer types, these effects could not be replicated in the most available clinical trials. In fact, many of these trials were withdrawn early due to a lack of evidence and/or risk of harm. Despite the strong anticancer effect of phytochemicals, as well as their proven efficacy in multiple epidemiological studies, there is still a great need for human studies and clinical trials, with great caution regarding the safety measures. This review article provides an overview of the epidemiological and clinical evidence supporting the potential chemopreventive and anticancer properties of phytochemicals, with a focus on the need for further research in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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28 pages, 1446 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotic and Probiotic Modulation of the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Depression

by Daniel E. Radford-Smith and Daniel C. Anthony

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081880 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 14638

Abstract

Emerging evidence demonstrates that alterations to the gut microbiota can affect mood, suggesting that the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis contributes to the pathogenesis of depression. Many of these pathways overlap with the way in which the gut microbiota are thought to contribute to metabolic [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence demonstrates that alterations to the gut microbiota can affect mood, suggesting that the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis contributes to the pathogenesis of depression. Many of these pathways overlap with the way in which the gut microbiota are thought to contribute to metabolic disease progression and obesity. In rodents, prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to modulate the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Together with germ-free rodent models, probiotics have provided compelling evidence for a causal relationship between microbes, microbial metabolites, and altered neurochemical signalling and inflammatory pathways in the brain. In humans, probiotic supplementation has demonstrated modest antidepressant effects in individuals with depressive symptoms, though more studies in clinically relevant populations are needed. This review critically discusses the role of the MGB axis in depression pathophysiology, integrating preclinical and clinical evidence, as well as the putative routes of communication between the microbiota–gut interface and the brain. A critical overview of the current approaches to investigating microbiome changes in depression is provided. To effectively translate preclinical breakthroughs in MGB axis research into novel therapies, rigorous placebo-controlled trials alongside a mechanistic and biochemical understanding of prebiotic and probiotic action are required from future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Reviews on Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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29 pages, 1831 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effect of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota

by Andrea Conz, Mario Salmona and Luisa Diomede

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081869 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 17965

Abstract

The human gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, consists of more than 1500 species distributed in more than 50 different phyla, with 99% of bacteria coming from about 30–40 species. The colon alone, which contains the largest [...] Read more.

The human gut microbiota, a complex community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, consists of more than 1500 species distributed in more than 50 different phyla, with 99% of bacteria coming from about 30–40 species. The colon alone, which contains the largest population of the diverse human microbiota, can harbor up to 100 trillion bacteria. The gut microbiota is essential in maintaining normal gut physiology and health. Therefore, its disruption in humans is often associated with various pathological conditions. Different factors can influence the composition and function of the gut microbiota, including host genetics, age, antibiotic treatments, environment, and diet. The diet has a marked effect, impacting the gut microbiota composition, beneficially or detrimentally, by altering some bacterial species and adjusting the metabolites produced in the gut environment. With the widespread use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in the diet, recent investigations have focused on their effect on the gut microbiota as a mediator of the potential impact generated by gastrointestinal-related disturbances, such as insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation. We summarized the results from pre-clinical and clinical studies published over the last ten years that examined the single effects of the most consumed NNS: aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose, and saccharin. Pre-clinical studies have given conflicting results for various reasons, including the administration method and the differences in metabolism of the same NNS among the different animal species. A dysbiotic effect of NNS was observed in some human trials, but many other randomized controlled trials reported a lack of significant impacts on gut microbiota composition. These studies differed in the number of subjects involved, their dietary habits, and their lifestyle; all factors related to the baseline composition of gut microbiota and their response to NNS. The scientific community still has no unanimous consensus on the appropriate outcomes and biomarkers that can accurately define the effects of NNS on the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle, the Gut Microbiome, and Our Well-Being)

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16 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Targeting the Muscle–Brain Axis

by Beatrice Arosio, Riccardo Calvani, Evelyn Ferri, Hélio José Coelho-Junior, Angelica Carandina, Federica Campanelli, Veronica Ghiglieri, Emanuele Marzetti and Anna Picca

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081853 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 8390

Abstract

Declines in physical performance and cognition are commonly observed in older adults. The geroscience paradigm posits that a set of processes and pathways shared among age-associated conditions may also serve as a molecular explanation for the complex pathophysiology of physical frailty, sarcopenia, and [...] Read more.

Declines in physical performance and cognition are commonly observed in older adults. The geroscience paradigm posits that a set of processes and pathways shared among age-associated conditions may also serve as a molecular explanation for the complex pathophysiology of physical frailty, sarcopenia, and cognitive decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic alterations, declines in cellular stemness, and altered intracellular signaling have been observed in muscle aging. Neurological factors have also been included among the determinants of sarcopenia. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are synapses bridging nervous and skeletal muscle systems with a relevant role in age-related musculoskeletal derangement. Patterns of circulating metabolic and neurotrophic factors have been associated with physical frailty and sarcopenia. These factors are mostly related to disarrangements in protein-to-energy conversion as well as reduced calorie and protein intake to sustain muscle mass. A link between sarcopenia and cognitive decline in older adults has also been described with a possible role for muscle-derived mediators (i.e., myokines) in mediating muscle–brain crosstalk. Herein, we discuss the main molecular mechanisms and factors involved in the muscle–brain axis and their possible implication in cognitive decline in older adults. An overview of current behavioral strategies that allegedly act on the muscle–brain axis is also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary and Metabolic Patterns on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults)

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26 pages, 2625 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Emerging Roles of Gut Microbial Modulation of Bile Acid Composition in the Etiology of Cardiovascular Diseases

by Tess Yntema, Debby P. Y. Koonen and Folkert Kuipers

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081850 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8255

Abstract

Despite advances in preventive measures and treatment options, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death globally. Recent research has challenged the traditional risk factor profile and highlights the potential contribution of non-traditional factors in CVD, such as the gut microbiota [...] Read more.

Despite advances in preventive measures and treatment options, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one cause of death globally. Recent research has challenged the traditional risk factor profile and highlights the potential contribution of non-traditional factors in CVD, such as the gut microbiota and its metabolites. Disturbances in the gut microbiota have been repeatedly associated with CVD, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. Mechanistic studies support a causal role of microbiota-derived metabolites in disease development, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and bile acids, with the latter being elaborately discussed in this review. Bile acids represent a class of cholesterol derivatives that is essential for intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, plays an important role in cholesterol turnover and, as more recently discovered, acts as a group of signaling molecules that exerts hormonal functions throughout the body. Studies have shown mediating roles of bile acids in the control of lipid metabolism, immunity, and heart function. Consequently, a picture has emerged of bile acids acting as integrators and modulators of cardiometabolic pathways, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in CVD. In this review, we provide an overview of alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism found in CVD patients, describe the molecular mechanisms through which bile acids may modulate CVD risk, and discuss potential bile-acid-based treatment strategies in relation to CVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Dietary Cholesterol to Blood Cholesterol)

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42 pages, 2162 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Human Milk Composition and Nutritional Status of Omnivore Human Milk Donors Compared with Vegetarian/Vegan Lactating Mothers

by Noelia Ureta-Velasco, Kristin Keller, Diana Escuder-Vieco, Javier Fontecha, María V. Calvo, Javier Megino-Tello, José C. E. Serrano, Carmen Romero Ferreiro, Nadia Raquel García-Lara and Carmen R. Pallás-Alonso

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081855 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5892

Abstract

Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition [...] Read more.

Women of childbearing age in Western societies are increasingly adopting vegetarian diets. These women are sometimes rejected as milk donors, but little about the composition of their milk is known. The present study aimed to compare the intake, nutritional status, and nutritional composition of human milk from omnivore human milk donors (Donors) and vegetarian/vegan lactating mothers (Veg). Milk, blood, and urine samples from 92 Donors and 20 Veg were used to determine their fatty acid profiles, as well as vitamins and minerals. In a representative sample of both groups, we also determined the lipid class profile as a distribution of neutral and polar lipids, the molecular species of triacylglycerols, and the relative composition of phospholipids in their milk. A dietary assessment was conducted with a five-day dietary record (while considering the intake of supplements). We highlight the following results, expressed as the mean (SE), for the Veg vs. Donors: (1) Their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was 0.11 (0.03) vs. 0.38 (0.03) g/day; the plasma DHA was 0.37 (0.07) vs. 0.83 (0.06)%; and the milk DHA was 0.15 (0.04) vs. 0.33 (0.02)%. (2) Their milk B12 levels were 545.69 (20.49) vs. 482.89 (4.11) pM; 85% of the Veg reported taking B12 supplements (mean dose: 312.1 mcg/day); and the Veg group showed no differences with Donors in terms of total daily intake or plasma B12. (3) Their milk phosphatidylcholine levels were 26.88 (0.67) vs. 30.55 (1.10)%. (4) Their milk iodine levels were 126.42 (13.37) vs. 159.22 (5.13) mcg/L. In conclusion, the Vegs’ milk was shown to be different from the Donors’ milk, mainly due to its low DHA content, which is concerning. However, raising awareness and ensuring proper supplementation could bridge this gap, as has already been achieved for cobalamin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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16 pages, 544 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of a Switch to Plant-Based Foods That Visually and Functionally Mimic Animal-Source Meat and Dairy Milk for the Australian Population—A Dietary Modelling Study

by Anita S. Lawrence, Huiying Huang, Brittany J. Johnson and Thomas P. Wycherley

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081825 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 8010

Abstract

Sales of plant-based ‘meat’ and ‘milk’—products that mimic the visual and functional characteristics of animal-source foods—have increased rapidly during the past decade and are predicted to continue to increase. As plant-based ‘meat’ and ‘milk’ are nutritionally dissimilar to the animal-source originals, this study [...] Read more.

Sales of plant-based ‘meat’ and ‘milk’—products that mimic the visual and functional characteristics of animal-source foods—have increased rapidly during the past decade and are predicted to continue to increase. As plant-based ‘meat’ and ‘milk’ are nutritionally dissimilar to the animal-source originals, this study aimed to estimate the nutritional implications for the Australian population of substituting ‘Easily Swappable’ animal-source meat and dairy milk with plant-based imitation products. Computer simulation modelling was undertaken using dietary intake data collected in 2011–12 from a nationally representative survey sample. Conservative and Accelerated dietary transition scenarios were modelled in which various amounts of dairy milk and animal-source meat were replaced with plant-based ‘milk’ and plant-based ‘meat’, for the entire population and for various sub-populations. The scenarios were based on sales reports and economic projections. Modelling revealed that the intake of nutrients already at risk of inadequate intake, such as iodine and vitamin B12 (particularly for females), zinc (particularly for males) and n-3 long-chain fatty acids (for adults), would likely be adversely impacted in an Accelerated scenario. In conclusion, widespread replacement of dairy milk and animal-source meat with plant-based ‘milk’ and ‘meat’ may increase the risk of nutritional inadequacies in the Australian population. Messages and policy actions promoting the transition to more environmentally sustainable diets should be designed to avoid such adverse nutritional impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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