Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. State-of-the-Art of Intermittent and Periodic Fasting
4. Physiological Pathways of Fasting
5. Impact of Fasting as an Adjuvant Therapy in T1DM and T2DM
5.1. Fasting and Its Effects on T1DM
5.2. Fasting and Its Effects on the Prevention of T2DM
5.3. Pharmacotherapy and Fasting in T2DM
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author and Year | Sample Size | Fasting Regime | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Al-Ozairi et al. (2019) [62] | n = 43 | RF | ↓ hypoglycemia |
El-Hawary et al. (2016) [63] | n = 53 (children) | RF | ↓ fructosamine |
↑ TCH and LDL | |||
↓ HbA1c | |||
Reiter et al. (2007) [8] | n = 43 | prolonged fasting (>25 h) | ↓ insulin dosage |
↑ HbA1c | |||
Hassanein et al. (2020) [61] | n (<18 years) = 370 n = 279 (fasted) | RF | holistic reported hypoglycemia (60.7%) |
n (>18 years) = 1113 n = 761 (fasted) | holistic reported hyperglycemia (44.8%) | ||
Salti et al. (2004) [64] | n = 11,173 | RF | holistic reported hypoglycemia (0.14 episodes/Ramadan vs. 0.03 episodes/other months) |
Mohamed et al. (2019) [65] | n = 50 | RF | Fasting on 20 ± 9.9 days in Ramadan (7.8% broke the fast due to mild hypoglycemia) |
Berger et al. (2021) [9] | n = 20 (with T1DM) | 7-day fasting | ketoacidosis Ø |
n = 10 (without disease) | blood glucose was stable (4.9 (±1.5) and 7.5 (±2.3) mmol/L) | ||
↑ quality of life | |||
↓ BMI | |||
↑ diastolic blood pressure 69.75 (±11.41) to 75.74 (±8.42) mmHg | |||
Moser et al. (2021) [66] | n = 20 (with T1DM) | (a) overnight fasting—12 h fasting (b) prolonged fasting—36 h fasting | occurred hypoglycemia during the night period 12 h.: 0.07 ± 0.06 rate per hour vs. 36 h: 0.05 ± 0.03 rate per hour |
fat oxidation 12 h: 90 ± 40 g/day vs. 36 h: 130 ± 35 g/day | |||
carbohydrates oxidation 12 h: 305 ± 98 g/day vs. 36 h: 215 ± 63 g/day | |||
Body weight 12 h: 76.7 ± 13.5 kg vs. 36 h: 75.4 ± 13.4 kg | |||
BMI 12 h: 24.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2 vs. 36 h: 24.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2 |
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Herz, D.; Haupt, S.; Zimmer, R.T.; Wachsmuth, N.B.; Schierbauer, J.; Zimmermann, P.; Voit, T.; Thurm, U.; Khoramipour, K.; Rilstone, S.; et al. Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3525. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163525
Herz D, Haupt S, Zimmer RT, Wachsmuth NB, Schierbauer J, Zimmermann P, Voit T, Thurm U, Khoramipour K, Rilstone S, et al. Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023; 15(16):3525. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163525
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerz, Daniel, Sandra Haupt, Rebecca Tanja Zimmer, Nadine Bianca Wachsmuth, Janis Schierbauer, Paul Zimmermann, Thomas Voit, Ulrike Thurm, Kayvan Khoramipour, Sian Rilstone, and et al. 2023. "Efficacy of Fasting in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review" Nutrients 15, no. 16: 3525. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163525