Horticulturae

22 pages, 4767 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Diversity and Function Potentials of Seed Endophytic Microbiota in a Chinese Medicinal Herb Panax notoginseng

by Hong-Yan Hu, Yun Wen, Shu-Cun Geng, Yu-Nuo Zhang, Yu-Bo Zhao, Xiao-Xia Pan, You-Yong Zhu, Xia-Hong He and Ming-Zhi Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101162 - 29 Sep 2025

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Abstract

As an important complementation of plant genetic traits, seed endophytes (SEs) have garnered significant attention due to their crucial roles in plant germination and early seedling establishment. In this study, we employed both culture-dependent and amplicon sequencing-based approaches to characterize the endophytic microbiome [...] Read more.

As an important complementation of plant genetic traits, seed endophytes (SEs) have garnered significant attention due to their crucial roles in plant germination and early seedling establishment. In this study, we employed both culture-dependent and amplicon sequencing-based approaches to characterize the endophytic microbiome in seed samples derived from different individual Panax notoginseng plants. Additionally, we evaluated the antagonistic activity of isolated culturable bacterial SEs against the root rot pathogens Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum. Our results demonstrated that a greater sampling quantity substantially increased the species richness (Observed OTUs) and diversity of seed endophytic microbiota, underscoring the importance of seed population size in facilitating the vertical transmission of diverse endophytes to progeny. The endophytic communities (including both fungi and bacteria) exhibited a conserved core microbiota alongside host-specific rare taxa, forming a phylogenetically and functionally diverse endophytic resource pool. Core bacterial genera included Streptococcus, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Sphingomonas, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Pantoea, Halomonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Luteibacter, while core fungal genera comprised Davidiella, Thermomyces, Botryotinia, Myrothecium, Haematonectria, and Chaetomium. Among 256 isolated endophytic bacterial strains, 11 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of F. solani and F. oxysporum. Further evaluation revealed that two antagonistic strains, Bacillus cereus and B. toyonensis, significantly enhanced seed germination and plant growth in P. notoginseng, and effectively suppressed root rot disease in seedlings. These findings highlight the potential use of SEs as biocontrol agents and growth promoters in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Era in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Towards a New Age of Agriculture and Sustainability)

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19 pages, 355 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Moderate Deficit Irrigation and Reduced Nitrogen Application Maintain Tuber Quality and Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

by Abdulssamad M. H. Barka, Samuel Y. C. Essah and Jessica G. Davis

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101159 - 28 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 584

Abstract

Efficient water and nitrogen (N) management are essential for sustaining potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production under limited resource conditions. This study investigated the effects of deficit irrigation and reduced N application on tuber quality parameters including specific gravity (SG), starch content (SC), [...] Read more.

Efficient water and nitrogen (N) management are essential for sustaining potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production under limited resource conditions. This study investigated the effects of deficit irrigation and reduced N application on tuber quality parameters including specific gravity (SG), starch content (SC), and tuber dry matter (TDM) as well as agronomic water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in four commercial potato cultivars (Canela Russet, Mesa Russet, Russet Norkotah 3, and Yukon Gold) over two seasons (2016 and 2017) at Colorado State University’s San Luis Valley Research Center. Three irrigation levels (100%, ~80%, and ~70% evapotranspiration replacement) and two N application rates (165 and 131 kg N ha⁻¹) were evaluated using four replications. Moderate deficit irrigation (up to ~18% ET reduction) improved or maintained SG, SC, and TDM in all four cultivars, while severe deficit irrigation (~30–40% reduction) reduced tuber quality. Reduced N application improved NUE in all cultivars without compromising tuber quality or yield. While WUE responded variably to deficit irrigation, NUE was highest under moderate to full irrigation and low N rate. Although effects on WUE were variable, integrating moderate deficit irrigation (18%) with reduced N application (20%) enhanced NUE while maintaining tuber quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Nutrient Management for Enhancing the Yield and Quality of Horticultural Crops)

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12 pages, 425 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Seed Germination Inhibitory Activity of Alkaloid Fractions from Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton and Narcissus poeticus Leaves

by Milena Nikolova, Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova, Boriana Sijimova, Rumen Denev and Strahil Berkov

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101154 - 25 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Narcissus species have been cultivated for centuries around the world and are mainly used as cut flowers. Although the bulbs of these species have been widely examined as sources of alkaloids and biological activity, the leaves have been understudied. In the present study [...] Read more.

Narcissus species have been cultivated for centuries around the world and are mainly used as cut flowers. Although the bulbs of these species have been widely examined as sources of alkaloids and biological activity, the leaves have been understudied. In the present study alkaloid fractions of leaves from Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton and N. poeticus L. were evaluated for inhibitory activity against seed germination of Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium pratense L. Separately, the metabolic profiles from seedlings of the target species were analyzed after treatment with a lycorine solution. The composition of methanolic extracts from seedlings and alkaloid fractions of Narcissus leaves were determined using GC/MS. The N. pseudonarcissus alkaloid fraction was more active than that of N. poeticus. Complete inhibitory activity of the alkaloid fraction was established at a concentration of 1 or 2 mg/mL, depending on the target species. Lycoramine and galanthine were identified as the main alkaloids of N. pseudonarcissus. 8-O-Demethylmaritidine, maritidine and homolycorine were found to be the predominant alkaloids of N. poeticus. Increased accumulation of some amino acids, saccharides and polyols, indicating protein synthesis inhibition, was the most common response of target species seedlings treated with 0.17 µM lycorine. The results showed the promising potential of alkaloid fractions from the leaves of Narcissus species as seed germination inhibitors. The study contributes to full utilization of the resources of these species and presents, to our knowledge, for the first time data on changes in the metabolic profiles of L. perenne and T. pratense seedlings after treatment with lycorine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Cultivation and Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Horticultural Production)

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21 pages, 5551 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The SlJMJ15, a Putative Histone Demethylase Gene, Acts as a Negative Regulator of Drought Tolerance in Tomato

by Lang Wu, Hanling Zhao, Jiajia Xu, Fasen Lin, Qingxia Yan, Yan Liang, Danyang Xu, Yu Pan, Xingguo Zhang and Jinhua Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101148 - 23 Sep 2025

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Abstract

JmjC domain proteins play crucial roles in plant growth and development, regulation of epigenetic processes, flowering control, and stress defence. However, these proteins have not been systematically identified or characterised in tomato. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification of JmjC domain-containing genes ( [...] Read more.

JmjC domain proteins play crucial roles in plant growth and development, regulation of epigenetic processes, flowering control, and stress defence. However, these proteins have not been systematically identified or characterised in tomato. Here, we performed a genome-wide identification of JmjC domain-containing genes (JMJ family) in tomato and identified 23 SlJMJ genes within the tomato genome. Expression analysis indicated that SlJMJ15 was responsive to drought stress, prompting us to investigate its functional role in tomato plants. We found that SlJMJ15-RNAi lines displayed a severe dwarf phenotype, whereas SlJMJ15-overexpression lines exhibited increased drought sensitivity compared to wild-type plants, indicating that SlJMJ15 negatively regulates drought tolerance in tomatoes. Further investigation suggests that SlJMJ15 may reduce drought tolerance in tomatoes by modulating the expression of key genes involved in abscisic acid signalling pathways through its demethylation activity. This study deepens our understanding of the roles of SlJMJ family genes in tomato growth and abiotic stress responses, laying the foundation for developing strategies to improve drought stress tolerance in tomatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding by Design: Advances in Vegetables)

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14 pages, 3626 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Agronomic Characteristics of Several Italian Olive Cultivars and Evaluation for High-Density Cultivation in Central Italy

by Nicola Cinosi, Mona Mazeh, Alessandro Pilli, Antonio Rende, Daniela Farinelli, Claudio Di Vaio, Adolfo Rosati and Franco Famiani

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091147 - 22 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The adaptability of several Italian olive cultivars to high-density cultivation was evaluated from 2020 to 2024 in central Italy by assessing their agronomic behavior, with the aim of identifying which Italian olive cultivars can combine high productivity and suitability for intensive mechanization—through high- [...] Read more.

The adaptability of several Italian olive cultivars to high-density cultivation was evaluated from 2020 to 2024 in central Italy by assessing their agronomic behavior, with the aim of identifying which Italian olive cultivars can combine high productivity and suitability for intensive mechanization—through high- and very high-density planting systems—allowing biodiversity valorization. The cultivars were Borgiona, Don Carlo, FS17, Gentile di Anghiari, Gentile di Montone, Giulia, Leccio del Corno, Maurino, Moraiolo, Pendolino, Piantone di Falerone, and Piantone di Mogliano. The international cultivar Arbequina was used as a reference. The olive orchard was planted in 2015, at a tree spacing of 5 m × 2 m (1000 trees/ha). Arbequina was found to have limited vigor and high production efficiency, as reported in other works, therefore confirming its suitability for high-density and super-high-density cultivation. Some cultivars, such as Leccio del Corno, Maurino, FS17, Piantone di Mogliano, and Piantone di Falerone, had a production and yield efficiency that was not different from or even higher than Arbequina. Other cultivars found to be promising were Don Carlo and Gentile di Anghiari, which had a slightly lower productive performance than Arbequina. Overall, the results are encouraging and suggest that some of these cultivars may be suitable candidates for high- and super-high-density olive orchards. This suitability is further supported by their favorable fruit characteristics, which appear to facilitate efficient mechanical harvesting. However, additional data is necessary to enable a more comprehensive assessment of these cultivars, particularly their capacity to maintain canopy dimensions compatible with straddle harvester operation, while maintaining a stable vegetative–reproductive balance over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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15 pages, 3124 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of an Inter-Row Reflective Ground Film on Technological Quality and Phenolic Composition of ‘Pinot Noir’ Grapes in Southern Chile

by Ariel Muñoz-Alarcón, Marjorie Reyes-Díaz, Ignacio Serra, Jorge González-Villagra, Nicolás Carrasco-Catricura, Fanny Pirce and Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091144 - 20 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Climate change has promoted the expansion of viticulture toward southern Chile. However, in regions like La Araucanía, low heat accumulation and high rainfall often limit ripening and phenolic development in Vitis vinifera L. grapes. To address this, the use of reflective ground films [...] Read more.

Climate change has promoted the expansion of viticulture toward southern Chile. However, in regions like La Araucanía, low heat accumulation and high rainfall often limit ripening and phenolic development in Vitis vinifera L. grapes. To address this, the use of reflective ground films has been proposed to enhance light interception by the canopy. This study evaluated the effect of reflective ground film on the technological and phenolic quality of cv. ‘Pinot Noir’ grapes. The trial was conducted using three treatments: (1) control without film, (2) reflective ground film installed at the onset of veraison (FV), and (3) reflective ground film installed at 80% veraison (F80V). A randomized complete block design with four replicates per treatment was used. At harvest, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity, pH, yield, total phenols, and anthocyanins were measured. The FV treatment increased reflected light by up to 60% and significantly enhanced TSS (7.3%), total phenols (7.2%), and anthocyanins (69.3%) compared to the control. No significant differences were observed in acidity, pH, or yield. The results indicate that installing reflective ground film at veraison improves ripening and phenolic accumulation in cold climate vineyards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Adaptive Modern Strategies in Viticulture)

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20 pages, 2416 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Corn Stover Biochar on Soil Bacterial and Fungal Biomarkers in Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Mulched Drip Irrigation

by Jianglong An, Lijian Zheng, Ruifeng Sun, Xufeng Li, Li Ma and Juanjuan Ma

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091143 - 19 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Although the role of biochar in enhancing soil quality has been extensively studied, its specific effects on the changes of soil bacteria and fungi in greenhouse tomato under mulched drip irrigation are not yet fully understood. In order to understand the above-mentioned changes, [...] Read more.

Although the role of biochar in enhancing soil quality has been extensively studied, its specific effects on the changes of soil bacteria and fungi in greenhouse tomato under mulched drip irrigation are not yet fully understood. In order to understand the above-mentioned changes, a two-year experiment on greenhouse tomatoes with mulched drip irrigation was conducted. The objective of this experiment was to explore the relationship between different irrigation levels (W1: 50–70% of the field capacity W2: 60–80% of the field capacity, and W3: 70–90% of the field capacity) and different biochar application rates (B0: 0 t/ha, B1: 15 t/ha, B2: 30 t/ha, B3: 45 t/ha, and B4: 60 t/ha) on soil bacteria and fungi. The results demonstrated that the soil bacterial Chao index was influenced by biochar application and water-biochar interactions, while the soil fungal α-diversity index and bacterial and fungal β-diversity were predominantly impacted by the irrigation level. The random forest modelling indicated that soil bacterial biomarkers were predominantly rare genera, while fungal biomarkers contained both dominant and rare genera. In comparison with the B0 treatment, biochar application resulted in an enhancement of the abundance of bacterial biomarkers associated with nutrient cycling, including Galbibacter (400.90–2216.22%) at the W3 levels. The B4 treatment at both W3 and W2 levels reduced the relative abundance of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus sp., but the rest of the biochar treatments enhanced it by 4.69–108.16% and 55.86–213.30%, respectively. The Mantel test demonstrated that soil water content was the most significant influencing factor for all soil bacterial and fungal biomarkers. Biochar application significantly altered major bacterial biomarker functions in mulched drip irrigation, while fungal biomarker functions were mainly affected by irrigation levels and water-biochar interactions. At the W3 level, biochar application significantly reduced the relative abundance of Saprotroph–Symbiotroph by 83.44–97.92%. These results serve as a reminder of the critical importance of soil health sustainability in integrated crop management decisions and provide valuable insights for improving soil quality under mulched drip irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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19 pages, 2160 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Automatic Cooling System to Cope with the Thermal–Radiative Stresses in the Pignoletto White Grape

by Gabriele Valentini, Gianluca Allegro, Chiara Pastore, Alberto Zanini, Alice Moffa, Davide Gottardi, Clara Gomez-Urios, Francesca Patrignani and Ilaria Filippetti

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091128 - 17 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Recent climatic extremes, characterized by hot and dry summers, threaten grape yield and berry composition, increasing the need for sustainable mitigation strategies. In this study, a fruit-zone cooling system was tested to reduce sunburn damage and improve vine performance. The system integrates proximal [...] Read more.

Recent climatic extremes, characterized by hot and dry summers, threaten grape yield and berry composition, increasing the need for sustainable mitigation strategies. In this study, a fruit-zone cooling system was tested to reduce sunburn damage and improve vine performance. The system integrates proximal sensors and an automatic misting actuator, triggered when the air temperature exceeds 35 °C. Over two seasons (2022–2023), trials were conducted on Pignoletto vines subjected to four treatments: control (C), misted without defoliation (C + FOG), defoliated (DEF), and defoliated plus misted (DEF + FOG). The effects on microclimate, yield, berry sunburn, and berry composition were evaluated. Misting consistently reduced both air and berry temperature. Treated vines showed increased yield, mainly due to reduced sunburn and higher cluster weight. Although no clear differences in technological maturity were observed, misted vines tended to retain higher acidity under extreme heat. Flavonol synthesis was unaffected by cooling but stimulated by increased light exposure, being higher in defoliated vines. Volatile compounds analysis highlighted misting’s moderating effect on oxidative stress and aroma profile shifts, particularly during the hotter season. Overall, the cooling system proved effective in mitigating summer stress, offering a promising tool for preserving yield and berry composition in white cultivars under climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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14 pages, 1174 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Growth and Biochemical Activity of Passion Fruit Seedlings in Scion/Rootstock Combinations Under Salt Stress

by Alex Alvares da Silva, Jose Francismar de Medeiros, Carlos Guillermo Bartoli, Charlotte Steelheart, Marlon de Morais Dantas, Rodrigo Rafael da Silva, Wedson Aleff Oliveira da Silva and Francisco Vanies da Silva Sa

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091130 - 17 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The yellow passion fruit is a key crop in irrigated areas of Northeast Brazil, but production is challenged by limited water availability and high salinity in groundwater used for irrigation. This study evaluated the effects of grafting Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener (E) [...] Read more.

The yellow passion fruit is a key crop in irrigated areas of Northeast Brazil, but production is challenged by limited water availability and high salinity in groundwater used for irrigation. This study evaluated the effects of grafting Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener (E) onto P. foetida L. (F) rootstock to reduce the impact of saline stress. Conducted in a greenhouse using a 3 × 2 factorial design with four replications, the experiment tested three grafting combinations (F + F, E + E and E + F) under two salinity levels (0.5 and 6.0 dS m⁻¹). Key parameters measured included SPAD index, soluble protein content, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, catalase enzyme activity, plant height, and leaf number. Salinity significantly reduced plant height, especially at 6.0 dS m⁻¹. The E + E combination had the highest protein content in roots (23.8%). However, grafting P. edulis onto P. foetida (E + F) enhanced catalase activity and reduced H₂O₂ accumulation, indicating improved tolerance to salt stress. The findings suggest that using P. foetida as a rootstock may help mitigate oxidative damage and promote better physiological performance of yellow passion fruit under saline conditions, offering a strategy to sustain cultivation in stress-prone environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance of Horticultural Plants to Abiotic Stresses)

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20 pages, 2076 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biodynamic Viticulture Representations in the French Wine Industry: A Textual Analysis

by Manuela Brando de Lachapelle, Frédéric Brochet and Laurence Geny-Denis

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091114 - 14 Sep 2025

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Abstract

At a time marked by a transition in winegrowing methods, the decision to employ biodynamic viticulture, and its holistic approach, is a choice made by many technicians in the French wine industry. Nevertheless, this practice is perceived very differently among industry members. Some [...] Read more.

At a time marked by a transition in winegrowing methods, the decision to employ biodynamic viticulture, and its holistic approach, is a choice made by many technicians in the French wine industry. Nevertheless, this practice is perceived very differently among industry members. Some frequently debate its foundations and tangible benefits, while others question the value of scientific research conducted on its methods. The representations motivating the decision to pursue biodynamic practices remain unclear. Thirty members of the industry were interviewed about their opinions and knowledge on biodynamics through semi-structured interviews. A textual analysis of their responses, using Alceste software (Image Ltd., Toulouse, France, version 2018), revealed four key representations of this growing method within the industry. Some practitioners believe that biodynamic preparations may have a material effect on plant behaviour and that the effects of biodynamic viticulture on the final quality of wine should be studied more closely. Others suggest that the anthroposophical foundations of the method should be set aside to allow for its reinvention in a forward-looking manner. Lastly, experimental methods and peer-exchanges are considered essential to understanding the effects of this cultivation method in specific contexts and terroirs. These different viewpoints should be integrated to develop innovative and interesting applications for biodynamic farming methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

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19 pages, 560 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Protein Hydrolysates Modulate Quality Traits of Tomato Fruit Under Salt Stress by Regulating the Expression Patterns of Genes Related to Sugar Metabolism

by Antonio El Chami, Angela Valentina Ceccarelli, Sonia Monterisi, Giuseppe Colla, Christophe El-Nakhel, Youssef Rouphael, Youry Pii and Mariateresa Cardarelli

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091108 - 13 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Salinity is a major stress factor that limits tomato yield and fruit quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether vegetal-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) can alleviate salt stress in tomato plants and how they affect sugar metabolism at the molecular level. [...] Read more.

Salinity is a major stress factor that limits tomato yield and fruit quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether vegetal-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) can alleviate salt stress in tomato plants and how they affect sugar metabolism at the molecular level. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to test three PHs, containing mainly peptides and aminoacids and derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein sources belonging to Leguminosae (PH1), Malvaceae (PH2), and Solanaceae (PH3) plants under non-saline (1 mM NaCl) and saline (50 mM NaCl) conditions. PH1 and PH3 increased marketable yield under non-saline conditions, while no yield improvement was observed under salinity. Nevertheless, all PHs reduced leaf Cl⁻ accumulation and improved fruit nutritional quality by increasing antioxidant activity and total phenol content. Under salt stress, PH1 and PH2 raised the content of total soluble solids, whereas PH3 enhanced titratable acidity. Gene expression analysis revealed that PHs modulated sugar metabolism, shifting it towards starch synthesis and accumulation in fruits, consistent with the observed increase in soluble solids. These results demonstrate that PHs exert family-specific effects on tomato fruit quality and provide molecular evidence of their role in metabolic adjustment under salinity. Practically, vegetal-derived PHs can represent a sustainable agronomic strategy to enhance fruit quality traits and improve tomato marketability in salt-affected cultivation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops against Abiotic Stresses: Adaptation Skills and Agronomic Strategies)

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18 pages, 2325 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Climate Change and Viticulture in Liguria: Regional Perceptions, Impacts, and Adaptive Responses

by Mousaab Alrhmoun, Naji Sulaiman, Andrea Castagna, Lorenzo Massa, Giulia Mattalia, Emilio Aliotta and Andrea Pieroni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091104 - 12 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Ligurian viticulture is characterized by a fragmented landscape and diverse microclimatic conditions, presenting both challenges and opportunities for grape production under climate change. This study investigates the perceived impacts of climate change on viticulture in Eastern (Levante) and Western (Ponente) Liguria, with a [...] Read more.

Ligurian viticulture is characterized by a fragmented landscape and diverse microclimatic conditions, presenting both challenges and opportunities for grape production under climate change. This study investigates the perceived impacts of climate change on viticulture in Eastern (Levante) and Western (Ponente) Liguria, with a focus on vine growth dynamics, productivity, and the adaptation strategies adopted by local winegrowers. Semi-structured interviews with 48 winemakers revealed significant shifts in grape maturation (p < 0.001), earlier harvest dates, and increased vulnerability to fungal diseases (p < 0.01), primarily driven by rising temperatures and altered precipitation regimes. A notable rise in extreme temperature events (p < 0.01) was reported, with all respondents (100%) observing irregular seasonal temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, climate change was linked to changes in local fauna, particularly the expansion of ungulate populations (p < 0.001), leading to increased vineyard damage. In response, growers have adopted a range of adaptive measures, including drought-resistant rootstocks (e.g., M-series), traditional training systems (Guyot, Alberello), and local innovations such as the low pergola in Cinque Terre. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed region-specific adaptation profiles, underscoring the influence of environmental and agronomic variability on viticultural resilience. Logistic regression identified temperature variability, disease incidence, and precipitation shifts as key predictors of perceived climate impact. The results underscore the urgency of developing regionally tailored adaptation strategies to sustain viticulture in Liguria’s complex and changing landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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12 pages, 1370 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Different Light Qualities and Intensities of Blue Light on Flowering and Volatiles in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

by Joo Young Kim, Madelyn D. Gennaro, Keun Ho Cho, Joseph M. Patt and Thomas A. Colquhoun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091093 - 10 Sep 2025

Viewed by 810

Abstract

Coriander leaves are widely valued in cooking due to their rich nutrition and unique volatiles, and the flowers are also beneficial for oil extraction from seeds. With the growing interest in LED lights for controlled environments, research on coriander leaves has been reported, [...] Read more.

Coriander leaves are widely valued in cooking due to their rich nutrition and unique volatiles, and the flowers are also beneficial for oil extraction from seeds. With the growing interest in LED lights for controlled environments, research on coriander leaves has been reported, but studies on flowers are limited. We investigated the effects of various LED lights, including white (W), red (R), blue (B), and green (G) lights, on flowering. Coriander plants under B light were twice as tall and flowered approximately 4 weeks earlier than those under other lights. However, plants under B light exhibited overgrowth, resulting in fewer flowers at a PAR of 100 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. To reduce this shade avoidance effect, we tested various combinations of W and B light at a PAR of 120 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. The 50:50 ratio of W and B light enhanced growth and accelerated flowering, resulting in twice as many flowers as plants under W light. Total volatile compound levels were higher under W light and highest under 50% W and 50% B lights. Key volatiles specific to coriander leaves, such as (E)-2-decenal, 2-undecenal, and 2-dodecenal, were high under G light at 100 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ of PAR. These findings provide valuable insights into the effects of light on flower development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agrobiological Means for Sustainable Production in Controlled Environment Agriculture)

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12 pages, 1106 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of White Asparagus Spears in Relation to the Pre-Harvest Exposure to Infrared and Sunlight Radiation

by Parthena P. Papadopoulou, Eirini A. Siomou, Symeon A. Siomos and Anastasios S. Siomos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091091 - 10 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Although the presence of anthocyanins in white asparagus is undesirable because it degrades its commercial quality, very little is known about their biosynthesis and regulation. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in most plants is light dependent, but in white asparagus spears only a few [...] Read more.

Although the presence of anthocyanins in white asparagus is undesirable because it degrades its commercial quality, very little is known about their biosynthesis and regulation. The biosynthesis of anthocyanins in most plants is light dependent, but in white asparagus spears only a few studies have evaluated the effects of light and all of them focus mainly on the post-harvest period. There are no relevant reports on the effects of exposure of spears to solar and infrared radiation during their growth and development. For this purpose, white asparagus spears were grown in the dark under a low tunnel (100 cm wide and 60 cm high) for 7 days before being exposed to sunlight for 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 h. Subsequently, the spears were either harvested and kept in the dark or continued to grow in the dark for 0, 24, or 48 h. At the end of the treatments, the color and the anthocyanin and total phenol content of the top 7 cm of the spears were determined. The results showed that the infrared radiation that was trapped below the tunnel during the 7-day growing period of white asparagus spears induced anthocyanin biosynthesis only in the lower part (base) of the spears. Exposure to sunlight for at least 3 h was critical for significant anthocyanin biosynthesis in the epidermal cells of the top 7 cm part of white asparagus spears (0.48–0.95 μg g⁻¹ FW). The amount of anthocyanins 24 h later was proportional to the exposure time (y = 0.1585x − 0.162, R² = 0.9953) and was greater in the spears harvested and kept in the dark (up to 5.67 μg g⁻¹ FW) than in the spears that continued to grow in dark conditions (up to 4.32 μg g⁻¹ FW). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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22 pages, 3789 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Addition of Earthworms to Continuous Cropping Soil Inhibits the Fusarium Wilt in Watermelon: Evidence Under Both Field and Pot Conditions

by Xin Zhao, Liang Zheng, Dong Liu, Ke Song, Ping Lu, Yefeng Yang, Lijuan Yang, Xiaoxiao Li, Yinsheng Li, Yue Zhang, Weiguang Lv and Xianqing Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091088 - 9 Sep 2025

Viewed by 830

Abstract

Fusarium wilt is a devastating soilborne disease that significantly reduces watermelon production worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum subsp. niveum (E.F.Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N.Hansen. Earthworms can influence fungal populations either by consuming or dispersing fungal propagules, making them a promising [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt is a devastating soilborne disease that significantly reduces watermelon production worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum subsp. niveum (E.F.Sm.) W.C. Snyder & H.N.Hansen. Earthworms can influence fungal populations either by consuming or dispersing fungal propagules, making them a promising candidate for the biological control of Fusarium wilt. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding the local earthworm species Metaphire guillelmi (Michaelsen, 1895) on Fusarium wilt in watermelon under field conditions, laboratory pot experiments, and laboratory pot experiments with sterilized soil. The results demonstrated that, compared to the control, the earthworm addition reduced the population of F. oxysporum by approximately 10⁵ copies/mg and suppressed the incidence of Fusarium wilt by 84.4%. A correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of F. oxysporum was negatively correlated with soil organic matter (SOM), available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP). The relative interaction index values indicated that earthworms could enhance SOM and AN levels in the soil. A two-factor network relationship analysis showed that the earthworm addition could inhibit bacteria and fungi to stimulate growth of F. oxysporum while restraining them. A metabolomics analysis revealed that most differential metabolites associated with F. oxysporum were upregulated in the presence of earthworms. Overall, M. guillelmi can reduce the occurrence of Fusarium wilt by improving soil fertility, the relationship of F. oxysporum and microorganisms, and may influence the metabolic process, which need further exploration. It is a potential pathway for the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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17 pages, 2030 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

3D-Printed Bilayer Active Film with Anise Oil Nano-Emulsion and Carbon Quantum Dots for Shelf-Life Extension of Sugar Tangerines

by Qi Tian, Chongyang Chen, Chaofan Guo, Qingbo Huang, Yongli Jiang and Junjie Yi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091061 - 4 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 803

Abstract

This study developed a novel 3D-printed bilayer film (BF) embedded with star anise essential oil nanoemulsion (AEO-NE) and tamarind shell-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for preserving sugar tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The BF comprised an outer chitosan-alginate-CQD barrier layer and an inner [...] Read more.

This study developed a novel 3D-printed bilayer film (BF) embedded with star anise essential oil nanoemulsion (AEO-NE) and tamarind shell-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for preserving sugar tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The BF comprised an outer chitosan-alginate-CQD barrier layer and an inner AEO-NE active layer, fabricated using dual-extrusion 3D printing. Results showed that BF-treated fruits had significantly lower weight loss (23.6% reduction) and decay rates (0% spoilage until day 10) compared to controls (p < 0.05). The film’s controlled release (31% AEO release over 15 days) and UV-blocking properties (CQDs) maintained fruit firmness, color stability (ΔE < 2.0), and sugar content (TSS increase of only 3.7%). Sensory evaluation confirmed BF’s superiority, with treated fruits retaining freshness for 15 days, while controls deteriorated rapidly. The study demonstrates that 3D-printed active films synergizing AEO and CQDs offer a sustainable, high-performance solution for citrus preservation, extending shelf life by 10–15 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Preservation and Processing Techniques for Horticultural Products)

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30 pages, 125846 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Plant Production Through Drone-Based Remote Sensing and Label-Free Instance Segmentation for Individual Plant Phenotyping

by Ruth Hofman, Joris Mattheijssens, Johan Van Huylenbroeck, Jan Verwaeren and Peter Lootens

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091043 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 828

Abstract

A crucial initial step for the automatic extraction of plant traits from imagery is the segmentation of individual plants. This is typically performed using supervised deep learning (DL) models, which require the creation of an annotated dataset for training, a time-consuming and labor-intensive [...] Read more.

A crucial initial step for the automatic extraction of plant traits from imagery is the segmentation of individual plants. This is typically performed using supervised deep learning (DL) models, which require the creation of an annotated dataset for training, a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. In addition, the models are often only applicable to the conditions represented in the training data. In this study, we propose a pipeline for the automatic extraction of plant traits from high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based RGB imagery, applying Segment Anything Model 2.1 (SAM 2.1) for label-free segmentation. To prevent the segmentation of irrelevant objects such as soil or weeds, the model is guided using point prompts, which correspond to local maxima in the canopy height model (CHM). The pipeline was used to measure the crown diameter of approximately 15000 ball-shaped chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat)) in a 6158

m^{2}

field on two dates. Nearly all plants were successfully segmented, resulting in a recall of 96.86%, a precision of 99.96%, and an

F_{1}

score of 98.38%. The estimated diameters showed strong agreement with manual measurements. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed pipeline for accurate plant trait extraction across varying field conditions without the need for model training or data annotation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies in Smart Agriculture)

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19 pages, 2370 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Calculation and Prediction of Water Requirements for Aeroponic Cultivation of Crops in Greenhouses

by Xiwen Yang, Feifei Xiao, Pin Jiang and Yahui Luo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091034 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 835

Abstract

Crop aeroponic cultivation still faces issues such as insufficient precision in water supply control and scientifically-based irrigation scheduling. To address this challenge, the present study aims to establish a precision irrigation protocol adapted to the characteristics of crop aeroponic cultivation. Using coriander ( [...] Read more.

Crop aeroponic cultivation still faces issues such as insufficient precision in water supply control and scientifically-based irrigation scheduling. To address this challenge, the present study aims to establish a precision irrigation protocol adapted to the characteristics of crop aeroponic cultivation. Using coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) as the experimental subject, crop water requirements were estimated utilizing both the FAO56 P-M equation and its revised form. The RMSE between the water requirement measured values and the calculated values using the P-M formula is 2.12 mm, the MAE is 2.0 mm, and the MAPE is 14.29%. The RMSE between the water requirement measured values and the calculated values using the revised P-M formula is 0.88 mm, the MAE is 0.82 mm, and the MAPE is 5.78%. The results indicate that the water requirement values calculated using the revised P-M formula are closer to the measured values. For model development, this study used coriander evapotranspiration as a basis. Major environmental variables influencing water requirement were selected as input features, and the daily reference water requirement served as the output. Three modeling approaches were implemented: Random Forest (RF), Bagging, and M5P Model Tree algorithms. The results indicate that, in comparing various input combinations (C1: air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, radiation, photoperiod; C2: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, radiation; C3: air temperature, relative humidity, radiation), the RF model based on C1 input demonstrated superior performance with RMSE = 0.121 mm/d, MAE = 0.134 mm/d, MAPE = 2.123%, and R² = 0.971. It significantly outperforms the RF models with other input combinations, as well as the Bagging and M5P models across all input scenarios, in terms of convergence rate, determination coefficient, and comprehensive performance. Its predictions aligned more closely with observed data, showing enhanced accuracy and adaptability. This optimized prediction model demonstrates particular suitability for forecasting water requirements in aeroponic coriander production and provides theoretical support for efficient, intelligent water-saving management in crop aeroponic cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Horticultural Irrigation Water Management)

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19 pages, 1671 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytochemical Composition, Sensory Acceptance, and Cultivation Potential of Sanguisorba verrucosa, Eruca vesicaria, and Scorzonera laciniata

by María Ángeles Botella, Pilar Hellín, Virginia Hernández, Mercedes Dabauza, Antonio Robledo, Alicia Sánchez, José Fenoll and Pilar Flores

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091021 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1063

Abstract

Three wild edible plant species native to the Mediterranean region, Sanguisorba verrucosa, Eruca vesicaria, and Scorzonera laciniata, were investigated to evaluate their potential for cultivation and integration into human diets. All three species were positively rated in sensory evaluations and [...] Read more.

Three wild edible plant species native to the Mediterranean region, Sanguisorba verrucosa, Eruca vesicaria, and Scorzonera laciniata, were investigated to evaluate their potential for cultivation and integration into human diets. All three species were positively rated in sensory evaluations and exhibited high levels of specific metabolites of nutritional and health-related interest. Moderate concentrations of β-carotene were found across all species. Notably, S. verrucosa and E. vesicaria contained appreciable amounts of vitamin C, and the phenolic content in S. verrucosa exceeded that of many commonly consumed vegetables. Each species also proved to be a rich source of distinct organic acids: S. verrucosa for fumaric acid, E. vesicaria for citric acid, and S. laciniata for quinic acid. Although domestication led to a reduction in several bioactive compounds, the nutritional value of these plants remains significant. The compositional and sensory profiles of these species highlight their promise as leafy vegetables for sustainable diets and as functional food ingredients. Furthermore, their cultivation could support biodiversity conservation efforts and reduce harvesting pressure on wild populations, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Plant Species as Potential Horticultural Crops: An Opportunity for Farmers and Consumers—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 7343 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The ClTFL1-ClGRFs Module Regulates Lateral Branch Number and Flowering Time via Auxin-Mediated Pathway in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)

by Yaomiao Guo, Yachen Liu, Huanhuan Niu, Yinping Wang, Zihao Chen, Jiaxin Cui, Changbao Shen, Shixiang Duan, Qishuai Kang, Huayu Zhu, Sen Yang, Dongming Liu, Wenkai Yan, Junling Dou and Luming Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091022 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 3473

Abstract

The early flowering and less lateral branches in watermelon hold significant agricultural value. The synergistic effects of these traits provide an ideal template for watermelon plant architecture improvement. However, the molecular regulatory networks underlying the development of lateral organs (including branches and flowers) [...] Read more.

The early flowering and less lateral branches in watermelon hold significant agricultural value. The synergistic effects of these traits provide an ideal template for watermelon plant architecture improvement. However, the molecular regulatory networks underlying the development of lateral organs (including branches and flowers) in watermelon remain unclear. In this study, we found ClTFL1 knockout lines significantly promote flowering time and inhibit lateral branching and tendril formation, while also leading to a mild apical flower phenotype. These findings indicate that the function of ClTFL1 in watermelon is more extensive than that of its homologous genes in Arabidopsis, rice, and tomato. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified the interacting proteins of ClTFL1, including members of the 14-3-3 family ClGRF8, ClGRF9, and ClGRF12. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays further demonstrated ClTFL1 could directly interact with the ClGRF8, ClGRF9, and ClGRF12 protein. The knockout of ClGRF8 and ClGRF12 leads to reduced lateral branches and early flowering. These phenotypes are highly consistent with those of ClTFL1 knockout mutants. Our findings demonstrate the important role of the ClTFL1-ClGRFs module in regulating lateral organ development and flowering time in watermelon, offering important targets for watermelon plant architectural modification and molecular breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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12 pages, 3609 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

RrYUC10 Positively Regulates Adventitious Root Formation in Rosa rugosa Stem Cuttings

by Mengjuan Bai, Yu Xi, Junqing Xue, Xiangfeng Xu, Mengmeng Xu and Liguo Feng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091027 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1273

Abstract

Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings represents the primary mode of reproduction in Rosa species. While numerous studies have reported physiological factors affecting cutting rooting, the genes regulating the formation of adventitious roots in roses have not yet been fully explored and studied. In [...] Read more.

Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings represents the primary mode of reproduction in Rosa species. While numerous studies have reported physiological factors affecting cutting rooting, the genes regulating the formation of adventitious roots in roses have not yet been fully explored and studied. In this study, we demonstrate that Rosa rugosa ‘Feng Hua’ exhibits an indirect rooting pattern, requiring callus formation prior to root primordium differentiation. Phytohormone profiling revealed exceptionally high concentrations of auxin precursors, particularly tryptophan (Trp), in both callus and root tissues. Therefore, we identified and analyzed the members of the YUCCA family, which are the key rate-limiting enzymes in the tryptophan-dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway. A total of 11 RrYUCs family genes were identified, with RT-qPCR analysis showing that RrYUC10 was highly expressed in callus and root tissues. Functional studies confirmed its critical role in adventitious root formation: virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of RrYUC10 significantly inhibited AR development, whereas its overexpression enhanced rooting. Our findings have provided a molecular theoretical basis for the rooting of cuttings in roses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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14 pages, 373 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advancing Citrus Breeding: Next- Genereation Tools for Resistance, Flavor and Health

by David Ezra and Nir Carmi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091011 - 26 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1618

Abstract

New plant breeding techniques are revolutionizing citrus improvement by accelerating trait enhancement and genetic gains. In recent years, technological advances have enabled more precise and accelerated breeding. This review discusses the state-of-the-art breeding technologies for citrus, including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, genome editing [...] Read more.

New plant breeding techniques are revolutionizing citrus improvement by accelerating trait enhancement and genetic gains. In recent years, technological advances have enabled more precise and accelerated breeding. This review discusses the state-of-the-art breeding technologies for citrus, including marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, genome editing (particularly CRISPR/Cas), somatic hybridization, mutation breeding, and speed breeding. Emphasis is placed on their practical application, current limitations, and potential integration into citrus-improvement programs to address biotic and abiotic stresses, improve fruit quality, and promote sustainable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Genetics, Biotechnology and Breeding of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops)

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24 pages, 2567 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Postharvest Physiology and Preservation Technology of Peach Fruit: A Systematic Review

by Sen Cao, Guohe Zhang, Yinmei Luo, Jingshi Qiu, Liangjie Ba, Su Xu, Zhibing Zhao, Donglan Luo, Guoliang Dong and Yanling Ren

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091007 - 25 Aug 2025

Viewed by 2547

Abstract

Peaches are highly susceptible to rapid deterioration and bacterial infection during postharvest transportation and storage, leading to significant losses. In order to maintain peach fruit postharvest quality and extend its shelf life, it is critical to understand the physiological changes in postharvest fruit [...] Read more.

Peaches are highly susceptible to rapid deterioration and bacterial infection during postharvest transportation and storage, leading to significant losses. In order to maintain peach fruit postharvest quality and extend its shelf life, it is critical to understand the physiological changes in postharvest fruit and implement effective postharvest technologies. This paper reviews the major postharvest physiological changes in peach fruit, including respiration, ethylene, hormones, texture, sugars, amino acids, phenolics, and volatiles, analyzes the major postharvest peach fruit diseases and their control techniques (covering brown rot, soft rot, and gray mold), and summarizes approaches to extend the storage life of peach fruit and maintain quality through physical, chemical, and biological preservation techniques. This review evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of postharvest peach fruit preservation techniques by analyzing postharvest physiological and nutritional quality, and suggests future research directions aimed at ensuring peach fruit safety and quality assurance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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18 pages, 6259 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wind-Induced Bending Characteristics of Crop Leaves and Their Potential Applications in Air-Assisted Spray Optimization

by Zhouming Gao, Jing Ma, Wei Hu, Kaiyuan Wang, Kuan Liu, Jian Chen, Tao Wang, Xiaoya Dong and Baijing Qiu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11091002 - 23 Aug 2025

Viewed by 743

Abstract

Crop leaves naturally exhibit a curved morphology and primarily display bending deformation and vibrational responses under wind load. The curved surface structure of leaves plays a critical role in the deposition and retention of pesticide droplets. In this study, wind tunnel experiments combined [...] Read more.

Crop leaves naturally exhibit a curved morphology and primarily display bending deformation and vibrational responses under wind load. The curved surface structure of leaves plays a critical role in the deposition and retention of pesticide droplets. In this study, wind tunnel experiments combined with high-speed photography and digital image analysis were conducted to systematically investigate the curvature and flexibility distributions of three typical crop leaves: walnut, peach, and pepper, across a range of wind speeds. The results indicate that with increasing wind speed, all three types of leaves gradually transition from smooth, uniform bending to a multi-peak pattern of pronounced local curvature, with increasingly prominent nonlinear deformation characteristics. Moreover, once the wind speed exceeds the critical threshold of 6 m/s, the primary deformation region generally shifts from the leaf base to the tip. For example, the maximum curvature of walnut leaves increased from 0.018 mm⁻¹ to 0.047 mm⁻¹, and that of pepper leaves from 0.031 mm⁻¹ to 0.101 mm⁻¹, both more than double their original values. In addition, all three types of leaves demonstrated a distinct structural gradient characterized by strong basal rigidity and high apical flexibility. The tip flexibility values exceeded 1.5 × 10⁻⁵, 4 × 10⁻⁴, and 5.6 × 10⁻⁴ mm⁻²·mN⁻¹ for walnut, peach, and pepper leaves, respectively. These findings elucidate the mechanical response mechanisms of non-uniform flexible crop leaves under wind-induced bending and provide a theoretical basis and data support for the optimization of air-assisted spraying parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies Applied in Horticultural Crop Protection)

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12 pages, 787 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Severe Drought Stress on Water Relations of Young Cherry Trees Grafted onto Growth-Reducing Rootstocks

by Piroska Mohay and Tamás Lakatos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(9), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11090997 - 22 Aug 2025

Viewed by 828

Abstract

Vigor-reducing rootstocks are now commonly used in sweet cherry cultivation. However, their application in Hungary presents challenges due to the drier summer climate and limited availability of irrigation water. The aim of this study was to determine the water transport characteristics and potential [...] Read more.

Vigor-reducing rootstocks are now commonly used in sweet cherry cultivation. However, their application in Hungary presents challenges due to the drier summer climate and limited availability of irrigation water. The aim of this study was to determine the water transport characteristics and potential drought tolerance of three vigor-reducing rootstocks that may be suitable for cherry production in Hungary. The stomatal conductance (gs), midday stem water potential (MSWP), and sap flow velocity were measured in four-year-old Carmen and Regina cherry trees grafted onto MaxMa 14, WeiGi 2, and GiSelA 6 rootstocks. Measurements were taken after harvest during a period of severe drought. Among the rootstocks studied, MaxMa 14 trees exhibited the lowest MSWP values, even after irrigation and during periods with a relatively adequate water supply. No significant or consistent differences in the gs values were observed between the rootstocks. However, the variation in the gs and MSWP values before and after irrigation was the greatest in MaxMa 14 trees and the smallest in GiSelA 6 trees. Furthermore, the sap flow velocity in MaxMa 14 trees showed no significant difference between the pre- and post-irrigation measurements, indicating stable water transport. In contrast, trees on GiSelA 6 and WeiGi 2 rootstocks exhibited significant differences between dry and irrigated conditions. Although MaxMa 14 showed lower MSWP values, its gs responded more dynamically to changes in the water availability, and it maintained consistent water transport parameters across both dry and wet conditions. Based on the evaluated parameters, GiSelA 6 and WeiGi 2 showed similar behavior. However, in regard to some traits—such as the dynamic change in stomatal conductance—WeiGi 2 appeared to be more similar to MaxMa 14. Our results suggest that MaxMa 14 may be the most adaptable to drought among the tested rootstocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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19 pages, 2523 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effect of Boron on Fruit Quality: A Review

by Javier Giovanni Álvarez-Herrera, Marilcen Jaime-Guerrero and Gerhard Fischer

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080992 - 21 Aug 2025

Viewed by 3928

Abstract

Boron (B) is a crucial micronutrient for the initial formation, development, and final quality of fruits, as it affects their physical and chemical properties and helps prevent various functional disorders. Recently, numerous physiological disorders in fruits have been reported, which have been linked [...] Read more.

Boron (B) is a crucial micronutrient for the initial formation, development, and final quality of fruits, as it affects their physical and chemical properties and helps prevent various functional disorders. Recently, numerous physiological disorders in fruits have been reported, which have been linked to B deficiency. However, there is still uncertainty about whether these issues are directly related to B, other nutrients, their combinations, or environmental conditions. This review aims to compile current and accurate information on how B is absorbed by plants, its role in the cell wall and membrane, its impact on flowering and fruit set, and its influence on physical and chemical properties, as well as its role in preventing physiological disorders. This review examines the latest studies on B published in major scientific journals (Elsevier, Springer, MDPI, Frontiers, Hindawi, Wiley, and SciELO). Boron is mobile in the xylem and slightly mobile in the phloem, and it plays a crucial role in pollination and fruit set. It reduces mass loss, maintains firmness, improves color, and results in larger, heavier fruits. Also, boron increases soluble solids, regulates total titratable acidity and pH, decreases respiration rate, and stabilizes ascorbic acid by delaying its breakdown. It also helps prevent disorders such as splitting, cork spots, internal rot, shot berry in grapes, blossom end rot, and segment drying in citrus. Foliar or soil application of B enhances fruit yield and post-harvest quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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27 pages, 5105 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Uncovering the Genetic Identity and Diversity of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in La Palma Island (Canary Archipelago, Spain) Through SSR-Based Varietal Profiling and Population Structure Analysis

by Qiying Lin-Yang, Leonor Deis, Joan Miquel Canals, Fernando Zamora and Francesca Fort

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080983 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 835

Abstract

The primary challenge facing modern agriculture, including viticulture, is the impact of climate change. The scientific community recommends exploring and utilizing both inter-varietal and intra-varietal variability of local grapevines within each region. The goal is to prioritize planting local varieties over international and [...] Read more.

The primary challenge facing modern agriculture, including viticulture, is the impact of climate change. The scientific community recommends exploring and utilizing both inter-varietal and intra-varietal variability of local grapevines within each region. The goal is to prioritize planting local varieties over international and imported ones to mitigate the effects of climate change. Within this context, La Palma Island has undertaken a comprehensive assessment evaluating its viticultural heritage. A total of 96 individuals were collected and subjected to genotyping utilizing 20 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). This analysis yielded 44 unique molecular profiles, of which 3 represent new varieties reported for the first time (Aromatica Eufrosina, Cagarruta de oveja, and Viñarda rosada). Additionally, fourteen previously unreported mutations were identified, of which two contain triallelic SSRs. Consequently, the present population of local grapevines on La Palma Island comprises seven varieties (Albillo criollo, Aromatica Eufrosina, Bienmesabe tinto, Cagarruta de oveja, Gual Mazo, Sabro, and Viñarda rosada). The Bienmesabe tinto variety is possibly an interspecific cross. The varieties Aromatica Eufrosina and Viñarda rosada also presented somewhat particular behavior. The distinctiveness of this grapevine population from La Palma Island reinforces the notion that the Canary Archipelago represents a significant center of grapevine biodiversity. The volcanic activity of Tajogaite (2021) did not have a significant impact on grapevine biodiversity on the island. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Genetic Regulation and Quality Improvement of Grapes)

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22 pages, 20046 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards Understanding the Promotion of Plant Growth Under an Experimental Red-Fluorescent Plastic Film

by Eric J. Stallknecht and Erik S. Runkle

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080980 - 19 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1115

Abstract

Semitransparent plastic films containing red-fluorescent pigments can increase the growth of some greenhouse crops despite a lower transmitted photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), but the underlying mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. We postulated it can be attributed to a [...] Read more.

Semitransparent plastic films containing red-fluorescent pigments can increase the growth of some greenhouse crops despite a lower transmitted photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), but the underlying mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. We postulated it can be attributed to a lower blue-light environment that increases leaf expansion and thus photon capture. We examined the growth response and photosynthetic capacity of vegetable and ornamental greenhouse crops under a red-fluorescent plastic, plastics with varying transmission percentages of blue light (from 6% to 20%), and an uncovered greenhouse control with a 40% greater PPFD. When the transmitted PPFD was similar, decreasing the percentage of blue light increased the extension growth for some but not all species tested. Transmitted PPFD had a more pronounced effect on extension growth than the percentage of blue light. Lettuce shoot dry mass was greater under the red-fluorescent film than the other covered treatments and similar to the uncovered control with 40% more light. Regardless of the transmission spectrum, decreasing the transmitted PPFD reduced tomato fruit fresh mass and generally decreased the number of flowers ornamental on the species. Maximum photosynthetic rate (A_max), stomatal conductance (g_sw), and quantum yield of photosystem II (PhiPSII) consistently decreased as the percentage of blue light transmission decreased, but this did not correlate to biomass accumulation. An experimental red-fluorescent film had cultivar and species-specific effects on growth, highlighting both its potential for leafy greens and potential challenges for greenhouse crops with a greater quantum requirement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Light Management in Controlled-Environment Horticulture)

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22 pages, 6953 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.] Fruit Quality Influenced by Plant Pruning

by Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez, Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza, Juan F. Aguirre-Medina, Carlos H. Avendaño-Arrazate, Daniel A. Cadena-Zamudio, Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio, Ramón M. Soto-Hernández, Víctor M. Cisneros-Solano, Lucero del Mar Ruiz-Posadas, Celeste Soto-Mendoza and Jorge L. Mejía-Méndez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080965 - 14 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

Plant pruning is the selective removal of specific plant parts to enhance growth, shape, and health. In this work, the effects of pruning were evaluated regarding the physiological parameters, maturity, quality, and harvest indices and the nutritional quality features of twelve chayote [ [...] Read more.

Plant pruning is the selective removal of specific plant parts to enhance growth, shape, and health. In this work, the effects of pruning were evaluated regarding the physiological parameters, maturity, quality, and harvest indices and the nutritional quality features of twelve chayote [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw] (Cucurbitaceae) varieties. GC-FID approaches were utilized to determine CO₂ assimilation rates. The results demonstrated that pruning upregulated the leaf temperature and conductance but decreased transpiration and CO₂ assimilation rates within the evaluated period (06:30 a.m.–16:23 p.m.). It was noted that the implementation of pruning also impacted samples with enhanced photosynthetically active radiation activity, with a positive correlation with CO₂ assimilation. The macro- and micronutrient content was higher in samples with an epidermis, especially for S. edule var. albus spinosum. Nevertheless, the analyzed samples presented low (5–10 mL CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹), medium (10–15 mL CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹), and high levels (15–20 mL CO₂ kg⁻¹ h⁻¹) of respiratory intensity and weight loss (7–17%)—effects attributed to botanical differences between the studied chayote varieties. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the effects of pruning in chayote orchards and expands the knowledge regarding the implementation of effective approaches to produce plants with culinary, cultural, and medicinal implications. Further approaches are required to determine the effects of pruning on chayote after harvest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Agrochemical-Conventional Management in Horticultural Crops)

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26 pages, 3521 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Salinity Tolerance of Novel and Established Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars for Super-High-Density Systems

by Xavier Rius-García, María Videgain-Marco, José Casanova-Gascón, Luis Acuña-Rello and Pablo Martín-Ramos

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080957 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 5089

Abstract

The olive industry is transitioning from traditional to super-high-density (SHD) systems to optimize production costs and address labor shortages. This shift coincides with increasing challenges from soil salinization and deteriorating irrigation water quality. This study evaluated salinity tolerance in three novel olive cultivars [...] Read more.

The olive industry is transitioning from traditional to super-high-density (SHD) systems to optimize production costs and address labor shortages. This shift coincides with increasing challenges from soil salinization and deteriorating irrigation water quality. This study evaluated salinity tolerance in three novel olive cultivars (Lecciana, Coriana, and Sikitita) against the established SHD references Arbequina and Arbosana under controlled greenhouse conditions over five months with increasing NaCl concentrations (25, 50, and 75 mM). The analysis revealed distinct adaptation mechanisms among cultivars. Arbosana exhibited balanced tolerance across parameters, with minimal biomass reduction and remarkable photosynthetic resilience. Lecciana demonstrated superior ion regulation, maintaining the highest K⁺/Na⁺ ratios across all salinity levels despite pronounced shoot growth sensitivity at high salinity. Sikitita showed moderate tolerance through biomass maintenance but with significant photosynthetic sensitivity under stress. Arbequina displayed effective chloride exclusion and consistent shoot growth despite biomass sensitivity, whereas Coriana presented notable biomass increases at moderate salinity but poor ion discrimination. Tissue-specific analysis revealed common compartmentalization patterns across cultivars, with roots accumulating the highest Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations. These data identify Arbosana and Lecciana as promising candidates for salinized SHD orchards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olive Stress Alleviation Strategies)

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21 pages, 5914 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Assays and Microscopy to Study the Botrytis cinerea–Strawberry Interaction Reveal Tissue-Specific Stomatal Penetration

by Lorena Rodriguez Coy, Donovan Garcia-Ceron, Scott W. Mattner, Donald M. Gardiner and Anthony R. Gendall

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080954 - 12 Aug 2025

Viewed by 2566

Abstract

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) production has increased around the world, but crop quality and yield are threatened by fungal pathogens. Botrytis cinerea is a filamentous fungus that infects over 1400 species of crops, causing gray mold disease with devastating losses to [...] Read more.

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) production has increased around the world, but crop quality and yield are threatened by fungal pathogens. Botrytis cinerea is a filamentous fungus that infects over 1400 species of crops, causing gray mold disease with devastating losses to horticulture worldwide, including strawberry. The heavy reliance on synthetic fungicides in the strawberry industry has led to the emergence of fungicide resistance in B. cinerea. Therefore, understanding the fundamental biology of B. cinerea is an important step in the search for novel antifungals. Although B. cinerea is one of the most serious pathogens of strawberry, this pathosystem is understudied compared to other plant hosts. Consequently, further evidence is needed on pathogen penetration and early disease development in strawberry tissues. Here, we adapted and advanced assays using detached strawberry leaves, fruits, and petals to study B. cinerea infection. These assays allow the comparison of the treatment effect on the same fruit, avoiding confounding from differential ripening, and facilitate the screening of fungicides or biocontrol agents. Through chlorophyll fluorescence analysis and scanning electron and confocal microscopy, we quantified lesions caused by B. cinerea in the early stages of infection in fruit and petals, and demonstrated that B. cinerea penetrates through the stomata of strawberry achenes, revealing a previously unrecognized infection route in this host. These data provide a deeper understanding of the B. cinerea–strawberry interaction and will serve as a foundation for future studies seeking novel antifungal treatments against B. cinerea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Horticultural Crops)

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22 pages, 2221 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Revised Viticulture for Low-Alcohol Wine Production: Strategies and Limitations

by Stefano Poni and Tommaso Frioni

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080932 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1799

Abstract

Interest in the wine sector focusing on no- or low-alcohol wines is growing. De-alcoholation, typically a post-fermentation process, faces restrictions in some countries and is often quite costly. Using raw materials like low-sugar grapes suitable for this purpose seems logical, yet the literature [...] Read more.

Interest in the wine sector focusing on no- or low-alcohol wines is growing. De-alcoholation, typically a post-fermentation process, faces restrictions in some countries and is often quite costly. Using raw materials like low-sugar grapes suitable for this purpose seems logical, yet the literature currently lacks contributions in this area. In this review paper, we outline an ideal ripening process where the goal of producing “low-sugar grapes” can be achieved through various methodologies applied at (i) the whole-canopy level (minimal pruning, hedge mechanical pruning with or without hand finishing, cane pruning combined with high bud load and no cluster thinning, applications of exogenous hormones, late irrigation, and double cropping); (ii) the canopy microclimate level, involving changes in the leaf area-to-fruit ratios (netting, apical or basal leaf removal, late shoot trimming, use of antitranspirants); and (iii) through new technologies (high-yield plots from vigor maps and the adoption of agrivoltaics). However, the efforts in this survey extend beyond merely achieving the production of low-sugar grapes in the vineyard, which is indeed primary but not exhaustive. Therefore, we also explore solutions for obtaining low-sugar grapes while simultaneously enhancing features such as lower acidity, increased phenolics, and aroma potential, which might boost consumer appreciation. The review emphasizes that (i) grapes intended for low-alcohol wine production should not be viewed as a low-quality sector but rather as an alternative endeavour, where the concept of grape quality remains firmly intact and (ii) viticulture for low sugar concentration is a primary strategy, rather than merely a support to dealcoholization techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology, Sustainability and Management)

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17 pages, 780 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Progress in the Study of Plant Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition and Their Interaction Mechanisms

by Weiyu Cao, Hai Sun, Cai Shao, Yue Wang, Jiapeng Zhu, Hongjie Long, Xiaomeng Geng and Yayu Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080930 - 7 Aug 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3879

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients for plants whose functions and interactions profoundly influence plant physiological metabolism, environmental adaptation, and agricultural production efficiency. This review summarizes research advances in plant N and K nutrition and their interaction mechanisms, elucidating the key [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients for plants whose functions and interactions profoundly influence plant physiological metabolism, environmental adaptation, and agricultural production efficiency. This review summarizes research advances in plant N and K nutrition and their interaction mechanisms, elucidating the key physiological functions of N and K individually and their respective absorption and transport mechanisms involving transporters such as NRTs and HAKs/KUPs. The review discusses the types of nutrient interactions (synergism and antagonism), with a primary focus on the physiological basis of N–K interactions and their interplay in root absorption and transport (e.g., K⁺-NO₃⁻ co-transport; NH₄⁺ inhibition of K⁺ uptake), photosynthesis (jointly optimizing CO₂ conductance, mesophyll conductance, and N allocation within photosynthetic machinery to enhance photosynthetic N use efficiency, PNUE), as well as sensing, signaling, co-regulation, and metabolism. This review emphasizes that N–K balance is crucial for improving crop yield and quality, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency (NUE/KUE), and reducing environmental pollution. Consequently, developing effective N–K management strategies based on these interaction mechanisms and implementing Balanced Fertilization Techniques (BFT) to optimize N–K ratios and application strategies in agricultural production represent vital pathways for ensuring food security, addressing resource constraints, and advancing green, low-carbon agriculture, including through coordinated management of greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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28 pages, 346 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Emerging Perspectives on Chemical Weed Management Tactics in Container Ornamental Production in the United States

by Sushil Grewal and Debalina Saha

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080926 - 6 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1965

Abstract

Weed management remains a critical challenge in the U.S. container ornamental production industry, where weeds not only compete with crops for limited resources but also harbor pests and pathogens, thereby diminishing plant quality and marketability. The paper explores the economic impact of weed [...] Read more.

Weed management remains a critical challenge in the U.S. container ornamental production industry, where weeds not only compete with crops for limited resources but also harbor pests and pathogens, thereby diminishing plant quality and marketability. The paper explores the economic impact of weed infestations, herbicide resistance development, and the limited availability of selective herbicides for ornamental crops in the United States. This review synthesizes current chemical weed control tactics, focusing not only on both preemergence and postemergence herbicides commonly used in ornamental nurseries, but also organic alternatives and integrated weed management (IWM) approaches as complementary strategies by evaluating their effectiveness, crop safety, and usage. There is a critical need for research in the areas of alternative chemical options such as insecticides, miticides (e.g., Zerotol and Tetra Curb Max), and organic products for liverwort control in greenhouses. Although essential oils and plant-based extracts show some potential, their effectiveness and practical use remain largely unexplored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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15 pages, 4075 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biological Characteristics and Domestication of a Wild Hericium coralloides

by Ji-Ling Song, Ya Xin, Zu-Fa Zhou, Xue-Ping Kang, Yang Zhang, Wei-Dong Yuan and Bin Yu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080917 - 5 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1261

Abstract

Hericium coralloides is a highly valued gourmet and medicinal species with growing market demand across East Asia, though industrial production remains limited by cultivation challenges. This study investigated the molecular characteristics, biological traits, domestication potential, and cultivation protocols of Hericium coralloides strains collected [...] Read more.

Hericium coralloides is a highly valued gourmet and medicinal species with growing market demand across East Asia, though industrial production remains limited by cultivation challenges. This study investigated the molecular characteristics, biological traits, domestication potential, and cultivation protocols of Hericium coralloides strains collected from the Changbaishan Nature Reserve (Jiling, China). Optimal conditions for mycelial growth included mannose as the preferred carbon source, peptone as the nitrogen source, 30 °C incubation temperature, pH 5.5, and magnesium sulfate as the essential inorganic salt. The fruiting bodies had a protein content of 2.43% g/100 g (fresh sample meter). Total amino acids comprised 53.3% of the total amino acid profile, while essential amino acids accounted for 114.11% relative to non-essential amino acids, indicating high nutritional value. Under optimized domestication conditions—70% hardwood chips, 20% cottonseed hulls, 8% bran, 1% malic acid, and 1% gypsum—bags reached full colonization in 28 days, with a 15-day maturation phase and initial fruiting occurring after 12–14 days. The interval between flushes was 10–12 days. The average yield reached 318.65 ± 31.74 g per bag, with a biological conversion rate of 63.73%. These findings demonstrate that Hericium coralloides possesses significant potential for edible and commercial applications. This study provides a robust theoretical foundation and resource reference for its artificial cultivation, supporting its broader industrial and economic utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Propagation and Cultivation of Mushroom)

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23 pages, 4501 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of SO₂ Fumigation, Acid Dipping, and SO₂ Combined with Acid Dipping on Metabolite Profile of ‘Heiye’ Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Pericarp

by Feilong Yin, Zhuoran Li, Tingting Lai, Libing Long, Yunfen Liu, Dongmei Han, Zhenxian Wu, Liang Shuai and Tao Luo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080923 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 760

Abstract

Sulfur fumigation (SF), acid dipping (HCl treatment, HAT), and their combination (SF+HAT) are common methods for long-term preservation and color protection of litchi. However, their effects on the metabolic profile of the litchi pericarp have not been investigated. SF resulted in a yellowish-green [...] Read more.

Sulfur fumigation (SF), acid dipping (HCl treatment, HAT), and their combination (SF+HAT) are common methods for long-term preservation and color protection of litchi. However, their effects on the metabolic profile of the litchi pericarp have not been investigated. SF resulted in a yellowish-green pericarp by up-regulating lightness (L*), b*, C*, and h° but down-regulating total anthocyanin content (TAC) and a*, while HAT resulted in a reddish coloration by up-regulating a*, b*, and C* but down-regulating L*, h°, and TAC. SF+HAT recovered reddish color with similar L*, C* to SF but a*, b*, h°, and TAC between SF and HAT. Differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) detected in HAT (vs. control) were more than those in SF (vs. control), but similar to those in SF+HAT (vs. control). SF specifically down-regulated the content of cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, sinapinaldehyde, salicylic acid, and tyrosol, but up-regulated 6 flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol-3-O-(6″-malonyl)galactoside, hesperetin-7-O-glucoside, etc.). Five pathways (biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, glutathione metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism) were commonly enriched among the three treatments, which significantly up-regulated sulfur-containing metabolites (mainly glutathione, methionine, and homocystine) and down-regulated substrates for browning (mainly procyanidin B2, C1, and coniferyl alcohol). These results provide metabolic evidence for the effect of three treatments on coloration and storability of litchi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Postharvest Fruit Quality and Physiological Mechanism: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2688 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Biostimulant Applications on Eco-Physiological Traits, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Two Raspberry Cultivars

by Francesco Giovanelli, Cristian Silvestri and Valerio Cristofori

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080906 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1571

Abstract

Enhancing the yield and qualitative traits of horticultural crops without further hampering the environment constitutes an urgent challenge that could be addressed by implementing innovative agronomic tools, such as plant biostimulants. This study investigated the effects of three commercial biostimulants—BIO1 (fulvic/humic acids), BIO2 [...] Read more.

Enhancing the yield and qualitative traits of horticultural crops without further hampering the environment constitutes an urgent challenge that could be addressed by implementing innovative agronomic tools, such as plant biostimulants. This study investigated the effects of three commercial biostimulants—BIO1 (fulvic/humic acids), BIO2 (leonardite-humic acids), and BIO3 (plant-based extracts)—on leaf ecophysiology, yield, and fruit quality in two raspberry cultivars, ‘Autumn Bliss’ (AB) and ‘Zeva’ (Z), grown in an open-field context, to assess their effectiveness in raspberry cultivation. Experimental activities involved two Research Years (RYs), namely, year 2023 (RY 1) and 2024 (RY 2). Leaf parameters such as chlorophyll, flavonols, anthocyanins, and the Nitrogen Balance Index (NBI) were predominantly influenced by the interaction between Treatment, Year and Cultivar factors, indicating context-dependent responses rather than direct biostimulant effects. BIO2 showed a tendency to increase yield (g plant⁻¹) and berry number plant⁻¹, particularly in RY 2 (417.50 g plant⁻¹, +33.93% vs. control). Fruit quality responses were cultivar and time-specific: BIO3 improved soluble solid content in AB (12.8 °Brix, RY 2, Intermediate Harvest) and Z (11.43 °Brix, +13.91% vs. BIO2). BIO2 reduced titratable acidity in AB (3.12 g L⁻¹) and increased pH in Z (3.02, RY 2) but also decreased °Brix in Z. These findings highlight the potential of biostimulants to modulate raspberry physiology and productivity but underscore the critical role of cultivar, environmental conditions, and specific biostimulant composition in determining the outcomes, which were found to critically depend on tailored application strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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21 pages, 2189 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Salicylic Acid Application Method and Concentration on the Growth and Ornamental Quality of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.)

by Alessandro Esposito, Alessandro Miceli, Filippo Vetrano, Samantha Campo and Alessandra Moncada

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080904 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1882

Abstract

In the context of increasing demand for sustainable floriculture, this study evaluated the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on phenotypic traits of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). A factorial experiment was conducted in a commercial glasshouse using rooted poinsettia cuttings treated with three [...] Read more.

In the context of increasing demand for sustainable floriculture, this study evaluated the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on phenotypic traits of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). A factorial experiment was conducted in a commercial glasshouse using rooted poinsettia cuttings treated with three SA concentrations (10⁻³, 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁵ M) applied via foliar or root application. Morphological parameters, colorimetric traits (CIELAB), canopy development, and biomass accumulation were assessed throughout the cultivation cycle. SA had no significant influence on the plant height, leaf number, or biomass of stems, leaves, and roots. However, notable phenotypic changes were observed. Foliar applications, particularly at 10⁻⁵ M, induced visible changes in leaf and bract color, including reduced brightness, saturation, and red pigmentation, especially in newly developed tissues. Conversely, root applications had milder effects and were generally associated with a more stable bract color. The 10⁻⁴ M root treatment promoted greater bract surface and color saturation. Canopy expansion and dry matter accumulation were also influenced by SA in a dose- and method-dependent manner, with high-dose foliar treatments (10⁻³ M) exerting suppressive effects. These findings suggest that the application mode and concentration of SA are critical in modulating ornamental quality traits, with low-to-moderate doses—particularly via root application—offering promising strategies to enhance plant performance in sustainable poinsettia cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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16 pages, 2276 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Nanoparticles on the Development of Bacterial Speck in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Chili Variegation (Capsicum annuum L.)

by Edgar Alejandro Ruiz-Ramirez, Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez, Gilberto Velázquez-Juárez, Reyna Isabel Rojas-Martinez and Victor Manuel Zuñiga-Mayo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080907 - 4 Aug 2025

Viewed by 1113

Abstract

Among the new strategies for managing diseases in agricultural crops is the application of metallic nanoparticles due to their ability to inhibit the development of phytopathogenic microorganisms and to induce plant defense responses. Therefore, this research evaluated the effects of silver (AgNPs), zinc [...] Read more.

Among the new strategies for managing diseases in agricultural crops is the application of metallic nanoparticles due to their ability to inhibit the development of phytopathogenic microorganisms and to induce plant defense responses. Therefore, this research evaluated the effects of silver (AgNPs), zinc oxide (ZnONPs), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂NPs) nanoparticles on symptom progression and physiological parameters in two pathosystems: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Psto) in tomato (pathosystem one, culturable pathogen) and Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLso) in pepper plants (pathosystem two, non-culturable pathogen). For in vitro pathosystem one assays, SiO₂NPs did not inhibit Psto growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 31.67 ppm for AgNPs and 194.3 ppm for ZnONPs. Furthermore, the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) for AgNPs was 100 ppm, while for ZnONPs, it was 1000 ppm. For in planta assays, ZnONPs, AgNPs, and SiO₂NPs reduced the number of lesions per leaf, but only ZnONPs significantly decreased the severity. Regarding pathosystem two, AgNPs, ZnONPs, and SiO₂NPs application delayed symptom progression. However, only AgNPs significantly reduced severity percentage. Moreover, treatments with AgNPs and SiO₂NPs increased the plant height and dry weight compared to the results for the control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

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26 pages, 3326 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Zeolite in Vineyard: Innovative Agriculture Management Against Drought Stress

by Eleonora Cataldo, Sergio Puccioni, Aleš Eichmeier and Giovan Battista Mattii

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080897 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 853

Abstract

Discovering, analyzing, and finding a key to understanding the physiological and biochemical responses that Vitis vinifera L. undertakes against drought stress is of fundamental importance for this profitable crop. Today’s considerable climatic fluctuations force researchers and farmers to focus on this issue with [...] Read more.

Discovering, analyzing, and finding a key to understanding the physiological and biochemical responses that Vitis vinifera L. undertakes against drought stress is of fundamental importance for this profitable crop. Today’s considerable climatic fluctuations force researchers and farmers to focus on this issue with solutions inclined to respect the ecosystem. In this academic work, we focused on describing the drought stress consequences on several parameters of secondary metabolites on Vitis vinifera leaves (quercetins, kaempferol, resveratrol, proline, and xanthophylls) and on some ecophysiological characteristics (e.g., water potential, stomatal conductance, and leaf temperature) to compare the answers that diverse agronomic management techniques (i.e., irrigation with and without zeolite, pure zeolite and no application) could instaurate in the metabolic pathway of this important crop with the aim to find convincing and thought-provoking responses to use this captivating and versatile mineral, the zeolite known as the “magic rock”. Stressed grapevines reached 56.80 mmol/m²s gs at veraison and a more negative stem Ψ (+10.63%) compared to plants with zeolite. Resveratrol, in the hottest season, fluctuated from 0.18–0.19 mg/g in zeolite treatments to 0.37 mg/g in stressed vines. Quercetins were inclined to accumulate in response to drought stress too. In fact, we recorded a peak of quercetin (3-O-glucoside + 3-O-glucuronide) of 11.20 mg/g at veraison in stressed plants. It is interesting to note how the pool of metabolites was often unchanged for plants treated with zeolite and for plants treated with water only, thus elevating this mineral to a “stress reliever”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crops against Abiotic Stresses: Adaptation Skills and Agronomic Strategies)

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18 pages, 1256 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Algae Extracts and Zeolite Modulate Plant Growth and Enhance the Yield of Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. Under Suboptimum and Deficient Soil Water Content

by José Antonio Miranda-Rojas, Aurelio Pedroza-Sandoval, Isaac Gramillo-Ávila, Ricardo Trejo-Calzada, Ignacio Sánchez-Cohen and Luis Gerardo Yáñez-Chávez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080902 - 3 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281

Abstract

Drought and water scarcity are some of the most important challenges facing agricultural producers in dry environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of algae extract and zeolite in terms of their biostimulant action on water stress tolerance to obtain better growth [...] Read more.

Drought and water scarcity are some of the most important challenges facing agricultural producers in dry environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of algae extract and zeolite in terms of their biostimulant action on water stress tolerance to obtain better growth and production of tomato Lycopersicum esculentum L. grown in an open field under suboptimum and deficient soil moisture content. Large plots had a suboptimum soil moisture content (SSMC) of 25% ± 2 [28% below field capacity (FC)] and deficient soil moisture content (DSMC) of 20% ± 2 [11% above permanent wilting point (PWP)]; both soil moisture ranges were based on field capacity FC (32%) and PWP (18%). Small plots had four treatments: algae extract (AE) 50 L ha⁻¹ and zeolite (Z) 20 t ha⁻¹, a combination of both products (AE + Z) 25 L ha⁻¹ and 10 t h⁻¹, and a control (without application of either product). By applying AE, Z, and AE + Z, plant height, plant vigor, and chlorophyll index were significantly higher compared to the control by 20.3%, 10.5%, and 22.3%, respectively. The effect on relative water content was moderate—only 2.6% higher than the control applying AE, while the best treatment for the photosynthesis variable was applying Z, with a value of 20.9 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, which was 18% higher than the control. Consequently, tomato yield was also higher compared to the control by 333% and 425% when applying AE and Z, respectively, with suboptimum soil moisture content. The application of the biostimulants did not show any mitigating effect on water stress under soil water deficit conditions close to permanent wilting. These findings are relevant to water-scarce agricultural areas, where more efficient irrigation water use is imperative. Plant biostimulation through organic and inorganic extracts plays an important role in mitigating environmental stresses such as those caused by water shortages, leading to improved production in vulnerable agricultural areas with extreme climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Irrigation and Water Management in Horticultural Production)

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55 pages, 4017 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sonchus Species of the Mediterranean Region: From Wild Food to Horticultural Innovation—Exploring Taxonomy, Cultivation, and Health Benefits

by Adrián Ruiz-Rocamora, Concepción Obón, Segundo Ríos, Francisco Alcaraz and Diego Rivera

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080893 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 4064

Abstract

The genus Sonchus (Asteraceae) comprises 98 species, including 17 predominantly herbaceous taxa native to the Mediterranean region. These plants have long been utilized as traditional wild food sources due to their high nutritional value, as they are rich in vitamins A, C, and [...] Read more.

The genus Sonchus (Asteraceae) comprises 98 species, including 17 predominantly herbaceous taxa native to the Mediterranean region. These plants have long been utilized as traditional wild food sources due to their high nutritional value, as they are rich in vitamins A, C, and K, essential minerals, and bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the taxonomy, geographic distribution, phytochemical composition, traditional uses, historical significance, and pharmacological properties of Sonchus species. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies from 1980 to 2024. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools. A bibliometric analysis of 440 publications (from 1856 to 2025) reveals evolving research trends, with S. oleraceus, S. arvensis, and S. asper being the most extensively studied species. The review provides detailed taxonomic insights into 17 species and 14 subspecies, emphasizing their ecological adaptations and biogeographical patterns. Additionally, it highlights the cultural and medicinal relevance of Sonchus since antiquity while underscoring the threats posed by environmental degradation and changing dietary habits. Sonchus oleraceus and S. tenerrimus dominate the culinary applications of the genus, likely due to favorable taste, wide accessibility, and longstanding cultural importance. The comprehensive nutritional profile of Sonchus species positions these plants as valuable contributors to dietary diversity and food security. Finally, the study identifies current knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions to support the conservation and sustainable utilization of Sonchus species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Plant Species as Potential Horticultural Crops: An Opportunity for Farmers and Consumers—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5967 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chitosan Application Improves the Growth and Physiological Parameters of Tomato Crops

by Juan José Reyes-Pérez, Luis Tarquino Llerena-Ramos, Wilmer Tezara, Víctor Reynel, Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel and Antonio Juárez-Maldonado

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080878 - 28 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

Tomato crops are treated with high concentrations of synthetic fertilizers and insecticides to increase yields, but the careless use of these chemicals harms the environment and human health and affects plant pathogen resistance. The effect of foliar spray of three concentrations of chitosan [...] Read more.

Tomato crops are treated with high concentrations of synthetic fertilizers and insecticides to increase yields, but the careless use of these chemicals harms the environment and human health and affects plant pathogen resistance. The effect of foliar spray of three concentrations of chitosan (500, 1000, and 2000 mg L⁻¹) on plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and physiological performance in two tomato varieties (Floradade and Candela F1) was studied. Physiological traits such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and leaf area index of the plants were positively affected by chitosan, an effective compound that biostimulates growth, with increases in biomass of organs with respect to the control treatment. Chitosan also improved tomato quality, such as increases in polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, and total soluble solids in both tomato varieties. Finally, yield increased by 76.4% and 65.4% in Floradade and Candela F1, respectively. The responses of tomato plants to chitosan application were different depending on the variety evaluated, indicating a differential response to the biostimulant. The use of chitosan in agriculture is a tool that has no negative effects on plants and the environment and can increase the productive capacity of tomato plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Biostimulants on the Growth and Development of Horticultural Crops)

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20 pages, 2144 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Crop Load Management on Berry and Wine Composition of Marselan Grapes

by Jianrong Kai, Jing Zhang, Caiyan Wang, Fang Wang, Xiangyu Sun, Tingting Ma, Qian Ge and Zehua Xu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070851 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 805

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the crop load on the berry and wine composition of Marselan grapes. Thus, the appropriate crop load for Marselan wine grapes in Ningxia was determined based on the shoot density and the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the crop load on the berry and wine composition of Marselan grapes. Thus, the appropriate crop load for Marselan wine grapes in Ningxia was determined based on the shoot density and the number of clusters per shoot. Marselan grapes from the Gezi Mountain vineyard, located at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in the Qingtongxia region of Ningxia, were selected as the research material to conduct a combination experiment with four levels of shoot density and three levels of cluster density. The analysis of the berry and wine chemical composition was combined with a wine sensory evaluation to determine the optimal crop load levels. Crop load regulation significantly affected both the grape berry composition and the basic physicochemical properties of the resulting wine. Low crop loads improved metrics such as the berry weight and soluble solids content. A low shoot density facilitated the accumulation of organic acids, flavonols, and hydroxybenzoic acids in wine. Moderate crop loads were conducive to anthocyanin synthesis—the total individual anthocyanins content in the 10–20 shoots per meter of the canopy treatment group ranged from 116% to 490% of the control group—whereas excessive crop loads hindered its accumulation. Crop load management significantly influenced the aroma composition of wine by regulating the content of sugars, nitrogen sources, and organic acids in grape berries, thereby promoting the synthesis of esters and the accumulation of key aromatic compounds, such as terpenes. This process optimized pleasant flavors, including fruity and floral aromas. In contrast, wines from the high crop load and control treatments contained lower levels of these aroma compounds. Compounds such as ethyl caprylate and β-damascenone were identified as potential quality markers. Overall, the wine produced from vines with a crop load of 30 clusters (15 shoots per meter of canopy, 2 clusters per shoot) received the highest sensory scores. Appropriate crop load management is therefore critical to improving the chemical composition of Marselan wine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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29 pages, 1493 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Hydroponic Cultivation on Baby Plant Characteristics of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) O. Kunze at Harvest and During Storage as Minimally Processed Produce

by Alessandro Esposito, Alessandra Moncada, Filippo Vetrano, Eristanna Palazzolo, Caterina Lucia and Alessandro Miceli

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070846 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1221

Abstract

Tetragonia tetragonioides, or New Zealand spinach, is a widespread halophyte native to eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, and naturalized in some Mediterranean regions. This underutilized vegetable is consumed for its leaves, raw or cooked. For the first time, we investigated the [...] Read more.

Tetragonia tetragonioides, or New Zealand spinach, is a widespread halophyte native to eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, and naturalized in some Mediterranean regions. This underutilized vegetable is consumed for its leaves, raw or cooked. For the first time, we investigated the feasibility of using whole baby plants (including stems and leaves) as raw material for ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetable production. Our study assessed Tetragonia’s suitability for hydroponic cultivation over two cycles (autumn–winter and spring). We investigated the impact of increasing nutrient rates (only water, half-strength, and full-strength nutrient solutions) and plant densities (365, 497, and 615 plants m⁻² in the first trial and 615 and 947 plants m⁻² in the second) on baby plant production. We also analyzed the plants’ morphological and biochemical characteristics, and their viability for cold storage (21 days at 4 °C) as a minimally processed product. Tetragonia adapted well to hydroponic cultivation across both growing periods. Nevertheless, climatic conditions, plant density, and nutrient supply significantly influenced plant growth, yield, nutritional quality, and post-harvest storage. The highest plant density combined with the full-strength nutrient solution resulted in the highest yield, especially during spring (1.8 kg m⁻²), and favorable nutritional characteristics (β-carotene, Vitamin C, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn). Furthermore, Tetragonia baby plants proved suitable for minimal processing, maintaining good quality retention for a minimum of 14 days, thus resulting in a viable option for the RTE vegetable market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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18 pages, 5627 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Bud Positions on the Changes in Carbohydrates and Nitrogen in Response to Hydrogen Cyanamide During Budbreak in Low-Chill Kiwifruit

by Wanichaya Chaiwimol, Wisuwat Songnuan, Hitoshi Ohara, Yotin Juprasong and Aussanee Pichakum

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070847 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1597

Abstract

Climate change has contributed to a decline in winter chilling accumulation, a critical requirement for budbreak in temperate fruit crops. Its consequence has been a reduction in fruit production. To compensate for insufficient chilling, hydrogen cyanamide (HC) is widely applied, though its effectiveness [...] Read more.

Climate change has contributed to a decline in winter chilling accumulation, a critical requirement for budbreak in temperate fruit crops. Its consequence has been a reduction in fruit production. To compensate for insufficient chilling, hydrogen cyanamide (HC) is widely applied, though its effectiveness remains limited. This study investigated the effect of HC application on budbreak in low-chill kiwifruit under warm conditions by correlating phenological responses with changes in carbohydrate and nitrogen concentrations in bark tissues across bud positions. Phenological observations revealed the highest budbreak percentage and total flower buds at the apical position. HC significantly increased budbreak by 58.82% at the apical position and by 375% at the middle position, with corresponding increases in total flower buds by 148.78% and 1066.67%, respectively. Additionally, shoot lengths were uniform among bud positions in HC-treated canes, whereas non-treated canes showed shoot length heterogeneity. Moreover, HC treatment triggered an earlier and more pronounced reduction in soluble sugars (sucrose and hexoses) concentrations along the gradient from apical to basal bud positions, where the response was strongest at the apical position, which was strongly associated with enhanced budbreak percentages and total flower bud formation. While total nitrogen content was highest in the apical position, it was unaffected by HC application. These findings indicate that HC may promote budbreak by enhancing the mobilization and consumption of soluble sugars for bud growth, thereby improving budbreak performance, flower bud production, and uniform shoot development in low-chill kiwifruit under warm conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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13 pages, 4687 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temporary Immersion Bioreactor for In Vitro Multiplication of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

by Bruno Reyes-Beristain, Eucario Mancilla-Álvarez, José Abel López-Buenfil and Jericó Jabín Bello-Bello

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070842 - 17 Jul 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) micropropagation is an alternative for obtaining plantlets with high genetic and phytosanitary quality. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for the micropropagation of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) using the temporary immersion bioreactor, under [...] Read more.

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) micropropagation is an alternative for obtaining plantlets with high genetic and phytosanitary quality. The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for the micropropagation of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) using the temporary immersion bioreactor, under intermittent immersion periods and different culture medium volumes. The effect of the liquid medium using the TIB and semisolid was evaluated. Different immersion frequencies and culture medium volumes per explant were evaluated in the TIB. In all treatments, the number of shoots per explant, shoot length, number of leaves per explant, percentage of hyperhydricity, and chlorophyll and β-carotene content at multiplication stage were evaluated. The generated shoots, without a root system, were transferred to the acclimatization stage. The results show that the TIB with an immersion frequency of 2 min every 8 h and a volume of 25 mL of culture medium per explant had the best developmental parameters, with 5.75 shoots per explant, a shoot length of 3.44 cm, and 2% hyperhydricity. The highest chlorophyll and β-carotene content was observed in the TIB at different immersion frequencies of 4, 8 and 12 h, with 25 and 50 mL per explant. Survival percentages higher than 96% were observed in all methods evaluated. In conclusion, the evaluated immersion system is an efficient alternative for R. idaeus micropropagation, without using a rooting stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Culture and Micropropagation Techniques of Horticultural Crops)

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20 pages, 1996 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Disentangling and Closing the Nutrient-Based Potato Yield Gap Using Integrated Nutrient Management Under Temperate Environments of Sub-Saharan Africa

by Jabulani Ntuli, Nomali Ziphorah Ngobese, Lucky Sithole and Sandile Hadebe

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070835 - 15 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1429

Abstract

Closing the nutrient-based potato yield gap in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major challenge due to low fertilizer use, degraded soils, and rising temperatures that exacerbate nutrient losses. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons to investigate the causes of the potato [...] Read more.

Closing the nutrient-based potato yield gap in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major challenge due to low fertilizer use, degraded soils, and rising temperatures that exacerbate nutrient losses. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons to investigate the causes of the potato nutrient-based yield gap and develop an integrated nutrient management (INM) strategy aimed at narrowing this gap. Integrated nutrient management factors included three fertilizer application rates [no fertilizer (control), 50%, and 100% of recommended fertilizer application rates], two soil cover levels (grass mulch applied and absent), and four potato cultivars (Mondial, Sababa, Panamera, and Tyson). The study identified a substantial yield gap of 42–45 t/ha, largely driven by insufficient fertilizer application and poor nutrient retention. Integrating full recommended fertilizer rate, mulching, and Panamera closed up to 84% of this gap, achieving a yield of 43 t/ha. Notably, reduced fertilizer application combined with mulching and Panamera maintained high yields (35–41 t/ha), indicating that resource-efficient practices can sustain productivity. These findings underscore the importance of coupling judicious fertilizer use with nutrient loss-mitigating and nutrient uptake-enhancing strategies. Further research is needed to address the residual yield gap and assess the economic feasibility of INM adoption under potato farming conditions in SSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)

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29 pages, 4517 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioengineered Indoor Farming Approaches: LED Light Spectra and Biostimulants for Enhancing Vindoline and Catharanthine Production in Catharanthus roseus

by Alessandro Quadri, Bianca Sambuco, Mattia Trenta, Patrizia Tassinari, Daniele Torreggiani, Laura Mercolini, Michele Protti, Alessandra Zambonelli, Federico Puliga and Alberto Barbaresi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070828 - 12 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1325

Abstract

Light quality and biostimulants regulate alkaloid biosynthesis and promote plant growth, but their combined effects on vindoline (VDL) and catharanthine (CAT) production in Catharanthus roseus remain underexplored. This study investigated the impact of different LED spectra and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-based biostimulant (BS) [...] Read more.

Light quality and biostimulants regulate alkaloid biosynthesis and promote plant growth, but their combined effects on vindoline (VDL) and catharanthine (CAT) production in Catharanthus roseus remain underexplored. This study investigated the impact of different LED spectra and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-based biostimulant (BS) on VDL and CAT production in indoor-grown C. roseus. After a 60-day pretreatment under white LEDs, plants were exposed to eight treatments: white (W, control), red (R), blue (B), and red-blue (RB) light, and their combinations with BS. Samples were collected before treatments (T0) and 92 days after pretreatment (T1). No mycorrhizal development was observed. VDL was detected in both roots and leaves, with higher levels in roots. R produced significantly higher mean concentrations of both VDL and CAT than W. BS significantly increased mean concentrations and total yields of both alkaloids than the untreated condition. The combination of R and BS produced the highest mean concentrations and total yields of VDL and CAT. In particular, it resulted in a significantly higher mean concentration and total yield of VDL compared to sole W. Total yields increased from T0 to T1, primarily due to a substantial rise in root yield. In conclusion, combining R and BS proved to be the most effective strategy to enhance VDL and CAT production by maximizing their total yields, which also increased over time due to greater root contribution. This underscores the importance of combining targeted treatments with harvesting at specific stages to optimize alkaloid production under controlled conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) for Vegetables, Ornamental and Aromatic Plants)

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18 pages, 4278 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Calibration Transfer Strategy to Update Hyperspectral Model for Quantitating Soluble Solid Content of Blueberry Across Different Batches

by Biao Chen, Xuhuang Huang, Shenwen Tan, Guangjun Qiu, Huaiyin Lin, Xuejun Yue, Junzhi Chen, Wenshan Zhong, Xuantian Li and Le Zhang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070830 - 12 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1032

Abstract

Model updating is a challenging task with regard to maintaining the performance of non-destructive detection models while using hyperspectral imaging techniques for detecting the internal quality of fresh fruits like blueberries. Different sample batches and differences in hyperspectral image acquisition environments may lead [...] Read more.

Model updating is a challenging task with regard to maintaining the performance of non-destructive detection models while using hyperspectral imaging techniques for detecting the internal quality of fresh fruits like blueberries. Different sample batches and differences in hyperspectral image acquisition environments may lead to a significant decline in the performance of hyperspectral detection models. This study investigated the transferability of a hyperspectral model for the quantitating soluble solid content of blueberries across different batches for two harvest years. Hyperspectral images and SSC values of blueberries were collected from two batches, including 364 samples from 2024 and 175 samples from 2025. The differences between SSC measurements and spectral data across these two batches were analyzed. Based on the sample dataset of the year 2024, a high-performance quantitative model for detecting SSC values was established by combining it with partial least squares regression (PLSR) and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS). This high-performance model could achieve a high determination coefficient (

R_{P}^{2}

) of 0.8965 and a low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.3707 °Brix. Using the sample dataset for the year 2025, the hyperspectral model was updated by the semi-supervised parameter-free calibration enhancement (SS-PFCE) algorithm. The updated model performed better than those established using individual datasets from 2024 and 2025, and obtained an

R_{P}^{2}

of 0.8347 and an RMSEP of 0.4930 °Brix. This indicates that the calibration transfer strategy is superior in improving hyperspectral model performance. This study demonstrated that the SS-PFCE algorithm, as a calibration transfer strategy, could effectively improve the transferability of the established model for detecting the SSC of blueberries across different sample batches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computer Vision Technology in Postharvest Processing of Fruits and Vegetables)

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