Horticulturae

15 pages, 5369 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Peptide-Chelated Micronutrients: A New Frontier of Fertilizers for Biofortification of Lettuce

by Leonardo Fiore, Marzia Leporino, Mariateresa Cardarelli, Paolo Bonini and Giuseppe Colla

Horticulturae 2026, 12(7), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12070797 - 30 Jun 2026

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Agronomic biofortification represents an effective strategy to counteract hidden hunger in humans. Salts and synthetic chelates are widely used as foliar or root applications for enriching vegetables with mineral nutrients. Recently, biochelates have been proposed as a sustainable alternative to synthetic chelates, especially [...] Read more.

Agronomic biofortification represents an effective strategy to counteract hidden hunger in humans. Salts and synthetic chelates are widely used as foliar or root applications for enriching vegetables with mineral nutrients. Recently, biochelates have been proposed as a sustainable alternative to synthetic chelates, especially peptide-based biochelates that combine the beneficial role of peptides as biostimulants and chelating agents. This study investigated the impact of multiple foliar applications of two peptide-based biochelates for enhancing Fe and Zn in leaves of hydroponically grown lettuce. No significant differences were observed in the fresh and dry weight of lettuce shoots, leaf pigments, leaf antioxidant activity and leaf macronutrient profile, while a significant increase in biochelate treatments was observed in leaf Fe and Zn concentrations in comparison with untreated control (+38.1% and +44.1%, respectively). Leaf concentration of Fe and Zn in biochelate treatments allowed to estimate that 100 g of biofortified fresh lettuce shoots per day in the human diet can contribute to Population Reference Intake from 7.9 to 11.5% for Fe and from 3.3 to 3.9% for Zn. Moreover, Zn-peptide treatments reduced nitrate concentration with respect to control and Fe-peptide (−9% and −11%, respectively), increasing the quality of lettuce leaves. Overall, peptide-based biochelates proved to be a promising, environmentally friendly fertilizer for lettuce biofortification, enhancing Fe and Zn concentration without impairing yield and leaf quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology of Vegetables Under Biotic/Abiotic Stress Conditions)

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23 pages, 1801 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In-Orchard Sizing of Mango Fruit: 3. Allometry and Growth Model

by Maisa Pereira and Kerry Brian Walsh

Horticulturae 2026, 12(7), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12070806 - 30 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The forecast of fruit weight at harvest requires (i) a non-destructive method for assessment of weight (

F_{w}

) of fruit-on-tree and (ii) the knowledge of fruit growth dynamics. To address the first issue for mango fruit, several allometric relationships between [...] Read more.

The forecast of fruit weight at harvest requires (i) a non-destructive method for assessment of weight (

F_{w}

) of fruit-on-tree and (ii) the knowledge of fruit growth dynamics. To address the first issue for mango fruit, several allometric relationships between

F_{w}

and fruit-lineal dimensions of length (

L)

, width (

W)

, and thickness (

T)

were considered, with the relationship

F_{w} = k L W T

recommended. A

k

value of 0.5146 was established for fruit of the cultivar Honey Gold for fruit past the stone-hardening stage, based on assessment of 1091 fruit from 13 season/orchard populations and preliminary values of 0.5376, 0.5151, and 0.5239 for the Keitt, Kensington Pride, and R2E2, respectively, on the basis of more limited datasets. A combined cultivar model was recommended across all cultivars considered, except Keitt. The variation in k between populations of Keitt and Honey Gold fruit was due to the difference in fruit density, rather than shape. This conclusion should be tested in context of other cultivars and fruit development. A correction for developmental age was established for Honey Gold fruit, viz.,

k_{c o r r} = - 0.0009 \times D A F B + 0.5975

for fruit up to ~1224 growing degree days. The need for similar corrections for other cultivars should be investigated. For the second issue, the use of a linear function based on measurements of

F_{w}

in the weeks immediately before harvest was recommended for forecasting harvest-time weight to an accuracy of approximately 10%. A Logistic function described

F_{w}

increase better than a Gompertz function; however, a change in growing conditions during fruit development limits the reliability of such models for forecasting fruit weight at harvest maturity. Rather, it is proposed that a set of reference models based on a set of reference Logistic model parameters for a suite of growing conditions be developed for use in guiding agronomic interventions earlier in fruit development to maintain growth on a trajectory to achieve a desired weight at harvest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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16 pages, 4012 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Accumulation and Variation Patterns of Terpenoid Metabolites in Citron Flavedo Based on Widely Targeted Metabolomics

by Yanfang Zhang, Xiongjie Lin, Jinghao Huang, Shouxing Wen, Changbin Wei and Hanqing Hu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(7), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12070800 - 30 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Citron is a medicinal and edible plant. Terpenoids exhibit a wide range of biological activities. However, terpenoids in citron remain underexplored. In this study, a widely targeted metabolomics approach was employed to analyze the accumulation and variation patterns of terpenoid metabolites in citron [...] Read more.

Citron is a medicinal and edible plant. Terpenoids exhibit a wide range of biological activities. However, terpenoids in citron remain underexplored. In this study, a widely targeted metabolomics approach was employed to analyze the accumulation and variation patterns of terpenoid metabolites in citron flavedo at six developmental stages (50, 80, 110, 140, 170, and 210 d after flowering). The results showed that a total of 215 metabolites were detected, with monoterpenes (90) and triterpenes (51) being the major ones, accounting for 41.86% and 23.72% of the total, respectively. A total of 67 differential terpenoid metabolites were identified across different developmental stages. The number of up-regulated metabolites consistently exceeded that of down-regulated metabolites in each comparison group. Bitterness-related triterpenoid metabolites such as limonin, nomilin, obacunone, nomilinic acid, and obacunoic acid peaked at 170 d after flowering but exhibited an overall downward trend at 210 d. Most of the limonoid metabolites were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with one another; notably, nomilin displayed strong positive correlations with obacunone, deacetylnomilin, nomilinic acid, and obacunoic acid. This study delivers the first in-depth analysis of terpenoids in citron throughout development stages, laying a foundation for ongoing research and development of terpenoids in citron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances and Prospects in Germplasm of Tropical Fruits)

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34 pages, 24688 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Non-Destructive Assessment of Nutrient Status in ‘Nashi’ Pear Trees Using Optical Methods

by Pedro Tomas Bulacio Fischer, Alessandro Carella, Roberto Massenti, Sofia Maria Muscarella, Andrés Marzal and Riccardo Lo Bianco

Horticulturae 2026, 12(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12070785 - 27 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Efficient nutrient management is essential for sustainable orchard production; however, conventional laboratory analyses used to assess plant nutritional status are time-consuming and expensive. Optical sensing technologies offer a rapid and non-destructive alternative. This study evaluated the potential of proximal optical sensors and UAV-based [...] Read more.

Efficient nutrient management is essential for sustainable orchard production; however, conventional laboratory analyses used to assess plant nutritional status are time-consuming and expensive. Optical sensing technologies offer a rapid and non-destructive alternative. This study evaluated the potential of proximal optical sensors and UAV-based multispectral imagery to assess the nutritional status of young potted ‘Nashi’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai) trees. Three fertilization treatments based on different concentrations of Hoagland solution were applied to 18 one-year-old potted trees. Leaf measurements were collected during the growing season using Dualex, CL-01 chlorophyll meter, and Pocket PEA fluorimeter, while UAV-based multispectral imagery was used to calculate vegetation indices, including NDVI, SR, OSAVI, and MSAVI. Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were chemically determined and used as reference values for the regression analyses. Significant (p < 0.05) relationships were observed between leaf N content (N%) and several optical parameters related to leaf pigments, including chlorophyll, flavonols, and the Nitrogen Balance Index (NBI), as well as multispectral indices, although with weak associations (R² = 0.326–0.488). The strongest individual relationship with N% was shown by NBI (R² = 0.480). To account for repeated measurements on the same plants, linear mixed-effects models were fitted. These models indicated that NBI showed the strongest association with N% among the proximal optical parameters (β = 0.019, p < 0.001; RMSE = 0.113; MAE = 0.091), followed by flavonols and Dualex chlorophyll. In contrast, optical parameters showed limited sensitivity to P and K. Multispectral indices were not significantly related to K, while only Red and Green reflectance showed weak correlations with P. Overall, optical parameters showed the best associations with N% under the combined nutrient-gradient conditions tested, whereas the assessment of P and K remained limited and should be considered exploratory. Full article

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20 pages, 574 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Year Phenological, Production, and Fruit Quality Attributes of Nectarine Cultivars with Different Harvest and Storage Intervals

by Esmaeil Fallahi, Bahar Fallahi, Razieh Khajehyar, Michael J. Kiester and Mehdi Khayyat

Horticulturae 2026, 12(7), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12070778 - 25 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Rapid demographic change across countries, with people from diverse ethnic backgrounds and preferences, mandates new nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) cultivars with varying skin and flesh colors and times of availability. After a 4-year initial screening with 21 cultivars, long-term phenological [...] Read more.

Rapid demographic change across countries, with people from diverse ethnic backgrounds and preferences, mandates new nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) cultivars with varying skin and flesh colors and times of availability. After a 4-year initial screening with 21 cultivars, long-term phenological characteristics, yield, and fruit quality attributes of several cultivars of yellow- and white-fleshed nectarine, harvested at two intervals (Harvest 1 and Harvest 2) and stored for two storage durations (Period 1 and Period 2), were studied over four years. ‘Royal Bright’ consistently exhibited the latest bloom (higher Julian day) and, together with ‘Giant Pearl’, required greater cumulative growing degree days (GDD) than other cultivars to reach both Harvest 1 and Harvest 2 each year. Fruit GDD differences at Harvest 2 as compared to Harvest 1 in ‘Candy Pearl’ were the longest, and those of ‘Giant Pearl’, ‘BN7’, and ‘Royal Bright’ were shorter among all cultivars. ‘Burnectseven’ (‘BN7’), ‘Flame’, and ‘Royal Bright’ always had higher yield, while all “Pearl” series (‘Giant Pearl’, ‘Majestic Pearl’, ‘Candy Pearl’) were in the low-yielding cultivars. ‘Candy Pearl’, ‘Majestic Pearl’, and ‘BN7’ nectarines often had larger fruit than other cultivars. Fruit picked at the second harvest had lower firmness than that picked at the first harvest in all cultivars every year. Fruit of ‘Candy Pearl’ often had higher firmness, but those of ‘BN7’ and ‘Royal Bright’ had lower firmness, at the times of both Harvest 1 and Harvest 2. Fruits of ‘BN7’ and ‘Candy Pearl’ often had higher soluble solids concentrations at Harvest 1 and Harvest 2, and after keeping the fruit in storage for Period 1 and Period 2. According to this study, ‘Candy Pearl’ is recommended as a good choice for the early market, as the fruit in this cultivar was mild with high flavor and attractive red skin and white flesh. Also, ‘Majestic Pearl’, ‘BN7’, and ‘Flame’ can be grown for the mid-to-late August market. ‘Majestic Pearl’ and ‘Flame’ had large fruit with a moderate level of russet and a split pit in some years, and thus, any cultural practices that may contribute to fruit russet and split pit should be avoided. Details on recommendations for suitable cultivars, harvest stages, and storage durations are provided in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Fruit Quality of Temperate Fruit Crops)

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21 pages, 15362 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Functional Analysis of the MdSGR1 Gene in Methyl Jasmonate-Regulated Chlorophyll Degradation in Apple

by Yuhao Zhang, Jingzheng Lu, Jinghua Xu, Mingxing Jiao, Yu Lan, Shiyi Xue, Chang Liu, Mengsha Li, Linlin Huang, Yanyan Hao, Lei Li and Xiaojun Zhang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(7), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12070763 - 23 Jun 2026

Viewed by 655

Abstract

Fruit color is a key quality indicator for apples and directly influences their market value. The process of fruit ripening encompasses various physiological and biochemical changes, such as the breakdown of chlorophyll and the buildup of anthocyanins and carotenoids. This study investigated the [...] Read more.

Fruit color is a key quality indicator for apples and directly influences their market value. The process of fruit ripening encompasses various physiological and biochemical changes, such as the breakdown of chlorophyll and the buildup of anthocyanins and carotenoids. This study investigated the mechanism of chlorophyll degradation in apple peels using ‘Granny Smith’ varieties. The experiments involving the treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) indicated that a concentration of 10 µM MeJA led to a reduction in chlorophyll degradation, while a higher concentration of 1500 µM MeJA enhanced this degradation, which aligned with the variations observed in the expression of genes associated with chlorophyll degradation. The key chlorophyll degradation gene MdSGR1 was cloned and found to be induced by methyl jasmonate. MdSGR1 encodes a 283-amino-acid protein belonging to the stay-green superfamily. The promoter possesses inducible cis-acting elements that respond to methyl jasmonate, low temperature and light, while the protein is localized to chloroplasts. Overexpression and silencing vectors were constructed. Overexpression of MdSGR1 induced chlorosis in tobacco leaves and ‘Granny Smith’ apple peels, decreased chlorophyll content, and upregulated related gene expression. Conversely, silencing MdSGR1 produced opposite effects. Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing MdSGR1 exhibited low chlorophyll content, reduced photosynthetic rate, upregulated expression of genes associated with chlorophyll degradation. The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that the MdMYC2 transcription factor interacts with the promoter region of MdSGR1. In conclusion, MdSGR1 is crucial for the degradation of chlorophyll in apple peel, and it is regulated both by the MdMYC2 transcription factor and different concentrations of MeJA. This study preliminarily elucidated the regulatory mechanism of methyl jasmonate on chlorophyll degradation in fruit peel, and these findings provide an important theoretical basis for controlling degreening and color quality in apple fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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18 pages, 2223 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Mulching on Soil Quality, Microbial Community, and Root Function in Apple Orchards

by Yifei Li, Linyu Li, Zhuanling Zhou, Deguo Lyu, Sijun Qin, Deying Zhao, Cungang Cheng, Jiali He and Gongxun Xu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060757 - 22 Jun 2026

Viewed by 803

Abstract

Mulching is an agronomic practice that improves orchard soil and promotes root growth. To investigate the regulatory effects of different mulching materials on soil properties, microbial communities, and root function in apple orchards, eight treatments were established: clean tillage (CK), organic fertilizer mulching [...] Read more.

Mulching is an agronomic practice that improves orchard soil and promotes root growth. To investigate the regulatory effects of different mulching materials on soil properties, microbial communities, and root function in apple orchards, eight treatments were established: clean tillage (CK), organic fertilizer mulching (OFM), chopped corn straw mulching (SM1), chopped and bundled corn straw mulching (SM2), intact corn stover mulching (SM3), composted apple branch mulching (BM), horticultural ground cover fabric mulching (FM), and weed mulching (WM). The results showed that OFM, BM, SM1, and SM3 exhibited effective cooling effects during summer. During the peak root-flush period, OFM, SM3, and BM significantly reduced soil bulk density, increased porosity, enhanced soil organic matter and available nutrient contents, and elevated the activities of soil sucrase, urease, and catalase. Moreover, these treatments promoted the accumulation of carbohydrates and the uptake of mineral nutrients in roots. OFM and SM3 significantly increased the Simpson index of both soil bacterial and fungal communities, while BM improved the beta diversity of bacterial and fungal communities. OFM, SM3, and BM can effectively improve soil physicochemical properties, optimize microbial community structure, and enhance root nutrient uptake. It is recommended as a mulching measure for soil in northern apple orchards. Among the eight treatments evaluated, OFM, SM3, and BM exhibited superior performance in improving soil physicochemical properties, promoting root function, and enhancing microbial community diversity. Therefore, the findings of this study provide an effective soil management strategy for apple orchards in the cold northern regions of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Soil Health and Nutrient Resilience in Orchards and Vineyards)

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19 pages, 1464 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genetic Diversity in Vitis vinifera L. Beyond the Reference Genome: Towards a Pangenomic Framework for Representation, Adaptation and Breeding

by Francesca Fort, Leonor Deis, Qiying Lin-Yang, Joan Miquel Canals and Fernando Zamora

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060756 - 21 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The growing availability of genomic resources is changing how genetic diversity is studied in Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, it has become increasingly clear that a single reference genome cannot fully represent the complexity of a species characterised by high heterozygosity, [...] Read more.

The growing availability of genomic resources is changing how genetic diversity is studied in Vitis vinifera L. At the same time, it has become increasingly clear that a single reference genome cannot fully represent the complexity of a species characterised by high heterozygosity, clonal propagation and a long history of diversification. Recent grapevine pangenomes, super-pangenomes and graph-based resources have revealed forms of variation that are often overlooked in conventional reference-based analyses, including structural variants and gene presence–absence variation. Rather than providing another inventory of available datasets, this review examines how continued reliance on a single reference genome may influence the interpretation of grapevine diversity and what can be gained from a broader pangenomic perspective. Drawing on recent studies in grapevine and other crops, we discuss how these approaches are beginning to improve the representation of genetic diversity, uncover biologically relevant variation and strengthen links between genomic information and adaptive traits. We also examine the challenges that still limit their practical use, particularly the integration of genomic resources with functional studies and breeding programmes. In the end, the value of pangenomics will probably depend not only on generating additional genomic resources, but also on how effectively these can be translated into tools that support grapevine conservation, climate adaptation and varietal improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genomics, Genetic Diversity and Breeding Strategies of Grapevine)

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22 pages, 6398 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Micronutrient Fertilization with Mn, Mo and Zn Alleviates Short-Term NaCl Stress Effects on Growth and Gas Exchange in Purple Basil

by Antonio Carlos de Sena Rodrigues, Fernando Batista dos Santos Filho, Macson Bruno de Jesus Lima, Marlon Gomes Dias, Adriel Sousa Matos Silva, Allysson Jonhnny Torres Mendonça, André Dias de Azevedo Neto, João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro, Mairton Gomes da Silva, Jackson Silva Nóbrega, Elania Freire da Silva, Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim and Toshik Iarley da Silva

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060754 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its richness in bioactive compounds; however, its production in semi-arid regions is often constrained by soil and/or irrigation water salinity. Micronutrient fertilization may contribute to plant stress alleviation under salinity, [...] Read more.

Purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its richness in bioactive compounds; however, its production in semi-arid regions is often constrained by soil and/or irrigation water salinity. Micronutrient fertilization may contribute to plant stress alleviation under salinity, since elements such as Mn, Mo, and Zn are involved in essential processes related to photosynthetic metabolism and physiological adjustment. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of Mn, Mo, Zn, and their combinations on growth, gas exchange, and relative chlorophyll indices of purple basil plants subjected to severe NaCl stress under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions for 30 days in a randomized block design with nine treatments and four replicates: a non-saline control without micronutrients, a saline control without micronutrients, and plants exposed to 100 mM NaCl with substrate application of Mn, Mo, Zn, MoMn, ZnMo, ZnMn, or ZnMoMn. Micronutrient sources were applied to the substrate at 3.5 g kg⁻¹ according to each treatment. Fertilization with Mn, Mo, Zn, and their combinations enhanced plant stress alleviation under salinity compared with the saline control without micronutrients, with positive responses in growth and physiological performance, including increases in chlorophyll indices. The double combinations MoMn, ZnMo, and ZnMn attenuated the effects of NaCl, especially by increasing leaf area. Mn stood out for increasing net photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, whereas Mo and ZnMo were associated with higher relative chlorophyll indices. Although the triple combination ZnMoMn improved some traits compared with the saline control, its lower efficacy relative to selected single or double applications may indicate that the simultaneous supply of the three elements reduced specific synergistic effects, possibly due to nutritional imbalance or antagonistic interactions among micronutrients under severe salinity. Overall, micronutrient fertilization, particularly through specific double combinations, may contribute to short-term mitigation of NaCl-induced stress responses under controlled greenhouse conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance of Horticultural Plants to Abiotic Stresses)

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13 pages, 6948 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Analysis of Fruit Quality and Volatile Compounds in Baldwin (BW) Blueberry and Its Seedling Offspring (BWSO)

by Tie Wang, Lingli Wang, Chengyong He, Haiyan Song, Zihong Xu and Jing Li

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060745 - 18 Jun 2026

Viewed by 788

Abstract

Blueberry fruit quality is characterized by multi-dimensional traits such as color, sugar-acid flavor, and volatile aroma. However, variations in progeny metabolites during seedling selection need further study. This research used the blueberry variety ‘Baldwin’ (BW) and its seedling offspring (BWSO) to compare fruit [...] Read more.

Blueberry fruit quality is characterized by multi-dimensional traits such as color, sugar-acid flavor, and volatile aroma. However, variations in progeny metabolites during seedling selection need further study. This research used the blueberry variety ‘Baldwin’ (BW) and its seedling offspring (BWSO) to compare fruit appearance, as well as sugar and acid components, anthocyanin monomers, and volatile metabolites. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze anthocyanins, sugars, and acids, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to analyze volatile compounds. The results showed that, compared with BW, BWSO had a blacker skin and a lower L* value. Its total anthocyanin content increased by 35.90%, with delphinidin increasing the most (52.70%); component ratios were reconstructed. The main organic acids in BWSO decreased; titratable acid dropped by 29.82%, and the total soluble solids–acid ratio rose by 37.49%, indicating a good low-acid, high-sugar flavor. Forty-three differential volatile metabolites were found, and BWSO differed from BW in its green, fruity, and floral flavors. Notably, BWSO’s vitamin C (Vc) content decreased by 70.45% compared to BW, and Vc was negatively correlated with anthocyanin components. In conclusion, BWSO exhibits a black phenotype due to elevated total anthocyanins and restructured component ratios. Its low-acid trait yields better taste, but the antagonism between anthocyanin and Vc means balanced nutritional quality selection is crucial in dark-blueberry breeding. These findings offer new insights into the mechanism of color variation and provide a reference for balanced quality trait selection in seedling selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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23 pages, 29255 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biochar Increases Soil Moisture and Improves Tomato Resilience Under Field Conditions: Results from a Two-Year Field Study in Tuscany (Italy)

by Arianna Biancalani, Chiara Piccini, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Fabrizio Ungaro, Giuseppe Mario Lanini, Veronica Conti, Giampiero Cai, Claudia Faleri, Carolina Fabbri and Silvia Baronti

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060737 - 17 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1124

Abstract

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of wood pyrolysis, improves soil structure, water retention, and plant growth. A two-year field experiment (2024–2025) was conducted in Poggibonsi (Tuscany, Italy) on tomato cv. “Canestrino” under contrasting climatic conditions. A single biochar application (15 t ha⁻¹) [...] Read more.

Biochar, a carbon-rich by-product of wood pyrolysis, improves soil structure, water retention, and plant growth. A two-year field experiment (2024–2025) was conducted in Poggibonsi (Tuscany, Italy) on tomato cv. “Canestrino” under contrasting climatic conditions. A single biochar application (15 t ha⁻¹) was evaluated for its effects on soil properties, water dynamics, plant water status, and ecophysiological and tissue-level responses. From the results, it emerged that biochar improved soil quality by increasing organic matter (+7.7%) and the C/N ratio (+10.6%), while reducing bulk density (1.42 to 1.25 Mg m⁻³). Soil water content was higher in amended plots, particularly in 2024 (32.84% vs. 24.87%), with a smaller increase in 2025 (24.66% vs. 24.08%). Improved soil water availability enhanced plant water status, as shown by less negative leaf water potential under stress conditions. Microscopic analyses confirmed better xylem integrity in treated plants, with reduced formation of tyloses and improved hydraulic functionality during drought. Agronomic responses reflected climatic variability: yield increased in biochar in 2024, whereas in 2025 drought stress reduced productivity in both treatments, with no significant differences. Overall, biochar improved soil moisture retention, plant water status, and ecophysiological performance, with effects dependent on seasonal rainfall patterns and environmental stress intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies of Producing Horticultural Crops Under Climate Change)

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25 pages, 2717 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pollination Method Affects Gold Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Fruit Weight Predominantly Through Seed Set: Convergent Mediation Evidence from Multiple Seasons (2018–2025) and Two Orchards

by Sung-Hyun Min, Young-Bo Lee, Somi Lee and Kyeong-Yong Lee

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060739 - 17 Jun 2026

Viewed by 914

Abstract

Pollination is the rate-limiting reproductive step in dioecious fruit crops. However, the developmental pathway through which pollination interventions translate into fruit weight remains unclear. Here, we tested whether seed set was the dominant pathway linking three pollination methods, namely, artificial pollination (AP), pollen [...] Read more.

Pollination is the rate-limiting reproductive step in dioecious fruit crops. However, the developmental pathway through which pollination interventions translate into fruit weight remains unclear. Here, we tested whether seed set was the dominant pathway linking three pollination methods, namely, artificial pollination (AP), pollen dispenser-assisted bee pollination (BTD), and bee-only pollination (BT), to fruit weight and soluble solids content (SSC) in gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis cv. ‘Haegeum’). A total of 2940 individually measured fruits were collected across two orchards in southern Korea (2018–2025), comprising 2022 main experiment (n = 1800), supporting trials (2018–2020, N = 540, including a six-treatment factorial design in 2020), and a 2025 replication of 600 fruits. Across the calibration range (seed number 100–700), each additional seed contributed 0.063–0.072 g of fruit weight (R² = 0.68–0.72). The slopes were statistically indistinguishable among AP, BTD, and BT. Mediation analysis was triangulated through three estimators: partial correlation (49.8–63.1% mediation), product-of-coefficients with 10,000 bootstrap resamples (70.3–77.4% indirect-effect mediation), and model-free stratification that converged on the same conclusion. When seed number was matched (500–700 range), treatment differences in fruit weight collapsed to non-significance (F = 0.34, p = 0.714). The two mediation percentages reflect different denominators, that is, standardised association vs. unstandardised total effect, and both estimators agree qualitatively. SSC was not mediated by the seed number (<8%). The small residual SSC pattern may reflect block-level confounding rather than a method-intrinsic effect. A random-effects meta-analysis across six-year site combinations returned pooled Hedges’ g = +0.43 (95% CI: −0.02 to +0.89, I² = 95.1%), with two years in which BTD significantly exceeded AP. In 2025, BTD achieved the Ferguson (1984) ≥1000-seed commercial standard in 79% of fruits. These findings identify the seed set as a method-independent reproductive bottleneck, reframing pollination system evaluation around pollen deposition-to-seed set conversion rather than around the delivery mechanism and support an efficiency-focused approach to orchard pollination management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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30 pages, 14169 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Environmentally Friendly Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Promote Diverse Mechanisms of Plant Nutrient Acquisition

by Romana Praženicová, Helena Ryšlavá and Veronika Hýsková

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060738 - 17 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372

Abstract

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) foster sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture by promoting plant growth and development. PGPR colonize the root rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissues, where they drive organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling, thereby increasing the (phyto)availability of essential macro- (P, N, [...] Read more.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) foster sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture by promoting plant growth and development. PGPR colonize the root rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissues, where they drive organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling, thereby increasing the (phyto)availability of essential macro- (P, N, K, S, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu, B). This process relies on various mechanisms, including acid secretion (rhizospheric acidification and metal chelation), siderophore production (binding Fe, Zn, and other metals) and hydrolytic enzyme-mediated catalysis (phosphatases, phytases). Some of these microorganisms can also modulate the phytohormonal balance, reshaping root architecture and enhancing nutrient uptake, and even can alleviate abiotic stress or serve as biocontrol agents, contributing to pathogen resistance. Even though plant cultivation practices relying solely on synthetic fertilizers rapidly increase crop yield and productivity, they eventually result in crops poor in essential micronutrients and trace elements. This may contribute to micronutrient malnutrition in the human population. On the contrary, PGPR enhance both crop yield and nutritional quality. Therefore, in utilization with other nutrient sources, PGPR provide a promising and scalable approach towards advancing environmentally sustainable agriculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Propagation and Quality Improvement of Horticultural Plants: From Molecular Foundations to Sustainable Practices)

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17 pages, 308 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Postharvest Overripening on Carotenoid and Tocopherol Content of New Spice Red Pepper Genotypes Cultivated with Different Modes

by Péter Tóth Horgosi, Hussein G. Daood, Leith Alhassani, Flórián Kovács, Zoltán Timár and Lajos Helyes

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060730 - 15 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate recently developed pungent and unpungent red pepper varieties for paprika production with respect to carotenoid and tocopherol composition and content. Varieties with outstanding traits were cultivated using various methods to determine the optimal conditions for maximizing [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted to evaluate recently developed pungent and unpungent red pepper varieties for paprika production with respect to carotenoid and tocopherol composition and content. Varieties with outstanding traits were cultivated using various methods to determine the optimal conditions for maximizing bioactive component levels. The biologically ripe fruits of these varieties were stored under ambient conditions to initiate postharvest overripening. Carotenoids and tocopherols were analyzed using recent HPLC methods. The different varieties of pungent pepper differed significantly in the levels of carotenoid groups and tocopherols. Among pungent breeds, Hetényi Triász (HET-T), CF5, and Uniring (UNIR) showed the highest levels of total carotenoids (1967.39 ± 260.35, 1642.72 ± 67.41, and 1609.07 ± 524.52 µg g⁻¹, respectively). The highest amounts of provitamin A (187.60 ± 8.19 µg g⁻¹) were recorded in the CF5 variety. As regards tocopherols, the highest concentration (547.09 ± 44.20 µg g⁻¹) was recorded for CF5, with no significant differences among the studied varieties. However, the content of vitamin E was significantly higher in CF1 and CF5 than in HET-T and UNIR. Notably, under organic farming conditions, the carotenoid content in UNIR was significantly lower than in the direct-sowing and seedling-transplantation modes. Organic farming of UNIR resulted in lower levels of all carotenoid groups compared with other cultivation modes, particularly conventional seedling transplantation. The indoor cultivation of the unpungent Borbási genotype did not significantly improve the carotenoid content, particularly the total red xanthophylls. Ambient postharvest overripening led to a substantial increase, up to 3-fold, in carotenoid group content in both pungent and non-pungent genotypes. The average value for the total carotenoid content increased from 5005.7 to 8208.3 µg g⁻¹ in unpungent varieties and from 1896.4 to 3426.8 µg g⁻¹ in pungent varieties. For tocopherols, overripening had a slightly positive effect on total tocopherol (from 1375.3 to 1594.7 µg g⁻¹) and esterified forms of vitamin E in pungent breeds with a significantly high increase from 532.0 to 823.7 µg g⁻¹. In conclusion, postharvest overripening is indispensable for obtaining paprika products with an outstanding content of bioactive compounds, particularly red carotenoid diesters. Based on carotenoid content and response to overripening of red and total carotenoids, the UNIR and Borbási varieties are superior to other pungent and unpungent genotypes, respectively. The positive impact of postharvest overripening on carotenoid and tocopherol levels depended mainly on genetic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Postharvest Preservation and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables)

19 pages, 23754 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prediction of Total Soluble Solids Content in Loquat Based on Hyperspectral Imaging and Interpretable Deep Learning

by Shilin Zhou, Mingqi Fan, Chenjie Zhao, Guangze Li and Kezhu Tan

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060726 - 12 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a commercially important subtropical fruit, and its internal sweetness is an important indicator of market quality. Accurate and non-destructive determination of total soluble solids content (TSSC) is therefore essential for fruit grading and quality evaluation. In this [...] Read more.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a commercially important subtropical fruit, and its internal sweetness is an important indicator of market quality. Accurate and non-destructive determination of total soluble solids content (TSSC) is therefore essential for fruit grading and quality evaluation. In this study, short-wave infrared hyperspectral imaging (1000–2400 nm) was combined with a multi-scale spectral attention adaptive convolutional neural network (MSSA-ACNN) for rapid TSSC prediction. Spectral data were preprocessed using an SG-MSC-DT strategy to reduce noise and scattering effects, while conventional models (PLSR, Ridge, and SVM) were used for comparison. The proposed model combines multi-scale feature extraction with a dual-path attention mechanism, enabling adaptive enhancement of informative chemical wavebands while suppressing irrelevant variations. Experimental results, rigorously validated through a 5-fold cross-validation strategy, demonstrated that the proposed approach achieved the best predictive performance, with an R_p² of 0.942, RMSEP of 0.505, and RPD of 3.091, outperforming traditional methods. In addition, attention weight analysis revealed that the model mainly focused on spectral regions associated with water and carbohydrate absorption, indicating consistency between the learned features and known chemical information. These results suggest that the proposed method provides an effective and interpretable approach for non-destructive evaluation of loquat quality and shows potential for application in intelligent fruit grading systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computer Vision Technology in Postharvest Processing of Fruits and Vegetables)

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14 pages, 755 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Chemistry and Stoichiometric Responses of Male and Female Torreya grandis to Nitrogen Deposition Under Salt Stress

by Mengdie Zhang, Haochen Zhang, Mengting Yuan, Songheng Jin and Yang Liu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060723 - 12 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and soil salinization commonly co-occur in subtropical economic forests, and responses to these stressors differ between sexes in dioecious plants. In this study, we explored soil chemical and stoichiometric responses of male and female Torreya grandis to N [...] Read more.

Increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and soil salinization commonly co-occur in subtropical economic forests, and responses to these stressors differ between sexes in dioecious plants. In this study, we explored soil chemical and stoichiometric responses of male and female Torreya grandis to N deposition under salt stress by adopting a two-factor completely randomized design. The two factors were (1) plant sex (2-year-old grafted male and female seedlings of T. grandis) and (2) environmental treatment (four nitrogen deposition levels: low, moderate, and high N combined with salt stress, as well as a control without salt addition). We then determined the rhizosphere C, N, P, Ca, K, and Mg concentrations and their stoichiometric ratios. The results showed that all indicators were significantly affected by sex, nitrogen treatment and their interaction (p < 0.0001). Males maintained significantly higher soil C and N levels than females across all treatments, with female soil N and C contents being 5.74–25.72% and 10.78–23.64% lower than those of males, respectively, and exhibiting far more stable stoichiometry. Moderate nitrogen deposition (SMN) increased male C:N, C:P and N:P ratios by 38.76%, 59.75% and 13.84%, distinctly lower than the 85.89%, 98.20% and 16.04% increments in females. In contrast, females had higher Mg content under all salt–nitrogen-combined treatments and greater stoichiometric plasticity, showing a 37.55% higher C:N ratio than males under low nitrogen addition (SLN). Moderate N relieved salt-induced nutrient limitation and alleviated salt-induced P immobilization, while excessive N (SHN) exacerbated stoichiometric imbalance: SHN elevated the N:P ratio by 109.73% in males and only 69.59% in females, narrowing the sexual difference in C:N ratio to 10.92% and triggering severe phosphorus limitation in male rhizosphere soil. Soil–leaf nutrient relationships and correlations differed greatly between sexes, indicating divergent nutrient adaptation strategies. Males adopted a Ca-dominated stress tolerance strategy, and females depended on Mg homeostasis for reproduction. This work provides a scientific basis for sex-specific nutrient regulation and sustainable cultivation of T. grandis under global change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Tree Species with Economic Value: Environmental Interactions and Adaptive Mechanisms Under Climate Change)

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12 pages, 2951 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Aquaporin Gene SbPIP1;2 Is Involved in Dormancy Release and Regulated Under Low Temperatures in Lilium ‘Siberia’

by Xuanmei Cai, Mingli Ke, Danfeng Ge and Zhimin Lin

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060721 - 12 Jun 2026

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Abstract

The dormancy of lilies is an important physiological process involving vernalisation and the differentiation and maturation of flower buds. We have cloned an aquaporin, SbP1P1;2, from the Lilium ‘Siberia’. Subcellular localisation analysis indicates that it is a protein that is localised to [...] Read more.

The dormancy of lilies is an important physiological process involving vernalisation and the differentiation and maturation of flower buds. We have cloned an aquaporin, SbP1P1;2, from the Lilium ‘Siberia’. Subcellular localisation analysis indicates that it is a protein that is localised to the plasma membrane in Nicotiana benthamiana. VIGS-mediated transient silencing revealed that silencing the SbPIP1;2 gene inhibited the development of lily flower buds, while those in the control group differentiated earlier to the anther primordia stage. Notably, the ABA levels in the control group had dropped significantly by day 63, suggesting that dormancy ended earlier than in the treatment group. The test plants’ phenotype is characterised primarily by the fact that silencing the SbPIP1;2 gene inhibits both flower bud development and root growth. The dormancy-to-sleep transition phase (PS vs. TS) was also the period during which the largest number of differentially expressed genes was observed. KEGG enrichment analysis indicates that starch and sucrose metabolic pathways are most active from the onset to the completion of dormancy release and that significant differences occur in several key genes within these pathways. These include alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), trehalase (TREH), fructokinase-1 (E2.7.1.1), beta-glucosidase (bglB), glycogen synthase (glgA), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family members 1 and 3 (ENPP1/3). The discovery that aquaporins promote dormancy breaking in lilies is a highly successful case study for aquaporin research in flowers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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19 pages, 12955 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Smart Technologies and Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Viticulture: Applications, Benefits, Barriers and Governance for High-Quality Grape Production

by Evangelia Zoi Nathena, Kyriakos Psyllakis, Despoina Petoumenou and Emmanouil Kontaxakis

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060719 - 11 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1108

Abstract

Smart technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly reshaping viticulture by improving vineyard monitoring, supporting data interpretation, and enabling more targeted management decisions. This review examines how sensor networks, remote sensing, machine learning, deep learning, and decision-support systems contribute to more sustainable vineyard [...] Read more.

Smart technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly reshaping viticulture by improving vineyard monitoring, supporting data interpretation, and enabling more targeted management decisions. This review examines how sensor networks, remote sensing, machine learning, deep learning, and decision-support systems contribute to more sustainable vineyard management and the production of high-quality grapes. Particular attention is paid to applications in grapevine stress monitoring, disease and pest detection, irrigation and nutrient management, yield estimation, grape quality prediction, and emerging automation. The review also highlights the main barriers that still limit broader adoption in commercial vineyards, including data quality issues, limited transferability across sites and seasons, interoperability gaps, vendor lock-in, and concerns related to governance, privacy, and cybersecurity. Although these constraints remain significant, the available evidence shows that smart viticulture can improve resource-use efficiency, support more precise interventions, and help growers respond more effectively to environmental variability. Future progress will depend on stronger validation under field conditions, better integration into practical vineyard workflows, interoperable digital infrastructures, and decision-support tools that are transparent, reliable, and useful for end users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Growing Systems for High Quality Grape and Olive)

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21 pages, 3511 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Organic and Conventional Management Practices That Improve Soil Quality and the Yield of Theobroma cacao in the Upper Huallaga Valley (Peru)

by Nelino Florida Rofner, Segismundo Casado Álvarez, Alex Rengifo Rojas, Jaime Encarnación Hipólito Vásquez, Liliana Vega Jara, Noi Patricia Rodríguez Ayala and Hugo Alfredo Huamani Yupanqui

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060712 - 9 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Cocoa accounts for 5.20% of Peru’s cultivated land and is growing at a rate of 8.80% per year; however, yields remain low due to deficiencies in crop management. Therefore, this study used a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to evaluate effects of an [...] Read more.

Cocoa accounts for 5.20% of Peru’s cultivated land and is growing at a rate of 8.80% per year; however, yields remain low due to deficiencies in crop management. Therefore, this study used a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to evaluate effects of an organic agroforestry system (OAF) and conventional monocultures (CMs) on soil and production in high-yielding T. cacao plantations in the Upper Huallaga Valley, Peru. Four plantations were evaluated: organic agroforestry (Pa) and conventional monoculture (LE, Sa, and Sh). Soil physicochemical variables and cocoa production were assessed. The MLR analysis revealed that in OAF systems with mature trees, there will be slight losses of clay and silt fractions; the latter can be offset by high planting density. The OAF system showed a significant positive effect on pH. However, the CM system showed significant decreases in pH, CEC, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. The interaction between OAF and CM optimized production, increasing the weight of dry beans. Planting density is associated with improvements in pH and bases, as well as fruit index and the weight of dry beans. MLR modeling suggests that integrating OAF systems with conventional management practices in high-density plantations offers valuable alternatives for the design of local agricultural policies and producer support programs, by identifying the factors that link management systems to soil quality and sustainable cocoa productivity in this valley. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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19 pages, 17306 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulation of Root Zone Soil Moisture Dynamics and Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Greenhouse Strawberries Based on HYDRUS-3D

by Ze Jing, Yang Yang, Jiashuai Song, Chunyu Song, Ji Qian, Guilin Shan and Bao Di

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060715 - 9 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1064

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics of root zone soil water content is crucial for precision irrigation scheduling in protected strawberry cultivation. The HYDRUS-3D model is capable of simulating three-dimensional water flow and root water uptake. Although the model has been tested in various settings, its [...] Read more.

Understanding the dynamics of root zone soil water content is crucial for precision irrigation scheduling in protected strawberry cultivation. The HYDRUS-3D model is capable of simulating three-dimensional water flow and root water uptake. Although the model has been tested in various settings, its validation under realistic greenhouse cultivation rack systems with direct soil moisture measurements remains limited. In this study, a HYDRUS-3D model was developed to simulate root zone soil water dynamics in a greenhouse U-shaped strawberry cultivation system under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, with and without plastic mulch. In the first year, the model’s accuracy was evaluated using a newly developed line-scale dielectric soil moisture sensor. The simulated volumetric soil water content showed good agreement with sensor measurements across all scenarios (R² ≥ 0.8302, RMSE ≤ 0.0309, NSE ≥ 0.5979). In the following two years, we utilized the established model to schedule irrigation and investigated its water-saving effects. Model-scheduled irrigation reduced water use by 8.45–13.36% compared with conventional irrigation scheduling. No significant differences were observed in most morphological, physiological, fruit quality, or yield indicators (p > 0.05). However, occasional improvements were detected in chlorophyll content, root activity, ascorbic acid and total soluble solids. These findings demonstrate that HYDRUS-3D effectively simulates root zone water content dynamics throughout the strawberry growth cycle and serves as a practical tool for precision soil water management in greenhouse cultivation rack systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Water Management and Irrigation Systems for Horticultural Crops)

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21 pages, 11072 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Combined Application of Bacillus aryabhattai and Silicon Enhances Membrane Stability, Biochemical Attributes, and Soil Biological Quality in Yellow Passion Fruit Under Water Deficit

by Irlan Victor de Sousa Palmeira, Rennan Fernandes Pereira, Caio da Silva Sousa, Samuel Barbosa Alves, Francisco Felipe da Silva Izidro, José Philippe Martins Montenegro Pires, Franklin Suassuna de Sousa, Ana Rebeca Gonçalves Fernandes, Alicia Camila Zeferino da Silva, Alberto Soares de Melo, José Felix de Brito Neto, Patrícia Maria de Araújo Gomes and Evandro Franklin de Mesquita

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060707 - 7 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Yellow passion fruit production is frequently limited by water scarcity, necessitating biotechnological strategies to ensure seedling quality. This study investigated the synergistic effects of Bacillus aryabhattai (Auras^®) and silicon (Si) as mitigators of water deficit in Passiflora edulis seedlings. The experiment [...] Read more.

Yellow passion fruit production is frequently limited by water scarcity, necessitating biotechnological strategies to ensure seedling quality. This study investigated the synergistic effects of Bacillus aryabhattai (Auras^®) and silicon (Si) as mitigators of water deficit in Passiflora edulis seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Catolé do Rocha, PB, Brazil, using 4 dm³ plastic bags. A randomized block design was used with a 4 × 3 + 2 factorial scheme, testing four available water contents (AWC: 50, 60, 70, and 80%) combined with three mitigation strategies (Auras, Si, and Auras + Si), plus two additional controls (50% and 100% AWC). Water deficit severely compromised growth and soil biological activity; however, mitigation treatments significantly improved physiological and biochemical responses. When applied separately, B. aryabhattai inoculation enhanced the accumulation of photoprotective pigments (carotenoids) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids and anthocyanins) under severe drought, while individual Si application provided homeostatic stability to plant biomass, maintaining dry matter production at levels comparable to moderate irrigation. The Auras + Si combination was the most effective, promoting the highest membrane stability, pigment maintenance, and vigorous growth even under 50% AWC. Furthermore, this interaction optimized soil microbial biomass and reduced the metabolic quotient by 56.7% compared to the stress control. These findings demonstrate that the combined application of B. aryabhattai and Si effectively mitigates the negative impacts of water scarcity on the initial development of passion fruit seedlings and soil microbial activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of Organic Manures, Biostimulants, and Micronutrients in Sustainable Horticultural Production)

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20 pages, 3886 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Crop Rotation with Chili Peppers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Root-Knot Nematode Disease in Watermelons

by Jinghan Sun, Min Li, Siyu Wen, Bin Liang, Huan Li and Dan Xiang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060706 - 7 Jun 2026

Viewed by 778

Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most destructive pests in protected watermelon production under continuous cropping systems. Although both pepper rotation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation have shown potential for suppressing RKNs and promoting plant growth, their combined effects remain unclear. This [...] Read more.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are among the most destructive pests in protected watermelon production under continuous cropping systems. Although both pepper rotation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation have shown potential for suppressing RKNs and promoting plant growth, their combined effects remain unclear. This study conducted greenhouse pot experiments using continuously cropped watermelon soil over two consecutive cycles. In the first cycle, chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) or watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) was planted, followed by watermelon cultivation in the second cycle with inoculation of Funneliformis mosseae or Glomus versiforme. Compared with continuous watermelon cropping, both rotation and AMF inoculation improved root vitality, osmotic regulation, antioxidant enzyme activities, and photosynthetic performance, thereby enhancing watermelon growth and resistance to RKNs. Among all treatments, chili pepper rotation combined with Glomus versiforme showed the best performance, increasing shoot fresh weight by 31% and reducing disease index (DI), gall index (GI), and egg mass index (EI) by 30.8%, 77.0%, and 57.1%, respectively. In addition, the populations of second-stage juveniles (J2) in soil and roots and adult females in roots decreased by 85.4%, 55.5%, and 50.8%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing results showed that the combined treatment enriched several potentially beneficial microbial taxa, including Ochrobactrum, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, and Delftia. In addition, it enriched predicted metabolic pathways that may be associated with plant growth promotion and stress tolerance. Overall, pepper rotation combined with Glomus versiforme inoculation represents a promising, environmentally friendly strategy for the management of watermelon root-knot nematode disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest Management)

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24 pages, 7544 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

F1 Coffee Hybrids: Combining High Productivity with Genetic Resistance to Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

by Carmenza E. Góngora, Juan Carlos Arias-Suarez, Marisol Giraldo-Jaramillo, Rubén Medina-Rivera, Roosevelt Escobar and Claudia Patricia Flórez-Ramos

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060704 - 6 Jun 2026

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Abstract

To identify Coffea arabica genotypes with enhanced resistance to the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, two wild accessions (C306 and C534) and their derived hybrids were evaluated. Four F1 genotypes—H1 (CU1842 × C306), H2 (CX2385 × C534), H3 (CX2385 × C306), [...] Read more.

To identify Coffea arabica genotypes with enhanced resistance to the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, two wild accessions (C306 and C534) and their derived hybrids were evaluated. Four F1 genotypes—H1 (CU1842 × C306), H2 (CX2385 × C534), H3 (CX2385 × C306), and H4 (CX2848 × C534)—were generated and subsequently mass-propagated in vitro via somatic embryogenesis. In the original F1 hybrids, laboratory bioassays using artificial coffee diets showed that while CBB mortality in susceptible controls (Var. Caturra and maternal lines) did not exceed 15%, paternal lines induced 31–49%, and hybrids H1 and H3 reached 26%. Population suppression was further quantified in infested parchment coffee, where these hybrids exhibited intermediate CBB numbers between parents. Subsequent field evaluations in Caldas, Colombia, confirmed that H1 and H3 maintained CBB populations up to 43% lower than maternal lines (p < 0.05). To verify the stability of the resistance trait after clonal multiplication, a five-year field study was conducted in Risaralda, Colombia, using in vitro-propagated clones. These regenerated hybrids (H1, H2, and H3) demonstrated stable phenotypic expression, achieving up to a 70% reduction in CBB populations in the field compared to commercial varieties. Specifically, H1 and H3 clones induced significantly higher insect mortality (up to 47%) and superior population suppression. Furthermore, by manifesting hybrid vigor, cumulative production was significantly higher in all four hybrids than in commercial controls, with H3, H1, and H4 exhibiting the highest yields. Based on the dual criteria of useful heterosis for yield and stable pest resistance, these results identify the most promising hybrid combinations which integrate elite agronomic traits with stable resistance, providing a strategic genetic resource for sustainable coffee production under climatic change conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Insights into Climate Resilience: Tools and Strategies for Coffee Improvement)

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16 pages, 537 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Biosynthesis of Melatonin in Plants and the Mechanism of Its Influence on the Quality of Harvested Fruits

by Wanxi Wang, Jiaying Liu, Dejian Zhang, Dehua Jia and Qingping Yi

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060701 - 6 Jun 2026

Viewed by 899

Abstract

Melatonin is a small-molecule indoleamine compound that is essential to life. It is widely present in plants and plays an extremely important role in plant growth and fruit quality. This article summarizes the role of melatonin synthesis in plants, its distribution in some [...] Read more.

Melatonin is a small-molecule indoleamine compound that is essential to life. It is widely present in plants and plays an extremely important role in plant growth and fruit quality. This article summarizes the role of melatonin synthesis in plants, its distribution in some fruits, and its impact on post-harvest fruit quality. The mechanisms by which melatonin regulates post-harvest fruit quality are discussed in depth from the perspectives of respiratory metabolism, ethylene metabolism, sugar metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant systems. Finally, we analyze the existing problems in the current research field of melatonin in post-harvest fruit preservation and look toward the application prospects of melatonin synthesis, metabolism, and the mechanisms for regulating fruit quality. This article provides a reference for further exploring the role of melatonin and increasing the endogenous content of melatonin in fruits, as well as post-harvest preservation techniques, with the aim of promoting the application of melatonin in post-harvest preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Changes in Fruit Development and Quality Regulation)

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14 pages, 352 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Harvest Date and Viticultural Bioclimatic Indices in Northern Chile

by Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Carolina Pañitrur-De la Fuente, Marisol Reyes, Antonio Ibacache-González and Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060691 - 4 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1036

Abstract

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been identified as a key factor influencing grapevine phenology and harvest timing in South America. Nevertheless, few long-term analyses have explored its varietal impacts in hyper-arid viticultural regions. The goal was to evaluate the effect of ENSO phases [...] Read more.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been identified as a key factor influencing grapevine phenology and harvest timing in South America. Nevertheless, few long-term analyses have explored its varietal impacts in hyper-arid viticultural regions. The goal was to evaluate the effect of ENSO phases on harvest dates and bioclimatic indices in different grapevine varieties cultivated in Northern Chile. The results revealed that Muscat of Alexandria showed little variation in harvest timing across ENSO phases. In contrast, harvest time in Thompson Seedless was delayed under La Niña events, being strongly correlated with the Maximum Spring Temperature Summation (SON_max) Index. Moscatel Rosada and Flame Seedless showed non-statistical significance and high variability on harvest dates. El Niño phases were consistently warmer than La Niña events that showed markedly greater interannual variability on harvest dates and bioclimatic index values. The strength of correlations was improved when the bioclimatic indices were recalculated over adjusted seasonal windows, underscoring the need for phenology-based rather than calendar-based approaches. These results provide new evidence of the heterogeneous responses of table and Pisco grapevine varieties to ENSO events in the hyper-arid regions of Northern Chile, underscoring the varietal differences in sensitivity to early-season climatic anomalies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Viticulture and Oenology—Adaptation in a Changing Climate)

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15 pages, 2019 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Low Susceptibility to Cuticle Cracking in Ultra-Thin-Skin Cherry Tomato Cultivars

by Ryota Sugo, Ryosuke Hosoi, Kazuo Ikeda and Tomoyuki Nabeshima

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060689 - 2 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Cuticle cracking (CC) is a major physiological disorder in cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) that reduces fruit quality and marketability. We compared multiple cultivars grown across five cultivation seasons and conducted both cultivar-level and within-cultivar analyses to identify the fruit traits associated [...] Read more.

Cuticle cracking (CC) is a major physiological disorder in cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) that reduces fruit quality and marketability. We compared multiple cultivars grown across five cultivation seasons and conducted both cultivar-level and within-cultivar analyses to identify the fruit traits associated with CC occurrence. Mean comparisons revealed significant differences in CC incidence among cultivars, ranging from <10% in some ultrathin skin types to >80% in susceptible cultivars. Within each cultivar, CC severity was positively or negatively correlated with cuticle membrane (CM) deposition per unit area and fruit aspect ratio in some cases; however, these effects were generally weak. In contrast, the analysis of surface area highlighted that the incidence of CC increased with smaller fruit size in several cultivars and was influenced by seasonal factors. However, neither cultivar-level nor within-cultivar analysis explained the extremely low CC ratio in ultra-thin-skin cultivars such as ‘Amapuru’, ‘CF Petite Puyo’, and ‘Usuhada’. These results suggest that ultra-thin-skin cultivars may possess mechanisms conferring low CC susceptibility that are structurally distinct from those in typical-skin cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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73 pages, 1772 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Innovations in Agronomy and Their Impact on Greenhouse Vegetable Yields: Species-Specific Perspectives

by Dimitrios Fanourakis, Theodora Makraki, Emmanouil Vlachogiannakis, Georgios Tsaniklidis, Oliver Körner and Georgia Ntatsi

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060684 - 31 May 2026

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2480

Abstract

Tomato, cucumber, and sweet pepper represent the backbone of greenhouse vegetable cultivation. Over recent decades, developments in agronomic practices have been central to improving yield, resource-use efficiency, resilience to abiotic stresses, and product quality. This review synthesizes dispersed evidence on water and nutrient [...] Read more.

Tomato, cucumber, and sweet pepper represent the backbone of greenhouse vegetable cultivation. Over recent decades, developments in agronomic practices have been central to improving yield, resource-use efficiency, resilience to abiotic stresses, and product quality. This review synthesizes dispersed evidence on water and nutrient management, cultivar improvement, grafting, canopy management, biological inputs, and postharvest-oriented agronomy, while highlighting that the three crops exhibit markedly different responses to these practices. These responses are primarily driven by crop-specific differences in source–sink balance, root-zone regulation, canopy architecture, reproductive stability, and postharvest metabolic regulation. Tomato typically demonstrates substantial improvements in yield and water use efficiency under optimized fertigation strategies, with canopy management additionally promoting source–sink balance and stress resilience. Cucumber, by contrast, is particularly sensitive to water deficits, salinity, and nutrient imbalances, necessitating stricter control of irrigation and fertilization to maintain stable root-zone water flux and transpiration dynamics. Sweet pepper often exhibits greater physiological complexity, as yield stability is strongly influenced by microclimate-sensitive metabolic and ionic balance, frequently associated with trade-offs in quality, including firmness, color development, and nutritional composition. The success of grafting, microbial inoculants, and biostimulants further varies considerably among crops, reinforcing the need for crop-specific strategies rather than generalized approaches. Postharvest-oriented agronomy, involving the regulation of nutrient supply, harvest timing, and canopy structure, is becoming increasingly important for prolonging shelf life and improving quality in line with market demands. Sustainability-oriented practices, including nutrient recycling and water-saving strategies, additionally contribute to reducing environmental burdens while maintaining profitability. By identifying species-specific physiological constraints and agronomic priorities, this review highlights that crop-customized and physiologically integrated management strategies are essential for improving productivity, resilience, and quality in protected cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crop Cultivation in Greenhouse Ecosystems: Environmental Regulation and Sustainable Production)

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16 pages, 1958 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Partial Recirculation in Two-Tier Indoor Aeroponic Strawberry: Yield-Input Trade-Off and Nutrient-Solution Drift

by Hyebin An, Jin Woo Nam, Byeong Han Lee, Kyong Hee Joung, Gil Seog Park, Sang Seok Oh and Ju Young Lee

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060680 - 30 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1270

Abstract

Partial recirculation can reduce water and fertilizer inputs in indoor strawberry production, but excessive reuse may cause ion-specific nutrient-solution drift. We compared 0%, 30%, and 50% recirculation of gross supplied water in a closed two-tier indoor aeroponic system for ‘Seolhyang’ strawberry over two [...] Read more.

Partial recirculation can reduce water and fertilizer inputs in indoor strawberry production, but excessive reuse may cause ion-specific nutrient-solution drift. We compared 0%, 30%, and 50% recirculation of gross supplied water in a closed two-tier indoor aeroponic system for ‘Seolhyang’ strawberry over two cultivation years. Each treatment was evaluated as a descriptive operational comparison across the cultivation years, with no independent block-level replication within each cycle. Each recorded run represented directly measured harvest from three internal blocks (480 plants; 25 m²), converted to per-block values (160 plants; 8.33 m²). All the treatments used a stage-adjusted Yamazaki-based nutrient solution, common EC/pH targets, and a gross irrigation supply of 54.0 m³ cycle⁻¹ for the three-block run. Return-water chemistry was analyzed biweekly. Mean yield was 71.7 kg block⁻¹ in the non-recirculating control, 70.0 kg block⁻¹ at 30% recirculation, and 41.7 kg block⁻¹ at 50% recirculation, equivalent to 0.45, 0.44, and 0.26 kg plant⁻¹. Fresh make-up water demand was 18.0, 12.6, and 9.0 m³ block⁻¹ cycle⁻¹, respectively. Increasing reuse depleted P and K; accumulated Ca, Mg, and Na; and narrowed K:Ca and K:(Ca+Mg) ratios. Our results establish 30% recirculation as the threshold that maximizes resource recovery without compromising yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in New Agrotechnological Fertilization for Sustainable Vegetable Production Systems)

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24 pages, 3720 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pre-Apical Leaf Removal and Partial Must Substitution as Strategies to Reduce Ethanol in Tannat Red Wines

by Diego Piccardo, Yamila Celio-Ackermann, Guzmán Favre, Florencia Pereyra-Farina, Alejandro Cammarota, Gustavo González-Neves and Mercedes Fourment

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060674 - 29 May 2026

Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Climate change and evolving consumer preferences are increasing the demand for wines with lower alcohol content and improved compositional balance. This study evaluated the effects of pre-apical leaf removal (LR) and partial substitution of ripe grape must with must or wine from unripe [...] Read more.

Climate change and evolving consumer preferences are increasing the demand for wines with lower alcohol content and improved compositional balance. This study evaluated the effects of pre-apical leaf removal (LR) and partial substitution of ripe grape must with must or wine from unripe grapes (MS and WS) on ethanol content, acidity, phenolic composition, color, and sensory attributes of Tannat red wines under temperate-humid conditions. A complementary small-scale experiment assessed substitution levels (5–20%). All strategies reduced ethanol content, though with varying effects on wine composition. LR moderately decreased ethanol by limiting carbon assimilation but did not significantly affect acidity and reduced phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins. In contrast, MS and WS were more effective, reducing ethanol, lowering pH, and increasing titratable acidity. These treatments largely preserved phenolic composition and color, especially at moderate substitution levels, whereas post-fermentative blending showed a stronger dilution effect. Sensory differences were limited: LR wines showed lower color intensity, while MS and WS maintained visual attributes similar to the control. Results from the complementary exploratory assay suggested that substitution levels around 15% may provide a suitable balance between ethanol reduction, acidity, phenolic preservation, and sensory acceptability. These strategies offer practical tools to produce balanced, lower-alcohol Tannat wines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Grape Wine: Genetics, Chemistry, and Sensory Properties)

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20 pages, 7074 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vegetative Growth and Phenology of Hop Cultivars in Successive Growing Seasons with Supplemental Artificial Lighting in a Subtropical Climate

by Nathalia Rodrigues Leles, Alessandro Jefferson Sato, Robson Fernando Missio, Lucas Basso Pandolfo, Giovane Moreno and Sergio Ruffo Roberto

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060670 - 28 May 2026

Viewed by 1183

Abstract

The present study aimed to characterize the vegetative growth and phenology of hop cultivars grown in successive seasons with artificial supplementation in a subtropical region. The experiment was conducted in Palotina, Paraná, Brazil (24° S) during the summer 2023–2024, winter 2024, and fall [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to characterize the vegetative growth and phenology of hop cultivars grown in successive seasons with artificial supplementation in a subtropical region. The experiment was conducted in Palotina, Paraná, Brazil (24° S) during the summer 2023–2024, winter 2024, and fall 2024–2025 growing seasons. LED lamps were used to extend the daily photoperiod to 17 h during the vegetative phase. The following hop cultivars were assessed: (a) Alpharoma; (b) Cascade; (c) Chinook; (d) Comet; (e) Dr. Rudi; (f) Hallertau Magnum; (g) Hallertau Mittelfruher; (h) Nugget; (i) Saaz; (j) Smooth; (k) Sorachi Ace; (l) Southern Cross; (m) Triple Pearl; (n) Yakima Gold; (o) Zeus. The assessed variables included plant height (Ht), hop growth rate (HGR), classification of four growth stages, number of lateral shoots, plant fresh mass, and phenology. Ht and HGR were analyzed by means of Gompertz and Gaussian regression models, respectively. The number of lateral shoots per plant and fresh mass were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were grouped using the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.01). Seasonal temperature fluctuations, associated with advancing age and plant establishment throughout successive cycles, acted as important modulating factors in vegetative growth and phenology. In the summer season (2023–2024), Cascade and Hallertau Magnum were characterized as early cultivars. In the winter season (2024), Chinook, Nugget, Saaz, and Zeus were classified as early cultivars, while in the fall season (2024–2025), Dr. Rudi, Sorachi Ace, and Zeus were also considered early hops. The vegetative growth Stage I was found to be critical for earliness classification. The phenological cycle variability was amplified during seasons with higher temperatures. The ‘Sorachi Ace’, ‘Triple Pearl’, and ‘Zeus’ hops were the only ones capable of completing the phenological cycle in all three harvest seasons, with ‘Sorachi Ace’ standing out due to its uniform, stable growth pattern regardless of the season. It is concluded that successive hop cultivation is technically viable for specific hop cultivars grown under subtropical conditions with supplemental lighting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 11387 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Morchella sextelata Reveals the Biocontrol Potential of Bacillus subtilis A9

by Shengqian Chao, Yifan Chen, Yin Zhang, Xiaobo Li, Mingchao Yang, Sheng Chen, Lili Song, Peng Li, Hailong Yu and Beibei Lü

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060660 - 25 May 2026

Viewed by 1302

Abstract

The microbial community plays a crucial role in plant health and sustainable agricultural development by influencing plant physiology and development. This study aimed to explore the biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis A9, an endophytic bacterium isolated from Morchella sextelata, against rot [...] Read more.

The microbial community plays a crucial role in plant health and sustainable agricultural development by influencing plant physiology and development. This study aimed to explore the biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis A9, an endophytic bacterium isolated from Morchella sextelata, against rot disease caused by Lecanicillium aphanocladii. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted on Morchella sextelata samples sprayed with B. subtilis A9 and a control group sprayed with LB medium. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that B. subtilis A9 significantly altered the microbial community structure and functional composition of Morchella sextelata, enriching genes related to biofilm formation, arginine and proline metabolism, and sulfur metabolism. Metabolomic analysis indicated significant upregulation of stress-resistant metabolites such as L-proline, ketoleucine, and pelargonic acid. Integrated multi-omics analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the microbial community structure and the metabolomic profile, suggesting that B. subtilis A9 may be related to the disease-resistance response in the Morchella sextelata microecosystem. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the biological control of Morchella sextelata rot disease and support the development of green biocontrol strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morchella: Innovative Mushrooms from Forests to Farms, Then to Our Tables)

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26 pages, 7633 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the NAC Gene Family in Punica granatum L. Reveals the Positive Role of PgNAC87 in Cadmium Tolerance

by Hongfang Ren, Aikui Guo, Xueqing Zhao and Zhaohe Yuan

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060654 - 23 May 2026

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd), a highly mobile and phytotoxic heavy metal, threatens plant growth and food safety and has increased interest in woody plant-based phytoremediation. However, the genome-wide characteristics of the NAC transcription factor family and its role in Cd tolerance remain largely unknown in [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd), a highly mobile and phytotoxic heavy metal, threatens plant growth and food safety and has increased interest in woody plant-based phytoremediation. However, the genome-wide characteristics of the NAC transcription factor family and its role in Cd tolerance remain largely unknown in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), a stress-tolerant woody plant. In this study, 121 PgNAC genes were identified from the chromosome-level genome of the pomegranate cultivar ‘Tunisia’. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into two major groups and 16 subgroups. PgNAC genes were unevenly distributed across the eight chromosomes and showed evident clustered distribution patterns. Synteny and Ka/Ks analyses further revealed that segmental and tandem duplication jointly shaped the expansion of the PgNAC family, while the duplicated pairs have largely evolved under strong purifying selection. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses showed that PgNAC proteins possessed a highly conserved N-terminal NAM domain, whereas their C-terminal regions were relatively divergent. Promoter analysis further identified abundant hormone- and stress-responsive cis-elements, suggesting diverse regulatory roles of the PgNAC family. Transcriptome profiling identified PgNAC87, a member of the NAP subfamily, as a Cd-responsive candidate gene that was consistently upregulated in both roots and leaves under Cd stress. Heterologous overexpression of PgNAC87 in tobacco significantly enhanced Cd tolerance, as reflected by alleviated growth inhibition, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic adjustment substances, and reduced oxidative damage. Collectively, our results clarify the evolutionary features of the PgNAC family and its involvement in Cd-induced transcriptional regulation, while highlighting PgNAC87 as a potential genetic target for enhancing Cd tolerance in pomegranate and related woody species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 4614 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Combined BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq Analyses Identify Candidate Genes Associated with Self-Incompatibility in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

by Tong Zhao, Yingjie Li, Zhiliang Xiao, Yulun Zhang, Jialei Ji, Yong Wang, Mu Zhuang, Limei Yang, Yangyong Zhang, Ryo Fujimoto, Xiaochun Wei, Xueling Ye and Honghao Lv

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060656 - 23 May 2026

Viewed by 1188

Abstract

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide. Self-incompatibility (SI) in cabbage is a key trait that prevents self-fertilization and inbreeding, thereby maintaining genetic diversity within populations. Although several genes related [...] Read more.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide. Self-incompatibility (SI) in cabbage is a key trait that prevents self-fertilization and inbreeding, thereby maintaining genetic diversity within populations. Although several genes related to SI have been reported, its genetic control remains unclear. In this study, we developed an F₂ population from the highly self-compatible (SC) cabbage line 87-534 and the highly self-incompatible (SI) line 01-20, both of which exhibit the S5 haplotype. The segregation analysis of the F₂ population revealed the possible control of SI by a major gene with additional modifying genetic factors. Bulk segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) were performed on SI and SC samples selected from the F₂ population. BSA-Seq revealed a candidate region on chromosome 7 (C07: 7.45 Mb to 8.93 Mb), including 32 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RNA-Seq identified a total of 2400 DEGs between the two pools, and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses suggested that plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling, plant immune response were significantly enriched and may be involved in SI. The combined analysis of BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq identified six candidate genes associated with SI, and their expression was confirmed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Among them, Bol023956 encodes fructokinase, Bol023986 is involved in plant defense response, Bol024018 is related to pollen development, Bol024012 encodes a transport protein for phytohormones, Bol023943 encodes chorismate mutase 3, and Bol012515 is an important regulatory gene for chloroplast synthesis. These six genes, potentially linked to SI, should be targets for further validation. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of SI in cabbage and the selection of superior cabbage varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Decade of Research on Vegetable Crops: From Omics to Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 9224 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Characteristics of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Spatholobus suberectus

by Daocheng Ma, Dandan Yang, Jun Liu, Meimei Luo, Xiuhua Zhang, Mei Yang and Yuanyuan Xu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060653 - 23 May 2026

Viewed by 917

Abstract

Spatholobus suberectus is a traditional edible, ornamental, and medicinal vine with an abundant flavonoid content in its dried stems. An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis was conducted on its vegetative organs to identify flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The results showed that: (1) a total [...] Read more.

Spatholobus suberectus is a traditional edible, ornamental, and medicinal vine with an abundant flavonoid content in its dried stems. An integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis was conducted on its vegetative organs to identify flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The results showed that: (1) a total of 268 flavonoids could be identified among all the vegetative organs, and stems accumulated most of them; (2) a total of 449,569,220 clean reads were retained from all the vegetative organs (many genes related to key enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis and transcription factors were found in all the compared groups between different organs; among them, 77 genes showed high correlations with key flavonoids in different pathways); and (3) PAL (encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), 4CL (encoding 4-coumarate: CoA ligase), C4H (encoding cinnamate-4-hydroxylase), CHS (encoding chalcone synthase), DFR (encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) and others showed positive correlations with L-phenylalanine and various flavonoids, while FLS (encoding flavonol synthase) showed negative correlations with many flavonols and flavonoids, as revealed through integrated analysis. This study reveals the flavonoid biosynthesis characteristics in S. suberectus and provides new insights into the utilization of its biological resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Secondary Metabolism and Its Applications in Horticulture)

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20 pages, 8315 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

SlbHLH113 Promotes Tomato Fruit Elongation by Restricting Radial Growth of the Columella and Interacting with SlIQD21a

by Xiaochen Wang, Hanru Hu, Benben Li, Lingyi Liu, Zhujun Zhu and Yuanyuan Liu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060650 - 22 May 2026

Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Fruit shape is determined by patterns of cell division and expansion during early development, yet the upstream transcription factors coordinating cell wall dynamics and cytoskeletal organization remain largely unknown. Here, we report that SlbHLH113, a bHLH transcription factor, positively regulates tomato fruit elongation. [...] Read more.

Fruit shape is determined by patterns of cell division and expansion during early development, yet the upstream transcription factors coordinating cell wall dynamics and cytoskeletal organization remain largely unknown. Here, we report that SlbHLH113, a bHLH transcription factor, positively regulates tomato fruit elongation. Overexpression (OE) of SlbHLH113 produced elongated fruits with increased length/width ratio, whereas RNAi lines exhibited flattened fruits. Histological analysis revealed that SlbHLH113 alters columella cell polarity—promoting elongated cell morphology without affecting cell area—and reduces columella–placenta width and locule width, without altering pericarp thickness. Transcriptomic profiling identified 87 differentially expressed genes in OE lines, with enrichment in cell wall-related processes. Notably, a pectate lyase gene (PL5) and an expansin gene (EXT90) were down-regulated, while genes involved in oriented cellulose deposition (COBRA4) and ethylene signaling were up-regulated. Importantly, SlbHLH113 physically interacts with the microtubule-associated protein SlIQD21a, as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation assays. Finally, SlbHLH113 did not affect major nutrient contents in red-ripe fruits. Collectively, our findings identify SlbHLH113 as a novel regulator of tomato fruit shape that might act through cell polarity control, cell wall remodeling, and interaction with a microtubule-associated protein, offering a potential target for improving fruit morphology without compromising nutritional quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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22 pages, 7323 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dolomite-Loaded Vermicompost Improves Acidic Soil Health and Promotes Panax quinquefolius L. Growth in Pine Agroforestry Systems

by Azhi Yang, Guobing Tian, Weiye Tong, Yihang Ouyang, Junwen Chen, Shengchao Yang, Shuhui Zi, Ping Zhao, Wei Fan, Fuseini Issaka, Xiumei Shen, Yufei Jiang, Yuchun He and Shuran He

Horticulturae 2026, 12(6), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12060645 - 22 May 2026

Viewed by 1219

Abstract

Agriforestry systems are essential for improving the quality of medicinal herbs and ensuring the sustainable management of forests. Forest soil acidification inhibits the growth of medicinal plants. The application of novel dolomite-loaded vermicompost (DOVC) is considered a potential method for promoting plants growth. [...] Read more.

Agriforestry systems are essential for improving the quality of medicinal herbs and ensuring the sustainable management of forests. Forest soil acidification inhibits the growth of medicinal plants. The application of novel dolomite-loaded vermicompost (DOVC) is considered a potential method for promoting plants growth. However, the mechanisms by which it promotes the growth of medicinal plants are poorly understood. This study combined observational analysis and field experimentation, to first elucidate the correlation between under-forest soil pH and root dry weight of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). Subsequently, the mechanisms by which DOVC promotes the growth of P. quinquefolius were analyzed from the perspectives of plant physiology and soil microbiome. The results indicate: (1) Field survey results demonstrated when the pH was between 5.28 and 5.99, the root dry weight of P. quinquefolius gradually increased with increasing soil pH. (2) Compared with Control, DOVC increased the soil pH by 1.48 units and promoted the growth of P. quinquefolius, with a net photosynthetic rate increase of 60.26%, malondialdehyde content decrease of 71.07%, and root dry weight increase of 50.33%. (3) Compared with Control, DOVC enhanced bacterial community diversity, with Ace and Chao 1 indices increasing significantly by 33.88% and 25.18%, respectively; and increased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi and Basidiomycota. (4) Partial Least Squares Path Modeling revealed that DOVC positively influenced P. quinquefolius growth via the improvement of soil health index and microbial community diversity. The development of this novel soil amendment offers a new approach to improving soil health in agroforestry systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioresource for Sustainable Cultivation of Medicinal Herbs)

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22 pages, 3981 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biodiversity for Sustainable Viticulture: Seed Morphometry in Portuguese Cultivars of Vitis vinifera L.

by José Javier Martín-Gómez, Jorge Cunha, José Luis Rodríguez-Lorenzo, Ángel Anocibar Beloqui, Félix Cabello Sáenz de Santa María, Gregorio Muñoz Organero, Ángel Tocino and Emilio Cervantes

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050634 - 20 May 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1569

Abstract

Seeds are the result of sexual reproduction, containing the embryo that stores genetic information from past generations, surrounded by protective and nutritional tissues. In Vitis, seed morphology provides valuable insights into varietal diversity and domestication processes. In the context of transitioning toward [...] Read more.

Seeds are the result of sexual reproduction, containing the embryo that stores genetic information from past generations, surrounded by protective and nutritional tissues. In Vitis, seed morphology provides valuable insights into varietal diversity and domestication processes. In the context of transitioning toward sustainable viticulture, understanding varietal diversity provides key insights into crop evolution and adaptation. This study explores relationships in seed morphology among 91 varieties conserved in the Portuguese Ampelographic Collection (PRT 051 in FAO). Based on images of well-oriented seeds, outline geometry was described using Fourier coefficients and curvature values measured at key points along the outline. Seeds were classified according to their similarity to four reference models: Sylvestris, Hebén, Traminer, and Koenigin der Weingaerten. A high proportion of cultivars showed strong similarity to the Koenigin der Weingaerten model, suggesting an advanced stage of domestication. In contrast, very few cultivars matched the Sylvestris model. Significant differences in curvature values were observed among groups. The results confirm known pedigree relationships and the key role played by ancient varieties and provide new insights into the evolution of seed morphology during grapevine domestication. Among cultivars resembling the Koenigin der Weingaerten model, some result from crosses involving Iberian and European varieties, suggesting that the different Vitis haplotypes may be associated with progressive stages during the process of domestication that define the current resilience of Mediterranean grapevines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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16 pages, 1139 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phosphate Fertilizer Sources and Doses Affect Yield and Nutritional Quality of Kale Under Organic Management

by Thatiane Nepomuceno Alves, Joseantonio Ribeiro de Carvalho, Ramón De Marchi Garcia, Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia, Santino Seabra Júnior and Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050631 - 19 May 2026

Viewed by 1804

Abstract

The search for a healthy diet has increased the consumption of kale, a vegetable recognized for its high nutritional value, mineral content, and antioxidant properties. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient in this context, acting in energy transfer and root development, which favors productivity [...] Read more.

The search for a healthy diet has increased the consumption of kale, a vegetable recognized for its high nutritional value, mineral content, and antioxidant properties. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient in this context, acting in energy transfer and root development, which favors productivity and product quality. This study evaluated the effect of two phosphorus sources, bone meal (BM) and thermophosphate Yoorin^® (TY), and five phosphorus (P₂O₅) doses (0, 160, 320, 480, and 640 kg ha⁻¹) on kale yield and quality. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications and ten treatments in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement in a protected environment over a cycle of 155 days after transplanting. Marketable yield with BM reached an estimated maximum of 1.54 kg plant⁻¹ at 525 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅ (54% over control), while TY showed a linear increase up to 1.57 kg plant⁻¹ (59%). Photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic compounds fitted quadratic models, with gains of up to 36%, 73%, 51%, and 57%, respectively. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Fe increased significantly with P doses, with Fe gains reaching 110–180%. Phosphate fertilization with BM, a renewable P source, increases kale yield and nutritional quality, highlighting its potential for organic farming systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Dynamics in Horticultural Crops from Absorption to Quality)

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17 pages, 5158 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biostimulant Priming Modulates Photosynthesis and Storability of Salt-Stressed Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in a Cultivar-Dependent Manner

by Miaohong Liu, Duyen Nguyen, Song Gao, Michiko Takagaki, Kun Xu and Na Lu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050620 - 17 May 2026

Viewed by 1426

Abstract

This study evaluated the growth, physiological, chlorophyll fluorescence (JIP-test), and postharvest responses of a shoot-dominant (‘C-P’) and a root-dominant (‘J-L’) garlic material to graded salinity (0, 50, and 200 mM NaCl) in a hydroponic system, with or without seed-clove priming using LEAFENERGY^® [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the growth, physiological, chlorophyll fluorescence (JIP-test), and postharvest responses of a shoot-dominant (‘C-P’) and a root-dominant (‘J-L’) garlic material to graded salinity (0, 50, and 200 mM NaCl) in a hydroponic system, with or without seed-clove priming using LEAFENERGY^®, a commercial biostimulant mainly composed of naturally derived rare fatty acids. Results showed 50 mM NaCl significantly inhibited shoot growth, while 200 mM nearly arrested growth and induced clove decay. Under moderate salinity, biostimulant priming exhibited cultivar-dependent mitigation. In ‘C-P’, biostimulant priming increased clove soluble sugar content by 1.140 g 100 g⁻¹ FW under 50 mM NaCl and increased dry-weight-based clove water content after cold storage. In ‘J-L’, biostimulant priming increased SPAD values under 50 mM NaCl and reduced the salt-induced increase in clove yellowness index to a level not significantly different from the non-saline control. In conclusion, garlic’s response to salinity is fundamentally dictated by intrinsic resource allocation strategies. Rather than merely promoting growth, biostimulant priming optimizes photosynthetic energy fluxes and reshapes metabolism. This tailored approach effectively preserves the visual marketability of susceptible cultivars while enhancing osmoprotectant accumulation and hydration in vigorous morphotypes, providing a sustainable strategy to safeguard industrial raw materials in salinized controlled cultivation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of Organic Manures, Biostimulants, and Micronutrients in Sustainable Horticultural Production)

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26 pages, 7693 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Red Light Night-Break at 660 nm Extends Autumn Flowering in Annona squamosa Through Shoot Senescence Delay and Phytohormone Remodeling Under Warm Temperature Dependence

by Hsin-Hsiu Fang, Chih-Wei Tung, Hsiu-Yen Ma, Wen-Li Lee, Chih-Cheng Hsu, Kuo-Dung Chiou and Yu-Chang Tsai

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050617 - 15 May 2026

Viewed by 1377

Abstract

Extending the fruiting season of Annona squamosa L. requires overcoming autumn and winter flowering declines. This study investigates the efficacy of light-quality regulation technologies and their temperature dependence for floral induction. Field surveys initially identified temperature as the primary climatic factor governing flowering. [...] Read more.

Extending the fruiting season of Annona squamosa L. requires overcoming autumn and winter flowering declines. This study investigates the efficacy of light-quality regulation technologies and their temperature dependence for floral induction. Field surveys initially identified temperature as the primary climatic factor governing flowering. Under suboptimal autumn temperatures, red light (R-660) night-break (NB) treatments significantly enhanced shoot growth and flowering compared to other light spectra. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 2027 upregulated and 341 downregulated transcripts consistently regulated by R-660, with significant enrichment in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, R-660 upregulated cold response genes (e.g., CBFs, WRKYs, ERD7), which are associated with the maintenance of vegetative vigor under suboptimal autumn temperatures. However, mid-winter R-660 NB failed to induce flowering without supplemental greenhouse heating. Ultimately, warm ambient temperature is the absolute prerequisite for A. squamosa floral induction, with R-660 serving as a highly effective seasonal supplement to extend autumn flowering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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18 pages, 11220 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hempseed Press Cake-Derived Protein Hydrolysate–Zn(II) Complex as a Seed Coating Improves Germination and Early Seedling Establishment in Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

by Napat Srisuwannaphat, Panumart Rithichai, Yaowapha Jirakiattikul, Nanthawat Wannarit, Jakkrapong Kangsopa and Bhornchai Harakotr

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050608 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 1241

Abstract

Uniform germination and rapid seedling establishment are essential for efficient hot pepper production. This study evaluated a hempseed press cake-derived protein hydrolysate–zinc(II) complex (HPH–Zn) as a seed coating designed to enhance early crop performance via formulation-based Zn delivery. The HPH–Zn complex was synthesized [...] Read more.

Uniform germination and rapid seedling establishment are essential for efficient hot pepper production. This study evaluated a hempseed press cake-derived protein hydrolysate–zinc(II) complex (HPH–Zn) as a seed coating designed to enhance early crop performance via formulation-based Zn delivery. The HPH–Zn complex was synthesized via peptide–Zn chelation, physicochemically characterized, and applied at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg Zn g⁻¹ seed (HPH–Zn0.25, HPH–Zn0.50, and HPH–Zn1.00, respectively). Seed performance was assessed by laboratory germination, accelerated aging, and greenhouse tests. Compared with uncoated, polymer-only, and ZnSO₄ treatments, HPH–Zn significantly improved germination, post-aging performance, field emergence, and early seedling growth in a dose-dependent manner. Relative to uncoated seeds, HPH–Zn1.00 increased laboratory germination, post-aging germination, and field emergence by 10.9, 12.3, and 20.3%, respectively. These responses were associated with stronger soluble sugar accumulation and α-amylase activity during early imbibition. PCA ranked HPH–Zn1.00 as the highest-performing treatment, characterized by greater emergence, biomass, and Zn uptake. However, HPH–Zn0.50 still improved germination and early growth at lower Zn input, whereas HPH–Zn1.00 maximized emergence and Zn accumulation, indicating a performance–input trade-off. These results support waste-derived HPH–Zn as a formulation-based seed coating for improving early seedling establishment in hot pepper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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17 pages, 12802 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Excising Part of Primary Root Induces Adventitious Lateral Root (adLR) Formation in Peach Seedlings: An Approach to Dissect adLR Origin

by Tianyu Liu, Bo Zhao, Xiaolong Chang, Huanbing Lu, Jun Cheng, Wei Wang, Bin Tan, Xianbo Zheng, Xia Ye, Zhiqian Li, Haipeng Zhang, Xiaobei Wang, Jiancan Feng and Langlang Zhang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050610 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 1140

Abstract

Peach (Prunus persica L.) trees exhibit low propagation efficiency from cuttings, primarily due to the limited ability of their cuttings to develop adventitious roots (ARs). ARs originate from a single or a few cells and occur randomly and in varying numbers at [...] Read more.

Peach (Prunus persica L.) trees exhibit low propagation efficiency from cuttings, primarily due to the limited ability of their cuttings to develop adventitious roots (ARs). ARs originate from a single or a few cells and occur randomly and in varying numbers at the base of the cuttings. This poses a challenge for precise research on their regulatory mechanisms. Adventitious lateral roots (adLRs) are one kind of AR, which are induced from injured primary roots. In this study, we developed a method to induce adLRs by removing part of the primary root of young peach seedlings. The adLRs induced by this method are characterized by no obvious callus formation, a relatively stable number (2–4 roots), a fixed occurrence position (at the incision site), and a rooting rate of 100%. Using this system, we conducted transcriptome sequencing analysis during the early stage of adLR induction (0–24 h). The results showed that after the primary root was removed, the jasmonic acid (JA), wound, ethylene (ET), auxin, and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways were rapidly activated; subsequently, pathways related to root formation and development were significantly enriched. By screening early rapid-response genes, we successfully identified two key genes, PpF-box and PpERF13, that are involved in AR formation in peach. This study not only provides a reliable and efficient research system for analyzing the molecular regulatory mechanism of AR formation in peach, but also lays an important foundation for future in-depth studies using precise technologies such as single-cell sequencing and microscopic sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

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18 pages, 8737 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exogenous Melatonin Application Enhances Growth and Floral Traits of Zinnia elegans Under Drought Stress

by Pablo Henrique de Almeida Oliveira, João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro, Elania Freire da Silva, Ester dos Santos Coêlho, Antonio Gideilson Correia da Silva, John Victor Lucas Lima, Ayslan do Nascimento Fernandes, Aurélio Paes Barros Júnior and Lindomar Maria da Silveira

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050612 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 1354

Abstract

Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant whose growth and floral traits can be compromised by abiotic stresses, especially water deficit. Melatonin (MEL) has stood out as a plant growth regulator with antioxidant potential, capable of mitigating the adverse [...] Read more.

Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant whose growth and floral traits can be compromised by abiotic stresses, especially water deficit. Melatonin (MEL) has stood out as a plant growth regulator with antioxidant potential, capable of mitigating the adverse effects of water stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar MEL application on the growth and floral characteristics of Z. elegans under different water regimes. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with five replications. The first factor consisted of four water conditions: 80% of field capacity (FC) (no stress), 20% of field capacity (severe stress), early water restriction (20% of FC followed by 80% of FC), and late water restriction (80% of FC followed by 20% of FC). The second factor corresponded to the foliar application of MEL at two concentrations (0.0 and 1.0 mM). Growth variables (plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, and dry mass of different organs) and floral characteristics (number of petals, area, perimeter, and diameter) were evaluated. Water deficit, especially under severe stress (20% FC), significantly reduced plant growth and floral traits, decreasing the total dry mass by 60.27% and total floral area by 47.57% compared to the control. However, the application of 1.0 mM MEL attenuated the deleterious effects of water deficit, increasing total dry mass by 50.26% and total floral area by 25.56% under severe stress (20% FC) compared to untreated plants, making it a promising strategy for zinnia production in environments with limited water availability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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15 pages, 12288 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Different Colored Films on the Microenvironment and Development of Morchella septimelata and Morchella sextelata

by Boran Zhang, Wei Zhou, Haodong Liu, Panpan Zhang, Xiaofeng Li, Guojie Li, Xiao Li, Ao Ma, Ming Li, Jinghua Tian, Shoumian Li and Junling Wang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050611 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 1942

Abstract

Morchella spp. are rare and highly valued edible fungi that often exhibit unstable yield and quality under protected cultivation due to inadequate regulation of the light and temperature microenvironment. Colored films can effectively optimize these conditions. In this study, the effects of six [...] Read more.

Morchella spp. are rare and highly valued edible fungi that often exhibit unstable yield and quality under protected cultivation due to inadequate regulation of the light and temperature microenvironment. Colored films can effectively optimize these conditions. In this study, the effects of six colored film treatments—white film (WM), red film (RM), green film (GM), blue film (BM), black film (BKM), and silver-black film (SBM)—on the microenvironment and development of Morchella septimelata and M. sextelata were investigated. The results showed that the BM treatment improved the microenvironment and promoted Morchella development. BM exhibited high transmittance, enhancing light intensity and increasing accumulated air and soil temperatures. It also led to the production of the greatest number of mature fruiting bodies, with 46 per square meter for M. septimelata and 54 per square meter for M. sextelata. Agronomic traits were also superior under the BM treatment, with pileus lengths of 82.97 mm for M. septimelata and 70.76 mm for M. sextelata. Compared with WM, BM significantly increased the weight of a single fruiting body and yield by 12.23% and 20.86% for M. septimelata and by 18.14% and 25.34% for M. sextelata, respectively. BM also significantly increased crude fiber content by 16.92% in M. septimelata and 2.63% in M. sextelata. RM significantly increased crude polysaccharide content by 47.42% in M. septimelata and by 44.12% in M. sextelata. This study indicated that BM was the preferred choice for Morchella protected cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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27 pages, 3250 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Research Progress on Post-Harvest Preservation Technology of Capsicum L.: A Review

by Guoliang Dong, Taomei Yang, Liangjie Ba, Donglan Luo, Zhibing Zhao, Sen Cao and Tao Wang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050596 - 12 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1443

Abstract

Capsicum L. is valued for its pungency and nutrition but is susceptible to postharvest deterioration such as weight loss, softening, and decay, leading to reduced quality and marketability. While conventional methods like refrigeration and chemical treatments extend shelf life, they raise safety and [...] Read more.

Capsicum L. is valued for its pungency and nutrition but is susceptible to postharvest deterioration such as weight loss, softening, and decay, leading to reduced quality and marketability. While conventional methods like refrigeration and chemical treatments extend shelf life, they raise safety and environmental concerns. Recently, environmentally friendly preservation techniques have gained attention, including physical (modified atmosphere packaging, cold storage, plasma), chemical (ozone, 1-MCP, chlorine dioxide, nano selenium), and biological (biopolymer films, essential oils, melatonin) approaches. Studies show that combining two or more methods often yields synergistic effects, outperforming individual treatments. This review systematically outlines the physiological and quality changes in postharvest capsicum fruits and summarizes recent advances in key preservation technologies, with emphasis on combined strategies. It aims to provide insights into preservation mechanisms, suggest future research directions, and support the development of safe, effective, and sustainable practices for the capsicum industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Quality Preservation and Disease Control for Fruits and Vegetables)

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23 pages, 5596 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Light Quantity and Quality for Accelerating Flowering of Petunia with Associated Changes in FLOWERING LOCUS T Gene Expression

by Jiaqi Xia, Jian Hua and Neil Mattson

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050593 - 11 May 2026

Viewed by 1937

Abstract

As plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) expand beyond leafy greens to include flowering crops, understanding the role of light quantity and quality in regulating plant development becomes increasingly important. This study investigated how far-red (FR) radiation and daily light integral (DLI) influences [...] Read more.

As plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) expand beyond leafy greens to include flowering crops, understanding the role of light quantity and quality in regulating plant development becomes increasingly important. This study investigated how far-red (FR) radiation and daily light integral (DLI) influences flowering time, plant morphology, and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene expression in petunia. Four facultative commercial cultivars and one obligate long-day model cultivar, ‘Mitchell Diploid’, were grown under two DLI conditions with a gradient of FR radiation. Increasing FR consistently accelerated flowering across both DLI conditions without reducing flower bud number, branch number, or shoot fresh weight at harvest. Higher DLI generally produced more compact plants by reducing plant height and canopy area, whereas increasing FR promoted stem elongation, particularly in ‘Mitchell Diploid’. Cultivar responses varied substantially, indicating that genotype is an important factor when applying FR-based lighting strategies. To explore potential molecular mechanisms associated with FR-induced flowering acceleration, the expression levels of five petunia homologs, PhFT1 to PhFT5, were analyzed across developmental stages under low and supplemental FR conditions. PhFT2-5 expression was generally associated with flower initiation, with PhFT2 showing the strongest positive relationship with flowering and responsiveness to supplemental FR, whereas PhFT1 showed a decreasing trend over time and was not positively associated with flowering. Overall, this study demonstrates that FR radiation can be used to accelerate petunia flowering in PFAL production without compromising key quality traits and suggests that specific FT homologs, particularly PhFT2, may contribute to FR-mediated flowering regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Flowering and Development in Ornamental Plants)

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17 pages, 3897 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Balancing Yield and Environmental Sustainability in Chinese Watermelon Production: A Life Cycle and Nitrogen Management Study

by Huanyu Zhao, Yujia Li, Yuheng Wang, Jiawei Xie, Yu Xu, Deshui Tan and Yueqiang Zhang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050590 - 11 May 2026

Viewed by 1400

Abstract

China produces 61.0% of the world’s watermelons, yet a life cycle assessment (LCA) of its production system is lacking. Here, we combined farmer surveys and field experiments to assess resource depletion and environmental impacts across North China (NC), Northwest China (NW), and Southwest [...] Read more.

China produces 61.0% of the world’s watermelons, yet a life cycle assessment (LCA) of its production system is lacking. Here, we combined farmer surveys and field experiments to assess resource depletion and environmental impacts across North China (NC), Northwest China (NW), and Southwest China (SW), and to quantify the mitigation potential through optimized nitrogen (N) management. NC achieved the highest yield but also the highest resource use and emissions per hectare. In contrast, SW performed best per ton of fruit produced due to lower input intensity. Nitrogen fertilizer dominated greenhouse gas emissions and eutrophication potential, with over 85% of its impact arising during the field application stage. Grouping farms by yield and N partial factor productivity revealed a mitigation potential of 46.5–55.4%, enabling both high yield and high efficiency. Field experiments confirmed that reducing N input by 14.3–40.0%, as recommended regionally, stabilizes yield while significantly lowering environmental burdens. Our findings validate that region-specific N optimization is a key strategy for achieving sustainable watermelon production in China. Full article

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14 pages, 6164 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Overexpression of Grapevine VvWRKY57 Enhances Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

by Rao Zhang, Liyang Zhang and Mohammad Saidur Rhaman

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050589 - 10 May 2026

Viewed by 1338

Abstract

Soil salinization is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production. As an economically important fruit tree worldwide, grapevine generally exhibits weak salt tolerance. Therefore, identifying key stress-tolerance genes is of great significance for improving stress resistance in grapevines. In this study, [...] Read more.

Soil salinization is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production. As an economically important fruit tree worldwide, grapevine generally exhibits weak salt tolerance. Therefore, identifying key stress-tolerance genes is of great significance for improving stress resistance in grapevines. In this study, the transcription factor gene VvWRKY57, which is induced by salt stress, was cloned from the grape cultivar Vitis vinifera ‘Shine Muscat’. Its function under salt stress was systematically evaluated via heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The full-length CDS of the VvWRKY57 gene is 915 bp, encoding a protein of 305 amino acids. The protein contains a typical WRKY conserved domain, belongs to group II of the WRKY family, and is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Expression pattern analysis showed that VvWRKY57 was expressed in roots, stems, and leaves of grapevine. Based on this expression profile, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing VvWRKY57 were generated to further investigate its role in salt tolerance. Subsequent salt tolerance assays revealed that, compared with wild-type plants, the overexpression lines exhibited stronger resistance phenotypes under salt stress. This study demonstrates for the first time that grape-derived VvWRKY57 functions in enhancing salt tolerance in model plants, providing a novel genetic resource and theoretical basis for crop salt-tolerance molecular breeding using this gene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Responsiveness in Horticultural Crops)

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18 pages, 4939 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Petunia Under Salt Stress

by Yongmei Su, Weijian Wu, Shiqi Wen, Yujin Feng, Liangxia Li and Junping Xu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050579 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Petunia × hybrida is a highly valued ornamental species worldwide, prized for its bright flower colors and long flowering period. Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress that negatively impacts both agriculture and ornamental plant cultivation. Its detrimental effects stem from osmotic stress, [...] Read more.

Petunia × hybrida is a highly valued ornamental species worldwide, prized for its bright flower colors and long flowering period. Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress that negatively impacts both agriculture and ornamental plant cultivation. Its detrimental effects stem from osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, and oxidative stress induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin, a multifunctional signaling molecule, can enhance plant resistance under adverse conditions. In this study, Petunia × hybrida cv. ‘Mirage Rose’ was used to investigate these effects. The five treatment groups consisted of control (CK), salt stress alone (NaCl, 200 mmol·L⁻¹), and salt stress combined with 50, 100, or 200 µmol·L⁻¹ melatonin (NaCl + MT50, NaCl + MT100, and NaCl + MT200). Evaluations covered developmental morphology, physiological and biochemical parameters, stomatal density, and transcript levels of antioxidant enzymes. Results indicated that high salinity significantly inhibited vegetative growth and reduced stomatal density while increasing the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anions (O₂⁻), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Exogenous melatonin application significantly alleviated these adverse effects, with 100 µmol·L⁻¹ being the most effective concentration among the tested doses. This treatment enhanced the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduced membrane lipid peroxidation, promoted the accumulation of compatible solutes for osmotic balance, and improved stomatal development. Overall, 100 µmol·L⁻¹ melatonin effectively enhanced salt tolerance in Petunia by regulating redox homeostasis and modulating stomatal characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Responsiveness in Horticultural Crops)

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16 pages, 2444 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Formulation and Evaluation of an Eco-Friendly Allamanda Microemulsion Biofungicide for the Control of Anthracnose in Papaya

by Farah Farhanah Haron and Dzolkhifli Omar

Horticulturae 2026, 12(5), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12050564 - 5 May 2026

Viewed by 1743

Abstract

An eco-friendly microemulsion biofungicide derived from Allamanda cathartica was developed for the control of papaya anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The formulation was prepared by blending surfactants, carrier oil, and water and optimized using ternary phase diagrams to identify stable microemulsion systems. [...] Read more.

An eco-friendly microemulsion biofungicide derived from Allamanda cathartica was developed for the control of papaya anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The formulation was prepared by blending surfactants, carrier oil, and water and optimized using ternary phase diagrams to identify stable microemulsion systems. All selected formulations exhibited surface tension values ranging from 29 to 31 mN/m, while particle sizes ranged from 51.79 to 1801.05 nm. The optimized formulation, coded as AM8, consisted of 35% Allamanda concentrated liquid crude extract (ACLCE), 26% water, 13% alkyl polyglucoside surfactant, and 26% dimethylamide oil. Papaya fruits coated with the formulations showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in anthracnose incidence caused by C. gloeosporioides. Control fruits treated with water showed 75% disease incidence, whereas fruits treated with benomyl showed 42% disease incidence. Disease incidence, severity, and disease index decreased with increasing formulation concentration, and fruits treated with the eight formulations at 10% concentration exhibited significantly lower disease incidence (0–17%) and disease index (0–17%), with disease severity consistently scored as zero. The Allamanda formulation demonstrated strong antifungal activity with EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ values of 1.839 and 7.067 mg/mL (w/v), respectively, at the 95% confidence level. The optimized formulation AM8 remained stable for up to one year and showed superior disease control performance compared with the conventional fungicide benomyl. In addition, the formulation maintained fruit quality by preserving firmness, peel color, and soluble solids concentration, thereby extending papaya shelf life up to 30 days without adversely affecting the natural ripening process. These findings demonstrate the potential of Allamanda-based microemulsion formulations as sustainable biofungicides for postharvest control of papaya anthracnose and provide a promising alternative to conventional synthetic fungicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) to Improve the Sustainability of Horticultural Ecosystems)

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