Horticulturae

25 pages, 11176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biological Control of Streptomyces sp. PR69 Against Phytophthora capsici and Its Growth-Promoting Effects on Plants

by Perla Karina López-Reyes, Susana De la Torre-Zavala, María Mercedes Cortés-González, Luis Jesús Galán-Wong and Hamlet Avilés-Arnaut

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121365 - 19 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2230

Abstract

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that have been reported as potential controllers of several plant pathogens and plant growth-promoting agents. This study focused on the isolation of 60 actinobacterial strains from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico, with an emphasis on evaluating [...] Read more.

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that have been reported as potential controllers of several plant pathogens and plant growth-promoting agents. This study focused on the isolation of 60 actinobacterial strains from the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico, with an emphasis on evaluating their potential as biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. Among the strains tested, the isolate PR69 exhibited significant in vitro antagonistic activity against eight plant pathogens, with inhibition rates ranging from 44% to 73%, including Phytophthora capsici. The genome of PR69 was sequenced and assembled. It was identified as Streptomyces by phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated multiple sequence alignments of 81 core bacterial genes. Additionally, volatile compounds produced by PR69 enhanced the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in vitro, increasing seedling weight, primary root length, and the number of secondary roots. Furthermore, the soil treated with Streptomyces sp. PR69 effectively controlled the infection caused by the pathogen P. capsici in bell pepper plants, reducing mortality by 47% compared to plants inoculated solely with the pathogen. PR69-treated plants also showed 30% increase in fresh weight compared to untreated controls. These findings suggest that Streptomyces sp. PR69 holds promise as a bioinoculant for promoting pepper plant growth and controlling P. capsici populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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13 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Contribution of Cover Crop Littering Decomposition to the N Uptake of Bearing and Non-Bearing Satsuma Mandarin Trees

by Adriele Tassinari, Gustavo Nogara de Siqueira, Amanda Veridiana Krug, Letícia Morsch, Talita Trapp, Moreno Toselli, Elena Baldi and Gustavo Brunetto

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121356 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) derived from the decomposition of litter from cover crops can contribute to the mineral nutrition of citrus trees. This study aimed to assess the prior contribution of N derived from the decomposition of forage radish (Raphanus sativus) and black [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) derived from the decomposition of litter from cover crops can contribute to the mineral nutrition of citrus trees. This study aimed to assess the prior contribution of N derived from the decomposition of forage radish (Raphanus sativus) and black oats (Avena strigosa) to Satsuma mandarin tree N demand. Forage radish and black oats were grown and enriched with ¹⁵N stable isotope. Two studies were conducted on (1) non-bearing, potted satsuma mandarin seedlings for 120 days in the greenhouse (Experiment 1) and (2) bearing field-growing Satsuma mandarin trees for 270 days (Experiment 2). Tree growth and total N and ¹⁵N concentrations were determined in annual and perennial organs of citrus and soil. The highest value of N derived from the decomposition of cover crop root residues was observed in the leaves and roots of non-bearing trees, while the highest amount of N derived from shoot residue decomposition was observed in the leaves of bearing trees. The results showed little contribution of the decomposition of residues of forage radish and black oats on the total N budget of annual and perennial organs of both bearing and non-bearing Satsuma mandarin trees, probably because the climatic conditions promoted a fast N mineralization and possible losses through volatilization and leaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citrus Plant Growth and Fruit Quality)

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16 pages, 3488 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Refining Degree-Day Models for Sparganothis Fruitworm in Cranberry by Biofix and Variety

by James Shope, Paolo Salazar-Mendoza, Yahel Ben-Zvi and Cesar Rodriguez-Saona

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121346 - 15 Dec 2024

Viewed by 788

Abstract

Timing insecticide applications with insect emergence is critical for the management of cranberry pests like Sparganothis fruitworm (Sparganothis sulfureana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The annual peak flight of S. sulfureana has previously been predicted using a degree-day model with a biofix date of [...] Read more.

Timing insecticide applications with insect emergence is critical for the management of cranberry pests like Sparganothis fruitworm (Sparganothis sulfureana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The annual peak flight of S. sulfureana has previously been predicted using a degree-day model with a biofix date of 1 March; however, this biofix is not suitable for regions where winter and spring temperatures are warmer and flooding of cranberry beds is relied upon, which inhibits S. sulfureana development. In this study, we present two new degree-day models for predicting S. sulfureana peak flight based on six years of trapping data from New Jersey (USA): one with a biofix of 15 April, a date when drainage of cranberry beds occurs on average, and another using individual bed drainage dates. These models project peak flights at 525.5 and 521.0 degree-days using 15 April and water draw date as biofixes, respectively. These models can be used interchangeably, with both biofixes being suitable for regional grower guidance. Furthermore, differences in S. sulfureana peak flight were observed across four cranberry varieties; however, the effect of variety was influenced by year (significant variety-by-year interaction). This year-to-year variation in peak flight was strongly associated with spring (April–May) temperatures. Using these models, we project that with climate change, the peak flight of S. sulfureana in New Jersey cranberry beds may occur up to a week earlier by 2050. The use of a region-specific biofix and variety-specific models will help to better refine degree-day models for S. sulfureana, allowing for improved timing of management strategies against this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest Diagnosis and Control Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Plants)

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28 pages, 414 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bilberries vs. Blueberries: A Comprehensive Review

by Cornel Negrușier, Alexandru Colișar, Sándor Rózsa, Maria Simona Chiș, Steluţa-Maria Sîngeorzan, Orsolya Borsai and Oana-Raluca Negrean

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121343 - 14 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2332

Abstract

The genus Vaccinium, which includes approximately 450 species, features economically significant berries such as bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) and blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum). Bilberries flourish in acidic, well-drained soils, typically found in heathlands and coniferous forests, while blueberries benefit from [...] Read more.

The genus Vaccinium, which includes approximately 450 species, features economically significant berries such as bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) and blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum). Bilberries flourish in acidic, well-drained soils, typically found in heathlands and coniferous forests, while blueberries benefit from a broader range of soil types and intensive agricultural practices. Sustainable cultivation strategies, including organic fertilization and efficient water management, are vital for optimizing production and addressing the environmental challenges posed by climate change. Both berries are rich in antioxidants and other nutrients, driving consumer interest and market growth despite competition from alternative crops. Additionally, tailored fertilization techniques are crucial for maximizing yield and fruit quality. By implementing circular economy principles, the production of bilberries and blueberries can enhance sustainability and profitability, ensuring their long-term success in agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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22 pages, 1785 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Discrimination of Farming Practices Through Olive Leaf Phenolic and Mineral Analysis

by Mario Franić, Igor Pasković, Šime Marcelić, Igor Lukić, Nikola Major, Igor Palčić, Smiljana Goreta Ban and Marija Polić Pasković

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121334 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 919

Abstract

The content and composition of phenolic compounds and mineral elements in olive leaves are susceptible to variation influenced by various factors, such as genotype, environment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the response of phenolics and [...] Read more.

The content and composition of phenolic compounds and mineral elements in olive leaves are susceptible to variation influenced by various factors, such as genotype, environment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the response of phenolics and minerals to organic and integrated farming systems. Trees from three olive cultivars grown in two neighboring olive groves with different farming systems were used. After sampling during pruning in two consecutives sampling years, the contents of phenolics and minerals in olive leaves was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis, respectively. The obtained results revealed a complex response of both phenolics and minerals, strongly influenced by interactions among the factors, such as farming system, cultivar, and sampling year. Specific phenolic compounds, such as luteolin-4-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were particularly abundant under organic farming conditions. Others, like oleuropein and oleacein, followed a similar trend, though they were more strongly affected by different cultivar and sampling year combinations. A lower content of mineral elements was generally observed under organic farming conditions, although it was also significantly affected by cultivar and sampling year. The results of this study have the potential to be utilized for the enhanced production of organic olive leaves as a reliable source of valuable phytochemicals for nutraceuticals, functional foods, and dietary supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Cultivation in Modern Orchards: Advancements, Innovations, Sustainability, and Optimal Fruit Production)

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19 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fruit Growth and Oil Accumulation of Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars at Different Locations Along a Latitudinal–Altitudinal Gradient

by Leila M. Hamze, María Cecilia Rousseaux, Peter S. Searles and Eduardo R. Trentacoste

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121339 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 896

Abstract

Environmental conditions during olive fruit development and genotype have shown to be important sources of variability in final fruit weight and oil concentration. There are fewer studies concerning how the environment and genotype modulate growth dynamics. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Environmental conditions during olive fruit development and genotype have shown to be important sources of variability in final fruit weight and oil concentration. There are fewer studies concerning how the environment and genotype modulate growth dynamics. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the timing of fruit growth, pit hardening, and oil accumulation in several olive cultivars under different air temperatures along a latitudinal gradient (29°–33° S) with a range of altitudes (450–1250 masl) in Western Argentina; determine parameters derived from the dynamics of fruit growth and oil accumulation along the same gradient; and explore possible relationships between derived parameters and air temperatures. The cultivars evaluated were Arbequina, Arbosana, Coratina, Changlot, and Picual. Pit hardening occurred 20 days earlier in warmer locations, leading to an earlier onset of oil synthesis. The final fruit dry weight was mainly influenced by the cultivar, which was explained by differences in fruit growth rates. Cooler locations had 39% higher average final fruit dry weight and 22% higher oil concentration than warmer ones. Differences in final oil concentration between genotypes × environments were primarily associated with the oil accumulation rate rather than the duration of the oil accumulation period. However, changes in this rate seem to be cultivar-dependent. Interestingly, the rate and oil accumulation duration showed a negative relationship. These results highlight the need to explore genetic variability in temperature response to limit the detrimental impacts of global warming on olive fruit growth and oil concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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14 pages, 11542 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Open-Source High-Throughput Phenotyping for Blueberry Yield and Maturity Prediction Across Environments: Neural Network Model and Labeled Dataset for Breeders

by Jing Zhang, Jerome Maleski, Hudson Ashrafi, Jessica A. Spencer and Ye Chu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121332 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1314

Abstract

Time to maturity and yield are important traits for highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) breeding. Proper determination of the time to maturity of blueberry varieties and breeding lines informs the harvest window, ensuring that the fruits are harvested at optimum maturity and [...] Read more.

Time to maturity and yield are important traits for highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) breeding. Proper determination of the time to maturity of blueberry varieties and breeding lines informs the harvest window, ensuring that the fruits are harvested at optimum maturity and quality. On the other hand, high-yielding crops bring in high profits per acre of planting. Harvesting and quantifying the yield for each blueberry breeding accession are labor-intensive and impractical. Instead, visual ratings as an estimation of yield are often used as a faster way to quantify the yield, which is categorical and subjective. In this study, we developed and shared a high-throughput phenotyping method using neural networks to predict blueberry time to maturity and to provide a proxy for yield, overcoming the labor constraints of obtaining high-frequency data. We aim to facilitate further research in computer vision and precision agriculture by publishing the labeled image dataset and the trained model. In this research, true-color images of blueberry bushes were collected, annotated, and used to train a deep neural network object detection model [You Only Look Once (YOLOv11)] to detect mature and immature berries. Different versions of YOLOv11 were used, including nano, small, and medium, which had similar performance, while the medium version had slightly higher metrics. The YOLOv11m model shows strong performance for the mature berry class, with a precision of 0.90 and an F1 score of 0.90. The precision and recall for detecting immature berries were 0.81 and 0.79. The model was tested on 10 blueberry bushes by hand harvesting and weighing blueberries. The results showed that the model detects approximately 25% of the berries on the bushes, and the correlation coefficients between model-detected and hand-harvested traits were 0.66, 0.86, and 0.72 for mature fruit count, immature fruit count, and mature ratio, respectively. The model applied to 91 blueberry advance selections and categorized them into groups with diverse levels of maturity and productivity using principal component analysis (PCA). These results inform the harvest window and yield of these breeding lines with precision and objectivity through berry classification and quantification. This model will be helpful for blueberry breeders, enabling more efficient selection, and for growers, helping them accurately estimate optimal harvest windows. This open-source tool can potentially enhance research capabilities and agricultural productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Powered Phenotyping of Horticultural Plants)

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20 pages, 5687 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cultivar-Dependent Variations in the Microbiome of Grapevine Leaves

by Raúl Castanera, Víctor M. González-Miguel, Glòria Escolà, Marta Olivé, Neus Teixidó, Robert Savé, Josep María Casacuberta and Blanca San Segundo

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121333 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1062

Abstract

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a major fruit crop of economic importance worldwide. Commercial grapevine cultivars are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases both in leaves and fruits, and it is known that the leaf microbiome plays an [...] Read more.

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a major fruit crop of economic importance worldwide. Commercial grapevine cultivars are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases both in leaves and fruits, and it is known that the leaf microbiome plays an important role in plant health and fitness. In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the microbial communities associated with grapevine leaves in three commercial varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon, Garnacha, and Marselan, grown in the same biogeographical unit. Metagenomic data revealed a differential enrichment of the microbial communities living inside grapevine leaves or on the leaf surface in the three varieties. The most abundant fungal taxa associated with grapevine leaves belong to the phylum Ascomycota, which included relevant pathogenic fungi for grapevines, such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotium, and Alternaria alternata, as well as several fungal species potentially pathogenic for grapevines (e.g., members of the Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, and Penicillium genera). Basidiomycota constituted a minor fraction of the fungal microbial communities. Grapevine leaves also harbored a diversity of bacterial taxa. At the phylum level, bacterial communities in all three varieties were primarily composed of Pseudomonadata, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and a lower proportion of Actinomycetota. Differences in the fungal and bacterial community structures were observed between varieties, although they were more important in fungi. In particular, S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea were found to preferentially colonize leaves in the Marselan and Garnacha varieties, respectively. These findings further support that the host genotype can shape its own microbiome in grapevines. A better understanding of the leaf microbiome in grapevines will provide the basis for the development of tailored strategies to prevent diseases in vineyards while helping to increase sustainability in grapevine production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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13 pages, 3688 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of the LH2 Locus for Prostrate Hair Density in Grapevine

by Bohan Yang, Jiaqi Liu, Qinqin Gu, Zhizhuo Xu, Xiukun Yao, Jianxiang Liang, Menghao Xu, Jiang Lu and Peining Fu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121309 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 867

Abstract

Prostrate hairs are one of the anatomic barriers for grapevine resistance to pests and diseases, as well as in environmental adaptability, making them valuable for breeding programs. This study investigates the genetic determinants underlying prostrate hair density in grapevine, a key trait associated [...] Read more.

Prostrate hairs are one of the anatomic barriers for grapevine resistance to pests and diseases, as well as in environmental adaptability, making them valuable for breeding programs. This study investigates the genetic determinants underlying prostrate hair density in grapevine, a key trait associated with resistance to pests and pathogens. Using an F₁ hybrid population derived from Vitis vinifera L. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon cv.’ and V. pseudoreticulata W.T.Wang ‘Huadong1058’, we performed a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify the genomic regions influencing the density of prostrate hair. We identified a major locus on 9.56–10.54 Mbp of chromosome 17, designated as ‘LH2’, which accounts for 43% of the phenotypic variation. This locus was delineated with high precision, and 92 candidate genes were identified within the region. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that these genes are potentially involved in binding, catalytic activity, and various cellular processes. In particular, the SNP markers ‘chr17_10130288’ and ‘chr17_10428273’ were significantly associated with prostrate hair density, providing valuable information for marker-assisted selection. These findings offer a reliable target for analyzing the hair development mechanism of grapevine leaves and breeding new cultivars rich in prostrate hair on the back of the leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

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17 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydroponic Fiber Mats Altered Shoot Growth and Mineral Nutrient Composition of Five Herbal Microgreens

by Tongyin Li, Jacob D. Arthur, Guihong Bi and Shecoya White

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121298 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 843

Abstract

Microgreens are nutrient-dense foods rich in mineral nutrients and health-benefiting phytochemicals. They are a popular specialty crop with a rapidly increasing industry in the United States (U.S.A.) and worldwide. However, there is a lack of research-based recommendations regarding the feasibility of using hydroponic [...] Read more.

Microgreens are nutrient-dense foods rich in mineral nutrients and health-benefiting phytochemicals. They are a popular specialty crop with a rapidly increasing industry in the United States (U.S.A.) and worldwide. However, there is a lack of research-based recommendations regarding the feasibility of using hydroponic fiber mats in the production of herbal microgreens and their effects on yield, quality, and nutritional composition. This study assessed shoot development, yield, visual quality, and mineral composition of five herbal microgreen species, including basil, chives, dill, leek, and parsley when grown with four types of hydroponic fiber mats (BioStrate, hemp, jute, and MicroMat) and affected by a single post-emergent fertigation in two experiments. The five microgreens varied in yield, quality, mineral nutrient composition, and their response to substrate type. Chives microgreens produced the highest fresh and dry shoot weights among species when grown with BioStrate, jute, and MicroMat in both experiments. The four substrate types resulted in similar fresh and dry shoot weights in leek and parsley microgreens in both experiments. However, BioStrate and MicroMat increased fresh and dry shoot weights in chives in December compared with hemp or jute mats. Jute resulted in higher fresh and dry shoot weights in basil in both experiments compared with MicroMat. The fiber mats altered mineral nutrient concentrations in tested microgreen species. Hemp mats increased potassium concentrations in basil and dill, while jute mats produced the highest Fe concentrations in the two species and the highest Mn concentration in basil in both experiments. A single post-emergent fertigation increased shoot height and increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, and boron in one or both experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production and Cultivation of Microgreens)

21 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Septoria Leaf Spot of Tomatoes: Historical Insights, Present Challenges, and Future Prospects

by Anju Pandey, Rajan Paudel, Tika B. Adhikari, Dilip R. Panthee and Frank J. Louws

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121299 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 2081

Abstract

Septoria leaf spot (SLS), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Septoria lycopersici, poses a significant threat to tomato production systems. While fungicides can effectively reduce disease epidemics, planting resistant cultivars remains the most efficient and economical control method. Conventional screening and breeding have [...] Read more.

Septoria leaf spot (SLS), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Septoria lycopersici, poses a significant threat to tomato production systems. While fungicides can effectively reduce disease epidemics, planting resistant cultivars remains the most efficient and economical control method. Conventional screening and breeding have identified new sources of resistance to S. lycopersici among wild relatives. However, gaps exist in the literature concerning tomato—S. lycopersici interactions, such as plant defense mechanisms, fungal pathogenicity mechanisms, and interaction dynamics that can inform the development of durable resistance through additional research. To further enhance host resistance to S. lycopersici, molecular methods such as marker-assisted breeding, gene editing, genomic selection, and transgenic approaches can be employed. Moreover, the durability of resistance and efficacy of disease management can be optimized within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework that advances diverse tactics to suppress diseases and improve plant productivity. This review highlights the current understanding of pathogen biology, host genetic solutions, and novel strategies to combat the SLS problem and suggests directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Disease Diagnosis and Control for Vegetable Crops)

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12 pages, 2019 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Temperature and Photoperiod Control of Shoot Growth and Floral Bud Initiation in Biennial-Fruiting Blackberries

by Anita Sønsteby, Mirjana Sadojevic and Ola M. Heide

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121297 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 715

Abstract

Growth and flower bud initiation (FBI) were studied in single-stem plants of four biennial-fruiting cultivars in a controlled environment and under field conditions at 60°40′ N. Shoot growth varied widely among the cultivars but was significantly enhanced by high temperature (20 °C) in [...] Read more.

Growth and flower bud initiation (FBI) were studied in single-stem plants of four biennial-fruiting cultivars in a controlled environment and under field conditions at 60°40′ N. Shoot growth varied widely among the cultivars but was significantly enhanced by high temperature (20 °C) in all cultivars, whereas photoperiod had a subordinate growth effect. FBI data from bud dissection after 6 weeks of cultivation in the phytotron were used to calculate FBI indices for the various cultivars and environment conditions. The indices also varied much among the cultivars but were enhanced by elevated temperature, being highest in ‘Natchez’ and ‘Sweet Royalla’, while ‘Natchez’ was the only cultivar in which FBI was significantly enhanced by short days. The non-vigorous and erect growing ‘Ouachita’ remained vegetative at both temperatures but flowered in spring after overwintering at 0.5 °C. The field experiment confirmed the superior growth vigor of ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Sweet Royalla’ as well as the photoperiodic sensitivity of ‘Natchez’. The results also confirmed that floral initiation starts in lateral buds located 10–20 nodes below the apex, and from there it progresses in both acropetal and basipetal direction. We conclude that temperature is at least as important as the photoperiod for the control of FBI in biennial-fruiting blackberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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13 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Foliar Application of Nettle and Japanese Knotweed Extracts on Vitis vinifera: Consequences for Plant Physiology, Biochemical Parameters, and Yield

by Eliana Monteiro, Sofia Correia, Miguel Baltazar, Sandra Pereira, Helena Ferreira, Radek Bragança, Isabel Cortez, Isaura Castro and Berta Gonçalves

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121275 - 30 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 796

Abstract

Climate change is expected to affect grapevine physiology, berry quality, and yield in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). In this study, nettle (NE) and Japanese knotweed (JKE) extracts were tested to verify their biostimulant effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of grapevine [...] Read more.

Climate change is expected to affect grapevine physiology, berry quality, and yield in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). In this study, nettle (NE) and Japanese knotweed (JKE) extracts were tested to verify their biostimulant effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of grapevine leaves and in vine yields. In fact, some parameters were improved after foliar application of the plant extracts, namely the photosynthetic activity and consequently, the levels of photosynthetic pigments (Clb), starch, and total soluble sugars. We also observed a reduction in lipid peroxidation, which could play a crucial role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage induced by the climatic conditions prevalent in this region. Therefore, we confirmed that the foliar application of plant extracts, along with the enhancement of secondary metabolites and the upregulation of plant defense genes, as previously reported, resulted in the enhancement of grapevine physiology, while also increasing the yield at harvest. In the future, these plant extracts could serve as a vital tool for winegrowers in mitigating the effects of expected changes in climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biostimulants and Plant Elicitors to Mitigate the Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1730 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of LED Irradiation and Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment on Horned Pansy During Flowering: Enhancing Yield and Functional Quality of Edible Flowers

by Silvia Locatelli, Giampaolo Zanin, Paolo Sambo and Carlo Nicoletto

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121274 - 29 Nov 2024

Viewed by 898

Abstract

The increasing demand for high-quality edible flowers, such as Viola spp., has prompted the need for innovative cultivation techniques. This study investigated the effects of supplemental LED light treatments (C-LED: 0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, L-LED: +75 µmol m⁻² s [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for high-quality edible flowers, such as Viola spp., has prompted the need for innovative cultivation techniques. This study investigated the effects of supplemental LED light treatments (C-LED: 0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, L-LED: +75 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and H-LED: +150 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) air treatment (control, low-NTP, and high-NTP) on the growth, production, and post-harvest quality of horned pansy (Viola cornuta L.). The results indicated that flower yield was significantly affected by both light and NTP treatments. Plants under H-LED light produced 65% more flowers per plant and 64% higher yield compared to the LED control treatment. The high-NTP treatment also resulted in improved flower count and yield, with a 15.6% increase in flower fresh weight. The study assessed flower quality through shelf-life and visual appeal, showing that flowers under high-NTP treatment exhibited higher visual quality scores. The carotenoid content and total antioxidant capacity remained stable across treatments. However, the supplemental LED light increased the Total Flavonoid Glycosides and Total Phenolic Content by 14.8% each compared to natural light (0 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹). The findings suggest that integrating LED lighting and NTP air treatments can enhance the growth and quality of V. cornuta, offering valuable insights for optimizing cultivation practices in the floriculture industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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23 pages, 8972 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Physical Attributes, Activities of Fruit Softening Enzymes, Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Fruit Quality of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) as Influenced by Maturation and Ripening

by Jashanpreet Kaur, Zora Singh, Muhammad Sohail Mazhar, Hafiz Muhammad Shoaib Shah and Andrew Woodward

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121264 - 28 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1269

Abstract

Changes in physicochemical parameters, fruit softening enzymes and cell wall polysaccharides at four different maturation stages were investigated in two jackfruit genotypes (‘Accession 242’, ‘Accession 341’). For the first three maturity stages, fruit were harvested at 90, 110, and 130 days after flowering [...] Read more.

Changes in physicochemical parameters, fruit softening enzymes and cell wall polysaccharides at four different maturation stages were investigated in two jackfruit genotypes (‘Accession 242’, ‘Accession 341’). For the first three maturity stages, fruit were harvested at 90, 110, and 130 days after flowering (Stage I, II and III, respectively), while Stage IV was determined based on the presence of a dull hollow tapping sound. The fruit edible portion and seed percentage increased, whilst the core and rag percentage decreased with advancement in fruit maturation and ripening. The fruit harvested at Stage IV had comparatively higher soluble solids content (SSC), ascorbic acid and flavonoids, along with lower titratable acidity (TA) and phenolics, than other maturity stages. Bulb firmness was higher at Stage I in both genotypes, along with higher total pectin, protopectin and cellulose compared to other maturity stages. The activity of cell wall hydrolases was higher during later maturity stages. Fruit harvested at Stage IV had higher edible portions, carotenoids, flavonoids and SSC, as well as better colour attributes, while those harvested at Stage I exhibited higher phenolics, TA, pectin and cellulose. These findings could serve as a baseline for future research related to the intended use and maturity standardisation of jackfruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Postharvest and Processing Technologies of Horticultural Crops: New Perspectives and Applications)

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20 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Planting System and Cultivar Influence Olive Key-Pests Infestation in an Olive-Growing Vocated Area

by Michele Cutrone, Francesco Maldera, Francesco Nicolì, Eustachio Tarasco, Juan F. Hermoso, Agustí Romero and Salvatore Camposeo

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121251 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1064

Abstract

Traditional and intensive planting systems have paved the way for the phenomenon of intensification, with the super high-density (SHD) system being the most prominent. This system has demonstrated high levels of profitability due to both the reduction in production costs achieved through complete [...] Read more.

Traditional and intensive planting systems have paved the way for the phenomenon of intensification, with the super high-density (SHD) system being the most prominent. This system has demonstrated high levels of profitability due to both the reduction in production costs achieved through complete mechanization and a significant increase in olive oil production per hectare, stemming from the more efficient utilization of resources such as light, water, and nutrients. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a vocated olive-growing area, the phytosanitary status of a SHD olive orchard compared to a traditional one (TRD). The research focused on six key olive pests, considering the interaction between planting systems and eight cultivars in a semi-arid environment. The comparative analysis of pest infestations across the two planting systems revealed significant and complex patterns in pest population distribution and intensity. Overall, the planting system appeared to be the main factor influencing pest dynamics. The SHD olive orchard exhibited the highest infestation levels of Otiorhynchus cribricollis, Palpita unionalis, and Bactrocera oleae. Conversely, in the TRD system, the highest infestation levels of Saissetia oleae, Euphyllura olivina, and Prays oleae were observed. Moreover, the study highlighted a less pronounced effect of cultivars on the prevalence of all monitored key pests. These findings underscore the potential for developing more sustainable and effective pest management strategies tailored to specific planting systems. Furthermore, the results contribute to advancing eco-friendly control approaches and improving pest infestation management practices. Additional research will be necessary to deepen the understanding of these key pests and their interactions within different olive-growing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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16 pages, 1969 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Alkaloids from Microencapsulated Extract of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Biomass

by Brianda Giselle Germán-Soto, José Basilio Heredia, Nayely Leyva-López, Erick Paul Gutiérrez-Grijalva, Melissa García-Carrasco, Pedro de Jesús Bastidas-Bastidas and Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121242 - 23 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1062

Abstract

Eggplant is a vegetable grown worldwide, and due to quality standards, large amounts of biomass are generated after harvest. Biomass is considered a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the bioaccessibility (BA) and antioxidant capacity of [...] Read more.

Eggplant is a vegetable grown worldwide, and due to quality standards, large amounts of biomass are generated after harvest. Biomass is considered a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the bioaccessibility (BA) and antioxidant capacity of microencapsulated alkaloids from eggplant fruit biomass. Eggplant biomass was collected, and the total alkaloid content, antioxidant capacity (TEAC, FRAP, and ORAC), and alkaloid profile (UPLC/MS) were determined before and after the in vitro digestion of encapsulated and non-encapsulated alkaloids. In vitro digestion significantly reduced the total alkaloid content and antioxidant capacity of alkaloid-rich extracts. Microencapsulation increased the bioaccessibility of alkaloid-rich extracts threefold, and the antioxidant capacity increased by up to 50%. The antioxidant capacity of digested microcapsules increased, and their bioaccessibility was higher than that of non-encapsulated alkaloids. Solamargine and solasonine decreased by 17 and 15% BA, respectively, during in vitro digestion; however, microencapsulation protected these alkaloids during in vitro digestion and enhanced their content. This study demonstrates that microencapsulation is a feasible option to protect alkaloids and preserve their antioxidant capacity during gastrointestinal digestion, as well as to give added value to eggplant plant biomass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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12 pages, 6219 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Ventilation Optimization of a Mechanized Corridor in a Solar Greenhouse Cluster

by Ming He, Xinxia Jiang, Xiuchao Wan, Yiming Li, Qinglu Fan and Xingan Liu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121240 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 782

Abstract

Corridors play an important role in the mechanized production of fruits and vegetables in solar greenhouse clusters. A corridor structure that is suitable for the automated production of solar greenhouse clusters is designed in this paper. To increase the corridor’s ventilation efficiency and [...] Read more.

Corridors play an important role in the mechanized production of fruits and vegetables in solar greenhouse clusters. A corridor structure that is suitable for the automated production of solar greenhouse clusters is designed in this paper. To increase the corridor’s ventilation efficiency and enhance the temperature environment, the computational fluid dynamics method is applied to analyze the effects of corridor structure, ventilation mode, wind speed, and direction on internal temperature and humidity. Studies have indicated that an erroneous layout of the corridor structure may result in the formation of accumulated temperature and heat concentration inside, and ventilation within the corridor is essential. The corridor’s ideal dimensions are 3.2 m high by 5 m wide, and it has an internal wind speed and cooling rate that are superior to other structural factors. The ventilation method adopts a combination of top and bottom ventilation, and when the bottom window opening is 70%, there is a good ventilation effect inside the corridor. The corridor has an excellent ventilation effect when the wind speed is 2 m/s and the wind direction is east or west. This study supports the intensive and sustainable growth of greenhouse vegetable production by providing guidance for the planning and corridor design of solar greenhouse clusters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)

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14 pages, 1060 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Salinity and Biostimulants on Cherry Tomato Yield and Quality

by Ida Di Mola, Lucia Ottaiano, Eugenio Cozzolino, Christophe El-Nakhel, Nunzio Fiorentino, Maria Eleonora Pelosi, Youssef Rouphael and Mauro Mori

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121239 - 22 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1135

Abstract

Salt stress causes several detrimental effects on the growth and production of cultivated plants; therefore, scientists have investigated several strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress, including the application of biostimulants. In our research, we tested four salinity levels of irrigation [...] Read more.

Salt stress causes several detrimental effects on the growth and production of cultivated plants; therefore, scientists have investigated several strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress, including the application of biostimulants. In our research, we tested four salinity levels of irrigation water (tap water and water at 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS m⁻¹, EC0, EC3, EC6, and EC9, respectively) and two biostimulant applications (untreated plants—Control and plants treated with an extract from seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum—Bio) on a cherry-type tomato. The marketable tomato yield linearly decreased with increasing salinity stress in both treated and untreated plants. However, biostimulant application boosted the production, on average, by 53.2%, significantly impacting only the Control and EC3 treatments. Regarding qualitative traits, no interaction between the factors was detected, except for color parameters. Nonetheless, salinity, particularly in the two less stressed treatments, led to an increase in total soluble solids, firmness, lipophilic antioxidant activity, and ascorbic acid, while the biostimulant improved plant biomass, total soluble solids, firmness, and hydrophilic antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum elicited a beneficial response in tomato plants subjected to low levels of salt stress, as well as in optimal irrigation condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Crop Physiological Responses under Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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19 pages, 4988 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pistachio Phenology and Yield in a Cold-Winter Region of Spain: The Status of the Cultivation and Performance of Three Cultivars

by Lidia Núñez, Hugo Martín, José Manuel Mirás-Avalos and Sara Álvarez

Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121235 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1457

Abstract

In recent years, pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivation is undergoing a great expansion in Spain, which is promising for regions where water and winter chilling are not limiting. Many areas of Castilla y León (Spain) provide suitable conditions for pistachio production, but [...] Read more.

In recent years, pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultivation is undergoing a great expansion in Spain, which is promising for regions where water and winter chilling are not limiting. Many areas of Castilla y León (Spain) provide suitable conditions for pistachio production, but heat requirement could be a limiting factor. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the status of pistachios in Castilla y León and the relationships between phenology and agroclimatic conditions and (ii) to assess the performance of three pistachio cultivars (‘Kerman’, ‘Lost Hills’, and ‘Golden Hills’) in a plantation within this region. This work describes the phenological and productive behavior of three pistachio varieties in seven orchards over three years. The chilling requirements were exceeded, and heat accumulation was sufficient to complete the cycle in all seasons. Bloom and harvest occurred later in ‘Kerman’ than in ‘Golden Hills’ and ‘Lost Hills’. In general, ‘Kerman’ had higher nut yield than the other two cultivars but also had more non-split and blank nuts, aspects that should be considered for future plantations. Despite the interannual variability in yield, a trend to increase the production with water received was observed, but this also affected the quality and modified the splitting percentage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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23 pages, 17355 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Machine Learning Natural Ventilation Rate Model by Studying the Wind Field Inside and Around Multiple-Row Chinese Solar Greenhouses

by Ran Liu, Yunyan Shi, Pierre-Emmanuel Bournet and Kaige Liu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111226 - 20 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1002

Abstract

This paper experimented with a methodology of machine learning modelling using virtual samples generated by fast CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations in order to predict the greenhouse natural ventilation. However, the output natural ventilation rates using fast two-dimensional (2D) CFD models are not [...] Read more.

This paper experimented with a methodology of machine learning modelling using virtual samples generated by fast CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations in order to predict the greenhouse natural ventilation. However, the output natural ventilation rates using fast two-dimensional (2D) CFD models are not always consistent with the three-dimensional (3D) one for all the scenarios. The first contribution of this paper is a proposed comparative modelling methodology between two-dimensional and three-dimensional CFD studies, regarding its validity, especially when buildings are in rows. The results show that the error of the ventilation rate prediction could exceed 50%, if 2D models are not properly used. Subsequently, in those scenarios where the 2D and the 3D models had equal accuracy, nearly one thousand samples were generated using fast 2D CFD simulations to train a natural ventilation rate regression tree model. This model is efficient to deal with the combined effect of wind pressure and thermal gradients under various vent configurations, with only four necessary inputs. In addition, by analyzing the wind speed distribution contour of the outdoor wind field around the greenhouse rows, the optimal wind speed-measuring locations were determined to eliminate interference for predicting the natural ventilation rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)

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23 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Foliar Silicon Application in the Era of Climate Change as a Part of Strategy to Reduce Water Requirements in Mediterranean Viticulture

by Lia-Tânia Dinis, Natália Mota, Sandra Martins, António Castro Ribeiro, José Moutinho-Pereira and Sandra Pereira

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111224 - 19 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1119

Abstract

Rising temperatures and water scarcity due to climate change are significant challenges for Mediterranean viticulture, particularly in the Douro Valley, a prominent winemaking region. Silicon (Si) has gained attention as a potential solution for mitigating these environmental stresses, especially in areas with limited [...] Read more.

Rising temperatures and water scarcity due to climate change are significant challenges for Mediterranean viticulture, particularly in the Douro Valley, a prominent winemaking region. Silicon (Si) has gained attention as a potential solution for mitigating these environmental stresses, especially in areas with limited water resources. This study explores the foliar application of Si as a promising strategy to reduce water requirements in vineyards, specifically for the Touriga Franca variety, thereby supporting more sustainable water use. Four treatments were tested: non-irrigated control (C−), an irrigated control under a deficit irrigation regime (25% ETc; C+), and two Si concentrations (7% Si-Si1 and 20% Si-Si2) applied to non-irrigated plants. Results demonstrate that Si-treated plants improved physiological resilience, as evidenced by enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, greater water-use efficiency, and higher biochemical quality in both leaves and berries. Additionally, Si application increased leaf flavonoids and simultaneously improved must composition due to its overall influence on vine physiology, indicating its potential as a sustainable alternative to irrigation for reducing summer stress. This research suggests that foliar Si application could be a valuable, eco-friendly strategy to support sustainable viticulture under increasingly arid conditions, reducing the irrigation needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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8 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

First Experience of Late Pruning on Kékfrankos Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Eger Wine Region (Hungary)

by Szabolcs Villangó, András Szekeres, György Végvári, Gitta Ficzek, Gergely Simon and Zsolt Zsófi

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111223 - 19 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1152

Abstract

Traditional winter pruning in dormancy (BBCH-00) as control (C) and three late pruning treatments, LP1 (wool stage—BBCH-05), LP2 (two leaves folded—BBCH-12), and LP3 (four leaves folded—BBCH-14), were applied on Kékfrankos grapevines. The evolution of the phenological growth stages, grape juice, wine analytical parameters, [...] Read more.

Traditional winter pruning in dormancy (BBCH-00) as control (C) and three late pruning treatments, LP1 (wool stage—BBCH-05), LP2 (two leaves folded—BBCH-12), and LP3 (four leaves folded—BBCH-14), were applied on Kékfrankos grapevines. The evolution of the phenological growth stages, grape juice, wine analytical parameters, and phenolic composition were evaluated. The quantitative aspects of the grape berry, bunch, yield, and cane were also assessed. Our goal was to reach a decrease in sugar content and an increase in acidity. Delaying or postponing the phenological phases to bring technological and phenolic ripening closer together was also one of our objectives. These were accomplished, but the negative aspects of late pruning, which resulted in a reduction in the diameter and weight of the canes, should also be taken into account. We also found that, the later the late pruning, the more the yield was reduced. By postponing pruning, the phenological phases were also extended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Sustainable Viticulture)

15 pages, 18347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unified Assembly of Chloroplast Genomes: A Comparative Study of Grapes Representing Global Geographic Diversity

by Yue Song, Lujia Wang, Lipeng Zhang, Junpeng Li, Yuanxu Teng, Zhen Zhang, Yuanyuan Xu, Dongying Fan, Juan He and Chao Ma

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111218 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 998

Abstract

The genus Vitis, known for its economically important fruit—grape—is divided into three geographical groups, American, East Asian, and Eurasian, along with a hybrid group. However, previous studies on grape phylogeny using chloroplast genomes have been hindered by limited sample sizes and inconsistent [...] Read more.

The genus Vitis, known for its economically important fruit—grape—is divided into three geographical groups, American, East Asian, and Eurasian, along with a hybrid group. However, previous studies on grape phylogeny using chloroplast genomes have been hindered by limited sample sizes and inconsistent methodologies, resulting in inaccuracies. In this study, we employed the GetOrganelle software with consistent parameters to assemble the chloroplast genomes of 21 grape cultivars, ensuring comprehensive representation across four distinct groups. A comparative analysis of the 21 grape cultivars revealed structural variation, showing chloroplast genome sizes ranging from 160,813 bp to 161,275 bp. In 21 Vitis cultivars, genome annotation revealed 134 to 136 genes, comprising 89 to 91 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. Our observations have pinpointed specific occurrences of contraction and expansion phenomena at the interfaces between inverted repeat (IR) regions and single-copy (SC) regions, particularly in the vicinity of the rpl2, ycf1, ndhF, and trnN genes. Meanwhile, a total of 193 to 198 SSRs were identified in chloroplast genomes. The diversification pattern of chloroplast genomes exhibited strong concordance with the phylogenetic relationships of the Euvitis subgenera. Phylogenetic analysis based on conserved chloroplast genome strongly clustered the grape varieties according to their geographical origins. In conclusion, these findings enhance our understanding of chloroplast genome variation in Vitis populations and have important implications for cultivar selection, breeding, and conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Molecular Breeding of Fruit Tree Species)

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32 pages, 4627 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulating the Photosynthetic and Annual-Yield Enhancement of a Row-Planted Greenhouse Tomato Canopy Through Diffuse Covering, CO₂ Enrichment, and High-Wire Techniques

by Koichi Nomura, Masahiko Saito, Ikunao Tada, Daisuke Yasutake, Kensuke Kimura and Masaharu Kitano

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111210 - 16 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1342

Abstract

In greenhouse horticulture, the potential impacts of different technical interventions on the net canopy photosynthetic rate (A_c) and annual crop yields (FW_year) are often unclear. This study evaluated the impact of three modern greenhouse techniques—diffuse greenhouse coverings, CO [...] Read more.

In greenhouse horticulture, the potential impacts of different technical interventions on the net canopy photosynthetic rate (A_c) and annual crop yields (FW_year) are often unclear. This study evaluated the impact of three modern greenhouse techniques—diffuse greenhouse coverings, CO₂ enrichment, and high-wire cultivation—on A_c using a canopy photosynthesis model that represents a vegetable canopy as rows of cuboid blocks. The model-estimated A_c was consistent with the chamber-measured A_c of a tomato canopy (mean absolute error ≤ 2.3 μmol m⁻²_ground s⁻¹ and the coefficient of determination ≥ 0.91), indicating the validity of the constructed model. Scenario analysis, which assumes typical tomato cultivation in a Japanese greenhouse and uses literature values for carbon-partitioning parameters, indicated that (1) changing greenhouse coverings from clear to diffuse can increase FW_year by 6% (+2.7 kg m⁻²), (2) doubling the CO₂ concentration from 400 μmol mol⁻¹ to 800 μmol mol⁻¹ can increase FW_year by 30% (+12.6 kg m⁻²), and (3) doubling the canopy height from 1.8 m to 3.6 m can increase FW_year by 12% (+5.4 kg m⁻²). Combining all these techniques could achieve an FW_year of 59 kg m⁻² in Japan. Although there are uncertainties in the model parameters, these provisional estimates offer useful information for stakeholders considering investments in these techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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27 pages, 11864 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Circular Pear Production Using Compost Fertilization: Influence on Tree Growth and Nitrogen Leaf Concentration

by Ana Cornelia Butcaru, Cosmin Alexandru Mihai, Andrei Moț, Ruxandra Gogoț, Dorel Hoza and Florin Stănică

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111209 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 799

Abstract

The circular economy with compost fertilization is included in the sustainable orchard paradigm, creating a holistic production ecosystem. Modern orchards are mostly intensive and super-intensive, requiring different rootstocks. This research presents the response to compost fertilization of two specific pear rootstocks (quince ‘CTS [...] Read more.

The circular economy with compost fertilization is included in the sustainable orchard paradigm, creating a holistic production ecosystem. Modern orchards are mostly intensive and super-intensive, requiring different rootstocks. This research presents the response to compost fertilization of two specific pear rootstocks (quince ‘CTS 212’ and ‘Farold^® 40’) and own-rooted trees, analyzing six resistant cultivars in a circular production system. The dynamic of nitrogen and carbon concentration in leaves, soil respiration coefficient, the evolution of the fruit maturity stage in the field, and some biometric parameters such as trunk cross-section area, the annual vegetative growth, and fruiting shoots annual number were analyzed. The results highlighted that compost fertilization led to increased leaf nitrogen concentration over the first two years while carbon concentration remained relatively stable. Rootstock and compost fertilization influenced the fruit maturity dynamic, but a single pattern was not identified. Quince, as pear rootstock, expressed a higher sensitivity to compost application; the biometric parameters, such as trunk cross-section area, and almost all cultivars’ annual vegetative growth were higher than the controls’. Positive output can lead to future model upscaling in farms and households. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Horticulture to Meet Sustainable Development Goals)

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11 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Factors Influencing Cucurbitacin-E-Glycoside Content in Bitter Hawkesbury Watermelon as Potential Synergist in Cucurbit Pest Management

by Anna Wallingford, Christopher Hernandez, Fathi Halaweish, Trevor Ostlund, Brent Short and Donald C. Weber

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111182 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1062

Abstract

Bitter Hawkesbury watermelon (BHW) Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai (syn. Citrullus vulgaris Schad) contain high concentrations of cucurbitacin-E-glycoside (CEG), a compound that acts as an arrestant and feeding stimulant for diabroticine leaf beetles that are corn (maize) and cucurbit pests. Juice from [...] Read more.

Bitter Hawkesbury watermelon (BHW) Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai (syn. Citrullus vulgaris Schad) contain high concentrations of cucurbitacin-E-glycoside (CEG), a compound that acts as an arrestant and feeding stimulant for diabroticine leaf beetles that are corn (maize) and cucurbit pests. Juice from BHW is used as feedstock to produce an insecticide synergist for improved chemical control of pests in cucurbit cropping systems. A positive linear relationship was observed between the CEG concentration of parent and offspring grown in open-pollinated field plots. However, subsequent experiments that explored the influence of parent and fruit maturity on CEG concentration did not confirm a relationship between accumulation patterns among offspring of half-sibling families. An effect of maturity was observed in that earlier harvested fruit had greater CEG concentrations than ripe or overripe fruit. In a field study, CIDETRAK L (active ingredient is BHW juice) was mixed with commonly used insecticides to enhance behavioral control of striped cucumber beetle Acalymma vittatum (F.) and squash vine borer Melittia cucurbitae (Harris). Equivalent control of A. vittatum and M. cucurbitae was observed on zucchini when treated with foliar applications of spinosad, acetamiprid, or lambda-cyhalothrin versus ground applications of the same products mixed with CIDETRAK L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies for Arthropod Pest Control in Horticultural Systems)

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11 pages, 1855 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Smartphone-Based Leaf Colorimetric Analysis of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Genotypes

by Péter Bodor-Pesti, Dóra Taranyi, Gábor Vértes, István Fazekas, Diána Ágnes Nyitrainé Sárdy, Tamás Deák, Zsuzsanna Varga and László Baranyai

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111179 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1185

Abstract

Leaf chlorophyll content is a key indicator of plant physiological status in viticulture; therefore, regular evaluation to obtain data for nutrient supply and canopy management is of vital importance. The measurement of pigmentation is most frequently carried out with hand-held instruments, destructive off-site [...] Read more.

Leaf chlorophyll content is a key indicator of plant physiological status in viticulture; therefore, regular evaluation to obtain data for nutrient supply and canopy management is of vital importance. The measurement of pigmentation is most frequently carried out with hand-held instruments, destructive off-site spectrophotometry, or remote sensing. Moreover, smartphone-based applications also ensure a promising way to collect colorimetric information that could correlate with pigmentation. In this study, four grapevine genotypes were investigated using smartphone-based RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and CIE-L*a*b* colorimetry and a portable chlorophyll meter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between leaf chlorophyll concentration and RGB- or CIE-L*a*b*-based color indices. A further aim was to find an appropriate model for discriminating between the genotypes by leaf coloration. For these purposes, fully developed leaves of ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Sauvignon blanc’, and ‘Pinot noir’ clones 666 and 777 were investigated with the Color Grab smartphone application to obtain RGB and CIE-L*a*b* values. Using these color values, chroma, hue, and a further 31 color indices were calculated. Chlorophyll concentrations were determined using an Apogee MC100 device, and the values were correlated with color values and color indices. The results showed that the chlorophyll concentration and color indices significantly differed between the genotypes. According to the results, certain color indices show a different direction in their relationship with leaf pigmentation for different grapevine genotypes. The same index showed a positive correlation for the leaf chlorophyll concentration for one variety and a negative correlation for another, which raises the possibility that the relationship is genotype-specific and not uniform within species. In light of this result, further study of the species specificity of the commonly used vegetation indices is warranted. Support Vector Machine (SVM) analysis of the samples based on color properties showed a 71.63% classification accuracy, proving that coloration is an important ampelographic feature for the identification and assessment of true-to-typeness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

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19 pages, 1088 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Deciphering Fire Blight: From Erwinia amylovora Ecology to Genomics and Sustainable Control

by Rafael J. Mendes, Laura Regalado, Fabio Rezzonico, Fernando Tavares and Conceição Santos

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111178 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

Fire blight is a highly destructive plant disease that affects the pome fruit value chain, with high economic impacts. Its etiological agent is the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora. The origin of fire blight goes back to the late 1700s in North America, [...] Read more.

Fire blight is a highly destructive plant disease that affects the pome fruit value chain, with high economic impacts. Its etiological agent is the Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora. The origin of fire blight goes back to the late 1700s in North America, and the disease since then has spread to New Zealand, Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Due to its worldwide dissemination, advances have been made to identify and characterize E. amylovora strains from different regions and understand their evolutionary adaptation. Additionally, many efforts have been made in recent decades to stop the occurrence and impacts of fire blight, but in many countries, only preventive measures have been applied, as the application of antibiotics and copper-based compounds has become more restricted. Thus, new sustainable methods to control the pathogen are constantly required. This article presents a comprehensive review of the pathogen, from the phenotypic and molecular characterization methods applied to advances in comparative genomics and the development of new compounds for sustainable control of E. amylovora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Diagnosis, Management, and Epidemiology of Plant Diseases)

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14 pages, 2691 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Evaluation of Organic Biostimulants as a Tool for the Sustainable Management of Viral Infections in Zucchini Plants

by Carla Libia Corrado, Livia Donati, Anna Taglienti, Luca Ferretti, Francesco Faggioli, Massimo Reverberi and Sabrina Bertin

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111176 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1008

Abstract

In agriculture, new and sustainable strategies are increasingly demanded to integrate the traditional management of viral diseases based on the use of virus-free propagation materials and resistant or tolerant cultivars and on the control of insect vectors. Among the possible Integrated Pest Management [...] Read more.

In agriculture, new and sustainable strategies are increasingly demanded to integrate the traditional management of viral diseases based on the use of virus-free propagation materials and resistant or tolerant cultivars and on the control of insect vectors. Among the possible Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches, organic biostimulants have shown promising results in enhancing plant tolerance to virus infections by improving plant fitness and productivity and modulating metabolic functions. In this study, the combination of two organic biostimulants, Alert D-Max and Resil EVO Q, composed of seaweed and alfalfa extracts, enzymatic hydrolysates, and micronized zeolite, was applied on the leaves and roots of zucchini squashes, both healthy and infected by zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Four applications were scheduled based on ZYMV inoculation timing, and plant vegetative and reproductive parameters were recorded along with the virus titre and symptom severity. The modulation of the expression of specific genes potentially involved in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and oxidative stress defence pathways was also investigated. Besides increasing the general fitness of the healthy plants, the biostimulants significantly improved the production of flowers and fruits of the infected plants, with a potential positive impact on their productivity. The repeated biostimulant applications also led to a one-tenth reduction in ZYMV titre over time and induced a progressive slowdown of symptom severity. Genes associated with SAR and PTI were up-regulated after biostimulant applications, suggesting the biostimulant-based priming of plant defence mechanisms. Due to the observed beneficial effects, the tested biostimulant mix can be an effective component of the IPM of cucurbit crops, acting as a sustainable practice for enhancing plant fitness and tolerance to potyviruses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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14 pages, 5895 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization of Cannabinoid Production in Hemp Through Methyl Jasmonate Application in a Vertical Farming System

by Seungyong Hahm, Yongjae Lee, Kwangya Lee and Jongseok Park

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111165 - 1 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2012

Abstract

Cannabis sativa, a versatile plant containing over 150 cannabinoids, is increasingly valued for its medicinal properties. It is classified into hemp and marijuana based on its Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) content. The objective of this study was to optimize cannabinoid production in hemp within [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa, a versatile plant containing over 150 cannabinoids, is increasingly valued for its medicinal properties. It is classified into hemp and marijuana based on its Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) content. The objective of this study was to optimize cannabinoid production in hemp within a vertical farming system by investigating the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on plant growth and specific cannabinoid contents. After propagating hemp plants, they were treated with various concentrations of MeJA (0, 100, 200, and 400 μM). Plant growth parameters, glandular trichome (GT) density, and the contents of specific cannabinoids—cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), and Δ9-THC—were analyzed. The results showed that MeJA treatment decreased plant height and leaf area while increasing GT density and the synthesis of CBDA and THCA at lower concentrations. Specifically, treatment with 100 μM MeJA provided optimal conditions for enhancing cannabinoid production while controlling plant height, which is advantageous for vertical farming. These findings suggest that precise application of MeJA in controlled environments can increase yields of valuable cannabinoids with efficient use of space, thereby enhancing the commercial and medicinal value of hemp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improve the Quality of Horticultural Products in Controlled Environment)

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15 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Non-Destructive Prediction of Rosmarinic Acid Content in Basil Plants Using a Portable Hyperspectral Imaging System and Ensemble Learning Algorithms

by Hyo In Yoon, Dahye Ryu, Jai-Eok Park, Ho-Youn Kim, Soo Hyun Park and Jung-Seok Yang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111156 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1259

Abstract

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic antioxidant naturally occurring in the plants of the Lamiaceae family, including basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Existing analytical methods for determining the RA content in leaves are time-consuming and destructive, posing limitations on quality assessment and control [...] Read more.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic antioxidant naturally occurring in the plants of the Lamiaceae family, including basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Existing analytical methods for determining the RA content in leaves are time-consuming and destructive, posing limitations on quality assessment and control during cultivation. In this study, we aimed to develop non-destructive prediction models for the RA content in basil plants using a portable hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system and machine learning algorithms. The basil plants were grown in a vertical farm module with controlled environments, and the HSI of the whole plant was captured using a portable HSI camera in the range of 400–850 nm. The average spectra were extracted from the segmented regions of the plants. We employed several spectral data pre-processing methods and ensemble learning algorithms, such as Random Forest, AdaBoost, XGBoost, and LightGBM, to develop the RA prediction model and feature selection based on feature importance. The best RA prediction model was the LightGBM model with feature selection by the AdaBoost algorithm and spectral pre-processing through logarithmic transformation and second derivative. This model performed satisfactorily for practical screening with R²_P = 0.81 and RMSEP = 3.92. From in-field HSI data, the developed model successfully estimated and visualized the RA distribution in basil plants growing in the greenhouse. Our findings demonstrate the potential use of a portable HSI system for monitoring and controlling pharmaceutical quality in medicinal plants during cultivation. This non-destructive and rapid method can provide a valuable tool for assessing the quality of RA in basil plants, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of quality control during the cultivation stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Non-Destructive Detection Techniques in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 10750 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Classification of Citrus Leaf Diseases Using Hyperspectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Imaging and Machine Learning Techniques

by Hyun Jung Min, Jianwei Qin, Pappu Kumar Yadav, Quentin Frederick, Thomas Burks, Megan Dewdney, Insuck Baek and Moon Kim

Horticulturae 2024, 10(11), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111124 - 22 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

Citrus diseases are significant threats to citrus groves, causing financial losses through reduced fruit size, blemishes, premature fruit drop, and tree death. The detection of citrus diseases via leaf inspection can improve grove management and mitigation efforts. This study explores the potential of [...] Read more.

Citrus diseases are significant threats to citrus groves, causing financial losses through reduced fruit size, blemishes, premature fruit drop, and tree death. The detection of citrus diseases via leaf inspection can improve grove management and mitigation efforts. This study explores the potential of a portable reflectance and fluorescence hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system for detecting and classifying a control group and citrus leaf diseases, including canker, Huanglongbing (HLB), greasy spot, melanose, scab, and zinc deficiency. The HSI system was used to simultaneously collect reflectance and fluorescence images from the front and back sides of the leaves. Nine machine learning classifiers were trained using full spectra and spectral bands selected through principal component analysis (PCA) from the HSI with pixel-based and leaf-based spectra. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier achieved the highest overall classification accuracy of 90.7% when employing the full spectra of combined reflectance and fluorescence data and pixel-based analysis from the back side of the leaves, whereas a discriminant analysis classifier yielded the best accuracy of 94.5% with the full spectra of combined reflectance and fluorescence data and leaf-based analysis. Among the diseases, control, scab, and melanose were classified most accurately, each with over 90% accuracy. Therefore, the integration of the reflectance and fluorescence HSI with advanced machine learning techniques demonstrated the capability to accurately detect and classify these citrus leaf diseases with high precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Non-Destructive Detection Techniques in Horticultural Plants)

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16 pages, 4389 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Organic Nitrogen Nutrition Does Not Increase Glucosinolate Concentrations in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica)

by Adam K. Willson, Mick T. Rose, Michael J. Reading, Priyakshee Borpatragohain and Terry J. Rose

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101122 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 898

Abstract

Concentrations of specific secondary metabolites can be higher in organically grown crops. This may be linked to organic nitrogen (N) nutrition that provides a gradual supply of N to crops over the growing season. This study examined whether organic N nutrition influenced the [...] Read more.

Concentrations of specific secondary metabolites can be higher in organically grown crops. This may be linked to organic nitrogen (N) nutrition that provides a gradual supply of N to crops over the growing season. This study examined whether organic N nutrition influenced the concentration of glucosinolates in broccoli crops. Nitrogen release patterns were determined from three synthetic (Rustica, 12% N; calcium nitrate, 15.5% N; urea, 46% N) and two organic fertilizers in an incubation experiment. Broccoli seedlings were then grown in two N dose response pot trials with different N source or application timing treatments to investigate growth and glucosinolate responses. Synthetic fertilizers released 84 to 89% of total N after 28 days, while chicken manure pellets and composted cow manure had only released 52% and 13% of total N, respectively, after 91 days. Broccoli yield and N content were generally higher in synthetic fertilizer treatments. Glucosinolate concentrations were generally higher in the synthetic fertilizer treatments, and only sinigrin and glucoiberin concentrations in the 800 kg ha⁻¹ N application rate of organic fertilizer matched those in the corresponding synthetic fertilizer treatment. Broccoli head weight was reduced when N was applied fortnightly compared to basal and weekly N applications, but glucosinolate concentrations were not significantly different. Overall, there was no evidence that organic (chicken manure) N nutrition, or the rate of N supply to broccoli plants, affect glucosinolate concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytohormones and Mineral Nutrient Changes in Young Plants of Grapevine Genotypes at Different Growth Stages

by Antonio Urbano-Gálvez, María F. López-Climent, Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas and Jalel Mahouachi

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101114 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1152

Abstract

Climate change is considered a threat for viticulture by altering phenology, yield, and key physiological processes. The plant responses depend on the genotype characteristics and the microclimate of crop area. In this research, “Castellana Negra”, “Negramoll”, and “Tintilla” were cultivated for 102 days, [...] Read more.

Climate change is considered a threat for viticulture by altering phenology, yield, and key physiological processes. The plant responses depend on the genotype characteristics and the microclimate of crop area. In this research, “Castellana Negra”, “Negramoll”, and “Tintilla” were cultivated for 102 days, and physiological variables were assessed under natural conditions. Results indicated similar trends in growth between “Negramoll” and “Tintilla”, while ”Castellana Negra” grew slowly and possessed fewer leaves compared to the other genotypes. Stomatal conductance was constant among the genotypes, excepting “Negramoll”, which demonstrated lower values at d 76 compared to “Castellana Negra” and “Tintilla”, coinciding with the elevated leaf temperature. Regarding the hormonal changes, “Castellana Negra” accumulated the highest concentration of salicylic acid (SA) compared to “Negramoll” and “Tintilla”, which showed similar content. Furthermore, an antagonistic change between SA and jasmonic acid (JA) was observed in all genotypes, as well as between abscisic acid (ABA) and JA at the beginning and end of the trial. The variations in micronutrients did not show a clear tendency between cultivars. Therefore, to thoroughly elucidate the role of phytohormones and other physiological factors in the growth and development of these genotypes under varying environmental conditions, long-term experiments could be conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)

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11 pages, 2599 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Obtaining Lignin from Nutshells under Mild Extraction Conditions and Its Use as a Biostimulant in Tomato Seedlings

by José Alejandro Díaz-Elizondo, Azrrael Ayala-Velazco, Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza, Francisco Javier Enriquez-Medrano and Julia Medrano-Macías

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101079 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2010

Abstract

Biostimulants are an important alternative to improve and promote higher efficiency in cropping systems. Although the biostimulant industry has been developing for several years, there are still areas of opportunity for new sources of biostimulants as well as new ecofriendly extraction techniques that [...] Read more.

Biostimulants are an important alternative to improve and promote higher efficiency in cropping systems. Although the biostimulant industry has been developing for several years, there are still areas of opportunity for new sources of biostimulants as well as new ecofriendly extraction techniques that allow for a circular economy and the reuse of waste. Lignin is a heteropolymer that constitutes about 40% of the plant cell wall. A great source of lignin is agrowastes, giving it added value. Recently, its use has been tested in agronomy as a carrier of nutrients and pesticides. Walnuts are produced on a large scale in Northern Mexico, and the shell represents between 15 and 40% of its total weight. However, to obtain this biopolymer, to date, non-environmentally friendly techniques have been used; for this reason, it is necessary to find extraction alternatives to make this proposal sustainable. In this work, the obtaining and characterization of lignin through mild extraction conditions from nutshells and its evaluation as a biostimulant on the growth of tomato seedlings are reported. Lignin was extracted by hydrolysis with a mixture of acetic acid and distilled water (65:35 v/v). The results showed that it was possible to obtain 15% (w/w) lignin using mild solvents, evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), proton magnetic nuclear resonance (H-RMN), and infrared (IR). Subsequently, lignin solutions were prepared at different concentrations, 0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm, and applied via foliar weekly to tomato seedlings. A greater fresh weight of the stem was found with 10 and 50 ppm, and the height and the fresh biomass increased with the three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppm), concluding that lignin extracted from nutshells using mild conditions can act as a plant biostimulant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Plant Biostimulants in Horticultural Crops)

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17 pages, 812 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of the Arrival, Effects, and Management of Bagrada hilaris in South America: The Case of Chile

by Marta V. Albornoz, Camila C. Santander and Armando Alfaro-Tapia

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101072 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Biological invasions are partly defined by their ability to spread rapidly within invaded regions, posing threats to biodiversity and local species assemblages. The painted bug, Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) (Burmeister, 1835), originally described as being from India, is an important pest worldwide, mainly [...] Read more.

Biological invasions are partly defined by their ability to spread rapidly within invaded regions, posing threats to biodiversity and local species assemblages. The painted bug, Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) (Burmeister, 1835), originally described as being from India, is an important pest worldwide, mainly due to the serious economic losses incurred and the large number of zones invaded. Since its initial detection in Chile in 2016, the invasive and destructive paint bug has started its invasion to the east and invaded new areas in South America. Without adequate control methods, the insect may threaten brassica crop production, resulting in yield losses greater than 70% in recently infested areas. The extraordinarily wide range of the B. hilaris invasion has necessitated studies describing its biology and ecology, as well as highlighting the urgent need for effective and long-term management techniques. Hence, thoroughly revising the data on this pest in new areas that have been invaded, as well as in the area of origin, is expected to enable the development of management programs. This review incorporates information on B. hilaris in South America, including the invasion, ecology, and potential management approaches, which may allow for efficient integrated pest management, mainly in Chile. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues, offering valuable perspectives for identifying strategies that warrant additional research as potential biological control agents for B. hilaris in South America, utilizing either augmentative or conservation biological control approaches, as well as semiochemicals and cultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest Management)

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28 pages, 1655 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhancing Olive Cultivation Resilience: Sustainable Long-Term and Short-Term Adaptation Strategies to Alleviate Climate Change Impacts

by Sandra Martins, Sandra Pereira, Lia-Tânia Dinis and Cátia Brito

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101066 - 5 Oct 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4794

Abstract

Olive cultivation, an icon of Mediterranean agriculture, economy, and cultural heritage, faces significant challenges due to climate change and soil degradation. Climate projections indicate that altered precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and increased frequency of extreme weather events will adversely affect olive tree growth, [...] Read more.

Olive cultivation, an icon of Mediterranean agriculture, economy, and cultural heritage, faces significant challenges due to climate change and soil degradation. Climate projections indicate that altered precipitation patterns, rising temperatures, and increased frequency of extreme weather events will adversely affect olive tree growth, fruit quality, and yield. This review provides a novel perspective on addressing these challenges through both long-term and short-term adaptation strategies, emphasizing innovative products, advanced technologies, and practical solutions that must work synergistically and be tailored to regional conditions. Long-term practices refer to proactive strategies for enduring climate resilience, including cover cropping, mulching, soil amendments, and breeding programs which enhance soil health, improve water retention, and increase the trees’ resilience. Short-term strategies focus on immediate impacts, offering immediate stress relief and enhanced plant physiological responses, including optimized irrigation systems, pruning management, particle coating films, biostimulants, and plant growth regulators. The review underscores the importance of aligning agricultural practices with sustainability goals and evolving environmental policies and the education of farmers and policymakers. By integrating adaptive practices and technological advancements, the olive sector can better address climate challenges, contribute to global food security, and advance environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Cultivation and Breeding of Olive Trees)

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20 pages, 2249 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Nitrogen Limitation, Irrigation Levels, and Nitrogen-Rich Biostimulant Application on Agronomical and Chemical Traits of Hydroponically Grown Cichorium spinosum L.

by Orfeas Voutsinos-Frantzis, Ioannis Karavidas, Dimitrios Savvas, Theodora Ntanasi, Vasileios Kaimpalis, Beppe Benedetto Consentino, Konstantinos A. Aliferis, Anestis Karkanis, Leo Sabatino and Georgia Ntatsi

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101063 - 4 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1351

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of nitrogen fertilization, irrigation, and biostimulant application on the growth and nutrient composition of Cichorium spinosum L. The experimental design included two nitrogen rates (NR100 and NR30, 100% and 30% of plant requirements), two irrigation levels (WA100 and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of nitrogen fertilization, irrigation, and biostimulant application on the growth and nutrient composition of Cichorium spinosum L. The experimental design included two nitrogen rates (NR100 and NR30, 100% and 30% of plant requirements), two irrigation levels (WA100 and WA50, 100% and 50% of water availability,), and foliar application of a nitrogen-rich biostimulant (BS and NoBS, biostimulated or not biostimulated). In comparison to NR100, NR30 reduced agronomical parameters leaf number, leaf area, leaf fresh, and dry weight by 13.53%, 24.93%, 20.76%, and 15.00%, respectively, whereas dry matter content was increased by 7.64%. WA50 also resulted in reduction in the agronomical characteristics by 8.62%, 7.19%, 5.53%, and 5.26, respectively, whereas the dry matter content was not affected. BS positively affected the agronomical characteristics by 7.49%, 8.01%, 7.18%, and 5.56, respectively, whereas the dry matter content was not affected. The effects of nitrogen rates and water availability suggest the more pronounced impact of nitrogen compared to water stress on the agronomical characteristics. Biostimulant application partially mitigated the effects of NR30 but was ineffective against WA50. The nutrient content of the leaves was also affected. NR30 reduced leaf nitrate, calcium, and zinc content, but increased iron, manganese, and copper concentrations. WA50 altered magnesium and zinc levels: it increased the former and decreased the latter. The interaction between nitrogen and water stress notably affected the plants’ calcium content, which was higher under the NR100 x WA50 treatment. These findings provide significant insights into the perlite-based cultivation of C. spinosum L., and its resilience against drought stress. Moreover, the beneficial effects of sufficient nitrogen rates on leaf fresh weight of Cichorium spinosum L. outline the importance for improving nutrient solution management schemes. Biostimulant application demonstrated promising results and could, after further research, become a viable solution for maintaining optimal yields under nitrogen stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Farming and Artificial Cultivation)

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16 pages, 2536 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Energy Efficiency of Glasshouses and Plant Factories for Sustainable Urban Farming in the Desert Southwest of the United States of America

by Md Obyedul Kalam Azad, Nazim S. Gruda and Most Tahera Naznin

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101055 - 3 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

The extreme heat and water scarcity of the desert southwest in the United States of America present significant challenges for growing food crops. However, controlled-environment agriculture offers a promising solution for plant production in these harsh conditions. Glasshouses and plant factories represent advanced [...] Read more.

The extreme heat and water scarcity of the desert southwest in the United States of America present significant challenges for growing food crops. However, controlled-environment agriculture offers a promising solution for plant production in these harsh conditions. Glasshouses and plant factories represent advanced but energy-intensive production methods among controlled-environment agriculture techniques. This review aims to comprehensively assess how controlled-environment agriculture can thrive and be sustained in the desert southwest by evaluating the energy efficiency of controlled glasshouses and building-integrated plant factories. The analysis focuses on the efficiency of these systems’ energy and water consumption, mainly using artificial lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, and water management through various hydroponic techniques. Approximately 50% of operational energy costs in controlled glasshouses are dedicated to cooling, whereas 25–30% of energy expenses in building-integrated plant factories are allocated to artificial lighting. Building-integrated plant factories with aeroponic systems have demonstrated superior water use and energy efficiency compared to controlled glasshouses in desert environments. Integrating photovoltaic solar energy and glass rooftops in building-integrated plant factories can significantly reduce energy costs for urban farming in the desert southwest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Farming and Artificial Cultivation)

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14 pages, 4406 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Establishment of an In Vitro Micropropagation System for Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’

by Sang-Cheol Baek, Sang-Yoon Jeon, Yoon-Jung Choi, Bo-Hyun Byun, Da-Hoon Kim, Ga-Ram Yu, Hyuck Kim and Dong-Woo Lim

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101060 - 3 Oct 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2890

Abstract

Cannabis has been cultivated for thousands of years for a variety of purposes, including fiber, seeds, oil, and medicinal compounds. The cannabis industry is growing rapidly because several countries have recently legalized the use of cannabis. In these countries, the industry related to [...] Read more.

Cannabis has been cultivated for thousands of years for a variety of purposes, including fiber, seeds, oil, and medicinal compounds. The cannabis industry is growing rapidly because several countries have recently legalized the use of cannabis. In these countries, the industry related to cannabinoid ingredients such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is steadily increasing every year. High concentrations of cannabinoids are mainly produced in unfertilized female flowers. Maintaining plants with high cannabinoid content is essential for producing uniform substances in large quantities. This study established an in vitro micropropagation protocol that can maintain the mother plant characteristics of Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’. As a result of this experiment, the shoot tips and nodes of Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’ at various concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/L) of 2iP, BA, and mT plant growth regulators (PGRs), and all concentrations of 2iP showed better results compared to two other hormones. However, the cut surfaces turned black, and excessive hyperhydricity occurred. Based on these symptoms, activated charcoal was added to the medium with the assumption that necrosis and hyperhydricity occur due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When treated with 0.5 g/L charcoal, hyperhydricity was not overcome, and there was no difference compared to the control. As a new alternative, we divided the experiments into MS (Murashige and Skoog) and DKW (Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut) medium, which were commercially available. As a result, the rate of hyperhydricity was reduced, the cut surface did not turn black, and the growth conditions were also improved. Subsequently, ½ MS medium and ½ DKW medium were treated with various concentrations of IBA alone and with combinations of IBA and NAA for rooting. As a result, ½ DKW with IBA 0.5 mg/L showed the highest rooting rate and the best root condition for Cheungsam. After 4 weeks, when considering rooted plants with a height above 5 cm that were acclimatized, the acclimatization rate reached 100%. In conclusion, the Cannabis sativa ‘Cheungsam’ plants used in this study produced healthy shoots on DKW medium containing 1.0 mg/L 2iP and 0.5 mg/L of IBA in ½ DKW medium showed the best rooting rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Micropropagation of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants)

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16 pages, 1297 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Blue and Red Light Downconversion Film Application Enhances Plant Photosynthetic Performance and Fruit Productivity of Rubus fruticosus L. var. Loch Ness

by Hafsa El Horri, Maria Vitiello, Alessandra Braca, Marinella De Leo, Lucia Guidi, Marco Landi, Giulia Lauria, Ermes Lo Piccolo, Rossano Massai, Damiano Remorini and Costanza Ceccanti

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101046 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1427

Abstract

Light downconversion films can modulate incident light wavebands on crops, converting less utilised wavebands in an efficient way. In this experiment, red (conversion of green into red light wavebands), pink (conversion of UV and green into blue and red light but to a [...] Read more.

Light downconversion films can modulate incident light wavebands on crops, converting less utilised wavebands in an efficient way. In this experiment, red (conversion of green into red light wavebands), pink (conversion of UV and green into blue and red light but to a smaller degree than red film), and blue (conversion of UV into blue light) light downconversion films were used to cover blackberry plants throughout all phenological stages (from leaf emergence to fruit harvesting). The plants’ physiological and biometric performance, and fruit yield and quality were evaluated. Plants under blue and red films showed a higher net photosynthetic rate with +23.1% and +14.9%, respectively, and a higher stomatal conductance with +56.0% and +23.6%, respectively, with respect to controls, maintaining stability across stages, except for a decrease under the red film during fruiting. Both films significantly boosted the fruit yield, with the red film increasing the fruit number (+49.8%) and the blue film enhancing the berry shape (+10.7) and fresh weight (+36.6). Notably, no significant differences in nutraceutical quality, including total flavonoid and anthocyanin content, were observed. These findings suggest that light downconversion films, particularly red and blue films, can effectively enhance the photosynthetic performance and fruit production in blackberry plants without compromising the fruit quality. Future research on this topic should focus on balancing plant growth, fruit productivity, and enhancing fruit nutraceutical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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16 pages, 1678 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome-Wide Association Analyses Defined the Interplay between Two Major Loci Controlling the Fruit Texture Performance in a Norwegian Apple Collection (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

by Liv Gilpin, Fabrizio Costa, Dag Røen and Muath Alsheikh

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101049 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1278

Abstract

Increasing consumption of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) produced in Norway requires the availability of superior cultivars and extended marketability. Favorable texture and slow softening are important traits for consumer appreciation and postharvest performance. Apple texture has been well characterized using both sensory [...] Read more.

Increasing consumption of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) produced in Norway requires the availability of superior cultivars and extended marketability. Favorable texture and slow softening are important traits for consumer appreciation and postharvest performance. Apple texture has been well characterized using both sensory evaluation and instrumental assessments, and major quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been detected. With texture being targeted as an important trait and markers being publicly available, marker-assisted selection has already been implemented into several breeding programs. When focusing solely on a limited set of markers linked to well-investigated major QTLs, most minor-effect QTLs are normally excluded. To find novel potential SNP markers suitable to assist in selection processes, we selected a subset of accessions from a larger apple collection established in Norway based on the favorable alleles of two markers previously associated with texture, enabling the investigation of a minor part of the variance initially masked by the effect of major loci. The subset was employed to conduct a genome-wide association study aiming to search for associations with texture dynamics and retainability. QTL regions related to texture at harvest, postharvest, and for the storage index were identified on chromosomes 3, 12, and 16. Specifically, the SNPs located on chromosome 12 were shown to be potential novel markers for selection of crispness retention during storage, a valuable storability trait. These newly detected QTLs and underlying SNPs will represent a potential set of markers for the selection of the most favorable accessions characterized by superior fruit texture properties in ongoing breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Postharvest Technology in Processed Horticultural Products)

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19 pages, 7940 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Molecular and Physiological Responses of Toona ciliata to Simulated Drought Stress

by Linxiang Yang, Peixian Zhao, Xiaobo Song, Yongpeng Ma, Linyuan Fan, Meng Xie, Zhilin Song, Xuexing Zhang and Hong Ma

Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101029 - 27 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1028

Abstract

Drought stress, as one of the most common environmental factors, seriously affects seed- ling establishment as well as plant growth and productivity. The growth of Toona ciliata is constrained by soil moisture deficit, and drought stress can reduce its productivity and limit its [...] Read more.

Drought stress, as one of the most common environmental factors, seriously affects seed- ling establishment as well as plant growth and productivity. The growth of Toona ciliata is constrained by soil moisture deficit, and drought stress can reduce its productivity and limit its suitable growing environment. To explore the molecular mechanism of Toona ciliata responding to drought stress, leaves of two-year-old Toona ciliata seedlings were used as experimental materials for transcriptome sequencing and physiological index measurements. Under drought stress, the contents of Chl, MDA, POD, SP, SS, and RWC all change differently. We performed transcriptome sequencing, obtaining 4830 differential genes. The enrichment analysis indicates that the primary effects on the leaves of Toona ciliata under drought stress are related to photosynthesis and responses to plant hormone signal transduction. Transcription factor families associated with drought resistance include the NAC, WRKY, bZIP, bHLH, AP2-EREBP, C3H, GRAS, and FRAI transcription factor families. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis successfully identified 10 hub genes in response to drought stress in Toona ciliata leaves. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) validated the reliability of the transcriptomic data, and the analysis of its results showed a close correlation with the data obtained from RNA-seq. This study clarifies the transcriptional response of Toona ciliata to drought stress, contributing to the revelation of the molecular mechanisms of drought adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Abiotic Stress Response Mechanism of Horticultural Plants)

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26 pages, 3609 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sustainable and Low-Input Techniques in Mediterranean Greenhouse Vegetable Production

by Sergio Argento, Gresheen Garcia and Simone Treccarichi

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090997 - 20 Sep 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

In the modern agricultural landscape, numerous challenges, such as climate change, diminishing arable lands, and the reduction of water resources, represent significant threats. The Mediterranean greenhouse farming model relies on low-input strategies to maximize both yield and quality. Its protected horticulture is essential [...] Read more.

In the modern agricultural landscape, numerous challenges, such as climate change, diminishing arable lands, and the reduction of water resources, represent significant threats. The Mediterranean greenhouse farming model relies on low-input strategies to maximize both yield and quality. Its protected horticulture is essential for the year-round cultivation of high-value crops, ensuring efficient and sustainable production. In the realm of future agricultural strategies, leveraging internet-based approaches emerges as a pivotal factor for real-time and remote control of various agricultural parameters crucial for crop growth and development. This approach has the potential to significantly optimize agronomic inputs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of targeted vegetable production. The aim of the present review is to underscore the challenges related to the intensive greenhouse production systems emphasizing various strategies leading to low-input greenhouse vegetable production. The goal is to promote more sustainable and resource-efficient approaches in the cultivation of greenhouse vegetables. This review highlights several key strategies for optimizing the greenhouse environment, including efficient water management through conservation tillage, drainage water reuse, and selecting the most appropriate irrigation systems and timing. Additionally, light modulation and temperature control—using solar energy for heating and pad-and-fan systems for cooling—are crucial for enhancing both crop performance and resource efficiency. The review also explores low-input agronomical strategies, such as pest and disease control—including solarization and optimized integrated pest management (IPM)—as well as fertilization and advanced growing techniques. These approaches are essential for sustainable greenhouse farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Production in Controlled Environment)

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18 pages, 3363 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Combined Supplemental Lighting and Nutrient Solution Concentration on Fruit Production and Quality of Cherry Tomato

by Zhenbin Xie, Jinxiang Chen, Houcheng Liu, Riyuan Chen, Xiaolong Yang, Shiwei Song and Yiting Zhang

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090990 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1547

Abstract

We conducted an analysis on the combined effects of two light conditions (L1: greenhouse natural lighting; L2: greenhouse natural lighting plus supplemental lighting (SL)) and three nutrient solution concentrations (EC, NS1: 3.2 dS/m; NS2: 3.7 dS/m; NS3: 4.2 dS/m) on the growth, fruit [...] Read more.

We conducted an analysis on the combined effects of two light conditions (L1: greenhouse natural lighting; L2: greenhouse natural lighting plus supplemental lighting (SL)) and three nutrient solution concentrations (EC, NS1: 3.2 dS/m; NS2: 3.7 dS/m; NS3: 4.2 dS/m) on the growth, fruit production, and quality of two cherry tomato cultivars with different fruit coloring (‘Baiyu’ and ‘Qianxi’). The plants subjected to NS2 exhibited enhanced growth, photosynthetic parameters, and fruit production. The utilization of SL further enhanced stem diameter, leaf number, and single fruit weight, resulting in higher fruit weight per plant in ‘Baiyu’, which was not observed in ‘Qianxi’. The growth, fruit size, and fruit weight of both cultivars cultivated under NS3 conditions were suppressed, while these fruits exhibited elevated levels of total soluble solids (TSS), soluble sugars, vitamin C, polyphenols, fructose, glucose, sucrose, citric acid, and carotenoids. These levels were further enhanced by SL treatment. The improvement of fruit quality through the application of SL was found to be cultivar and EC dependent. In ‘Baiyu’, SL at NS1 significantly enhanced the accumulation of fruit water, minerals (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), TSS, vitamin C, fructose, sucrose, and carotenoids. However, this effect was not observed in ‘Qianxi’. The combination of SL and EC 4.2 dS/m (NS3) generally contributes to the enhancement of fruit quality, while SL and EC 3.7 dS/m can ensure consistent fruit production. The yellowish-white fruit cultivar exhibited higher levels of soluble sugars, vitamin C, and polyphenols under L2NS3 conditions compared to the red fruit cultivar, whereas the carotenoid content showed an opposite trend. The findings are anticipated to establish a theoretical foundation for the consistent annual cultivation of cherry tomatoes in protected horticultural settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Farming and Artificial Cultivation)

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16 pages, 1941 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Biological and Genetic Mechanisms of Fruit Drop in Apple Tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.)

by Aurelijus Starkus, Šarūnė Morkūnaitė-Haimi, Tautvydas Gurskas, Edvinas Misiukevičius, Vidmantas Stanys and Birutė Frercks

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090987 - 18 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2623

Abstract

The apple tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.) belongs to the Rosaceae. Due to its adaptability and tolerance to different soil and climatic conditions, it is cultivated worldwide for fresh consumption. The priorities of apple growers are high-quality fruits and stable yield for [...] Read more.

The apple tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.) belongs to the Rosaceae. Due to its adaptability and tolerance to different soil and climatic conditions, it is cultivated worldwide for fresh consumption. The priorities of apple growers are high-quality fruits and stable yield for high production. About 90 to 95 percent of fruits should fall or be eliminated from apple trees to avoid overcropping and poor-quality fruits. Apple trees engage in a complex biological process known as yield self-regulation, which is influenced by several internal and external factors. Apple buds develop in different stages along the branches, and they can potentially give rise to new shoots, leaves, flowers, or fruit clusters. The apple genotype determines how many buds will develop into fruit-bearing structures and the capacity for yield self-regulation. Plant hormones such as ethylene, cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins play a crucial role in regulating the fruit set, growth, and development, and the balance of these hormones influences the flowering intensity, fruit size, and fruit number on the apple tree. Apple growers often interfere in the self-regulation process by manually thinning fruit clusters. Different thinning methods, such as by hand, mechanical thinning, or applying chemical substances, are used for flower and fruit thinning. The most profitable in commercial orchards is the use of chemicals for elimination, but more environmentally sustainable solutions are required due to the European Green Deal. This review focuses on the biological factors and genetic mechanisms in apple yield self-regulation for a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of fruitlet abscission for future breeding programs targeted at self-regulating yield apple varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)

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12 pages, 2808 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Cultivar-Dependent Alstroemeria Floral Emissions on Frankliniella occidentalis Host Selection Behavior

by Luis Gerardo Cubillos-Quijano, Marco Antonio Díaz, Daniel Rodríguez and Ericsson Coy-Barrera

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090982 - 17 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 906

Abstract

Frankliniella occidentalis, commonly known as the western flower thrips (WFT), is one of the world’s most significant cosmopolitan pests. This pest infests many ornamental species, including Alstroemeria, leading to substantial economic losses. F. occidentalis damages flowers, transmits viruses, and causes the [...] Read more.

Frankliniella occidentalis, commonly known as the western flower thrips (WFT), is one of the world’s most significant cosmopolitan pests. This pest infests many ornamental species, including Alstroemeria, leading to substantial economic losses. F. occidentalis damages flowers, transmits viruses, and causes the rejection of shipments for exports. Farmers have observed variations in the occurrence of F. occidentalis among different Alstroemeria cultivars. It is hypothesized that differences in flower color and odor among cultivars may influence the host-choice behavior of this insect, potentially explaining the observed variations in incidence and damage in the field. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed one year’s worth of sampling data for the occurrence of the WFT complex in a commercial Alstroemeria greenhouse crop. This analysis identified cultivars with high and low thrips incidences. The ‘Himalaya’ and ‘Whistler’ cultivars exhibited the highest incidence, while the ‘Shakira’ and ‘Nora’ cultivars showed the lowest incidence values. To investigate the potential role of host odors in these field incidence differences, we conducted behavioral tests (choice, non-choice, and repellency) using glass boxes where visual stimuli were blocked. These tests confirmed a differential attraction response of thrips to the flowers of Alstroemeria cultivars, although all cultivars were viable options for WFT choice. Preferences under laboratory conditions differed from the incidence observed in the greenhouse, ruling out a repellency effect of some cultivars on insects. This study provides evidence that differential emissions from Alstroemeria flowers can influence host selection by WFT, a phenomenon that warrants further in-depth exploration in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Non-Chemical Strategies for IPM in Horticulture)

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14 pages, 10693 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Projection of the Potential Global Geographic Distribution of the Solanum Fruit Fly Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Based on CLIMEX Models

by Yajie Wei, Xiaoqing Xian, Haoxiang Zhao, Jianyang Guo, Nianwan Yang, Zhi Gong, Wanxue Liu and Zhengqiang Peng

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090977 - 14 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1062

Abstract

The solanum fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an invasive alien insect that causes huge economic losses to pepper and other solanaceous plant industries. It is mainly distributed in South and Southeast Asia, SW Europe, Western USA, and in some African countries. [...] Read more.

The solanum fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an invasive alien insect that causes huge economic losses to pepper and other solanaceous plant industries. It is mainly distributed in South and Southeast Asia, SW Europe, Western USA, and in some African countries. However, the potential global geographical distribution of B. latifrons is unknown. Therefore, in this study, based on the current (1981–2010) and future (2040–2059) climatic scenarios determined using the CNRM-CM5, Access1.0, GFDL-ESM-2M, and NorESM1-M models, we used a species distribution model (CLIMEX 4.0) to project the potential global geographic distribution of B. latifrons to prevent further invasion and harm. In the current climate scenario, South America (1286.06 × 10⁴ km²), Africa (1435.47 × 10⁴ km²), and Oceania (410.66 × 10⁴ km²) have the largest proportions of suitable land areas for B. latifrons colonization. Under all four future climate models, the global potential suitable area for Bactrocera latifrons is projected to decrease and shift towards higher latitudes. This study provides an important baseline upon which researchers, quarantine personnel, and governments can develop the appropriate control strategies against B. latifrons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pest Diagnosis and Control Strategies for Fruit and Vegetable Plants)

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12 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Effect of a Directional Electromagnetic Field on the Early Stages of Plant (Raphanus sativus and Saccharum officinarum) Growth

by Jeong Wook Jo, Sung Woo Yang, Gyu Won Lee, Jae Hun Kim, Ye Jin Kim, Yong-Keun Choi, Kwang Jin Kim, Hyeong-Seok Lee, Sung Won Bang and Hyung Joo Kim

Horticulturae 2024, 10(9), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090973 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1187

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to develop a novel directional electromagnetic field (EMF) application method for promoting plant growth using a solenoid coil-based cultivation system. The emergence of plant shoots from seeds, shoot elongation, root proliferation, and plant growth hormones were monitored in [...] Read more.

In this study, we aimed to develop a novel directional electromagnetic field (EMF) application method for promoting plant growth using a solenoid coil-based cultivation system. The emergence of plant shoots from seeds, shoot elongation, root proliferation, and plant growth hormones were monitored in the presence of a directional EMF using our solenoid coil system. To observe the effect of the directional EMF on seed germination, radish and sugarcane seedlings were cultivated in the system. At the seed germination stage, the EMF applied had no significant effect on germination or growth. However, after germination, shoot growth was sensitive to a directional EMF, as it was promoted by different conditions in a plant-species-dependent manner. The maximum growth promotion rates were 25.65% ± 4.21% and 38.57% ± 12.81% for radish and sugarcane, respectively. Similarly, plant root proliferation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) analyses indicated that directional EMF application was associated with root proliferation and hormone synthesis. Plant growth in the experimental system proved controllable; either growth stimulation or reduction were possible as the system operating conditions were made to vary. Our findings indicate that the application of a specific directional EMF could serve as an electrical plant stimulant (or electrical fertilizer). Full article

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