Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishman...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complicated inflammatory gut pathological disorder and is categorized into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Although the cause of IBD is unclear, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is...
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in p...
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used worldwide to manage dyslipidaemia and thus limit the development of atherosclerotic disease and its complications. These atheroprotective drugs are now known to exe...
Long COVID, also referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID (PASC), is probably triggered during SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-protein binding and hyper-activating the cell-membrane expressed Receptor for Advance Glycat...
Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autopha...
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising form of immunotherapy that have significantly changed the therapeutic landscape for many advanced cancers. They have shown unique clinical benefit against a broad range of tumour types and a strong o...
Honey and other bee products, including propolis, royal jelly, and bee pollen, are widely recognized for their medicinal properties. Among their numerous biological activities, their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have gained signific...
Background: To date, no biomarkers are effective in predicting the risk of developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study aims to evaluate the association between basal absolu...
The nasal cavity is a primary checkpoint for the invasion of respiratory pathogens. Numerous pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, etc., can adhere/colonize nasal lining to trigger an infection. Secretory IgA (sIgA) serves as the...
Interceding nutrients have been acquiring increased attention and prominence in the field of healing and deterrence of various disorders. In this light, the present article encompasses several facets of ketogenic diet as an immunomodulator with respe...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease that causes chronic pain and disability. Different innate immune components, including macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils, participate in OA pathophysiology. Neutrophils are the mos...
The past decades of cancer immunotherapy research have provided profound evidence that the immune system is capable of inducing durable tumor regression. Although many commercialized anti-cancer immunotherapies are available to patients, these treatm...
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging environmental immunotoxins with widespread human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Detected in the placenta, lungs, blood, bone marrow, and brain, MNPs accumulate in immune organs...
The development of tumors requires an initiator event, usually exposure to DNA damaging agents that cause genetic alterations such as gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities, leading to deregulated cell proliferation. Although the mere stochastic...
The immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate transformed cells is a critical factor in suppressing cancer development. However, immune surveillance in tumors is often disrupted by various immune escape mechanisms, many of which remain po...
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also referred to as endotoxins, are major outer surface membrane components present on almost all Gram-negative bacteria and are major determinants of sepsis-related clinical complications including septic shock....
Prevalent coagulopathy and thromboembolism are observed in severe COVID-19 patients with 40% of COVID-19 mortality being associated with cardiovascular complications. Abnormal coagulation parameters are related to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients....
An outbreak of “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Later, the agent factor was identified and coined as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease was named coronavirus d...
Obesity, defined by excessive fat mass and its associated low-grade chronic inflammation, leads to insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunctions. The immunomodulatory properties of natural agents have gained much interest in recent decades...
Inflammatory processes represent a pivotal element in the development and complications of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Targeting these processes can lead to the alleviation of cardiomyocyte (CM) injury and the increase of reparative mechanisms. L...
Around 285 million people worldwide currently have type 2 diabetes and it is projected that this number will be surpassed by 2030. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to enhance our comprehension of the disease’s development. The regulati...
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombotic or obstetric events occurring in individuals who have persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and pot...
The pathogenesis and refractory nature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are related to multiple factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and abnormalities in gut microbial diversity, which lead to decreased levels of short-chain...
Bone marrow is known as the site of hematopoiesis. What is not being described in textbooks of immunology is the fact that bone marrow is not only a generative, but also an antigen-responsive, immune organ. It is also a major storage site for antigen...
Liver fibrosis is a complex, dynamic process associated with a broad spectrum of chronic liver diseases and acute liver failure, characterised by the dysregulated intrahepatic production of extracellular matrix proteins replacing functional liver cel...
Inflammation is considered a natural reaction of the immune system that can be caused by several factors such as pathogens, chemical substances, and damaged cells. Since the classical era, therapeutic substances have been made from medicinal plants....
The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological...
Despite advances in treatment options, the clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with advanced solid tumors have hardly improved in decades, and alternative treatment options are urgently needed. Innovative therapies, such as chimeric antigen recep...
Pandemics in the last two centuries have been initiated by causal pathogens that include Severe Acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza (e.g., the H1N1 pandemic of 2009). The latter is considered to have initiated two prior pandemics in 1918 a...
Systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) affect millions worldwide, presenting significant clinical challenges due to their complex pathogenesis and limited treatment options. Traditional immunosuppressive therapies, while effective, often lack precision...
The SARS-CoV-2 infection spread rapidly throughout the world and appears to involve in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. SARS-CoV-2 is attached to host cells via binding to the viral spike (S) proteins and its cellular receptors angiotensin-co...
The increased prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, especially during the COVID-19 outbreak, necessitates the search for natural immune- and cognitive-enhancing agents. 10-Hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10-H2DA), the main fatty acid of royal jell...
Advances over the last decades have made renal transplantation an important therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease, as the incidences of acute rejection and short-term transplant loss have been significantly reduced. However, long-term tra...
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine protein acknowledged as a vital mediator in cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Additionally, TNF-α is a crucial component of the host’s defense by m...
Evading the immune system is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Tumors escape anti-tumor immunity through cell-intrinsic means and the assembly of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. By significantly boosting the host immune system, cancer immu...
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has many applications, including the production of textiles, agricultural extracts, nutritional products, and botanicals enriched with cannabinoids and full-spectrum terpenes naturally present in the plant. In thi...
Viral infections represent a major health problem worldwide. Due to the wide variety of etiological agents and their increasing resistance to anti-virals and antibiotics treatments, new strategies for effective therapies need to be developed. Scienti...
Like in other neurodegenerative diseases, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Differentiating characteristics of PD include the central role of α-synuclein...
DENV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and possesses a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. DENV infection manifests in mild subclinical forms or severe forms that may be dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Des...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive dysmetabolic condition related to several complications, including cardiovascular disease, whose incidence is increasing worldwide. Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i)...
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and is a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite the available treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy and molecular targeted the...
NK cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate and adaptative immune response. These cells are located in peripheral blood and tissues with ample functions, from immune vigilant to tolerogenic reactions. In the endometrium, NK cell populations vary...
Age-induced cellular senescence leads to a decline in efficacy of immune response and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Physical activity may be an intervention to slow down or reverse this process for elderly individuals or even delay it via e...
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has three different isoforms, with APOE4 carriers representing a major risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is the most common form of dementia, and is a relentlessly progressive disorder that afflic...
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibro-inflammatory disease characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and massive infiltration of IgG4+plasma cells. Although storiform fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis and IgG4+plasma cell infiltration are well d...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has had a global impact and resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The course of the Janus kinase signaling transducers and activators (JAK-STAT) pathway is an important molecu...
Since the momentous discovery of X-rays, high-dose radiotherapy (H-XRT) has been a cornerstone for combating cancer. The high-energy electromagnetic waves induce direct damage to tumor-cells’ DNA, thereby halting cell growth and proliferation,...
Infective endocarditis in the setting of acute stroke poses a clinical challenge given the high mortality and morbidity associated with the condition. The pathophysiological mechanisms including clinical and imaging biomarkers that can provide insigh...
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a frequently lost tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer, leading to aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical outcomes. PTEN loss results in aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, promoting onc...
