Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview
Abstract
:1. Overview of C. perfringens Produced Toxins and Enzymes
2. Overview of C. perfringens-Induced Diseases
2.1. C. perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases in Wounded Soft Tissue
2.2. C. perfringens-Induced Enteritis with Tissue Necrosis
3. C. perfringens-Induced Enteritis, Immunity, and Microbiome
3.1. The Interaction of C. perfringens and Immunity in Myonecrosis
3.2. The Interaction of C. perfringens, Immunity, Microbiota, and Its Metabolites in Enteritis
3.3. Ischemia in C. perfringens-Induced Diseases
4. Prevention and Treatment of C. perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases
4.1. Preventing C. perfringens-Induced Diseases with Vaccines
4.2. Treating C. perfringens-Induced Diseases
4.3. Potential New Interventions against C. perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Toxins | Toxin Types | Encoded Genes | Gene Location | Protein Size, kDa |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alpha (CPA or PLC) | A, B, C, D, E, F, G | cpa or plc | Chromosome | 42.5 |
Beta (CPB) | B, C | cpb | Plasmid | 35 |
Epsilon (ETX) | B, D | etx | Plasmid | 34 |
Iota (ITX) | E | iab and iap | Plasmid | Ia: 47.5, Ib: 71.5 |
Enterotoxin (CPE) | C, D, E, F | cpe | Chromosome or Plasmid | 35.5 |
Enteritis B-like toxin (NetB) | G | netB | Plasmid | 28 |
Prevention |
∗Vaccine |
1. Bacterin vaccines |
2. Toxoid vaccines |
3. Recombinant proteins vaccines |
∗Potential new interventions |
1. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) |
2. Blood thinners (anticoagulants) |
3. Hypoxia relief |
4. Cell death inhibitors |
5. Probiotics, gut microbiota and its metabolites |
Treatment |
C. perfringens-induced myonecrosis and severe enteritis |
1. A combination of intravenous high doses broad-spectrum antibiotics |
2. Wound debridement of all bacteria carriers |
3. Surgical removal of dead or infected tissues |
4. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
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Fu, Y.; Alenezi, T.; Sun, X. Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview. Immuno 2022, 2, 387-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2020024
Fu Y, Alenezi T, Sun X. Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview. Immuno. 2022; 2(2):387-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2020024
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Ying, Tahrir Alenezi, and Xiaolun Sun. 2022. "Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview" Immuno 2, no. 2: 387-407. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2020024