Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system. This clinically heterogeneous neurological disorder is closely related to Guillain–Barré synd...
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in p...
Long COVID, also referred to as Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID (PASC), is probably triggered during SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-protein binding and hyper-activating the cell-membrane expressed Receptor for Advance Glycat...
Bone marrow is known as the site of hematopoiesis. What is not being described in textbooks of immunology is the fact that bone marrow is not only a generative, but also an antigen-responsive, immune organ. It is also a major storage site for antigen...
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishman...
Dengue fever is currently a major global issue, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. The absence of specific antiviral medications supports alternative dengue treatment strategies. South Asian countries have been using Carica papaya leav...
An outbreak of “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Later, the agent factor was identified and coined as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease was named coronavirus d...
Interceding nutrients have been acquiring increased attention and prominence in the field of healing and deterrence of various disorders. In this light, the present article encompasses several facets of ketogenic diet as an immunomodulator with respe...
IgG antibodies, particularly those of the IgG4 subclass, have generated significant debate regarding their role in immune tolerance versus food intolerance. This article comprehensively reviews the literature on the subject, exploring evidence from h...
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by thrombotic or obstetric events occurring in individuals who have persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and pot...
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising form of immunotherapy that have significantly changed the therapeutic landscape for many advanced cancers. They have shown unique clinical benefit against a broad range of tumour types and a strong o...
The past decades of cancer immunotherapy research have provided profound evidence that the immune system is capable of inducing durable tumor regression. Although many commercialized anti-cancer immunotherapies are available to patients, these treatm...
Honey and other bee products, including propolis, royal jelly, and bee pollen, are widely recognized for their medicinal properties. Among their numerous biological activities, their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects have gained signific...
The SARS-CoV-2 infection spread rapidly throughout the world and appears to involve in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. SARS-CoV-2 is attached to host cells via binding to the viral spike (S) proteins and its cellular receptors angiotensin-co...
Advances over the last decades have made renal transplantation an important therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease, as the incidences of acute rejection and short-term transplant loss have been significantly reduced. However, long-term tra...
Viral infections represent a major health problem worldwide. Due to the wide variety of etiological agents and their increasing resistance to anti-virals and antibiotics treatments, new strategies for effective therapies need to be developed. Scienti...
Infective endocarditis in the setting of acute stroke poses a clinical challenge given the high mortality and morbidity associated with the condition. The pathophysiological mechanisms including clinical and imaging biomarkers that can provide insigh...
DENV belongs to the Flaviviridae family and possesses a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. DENV infection manifests in mild subclinical forms or severe forms that may be dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Des...
Human colorectal cancer (CRC) encompasses tumors affecting a segment of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease...
The nasal cavity is a primary checkpoint for the invasion of respiratory pathogens. Numerous pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, etc., can adhere/colonize nasal lining to trigger an infection. Secretory IgA (sIgA) serves as the...
Ferroptosis is a recently recognized iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation to lethal levels. Cancer cells, which show an increased iron dependency to enable rapid growth, seem vul...
Prevalent coagulopathy and thromboembolism are observed in severe COVID-19 patients with 40% of COVID-19 mortality being associated with cardiovascular complications. Abnormal coagulation parameters are related to poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients....
The pathogenesis and refractory nature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are related to multiple factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and abnormalities in gut microbial diversity, which lead to decreased levels of short-chain...
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used worldwide to manage dyslipidaemia and thus limit the development of atherosclerotic disease and its complications. These atheroprotective drugs are now known to exe...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complicated inflammatory gut pathological disorder and is categorized into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Although the cause of IBD is unclear, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is...
Pandemics in the last two centuries have been initiated by causal pathogens that include Severe Acute Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza (e.g., the H1N1 pandemic of 2009). The latter is considered to have initiated two prior pandemics in 1918 a...
Systemic autoimmune diseases (SAIDs) affect millions worldwide, presenting significant clinical challenges due to their complex pathogenesis and limited treatment options. Traditional immunosuppressive therapies, while effective, often lack precision...
Nigella sativa, Conyza bonariensis, and Alchemilla vulgaris are highly recommended in Greco-Arab traditional medicine as anti-hemorrhoid medicinal plants. The efficacy and safety of a topical cream (HPC) consisting of water–ethanol extracts of these...
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, cons...
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the lacrimal and salivary glands, characterized by ocular and oral dryness. Beyond exocrine dysfunction, SS may also involve multiple organs and systems, contribut...
Virus-infected cells trigger a robust innate immune response and facilitate virus replication. Here, we review the role of autophagy in virus infection, focusing on both pro-viral and anti-viral host responses using a select group of viruses. Autopha...
Inflammatory processes represent a pivotal element in the development and complications of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Targeting these processes can lead to the alleviation of cardiomyocyte (CM) injury and the increase of reparative mechanisms. L...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease that causes chronic pain and disability. Different innate immune components, including macrophages, T cells, and neutrophils, participate in OA pathophysiology. Neutrophils are the mos...
The persistent production of inflammatory cytokines causes anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Playing a central role in the pathophysiology of ACD is hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism. The regulation of hepcidin expression is a complex proce...
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is a multifunctional cytokine protein acknowledged as a vital mediator in cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Additionally, TNF-α is a crucial component of the host’s defense by m...
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also referred to as endotoxins, are major outer surface membrane components present on almost all Gram-negative bacteria and are major determinants of sepsis-related clinical complications including septic shock....
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has troubled humankind for many years. The rate of new HIV cases is decreasing steadily, mostly because of safer sexual practices and scientific advances in medicine. However, the number of HIV-related trials has si...
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant leucocytes in the circulation in humans. They represent a heterogeneous population exerting diverse functions through several activities. Usually described as typical pro-inflammatory cells, i...
Among other systemic autoimmune diseases, primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) bears the highest risk for lymphoma development. In pSS, chronic antigenic stimulation gradually drives the evolution from polyclonal B-cell expansion to oligoclonal/monocl...
The immune system’s ability to detect and eliminate transformed cells is a critical factor in suppressing cancer development. However, immune surveillance in tumors is often disrupted by various immune escape mechanisms, many of which remain po...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, debilitating condition that affects the lungs and airways. It is characterized by persistent bronchitis, a condition exemplified by the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the hypersecretion...
Inducible forms of chronic urticaria are characterized by an early age of onset and a long duration of disease. In addition, cold and cholinergic urticaria have a risk of developing systemic, sometimes life-threatening, reactions. Determining the pat...
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease characterized by microvasculopathy, autoantibodies (autoAbs), and fibrosis. The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Microvasculopathy and autoAbs appear very early in the disease proce...
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a multifaceted inflammatory disorder characterized by distinct immunopathogenic entities, including type 2 inflammation mediated by cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. These cy...
The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological...
Age-induced cellular senescence leads to a decline in efficacy of immune response and an increase in morbidity and mortality. Physical activity may be an intervention to slow down or reverse this process for elderly individuals or even delay it via e...
This review aims to explore the role of immunotherapeutic strategies—primarily intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange (PLEX), and selected immunomodulatory agents—in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders with...
Liver fibrosis is a complex, dynamic process associated with a broad spectrum of chronic liver diseases and acute liver failure, characterised by the dysregulated intrahepatic production of extracellular matrix proteins replacing functional liver cel...
Around 285 million people worldwide currently have type 2 diabetes and it is projected that this number will be surpassed by 2030. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to enhance our comprehension of the disease’s development. The regulati...
The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is complicated by immune dysfunction. The impact of immune-based therapy in COVID-19 patients has been well documented, with some notable studies on the use of anti-cytokine medicines. However, the complexity of disease p...
