306 Results Found

Subglottic stenosis represents a challenging clinical condition in otolaryngology. Although patients often experience improvement following endoscopic surgery, recurrence rates remain high. Pursuing measures to maintain surgical results and prevent r...

The use of cannabis and cannabinoid products for the treatment of neuropathic pain is a growing area of research. This type of pain has a high prevalence, limited response to available therapies and high social and economic costs. Systemic cannabinoi...

Carcinogenicity is a crucial endpoint for the safety assessment of chemicals and products. During the last few decades, the development of quantitative structure–activity relationship ((Q)SAR) models has gained importance for regulatory use, in...

The aim of this study was to further evaluate and optimize the Transwell^® system for assessing the dissolution behavior of orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs), using fluticasone propionate as a model drug. Sample preparation involved the collection...

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) have been the focus of many toxicity studies. However, acute toxicity studies that identify toxicological dose descriptors, such as an LC₅₀ or LD₅₀, are lacking. In this paper, the acute toxicity of NiO NPs was ev...

In vitro dissolution and permeability testing aid the simulation of the in vivo behavior of inhalation drug products. Although the regulatory bodies have specific guidelines for the dissolution of orally administered dosage forms (e.g., tablets and c...

For developing an effective interventional approach and treatment modality for PM2.5, the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on alleviating inflammation and attenuating lung injury induced by inhalation exposure of PM2.5 were assessed in murine models. W...

The safety evaluation of oral exposure to substances, such as food ingredients, additives, and their constituents, relies primarily on a careful evaluation and analysis of data from oral toxicity studies. When relevant oral toxicity studies are unava...

Asthma belongs to a broad group of allergic diseases and is the most common chronic disease found in children and adults up to four decades of age. Already published studies suggest that the use of inhaled anti-asthmatic medications affects both gene...

Objective: To establish and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of curcumin (CUR) as well as its glucuronide conjugate (COG) and sulfate conjugate (COS) in rat plasma. The method was employed to evaluate and compare the pha...

Pulmonary mucormycosis (PM) is an invasive and potentially fatal fungal infection, with Rhizopus microsporus (R. microsporus) being the most common pathogen. The routine therapy for this infection includes surgery and antifungal agents. However, the...

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the success of procedural conscious sedation using inhaled equimolar nitrous oxide–oxygen (NOIS—EMONO) in patients undergoing routine dental and oral surgery procedures in a Swiss universi...

Extrathoracic deposition of inhaled particles (i.e., in the head and throat) is an important exposure route for many hazardous materials. Current best practices for exposure assessment of aerosols in the workplace involve particle size selective samp...

A growing body of evidence suggests that the effects of poor oral hygiene extend beyond the oral cavity and are associated with a variety of systemic diseases, including asthma. Asthma, which results in symptoms of cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea, and...

A detailed picture of how an aerosol is transported and deposited in the self-affine bronchial tree structure of patients is fundamental to design and optimize orally inhaled drug products. This work describes a Monte Carlo-based statistical depositi...

The human tongue has highly variable morphology. Its role in regulating respiratory flows and deposition of inhaled aerosols remains unclear. The objective of this study was to quantify the uncertainty of nanoparticle deposition from the variability...

Oral inhalation of drugs is the classic therapy of obstructive lung diseases. In contrast to the oral route, the link between in vitro and in vivo findings is less well defined and predictive models and parameters for in vitro-in vivo correlations ar...

In this study, a chlorine dioxide solution (UC-1) composed of chlorine dioxide was produced using an electrolytic method and subsequently purified using a membrane. UC-1 was determined to contain 2000 ppm of gaseous chlorine dioxide in water. The eff...

Coughing is common in dogs with tracheal collapse (TC). The use of inhaled corticosteroids is less widespread than oral ones. This study aims to compare the effects of oral and inhaled corticosteroids in dogs with cough and TC. Thirty dogs were prosp...

In this study we have developed a high-dose dry powder inhaler formulation of indomethacin using a novel approach to carrier-based formulations. Specifically, larger drug particles serve as the carrier for the smaller micronized drug particles, such...

Pulmonary drug delivery aims to deliver particles deep into the lungs, bypassing the mouth–throat airway geometry. However, micron particles under high flow rates are susceptible to inertial impaction on anatomical sites that serve as a defense...

Respiratory diseases constitute a huge burden in our society, and the global respiratory drug market currently grows at an annual rate between 4% and 6%. Inhalation is the preferred administration method for treating respiratory diseases, as it: (i)...

Aim: The objective of this research was to compare two methods of conscious sedation (midazolam vs. sevoflurane) used for performing oral surgical procedures in the older adult population by analyzing dental treatment-related anxiety levels, the qual...

Background/Objectives: The pulmonary administration of levodopa enables a rapid absorption and onset of action, making it a suitable administration route for managing OFF episodes in Parkinson’s disease. Currently, one dry powder product for in...

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are drug–device combination products where the complexity of the formulation, its interaction with the device, and input from users play important roles in the drug delivery. As the landscape of DPI products advances...

The reliability and accuracy of numerical models and computer simulations to study aerosol deposition in the human respiratory system is investigated for a patient-specific tracheobronchial tree geometry. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model co...

Background: Today, single-inhaler ICS/LAMA/LABA (SITT) COPD therapies are available. It is unclear whether they are more effective than multiple-device triple therapies (MITT) in improving COPD outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively considered patient...

Pharmacists have access to a plethora of information related to drugs. Online compendia concerning top 200 prescribed drugs are readily-accessible, comparatively-easy to search. While these resources provide some information about the commonly prescr...

The development of age-appropriate formulations should focus on dosage forms that can deliver variable yet accurate doses that are safe and acceptable to the child, are matched to his/her development and ability, and avoid medication errors. However,...

With the increasing research and development (R&D) difficulty of new molecular entities (NMEs), novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) are attracting widespread attention. This review investigated the current distribution of Food and Drug Administrat...

Palytoxins are a group of highly potent and structurally complex marine toxins that rank among some of the most toxic substances known to science. Palytoxins are naturally synthesized by a variety of marine organisms, including Palythoa zoanthids, Os...

Asthma is the most frequent chronic disease of childhood, affecting up to 20% of children worldwide. The main guidelines on asthma maintenance therapy in pediatrics suggest different approaches and describe different stages of asthma to determine the...

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are widely used to manage chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, prolonged use of ICS is associated with the develop...

Humans are continuously exposed to benzisothiazolinone (BIT), which is used as a preservative, through multiple routes. BIT is known to be a sensitizer; in particular, dermal contact or aerosol inhalation could affect the local toxicity. In this stud...

The aerosol inhalation delivery of isoniazid in mice was investigated, and the specific activity of the aerosol form of isoniazid was studied with the mouse model of tuberculosis infection, the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Aerosol delivery was perfo...

Background: stress hyperglycemia (SH) is a relatively frequent finding in pediatric patients. The purpose of this prospective observational study was to identify the prevalence of pediatric SH and its associated risk factors in Greece. Methods: A tot...

Due to the low and erratic bioavailability of oral tacrolimus (TAC), the long-term survival rate following lung transplantation remained low compared to other solid organs. TAC was reformulated and developed as inhaled formulations by thin film freez...

Mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofibers, known as fib-CNF (fiber length: 500 nm; diameter: 45 nm), are used in composites and as a natural thickener in foods. To evaluate their safety, we conducted a 28-day study in mice with inhalation exposur...

Inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, when indicated, form the backbone of COPD therapy. However, over the last decade there has been an emergence of adjunct therapies in oral or inhaled form that are now part of the therapeutic approach to CO...

Aspirin is an historic blockbuster product, and it has been proposed in a wide range of formulas. Due to exacerbation risks, the pulmonary route has been seldom considered as an alternative to conventional treatments. Only recently, owing to overt ad...

Background: Salbutamol, a short-acting β₂-agonist used in asthma treatment, is available in multiple formulations, including inhalers, nebulizers, oral tablets, and intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes. Each formulation exhibits d...

Dry powder inhalation therapy has been effective in treating localized lung diseases such asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cystic fibrosis and lung infections. In vitro characterization of dry powder formulations includes the de...

The extrathoracic oral airway is not only a major mechanical barrier for pharmaceutical aerosols to reach the lung but also a major source of variability in lung deposition. Using computational fluid dynamics, deposition of 1–30 µm partic...

A wealth of research has comprehensively documented the harmful effects of traditional cigarette smoking and nicotine on human health. The lower rate of exposure to harmful chemicals and toxic substances offered by alternative electronic smoking devi...

Loxapine is a first generation antipsychotic, belonging to the dibenzoxazepine class. Recently, loxapine has been reformulated at a lower dose, producing an inhaled powder that can be directly administered to the lungs to treat the agitation associat...

‘Foamy’ alveolar macrophages (FAM) observed in nonclinical toxicology studies during inhaled drug development may indicate drug-induced phospholipidosis, but can also derive from adaptive non-adverse mechanisms. Orally administered amioda...

Recently, statistical techniques such as design of experiments are being applied for efficient optimization of oral formulations. To use these statistical techniques for inhalation formulations, efficient methods for rapid determination of the aerody...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of disability and death. Maintenance use of inhaled bronchodilator(s) is the cornerstone of COPD pharmacological therapy, but inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are also commonly use...

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a severe and deadly form of lung fibrosis, is widely regarded as a disease of aging. We previously demonstrated that aged mice with persistent lung fibrosis and IPF lung myofibroblasts exhibit deficient Nrf2-media...

(1) Background: the variety of autism spectrum disorder makes the definition of guidelines for dental care a challenging task. The aim of this review was to evaluate the literature concerning the use of conscious sedation for dental treatments in ped...