An In Vitro–In Vivo Comparison of Two Levodopa Dry Powder Products for Inhalation: A Randomized Trial Comparing Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. In Vitro Characterization
2.2.1. Content Analysis
2.2.2. Aerosol Characterization
2.2.3. Dissolution
2.3. In Vivo Comparative Bioavailability Study
2.3.1. Design, Participants, and Selection Criteria
2.3.2. Study Procedures and Medication
2.3.3. Objectives and Pharmacokinetic Analysis
2.3.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. In Vitro Characterization
3.1.1. Aerosol Characterization
3.1.2. Dissolution
3.2. In Vivo Comparative Bioavailability Study
3.2.1. Demographics
3.2.2. Pharmacokinetics
3.2.3. Safety and Tolerability
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DPI | Dry powder for inhalation |
NGI | Next generation impactor |
OIDP | Orally inhaled drug product |
Cmax | Maximum plasma concentration |
Tmax | Time to maximum plasma concentration |
AUC0–4 | Area under plasma concentration-time curve from zero to four hours post-dose |
AUC0–t | Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last observed concentration |
AUC0–∞ | Area under plasma concentration-time curve from zero to infinity |
t1/2 | Plasma concentration half-life |
SD | Standard deviation |
Appendix A
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Inbrija | Levodopa Cyclops | |
---|---|---|
Levodopa content | 90% w/w [16] | 98% w/w [13] |
Excipients | 8% w/w 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 2% w/w NaCl [16,17] | 2% w/w L-leucine [13] |
Additional excipients | N/A | Sweeper lactose (lactose 250–315 μm) 1 [18] |
Powder production method | Spray-drying [19] | Spiral jet-milling [13] |
Particle morphology 2 | Spherical, hollow particles | Irregularly shaped, solid particles |
Inhaler resistance 2 | 0.0671 kPa0.5⋅min⋅L−1 | 0.0390 kPa0.5⋅min⋅L−1 |
Single-/multiple-use device | Multiple [20] | Single [21] |
Powder loading | Capsules [20] | Pre-filled dose compartment [21] |
Dispersion principle | Spinning of the capsule [22] | Air classifier technology [23] |
Labeled dose | 84 mg per dose (1 dose = 2 capsules) [20] | To be determined |
Delivered dose | 66 mg per dose (1 dose = 2 capsules) [20] | To be determined |
Inbrija 84 mg | Levodopa Cyclops 45 mg | Levodopa Cyclops 90 mg | Levodopa Cyclops 135 mg | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cmax (ng/mL) | 1017 (736–1433) | 537 (426–657) | 948 (823–1266) | 1621 (1268–1834) |
Tmax (min) | 20 (13–40) | 24 (12–31) | 23 (15–38) | 15 (9–29) |
AUC0–4 (ng⋅h/mL) | 1679 (SD = 500) | 876 (SD = 175) | 1682 (SD = 364) | 2618 (SD = 476) |
AUC0–t (ng⋅h/mL) | 1955 (SD = 599) | 1032 (SD = 187) | 1976 (SD = 484) | 3091 (SD = 522) |
AUC0–∞ (ng⋅h/mL) | 2006 (SD = 591) | 1059 (SD = 191) | 2029 (SD = 482) | 3167 (SD = 538) |
t1/2 (h) | 1.35 (1.28–1.55) | 1.49 (1.40–1.61) | 1.47 (1.37–1.51) | 1.43 (1.33–1.53) |
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Berends, J.M.E.; Wimmenhove, E.J.; Hoppentocht, M.; Hagedoorn, P.; Frijlink, H.W.; Grasmeijer, F. An In Vitro–In Vivo Comparison of Two Levodopa Dry Powder Products for Inhalation: A Randomized Trial Comparing Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091149
Berends JME, Wimmenhove EJ, Hoppentocht M, Hagedoorn P, Frijlink HW, Grasmeijer F. An In Vitro–In Vivo Comparison of Two Levodopa Dry Powder Products for Inhalation: A Randomized Trial Comparing Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(9):1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091149
Chicago/Turabian StyleBerends, Julia M. E., Ettina J. Wimmenhove, Marcel Hoppentocht, Paul Hagedoorn, Henderik W. Frijlink, and Floris Grasmeijer. 2025. "An In Vitro–In Vivo Comparison of Two Levodopa Dry Powder Products for Inhalation: A Randomized Trial Comparing Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 9: 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091149
APA StyleBerends, J. M. E., Wimmenhove, E. J., Hoppentocht, M., Hagedoorn, P., Frijlink, H. W., & Grasmeijer, F. (2025). An In Vitro–In Vivo Comparison of Two Levodopa Dry Powder Products for Inhalation: A Randomized Trial Comparing Inbrija and Levodopa Cyclops. Pharmaceutics, 17(9), 1149. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091149