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356 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,411 Views
15 Pages

5 September 2025

In this study, blue fluorescence carbon dots of high quantum yield (42.96%) were successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using Pueraria residues as the precursor and urea as the nitrogen source. The preparation process was simple,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,862 Views
16 Pages

Development of a High-Linearity Voltage and Current Probe with a Floating Toroidal Coil: Principle, Demonstration, Design Optimization, and Evaluation

  • Si-jun Kim,
  • In-ho Seong,
  • Young-seok Lee,
  • Chul-hee Cho,
  • Won-nyoung Jeong,
  • Ye-bin You,
  • Jang-jae Lee and
  • Shin-jae You

5 August 2022

As the conventional voltage and current (VI) probes widely used in plasma diagnostics have separate voltage and current sensors, crosstalk between the sensors leads to degradation of measurement linearity, which is related to practical accuracy. Here...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
6,569 Views
13 Pages

In Situ Water Quality Monitoring Using an Optical Multiparameter Sensor Probe

  • Tobias Goblirsch,
  • Thomas Mayer,
  • Stefanie Penzel,
  • Mathias Rudolph and
  • Helko Borsdorf

30 November 2023

Optical methods such as ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy are well-established analytical techniques for in situ water quality monitoring. A broad range of bio-logical and chemical contaminants in different concentration rang...

  • Article
  • Open Access
32 Citations
2,430 Views
16 Pages

25 April 2024

This paper proposes a new, highly effective fluorescence test for Cr(VI) detection. This method utilizes a hydrogel composed of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N–CQDs), and poly(co-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,436 Views
13 Pages

In Situ Plasma Impedance Monitoring of the Oxide Layer PECVD Process

  • Hyun Keun Park,
  • Wan Soo Song and
  • Sang Jeen Hong

5 March 2023

The use of plasma in semiconductor fabrication processes has been continuously increasing because of the miniaturization of semiconductor device structure, and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has become a major process in thin film...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,084 Views
9 Pages

18 March 2021

The photoreduction of the Mo6+/SiO2 system with CO was investigated in situ, employing a recently developed experimental setup allowing for the acquisition of transmission FT-IR spectra under simultaneous UV irradiation. Carbon monoxide, besides acti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,568 Views
21 Pages

31 January 2023

A combined spectroscopic and computational approach has been used to study in detail the complexation between Ga(III) and ARS in solution. The NMR results revealed the formation of four Ga(III)/ARS complexes, at pH 4, differing in their metal:ligand...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,882 Views
13 Pages

17 August 2023

So many biological functional disorders and diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, as well as cell malignancy are closely related with the intracellular viscosity. A safe and effective intracellular visc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,408 Views
20 Pages

VIS-NIR Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy System with Self-Calibrating Fiber-Optic Probe: Study of Perturbation Resistance

  • Valeriya Perekatova,
  • Alexey Kostyuk,
  • Mikhail Kirillin,
  • Ekaterina Sergeeva,
  • Daria Kurakina,
  • Olga Shemagina,
  • Anna Orlova,
  • Aleksandr Khilov and
  • Ilya Turchin

We report on the comparative analysis of self-calibrating and single-slope diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in resistance to different measurement perturbations. We developed an experimental setup for diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in a wide...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,608 Views
13 Pages

Ultrafast Dynamics of Sb-Corroles: A Combined Vis-Pump Supercontinuum Probe and Broadband Fluorescence Up-Conversion Study

  • Clark Zahn,
  • Till Stensitzki,
  • Mario Gerecke,
  • Alexander Berg,
  • Atif Mahammed,
  • Zeev Gross and
  • Karsten Heyne

Corroles are a developing class of tetrapyrrole-based molecules with significant chemical potential and relatively unexplored photophysical properties. We combined femtosecond broadband fluorescence up-conversion and fs broadband Vis-pump Vis-probe s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
915 Views
20 Pages

Encapsulation of Rose Extract in Polyurethane Structures Modified for Enhanced Aqueous Solubility

  • Ramona-Carmen Albulescu,
  • Livia-Cristina Borcan,
  • Florin Borcan and
  • Camelia-Alexandrina Szuhanek

26 February 2025

Background: The volatile compounds present in rose extracts exhibit significant potential applications in medicine and cosmetics due to their capacity to enhance skin hydration and barrier function, two factors that are crucial for anti-aging and ski...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,534 Views
8 Pages

Synthesis and Characterization of a Dansyl-Based Fluorescent Probe for Analytical Purposes

  • Jesús Sanmartín-Matalobos,
  • Pilar Bermejo-Barrera,
  • Yeneva Alves-Iglesias,
  • Ana M. García-Deibe and
  • Matilde Fondo

14 November 2021

With the aim of investigating the development of an easily synthesized dansyl-based fluorescent probe for detecting heavy-metal-based nanomaterials in aqueous solution, we synthetized and characterized a Schiff-base ligand, which we named H3L. It was...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
3,982 Views
16 Pages

10 October 2019

The development of nanomaterials with special optical window is critical for clinical applications and the optoelectronic industry. In this work, eight kinds of samarium-based metal organic compound nanoparticles (Sm–Fe, Sm–Ga, Sm–M...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,546 Views
17 Pages

11 September 2020

Ln(III) complexes of macrocyclic ligands are used in medicinal chemistry, for example as contrast agents in MRI or radiopharmaceutical compounds, and in diagnostics using fluorescence imaging. This paper is devoted to a spectroscopic study of Ln(III)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,070 Views
11 Pages

The sensing of chromium(VI) (Cr(VI)) is highly desired, due to its toxic and carcinogenic effects upon human health. Fluorescent probes, especially carbon nanodots (CNDs), have been widely used for Cr(VI) sensing via the inner filter effect (IFE). Ho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,302 Views
12 Pages

26 April 2024

Abnormal viscosity is closely related to the occurrence of many diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, real-time detection of changes in viscosity in living cells is of great importance. Fluorescent molecular rotors play a critical role in detecting ch...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,094 Views
14 Pages

A 1-Hydroxy-2,4-Diformylnaphthalene-Based Fluorescent Probe and Its Detection of Sulfites/Bisulfite

  • Qing Shi,
  • Ling-Yi Shen,
  • Hong Xu,
  • Zhi-Yong Wang,
  • Xian-Jiong Yang,
  • Ya-Li Huang,
  • Carl Redshaw and
  • Qi-Long Zhang

A novel 1-hydroxy-2,4-diformylnaphthalene-based fluorescent probe L was synthesized by a Knoevenagel reaction and exhibited excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards sulfite ions (SO32−) and bisulfite ions (HSO3−). The detection limits of the pro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,089 Views
10 Pages

Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Detection of Chromium (VI) by Maleic Acid-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

  • Ahmed Mohamed,
  • Xuemeng Li,
  • Chengfei Li,
  • Xuegang Li,
  • Chao Yuan and
  • Hassan Barakat

18 November 2021

Because of the significant environmental pollution produced by human activities, there is an ongoing need to develop transportable, simple, and reliable techniques for determining trace contaminants on the spot. This work reported a colorimetric dete...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
7,465 Views
23 Pages

24 May 2017

The aims of the study were: (i) to compare leaf reflectance in visible (VIS) (400–700 nm), near-infrared (NIR) (740–1140 nm) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) (2000–2400 nm) spectral ranges measured monthly by a contact probe on a single leaf and a stac...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,043 Views
24 Pages

Reflectance-Based Vegetation Index Assessment of Four Plant Species Exposed to Lithium Chloride

  • Nicole E. Martinez,
  • Julia L. Sharp,
  • Thomas E. Johnson,
  • Wendy W. Kuhne,
  • Clay T. Stafford and
  • Martine C. Duff

21 August 2018

This study considers whether a relationship exists between response to lithium (Li) exposure and select vegetation indices (VI) determined from reflectance spectra in each of four plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Br...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,671 Views
13 Pages

Plasma impedance monitoring in semiconductor manufacturing processes is performed using external sensors, such as voltage-current (VI) probes or directional couplers. Plasma chamber impedance measurements, conducted in non-50 Ω matched transmis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,039 Views
16 Pages

13 December 2021

Data from automated meteorological instruments are used for model validation and aviation applications, but their measurement accuracy has not being adequately tested. In this study, a number of ground-based in-situ, remote-sensing instruments that m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,123 Views
9 Pages

Synthesis and Binding Ability of Molecular Probes Based on a Phenanthroline Derivative: Theory and Experiment

  • Xuefang Shang,
  • Yingling Wang,
  • Xiaofang Wei,
  • Zhiyuan Fu,
  • Jinlian Zhang and
  • Xiufang Xu

3 December 2013

A fluorescent and colorimetric molecular probe containing phenol groups has been designed and synthesized. The anion binding ability was evaluated for biolgically important anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, AcO− and H2PO4−) by theoretical investigation, UV-V...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,275 Views
10 Pages

31 March 2023

In this work, a coumarin derivative, SWJT-14, was synthesized as a fluorescence probe to distinguish cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) in aqueous solutions. The detection limit of Cys, Hcy and GSH for the probe was 0.02 μM,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,107 Views
13 Pages

A Radiometric Technique for Monitoring the Desulfurization Process of Blister Copper

  • Alejandro Vásquez,
  • Francisco Pérez,
  • Maximiliano Roa,
  • Ignacio Sanhueza,
  • Hugo Rojas,
  • Victor Parra,
  • Eduardo Balladares,
  • Roberto Parra and
  • Sergio Torres

27 January 2021

In this paper, a novel optical technique for following the progress of the blister copper desulfurization process is presented. The technique is based on the changes observed in the continuous spectrum of the visible–near-infrared (VIS–NI...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
4,925 Views
12 Pages

Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Green Technology for the Quality Prediction of Intact Olives

  • Silvia Grassi,
  • Olusola Samuel Jolayemi,
  • Valentina Giovenzana,
  • Alessio Tugnolo,
  • Giacomo Squeo,
  • Paola Conte,
  • Alessandra De Bruno,
  • Federica Flamminii,
  • Ernestina Casiraghi and
  • Cristina Alamprese

11 May 2021

Poorly emphasized aspects for a sustainable olive oil system are chemical analysis replacement and quality design of the final product. In this context, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can play a pivotal role. Thus, this study aims at comparing per...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,594 Views
11 Pages

Comprehensive Data Collection Device for Plasma Equipment Intelligence Studies

  • Yong-Hyun Kim,
  • Ji-Ho Cho,
  • Jong-Sik Kim,
  • Jong-Bae Park,
  • Dae-Chul Kim and
  • Young-Woo Kim

26 August 2021

In this study, various diagnostic tools were constructed and plasma factors measured to evaluate the intelligence of plasma process equipment. We used an ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) reactor with a radio frequency (RF) power of 13.56 MHz, a power...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,156 Views
13 Pages

Bifidobacterium bifidum SAM-VI Riboswitch Conformation Change Requires Peripheral Helix Formation

  • Wenwen Xiao,
  • Guangfeng Liu,
  • Ting Chen,
  • Yunlong Zhang and
  • Changrui Lu

23 June 2024

The Bifidobacterium bifidum SAM-VI riboswitch undergoes dynamic conformational changes that modulate downstream gene expression. Traditional structural methods such as crystallography capture the bound conformation at high resolution, and additional...

  • Article
  • Open Access
77 Citations
5,740 Views
11 Pages

A Simple Turn-off Schiff Base Fluorescent Sensor for Copper (II) Ion and Its Application in Water Analysis

  • Xing Zhang,
  • Ling-Yi Shen,
  • Qi-Long Zhang,
  • Xian-Jiong Yang,
  • Ya-Li Huang,
  • Carl Redshaw and
  • Hong Xu

25 February 2021

An aniline-functionalized naphthalene dialdehyde Schiff base fluorescent probe L with aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) characteristics was synthesized via a simple one-step condensation reaction and exhibited excellent sensitivity and sel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,971 Views
18 Pages

Nanoconfined Chlorine-Substituted Monomethine Cyanine Dye with a Propionamide Function Based on the Thiazole Orange Scaffold—Use of a Fluorogenic Probe for Cell Staining and Nucleic Acid Visualization

  • Nikolay Ishkitiev,
  • Maria Micheva,
  • Marina Miteva,
  • Stefaniya Gaydarova,
  • Christo Tzachev,
  • Vesela Lozanova,
  • Valentin Lozanov,
  • Diana Cheshmedzhieva,
  • Meglena Kandinska and
  • Aleksey Vasilev
  • + 7 authors

21 December 2024

The development of fluorescence-based methods for bioassays and medical diagnostics requires the design and synthesis of specific markers to target biological microobjects. However, biomolecular recognition in real cellular systems is not always as s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
61 Citations
4,609 Views
12 Pages

1 November 2021

Due to its lethal effect on the human body and other creatures, Cr(VI) ions have attained widespread public attention, and an effective adsorbent for removing Cr(VI) ions is vital. Chitosan (CS)/cellulose nanocrystals grafted with carbon dots (CNCD)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,730 Views
22 Pages

6 January 2023

In photoacoustic (PA) imaging, tissue absorbs specific wavelengths of light. The absorbed energy results in thermal expansion that generates ultrasound waves that are reconstructed into images. Existing commercial PA imaging systems for preclinical b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,677 Views
12 Pages

A new turn-on probe (SWJT-20) based on isophorone fluorophore for the detection of nerve agent mimic diethyl chlorophosphite (DCP) was designed and synthesized. SWJT-20 could rapidly respond to DCP within 2 s using UV-Vis or fluorescent spectra, acco...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,740 Views
12 Pages

Adjuvant Transgingival Therapy with Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) in Periodontal Therapy—A Randomized, Controlled, Stratified, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial

  • Stefanie Anna Peikert,
  • Anil Fischer,
  • Anne Brigitte Kruse,
  • Ali Al-Ahmad,
  • Johan Peter Woelber,
  • Kirstin Vach,
  • Andreas Braun and
  • Petra Ratka-Krüger

The aim of this randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial was to examine the additional healing effect of transgingival visible light and water-filtered infrared-A (VIS + wIRA) in the treatment of periodontitis patients compared with the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
12,584 Views
20 Pages

21 November 2014

In this study we report on the spectral properties and G-quadruplex folding ability of fluorescent oligonucleotide probes modified by the attachment of a cholesterol moiety. These probes were designed and studied in order to verify their potential as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,395 Views
15 Pages

In-Depth Analysis of Egg-Tempera Paint Layers by Multiphoton Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy

  • Alice Dal Fovo,
  • Mikel Sanz,
  • Mohamed Oujja,
  • Raffaella Fontana,
  • Sara Mattana,
  • Riccardo Cicchi,
  • Piotr Targowski,
  • Marcin Sylwestrzak,
  • Aldo Romani and
  • Marta Castillejo
  • + 3 authors

The non-invasive depth-resolved imaging of pictorial layers in paintings by means of linear optical techniques represents a challenge in the field of Cultural Heritage (CH). The presence of opaque and/or highly-scattering materials may obstruct the p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
4,178 Views
12 Pages

Schiff Base Compounds as Fluorescent Probes for the Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Al3+ Ions

  • Yanling Pang,
  • Desu Meng,
  • Jian Liu,
  • Shengxia Duan,
  • Jingru Fan,
  • Longyu Gao and
  • Xinshu Long

30 March 2023

Two new Schiff base fluorescent probes (L and S) were designed for selectively detecting Al3+ ions in aqueous medium. Structural characterization of the purely synthesized compounds was acquired by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Moreover, their photochromic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,466 Views
15 Pages

2 January 2024

Following previous studies, the ternary mixture of methanol/formamide/acetonitrile (MeOH/Formamide/MeCN) was studied using the UV-Vis absorption spectra at 298.15 K with a set of five probes, 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, 4-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,529 Views
12 Pages

Ln(III) Complexes Embedded in Biocompatible PLGA Nanoparticles as Potential Vis-to-NIR Optical Probes

  • Fabio Piccinelli,
  • Silvia Mizzoni,
  • Giorgia Zanella,
  • Salvatore Calogero Gaglio,
  • Massimiliano Perduca,
  • Alessandro Romeo,
  • Silvia Ruggieri,
  • Chiara Nardon and
  • Enrico Cavalli

28 February 2023

In this contribution, we present the spectroscopic study of two NIR emitting hydrophobic heteroleptic (R,R)-YbL1(tta) and (R,R)-NdL1(tta) complexes (with tta = 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetonate and L1 = N,N′-bis(2-(8-hydroxyquinolinate)methylidene)-1...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,763 Views
11 Pages

25 February 2022

A signal shut-off probe of Si, N-codoped carbon quantum dots (Si, N-CQDs) was exploited to detect Cr(VI) by fluorescence quenching without the aid of any biomolecules or labeling materials. The sensing system prepared the precursor of diacetone acryl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,409 Views
14 Pages

Hydrogen Peroxide Activation with Sulfidated Zero-Valent Iron for Synchronous Removal of Cr(VI) and BPA

  • Haibo Ling,
  • Xiaowei Zhu,
  • Ting Zhou,
  • Fan Su,
  • Jiangkun Du and
  • Jianguo Bao

23 February 2022

In this work, the synchronous removal of Cr(VI) and bisphenol A (BPA) in a heterogeneous Fenton process with sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) as the reductant and catalyst was systematically evaluated. Compared to other systems includin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,882 Views
14 Pages

11 October 2018

In this work, it is presented for the first time that nitrogen and chlorine co-doped carbon nanodots (N,Cl-CDs) were synthesized by simply mixing glucose, concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 1,2-ethylenediamine (EDA). No external heat was emplo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,123 Views
28 Pages

Freezing Fog Microphysics and Visibility Based on CFACT Feb 19 Case

  • Onur Durmus,
  • Ismail Gultepe,
  • Orhan Sen,
  • Zhaoxia Pu,
  • Eric R. Pardyjak,
  • Sebastian W. Hoch,
  • Alexei Perelet,
  • Anna G. Hallar,
  • Gerardo Carrillo-Cardenas and
  • Simla Durmus

7 August 2025

The objective of this study is to analyze microphysical parameters affecting visibility parameterizations of a freezing fog case that occurred on 19 February 2022, during the Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain (CFACT) project conducted in a high-elevat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,911 Views
19 Pages

The Effect and Adjustment of Ferrate Species in Ferrate-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: A Systematic Review

  • Yushu Wang,
  • Xiao Luo,
  • Xiaoke Ma,
  • Patiya Kemacheevakul,
  • Sen Qu,
  • Junxiang Huang,
  • Tarloh G. Chea,
  • Peizhe Sun,
  • Lin Zhao and
  • Yongkui Yang

30 April 2025

Interest in the combination of ferrates and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment has increased, as revealed in this systematic review. In this study, the multiple functions of Fe(VI) in ferrate-based AOPs are summarized based...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
3,676 Views
17 Pages

N,Zn-Doped Fluorescent Sensor Based on Carbon Dots for the Subnanomolar Detection of Soluble Cr(VI) Ions

  • Enoch Kwasi Adotey,
  • Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh,
  • Philip K. Hopke and
  • Mannix P. Balanay

2 February 2023

The development of a fluorescent sensor has attracted much attention for the detection of various toxic pollutants in the environment. In this work, fluorescent carbon dots (N,Zn-CDs) doped with nitrogen and zinc were synthesized using citric acid mo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,707 Views
14 Pages

Thy-AuNP-AgNP Hybrid Systems for Colorimetric Determination of Copper (II) Ions Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Smartphone-Based Detection

  • Thitiporn Thongkam,
  • Amara Apilux,
  • Thitaporn Tusai,
  • Tewarak Parnklang and
  • Sumana Kladsomboon

24 April 2022

A colorimetric probe based on a hybrid sensing system of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and thymine (Thy) was developed for easy and rapid detection of copper (II) ions (Cu2+) in solution. The underlying principle of this p...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
412 Views
7 Pages

6 October 2025

N,N-Ditosyl-2-aminodiphenylamine was prepared by the tosylation of 2-aminodiphenylamine with tosylchloride in dichloromethane. Unwanted isomers owing to the tosylation of the diarylamine were not formed. This compound was fully characterized by IR, U...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
3,857 Views
17 Pages

13 February 2022

Carbon dot (CD)-based multi-mode sensing has drawn much attention owing to its wider application range and higher availability compared with single-mode sensing. Herein, a simple and green methodology to construct a CD-based dual-mode fluorescent sen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
8,006 Views
21 Pages

Non-Cytotoxic Quantum Dot–Chitosan Nanogel Biosensing Probe for Potential Cancer Targeting Agent

  • Tyler Maxwell,
  • Tahmina Banu,
  • Edward Price,
  • Jeremy Tharkur,
  • Maria Gabriela Nogueira Campos,
  • Andre Gesquiere and
  • Swadeshmukul Santra

18 December 2015

Quantum dot (Qdot) biosensors have consistently provided valuable information to researchers about cellular activity due to their unique fluorescent properties. Many of the most popularly used Qdots contain cadmium, posing the risk of toxicity that c...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
760 Views
58 Pages

Advances in Coumarin Fluorescent Probes for Medical Diagnostics: A Review of Recent Developments

  • Katarzyna Szwaczko,
  • Aleksandra Kulkowska and
  • Arkadiusz Matwijczuk

2 January 2026

This review summarizes recent advances (2023–2025) in coumarin-based fluorescent probes, highlighting their structural modularity, tunable VIS–NIR photophysics, and broad applicability in detecting metal ions, biothiols, ROS/RNS, organell...

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