We sought to analyze the parameters associated with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)-dominant progression or ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL)-dominant progression in patients with open-angle glaucoma. A prospective observational stud...
Disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis often occurs independent of relapses and inflammatory activity, yet reliable predictors for early progression remain limited. Our aim was to evaluate the utility of baseline fluid and optical coherence to...
This study investigates whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) could add useful information in the examination of children with optic pathway glioma (OPG) at high risk of developing vision loss. For this purpose, the relationship between ganglion...
Background and Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess macular ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness in deprivational amblyopic eyes (AE), fellow non-amblyopic eyes (FE) and normal eyes (NE) using spectral. domain optical c...
This study aimed to determine whether peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness thresholds for single-time-point swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) measures can dif...
Background/Objectives: The ophthalmological course of pituitary microadenomas without overt chiasmal compression remains poorly understood. This study evaluated visual field and retinal structural changes over 12 months in patients with conservativel...
Retrograde axonal neurodegeneration along the visual pathway—either direct or trans-synaptic—has already been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as in compressive, vascular, or posttraumatic lesions of the visual pathway. Op...
Background: The eye has shown potential as a reliable, readily accessible and clinically relevant site for investigating patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) shows promise in revealing new metabolic...
Superficial and deep macular vessel density (VD) is decreased in eyes with glaucoma. Superficial VD comprises both the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GC/IPL), and various terms have been used previously to d...
Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, and GCIPL asymmetry parameters in...
Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the main diagnostic technology used to detect damage to the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. However, it remains unclear which OCT parameter demonstrates the best diagnostic performance for...
Background/Objectives: Certain aspects of retinal thickness assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) require additional clarification. It is supposed that attributing reduced retinal thickness in...
It remains unresolved whether central nervous system involvement in treated classical galactosemia (CG) is a progressive neurodegenerative process. This study aimed to investigate retinal neuroaxonal degeneration in CG as a surrogate of brain patholo...
To explore various parameters that can evaluate the central visual impairment in patients with early-stage glaucoma, we included patients into a study with central visual impairments with an MD value greater than −6.0 dB on the 24-2 VF test. A...
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between the thickness of the macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), a marker of retinal neurodegeneration, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvasculopathy, in type...
Background: We sought to investigate visual function, primarily, and structural changes in retinal ganglion cells, secondarily, in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 50 normal participants and 49 patients with major depressi...
Background: We aimed to assess the retinal structural and choroidal changes in carotid artery stenosis (CAS) patients and their association with cerebral hemodynamic changes. Asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with unilateral CAS were enrolled in...
In the differential diagnosis of nonspecific white matter lesions (NSWMLs) detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multiple sclerosis (MS) should be taken into consideration. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising tool applied in the...
This study aimed to develop and validate a deep learning system for diagnosing glaucoma using optical coherence tomography (OCT). A training set of 1822 eyes (332 control, 1490 glaucoma) with 7288 OCT images, an internal validation set of 425 eyes (1...
The purpose of this study was to examine whether application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements can provide a useful biomarker for distinguishing central nervous system (CNS) involvement in autoimmune connective tissue diseases (CTD)...
Background/Objectives: This study investigates the correlation between substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity, detected via transcranial sonography (TCS), and retinal thinning in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: In this cross-s...
Purpose: To identify the effects of prolonged type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on macular microcirculation and the inner retinal layer in diabetic eyes without clinical diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: 97, 92, and 57 eyes in the control, patients with T2DM...
Background/Objectives: We sought to assess the relationship between contrast sensitivity (CS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, including ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, in eyes with cystoid macular edema,...
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the most reliable ocular exam and establish a threshold for deciding whether to perform neuroimaging in order to screen for diverse diseases other than normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). A retr...
In this cross-sectional study, we examined age-related changes in the retinal vessels of 100 healthy participants, aged from 5 to 80 years, and divided into four groups (G1, under 20 years of age; G2, from 20 to 39 years of age; G3, from 40 to 59 yea...
We compared the retinal vessel density and inner retinal thickness in patients who had one eye with geographic atrophy (GA) and a fellow eye with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD). The vessel density from the superficial vascular c...
Objective: We aimed to assess whether modified OCT acquisition parameters improve GCIPL measurement reliability. Methods: Participants with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent OCT (Spectralis OCT, Heidel...
Background: The retinal changes caused by ethambutol are not clear in patients with the administration of ethambutol and without ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON). The aim of this systematic review is to estimate the changes in retinal nerve...
Glaucoma remains the primary cause of long-term blindness. While diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) are known to influence glaucoma, other factors such as age and sex may be involved. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate th...
Background/Objectives: This prospective study evaluates the relationship between the ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and photopic negative response (PhNR) in patients with newly diagnosed pituitary...
Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease that can cause severe disability. Identifying biomarkers associated with disease progression and disability is important for MS follow-up. Optical coherence tomography...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique of the retina. The thickness of the ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) obtained from an OC...
Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), serving as a clinical window into central nervous system demyelination. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are complementary non...
Background/Objectives: Clinical differentiation between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism (AP) remains complex. Current diagnostic procedures helpful in their distinction lack specificity, making non-invasive tools like optical...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is increasingly recognized to manifest in the retina, offering a non-invasive window for early biomarker discovery. This proof-of-concept study investigated whether multimodal retinal imaging—hyperspectr...
Background/Objectives: Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a sensitive biomarker of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet eyes without overt optic neuritis (ON) are routinely pooled as “clinically unaffected&rd...
The purpose of the study was to assess the usefulness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the detection of the neurodegenerative process in younger patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study group consisted of 61 patients with a relapsing...
The aim of this review is to analyze the correlations between the changes in the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) on optical coherence tomography in different possible situations, especially in eyes with glaucoma....
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative, potentially disabling disease of the central nervous system. OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) and OCT-A (Optical Coherence Tomography with Angiography) are imaging techniques for the...
19 December 2025
Since the 1960s, Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada, has been exposed to methylmercury (MeHg) from fish consumption following Hg discharge from a chloralkali plant. Prenatal exposure to MeHg is known to affect the neurodevelopment of fetuses and the...
Background/Objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. As the retina is an extension of the central nervous system, retinal imaging may provide insights into the ADHD pathophysiology....
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are major causes of cognitive and motor decline, yet early diagnosis remains challenging due to asymptomatic phases and limited non-invasive biom...
Background/Objectives: This study aimed to serve as a reference for establishing glaucoma evaluation standards for the Korean by analyzing the results of visual field tests and optical coherence tomography (OCT). We also determined the correlation be...
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of scleral contact lens (SCL) wear on optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan quality and structural measurements in patients with keratoconus. Methods: This retrospective observational study inc...
Background/Objectives: Characterization of individual retinal layer thicknesses in mild-to-moderate Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains limited. This study compares retinal layer thicknesses between patients with mild-to-moderate PD and controls....
The aim of the study was to analyze the thickness of individual retinal layers in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in comparison to the control group and in relation to markers of diabetes metabolic control. The study group consisted of 111 patien...
Purpose: Current pediatric ophthalmology practice relies on adult reference values for optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) interpretation due to limited age-appropriate normative data, potentially l...
Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory condition of the optic nerve. ON is associated with development of demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). CNS lesions visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the findi...
Purpose: To investigate whether macular vessel density (VD) was associated with the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) in normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Seventy-six eyes from patients with NTG were included in th...
We aimed to characterize and compare the occurrence of peripapillary microvasculature dropout (MvD) between glaucoma suspects and patients with glaucoma. In addition, the factors related to the development of parapapillary MvD in glaucoma suspects an...
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