Nutrients

15 pages, 3239 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ketogenic Diet Induced Shifts in the Gut Microbiome Associate with Changes to Inflammatory Cytokines and Brain-Related miRNAs in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Nina P. Allan, Brennan Y. Yamamoto, Braden P. Kunihiro, Chandler K. L. Nunokawa, Noelle C. Rubas, Riley K. Wells, Lesley Umeda, Krit Phankitnirundorn, Amada Torres, Rafael Peres, Emi Takahashi and Alika K. Maunakea

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101401 - 7 May 2024

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 14574

Abstract

In this interventional pilot study, we investigated the effects of a modified ketogenic diet (KD) on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously observed improved behavioral symptoms in this cohort following the KD; this trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02477904). This report [...] Read more.

In this interventional pilot study, we investigated the effects of a modified ketogenic diet (KD) on children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously observed improved behavioral symptoms in this cohort following the KD; this trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02477904). This report details the alterations observed in the microbiota, inflammation markers, and microRNAs of seven children following a KD for a duration of 4 months. Our analysis included blood and stool samples, collected before and after the KD. After 4 months follow up, we found that the KD led to decreased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70 and IL-1b) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Additionally, we observed changes in the gut microbiome, increased expression of butyrate kinase in the gut, and altered levels of BDNF-associated miRNAs in the plasma. These cohort findings suggest that the KD may positively influence ASD sociability, as previously observed, by reducing inflammation, reversing gut microbial dysbiosis, and impacting the BDNF pathway related to brain activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Impact of Ketogenic Diet)

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19 pages, 3923 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Association of Breastfeeding and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Sheetal Kiran Shrestha, Amit Arora, Narendar Manohar, Kanchana Ekanayake and Jann Foster

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091355 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8771

Abstract

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although numerous systematic reviews have been published regarding the association between breastfeeding and early childhood caries (ECC), the results remain inconclusive and equivocal. This systematic review synthesises the evidence on the association [...] Read more.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although numerous systematic reviews have been published regarding the association between breastfeeding and early childhood caries (ECC), the results remain inconclusive and equivocal. This systematic review synthesises the evidence on the association between breastfeeding and ECC. Five electronic databases and backward citation chasing were performed from inception until May 2023. A total of 31 studies (22 cohort studies and 9 case-control studies) were included in this review. The meta-analysis of the case-control studies showed statistically significant fewer dental caries in children who were breastfed for < 6 months compared to those who were breastfed for ≥6 months (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41–0.67, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in dental caries between children who were breastfed for <12 months and those who were breastfed for ≥12 months (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.86, p < 0.002). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in dental caries in children who were breastfed for < 18 months compared to those who were breastfed for ≥18 months (RR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.18–0.92, p = 0.030). Nocturnal breastfeeding increases the risk of ECC compared with no nocturnal breastfeeding (RR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.42–3.89, p < 0.001). The findings suggest breastfeeding for more than 12 months and nocturnal breastfeeding increase the risk of ECC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infant and Pediatric Feeding and Nutrition)

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16 pages, 2480 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Carrageenan as a Potential Factor of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

by Paulina Komisarska, Anan Pinyosinwat, Mutaz Saleem and Małgorzata Szczuko

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091367 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8703

Abstract

Carrageenan is a widely used food additive and is seen as a potential candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are two faces to carrageenan that allows it to be used positively for therapeutic purposes. Carrageenan can be used to create edible films [...] Read more.

Carrageenan is a widely used food additive and is seen as a potential candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are two faces to carrageenan that allows it to be used positively for therapeutic purposes. Carrageenan can be used to create edible films and for encapsulating drugs, and there is also interest in the use of carrageenan for food printing. Carrageenan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide gum. Depending on the type of carrageenan, it is used in regulating the composition of intestinal microflora, including the increase in the population of Bifidobacterium bacteria. On the other hand, the studies have demonstrated the harmfulness of carrageenan in animal and human models, indicating a direct link between diet and intestinal inflammatory states. Carrageenan changes the intestinal microflora, especially Akkermansia muciniphilia, degrades the mucous barrier and breaks down the mucous barrier, causing an inflammatory reaction. It directly affects epithelial cells by activating the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway. The mechanism is based on activation of the TLR4 receptor, alterations in macrophage activity, production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of innate immune pathways. Carrageenan increases the content of Bacteroidetes bacteria, also causing a reduction in the number of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. The result is damage to the integrity of the intestinal membrane and reduction of the mucin layer. The group most exposed to the harmful effects of carrageenan are people suffering from intestinal inflammation, including Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the Etiology, Prevention and Treatment of Malignant and Benign Digestive Disorders)

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26 pages, 2195 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chronic Kidney Disease Diets for Kidney Failure Prevention: Insights from the IL-11 Paradigm

by Denise Elshoff, Priyanka Mehta and Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091342 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 11549

Abstract

Nearly every fifth adult in the United States and many older adults worldwide are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to kidney failure requiring invasive kidney replacement therapy. In this review, we briefly examine the pathophysiology of CKD and discuss [...] Read more.

Nearly every fifth adult in the United States and many older adults worldwide are affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to kidney failure requiring invasive kidney replacement therapy. In this review, we briefly examine the pathophysiology of CKD and discuss emerging mechanisms involving the physiological resolution of kidney injury by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and interleukin-11 (IL-11), as well as the pathological consequences of IL-11 overproduction, which misguides repair processes, ultimately culminating in CKD. Taking these mechanisms into account, we offer an overview of the efficacy of plant-dominant dietary patterns in preventing and managing CKD, while also addressing their limitations in terms of restoring kidney function or preventing kidney failure. In conclusion, this paper outlines novel regeneration strategies aimed at developing a reno-regenerative diet to inhibit IL-11 and promote repair mechanisms in kidneys affected by CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Disease Development: Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment—2nd Edition)

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38 pages, 2610 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Alessandra Sinopoli, Antonio Sciurti, Claudia Isonne, Maria Mercedes Santoro and Valentina Baccolini

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091345 - 29 Apr 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 11793

Abstract

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of [...] Read more.

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of care on the two conditions of interest. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality between supplemented and non-supplemented individuals. Overall, 37 articles were included: two regarded COVID-19 and long-COVID prevention and 35 records the COVID-19 management. The effects of vitamin D in preventing COVID-19 and long-COVID were contrasting. Similarly, no conclusion could be drawn on the efficacy of multivitamins, vitamin A, and vitamin B in COVID-19 management. A few positive findings were reported in some vitamin C trials but results were inconsistent in most outcomes, excluding all-cause mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). Vitamin D results were mixed in most aspects, including mortality, in which benefits were observed in regular administrations only (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49–0.91). Despite some benefits, results were mostly contradictory. Variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain this heterogeneity. Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins’ potential effects against SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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14 pages, 1374 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Synbiotic Intake on Liver Metabolism in Metabolically Healthy Participants and Its Potential Preventive Effect on Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial

by Aakash Mantri, Anika Köhlmoos, Daniela Stephanie Schelski, Waldemar Seel, Birgit Stoffel-Wagner, Peter Krawitz, Peter Stehle, Jens Juul Holst, Bernd Weber, Leonie Koban, Hilke Plassmann and Marie-Christine Simon

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091300 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 38195

Abstract

Synbiotics modulate the gut microbiome and contribute to the prevention of liver diseases such as metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded seven-week intervention trial on the liver metabolism in 117 metabolically healthy [...] Read more.

Synbiotics modulate the gut microbiome and contribute to the prevention of liver diseases such as metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded seven-week intervention trial on the liver metabolism in 117 metabolically healthy male participants. Anthropometric data, blood parameters, and stool samples were analyzed using linear mixed models. After seven weeks of intervention, there was a significant reduction in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the synbiotic group compared to the placebo group (−14.92%, CI: −26.60–−3.23%, p = 0.013). A stratified analysis according to body fat percentage revealed a significant decrease in ALT (−20.70%, CI: −40.88–−0.53%, p = 0.045) in participants with an elevated body fat percentage. Further, a significant change in microbiome composition (1.16, CI: 0.06–2.25, p = 0.039) in this group was found, while the microbial composition remained stable upon intervention in the group with physiological body fat. The 7-week synbiotic intervention reduced ALT levels, especially in participants with an elevated body fat percentage, possibly due to modulation of the gut microbiome. Synbiotic intake may be helpful in delaying the progression of MAFLD and could be used in addition to the recommended lifestyle modification therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prebiotics, Probiotics on Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Gut Health)

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29 pages, 1223 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploiting Natural Niches with Neuroprotective Properties: A Comprehensive Review

by Hind Moukham, Alessia Lambiase, Giovanni Davide Barone, Farida Tripodi and Paola Coccetti

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091298 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5822

Abstract

Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are [...] Read more.

Natural products from mushrooms, plants, microalgae, and cyanobacteria have been intensively explored and studied for their preventive or therapeutic potential. Among age-related pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) represent a worldwide health and social problem. Since several pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, promising strategies against neurodegenerative diseases are aimed to target multiple processes. These approaches usually avoid premature cell death and the loss of function of damaged neurons. This review focuses attention on the preventive and therapeutic potential of several compounds derived from natural sources, which could be exploited for their neuroprotective effect. Curcumin, resveratrol, ergothioneine, and phycocyanin are presented as examples of successful approaches, with a special focus on possible strategies to improve their delivery to the brain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Ingredients in Plants Related to Human Health)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2994 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Sources and the Rate of Longitudinal Changes in Brain Structure

by Fusheng Cui, Huihui Li, Yi Cao, Weijing Wang and Dongfeng Zhang

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091284 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 10187

Abstract

Few studies have examined dietary protein intake and sources, in combination with longitudinal changes in brain structure markers. Our study aimed to examine the association between dietary protein intake and different sources of dietary protein, with the longitudinal rate of change in brain [...] Read more.

Few studies have examined dietary protein intake and sources, in combination with longitudinal changes in brain structure markers. Our study aimed to examine the association between dietary protein intake and different sources of dietary protein, with the longitudinal rate of change in brain structural markers. A total of 2723 and 2679 participants from the UK Biobank were separately included in the analysis. The relative and absolute amounts of dietary protein intake were calculated using a 24 h dietary recall questionnaire. The longitudinal change rates of brain structural biomarkers were computed using two waves of brain imaging data. The average interval between the assessments was three years. We utilized multiple linear regression to examine the association between dietary protein and different sources and the longitudinal changes in brain structural biomarkers. Restrictive cubic splines were used to explore nonlinear relationships, and stratified and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Increasing the proportion of animal protein in dietary protein intake was associated with a slower reduction in the total hippocampus volume (THV, β: 0.02524, p < 0.05), left hippocampus volume (LHV, β: 0.02435, p < 0.01) and right hippocampus volume (RHV, β: 0.02544, p < 0.05). A higher intake of animal protein relative to plant protein was linked to a lower atrophy rate in the THV (β: 0.01249, p < 0.05) and LHV (β: 0.01173, p < 0.05) and RHV (β: 0.01193, p < 0.05). Individuals with a higher intake of seafood exhibited a higher longitudinal rate of change in the HV compared to those that did not consume seafood (THV, β: 0.004514; p < 0.05; RHV, β: 0.005527, p < 0.05). In the subgroup and sensitivity analyses, there were no significant alterations. A moderate increase in an individual’s intake and the proportion of animal protein in their diet, especially from seafood, is associated with a lower atrophy rate in the hippocampus volume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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22 pages, 2812 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anti-Cancer, Anti-Angiogenic, and Anti-Atherogenic Potential of Key Phenolic Compounds from Virgin Olive Oil

by Ana Dácil Marrero, Ana R. Quesada, Beatriz Martínez-Poveda and Miguel Ángel Medina

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091283 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5294

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet, renowned for its health benefits, especially in reducing cardiovascular risks and protecting against diseases like diabetes and cancer, emphasizes virgin olive oil as a key contributor to these advantages. Despite being a minor fraction, the phenolic compounds in olive oil [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean diet, renowned for its health benefits, especially in reducing cardiovascular risks and protecting against diseases like diabetes and cancer, emphasizes virgin olive oil as a key contributor to these advantages. Despite being a minor fraction, the phenolic compounds in olive oil significantly contribute to its bioactive effects. This review examines the bioactive properties of hydroxytyrosol and related molecules, including naturally occurring compounds (-)-oleocanthal and (-)–oleacein, as well as semisynthetic derivatives like hydroxytyrosyl esters and alkyl ethers. (-)-Oleocanthal and (-)–oleacein show promising anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties, which are particularly underexplored in the case of (-)–oleacein. Additionally, hydroxytyrosyl esters exhibit similar effectiveness to hydroxytyrosol, while certain alkyl ethers surpass their precursor’s properties. Remarkably, the emerging research field of the effects of phenolic molecules related to virgin olive oil on cell autophagy presents significant opportunities for underscoring the anti-cancer and neuroprotective properties of these molecules. Furthermore, promising clinical data from studies on hydroxytyrosol, (-)–oleacein, and (-)–oleocanthal urge further investigation and support the initiation of clinical trials with semisynthetic hydroxytyrosol derivatives. This review provides valuable insights into the potential applications of olive oil-derived phenolics in preventing and managing diseases associated with cancer, angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Dietary Bioactive Compounds on Cancer Prevention)

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17 pages, 881 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy

by Kinga Borowicz-Reutt, Marlena Krawczyk and Julia Czernia

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091258 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 18566

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the most disabling neurological diseases. Despite proper pharmacotherapy and the availability of 2nd and 3rd generation antiepileptic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and surgery, up to 30–40% of epilepsy patients remain drug-resistant. Consequences of this phenomenon include not only decreased [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is one of the most disabling neurological diseases. Despite proper pharmacotherapy and the availability of 2nd and 3rd generation antiepileptic drugs, deep brain stimulation, and surgery, up to 30–40% of epilepsy patients remain drug-resistant. Consequences of this phenomenon include not only decreased a quality of life, and cognitive, behavioral, and personal disorders, but also an increased risk of death, i.e., in the mechanism of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients (SUDEP). The main goals of epilepsy treatment include three basic issues: achieving the best possible seizure control, avoiding the undesired effects of treatment, and maintaining/improving the quality of patients’ lives. Therefore, numerous attempts are made to offer alternative treatments for drug-resistant seizures, an example of which is the ketogenic diet. It is a long-known but rarely used dietary therapy for intractable seizures. One of the reasons for this is the unpalatability of the classic ketogenic diet, which reduces patient compliance and adherence rates. However, its antiseizure effects are often considered to be worth the effort. Until recently, the diet was considered the last-resort treatment. Currently, it is believed that a ketogenic diet should be used much earlier in patients with well-defined indications. In correctly qualified patients, seizure activity may be reduced by over 90% or even abolished for long periods after the diet is stopped. A ketogenic diet can be used in all age groups, although most of the available literature addresses pediatric epilepsy. In this article, we focus on the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and adverse effects of different variants of the ketogenic diet, including its classic version, a medium-chain triglyceride diet, a modified Atkins diet, and a low glycemic index treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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33 pages, 3720 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis

by Dominika Wendlocha, Robert Kubina, Kamil Krzykawski and Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081201 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6322

Abstract

The complex and multi-stage processes of carcinogenesis are accompanied by a number of phenomena related to the potential involvement of various chemopreventive factors, which include, among others, compounds of natural origin such as flavonols. The use of flavonols is not only promising but [...] Read more.

The complex and multi-stage processes of carcinogenesis are accompanied by a number of phenomena related to the potential involvement of various chemopreventive factors, which include, among others, compounds of natural origin such as flavonols. The use of flavonols is not only promising but also a recognized strategy for cancer treatment. The chemopreventive impact of flavonols on cancer arises from their ability to act as antioxidants, impede proliferation, promote cell death, inhibit angiogenesis, and regulate the immune system through involvement in diverse forms of cellular death. So far, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis occurring with the participation of flavonols have remained incompletely elucidated, and the results of the studies carried out so far are ambiguous. For this reason, one of the therapeutic goals is to initiate the death of altered cells through the use of quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, isorhamnetin, galangin, fisetin, and morin. This article offers an extensive overview of recent research on these compounds, focusing particularly on their role in combating cancer and elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. Assessment of the mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of compounds in therapy targeting various types of cell death pathways may prove useful in developing new therapeutic regimens and counteracting resistance to previously used treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Phytochemicals and Chronic Diseases)

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15 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sex-Specific Effects of Dietary Factors on Sarcopenic Obesity in Korean Elderly: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

by Soojeong Kim and Kyung Hee Hong

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081175 - 15 Apr 2024

Viewed by 6409

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the dietary factors related to sarcopenia and obesity status in 5458 elderly individuals (2391 men and 3076 women) aged ≥65 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2019). Participants were categorized into normal, sarcopenia, obesity, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare the dietary factors related to sarcopenia and obesity status in 5458 elderly individuals (2391 men and 3076 women) aged ≥65 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2019). Participants were categorized into normal, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity groups. Sarcopenic obesity showed a higher prevalence of diabetes and lower HDL cholesterol levels compared to obesity. Sarcopenic obesity exhibited a lower total KHEI score and lower adequacy, including meat/fish/eggs/beans, than normal or obesity. In women, sarcopenic obesity scored lower than obesity on the total KHEI, adequacy for most foods, and balance of energy intake, and lower than sarcopenia on the adequacy of breakfast and milk/milk products. Sarcopenic obesity showed no significant difference in energy intake compared to sarcopenia, and less physical activity compared to sarcopenia and obesity, with a BMI/waist circumference comparable to that of obesity. Low total KHEI scores and scores for meat/fish/eggs/beans were most closely associated with sarcopenia in men and with sarcopenic obesity in women. In conclusion, low dietary quality and inadequate protein-rich foods are possibly associated with the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in elderly Koreans, especially in women. Adequate energy intake and dietary diversity may be effective in managing sarcopenic obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

24 pages, 987 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Power of Vitamin D: Is the Future in Precision Nutrition through Personalized Supplementation Plans?

by Mladen Mavar, Tamara Sorić, Ena Bagarić, Ana Sarić and Marijana Matek Sarić

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081176 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 15943

Abstract

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary [...] Read more.

In the last few decades, vitamin D has undeniably been one of the most studied nutrients. Despite our ability to produce vitamin D through sunlight exposure, its presence in several natural food sources and fortified foods, and its widespread availability as a dietary supplement, vitamin D deficiency is a serious public health problem, affecting nearly 50% of the global population. Low serum levels of vitamin D are being associated with increased susceptibility to numerous health conditions, including respiratory infections, mental health, autoimmune diseases, and different cancer types. Although the association between vitamin D status and health is well-established, the exact beneficial effects of vitamin D are still inconclusive and indefinite, especially when considering the prevention and treatment of different health conditions and the determination of an appropriate dosage to exert those beneficial effects in various population groups. Therefore, further research is needed. With constant improvements in our understanding of individual variations in vitamin D metabolism and requirements, in the future, precision nutrition and personalized supplementation plans could prove beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in the New Decade: Facts, Controversies, and Future Perspectives for Daily Clinical Practice)

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25 pages, 693 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exercise Prescription for Postprandial Glycemic Management

by Alessio Bellini, Alessandro Scotto di Palumbo, Andrea Nicolò, Ilenia Bazzucchi and Massimo Sacchetti

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081170 - 14 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 16098

Abstract

The detrimental impacts of postprandial hyperglycemia on health are a critical concern, and exercise is recognized a pivotal tool in enhancing glycemic control after a meal. However, current exercise recommendations for managing postprandial glucose levels remain fairly broad and require deeper clarification. This [...] Read more.

The detrimental impacts of postprandial hyperglycemia on health are a critical concern, and exercise is recognized a pivotal tool in enhancing glycemic control after a meal. However, current exercise recommendations for managing postprandial glucose levels remain fairly broad and require deeper clarification. This review examines the existing literature aiming to offer a comprehensive guide for exercise prescription to optimize postprandial glycemic management. Specifically, it considers various exercise parameters (i.e., exercise timing, type, intensity, volume, pattern) for crafting exercise prescriptions. Findings predominantly indicate that moderate-intensity exercise initiated shortly after meals may substantially improve glucose response to a meal in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, incorporating short activity breaks throughout the exercise session may provide additional benefits for reducing glucose response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition for Human Health)

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21 pages, 2280 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antitumor Effect and Gut Microbiota Modulation by Quercetin, Luteolin, and Xanthohumol in a Rat Model for Colorectal Cancer Prevention

by Álvaro Pérez-Valero, Patricia Magadán-Corpas, Suhui Ye, Juan Serna-Diestro, Sandra Sordon, Ewa Huszcza, Jarosław Popłoński, Claudio J. Villar and Felipe Lombó

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081161 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3415

Abstract

Colorectal cancer stands as the third most prevalent form of cancer worldwide, with a notable increase in incidence in Western countries, mainly attributable to unhealthy dietary habits and other factors, such as smoking or reduced physical activity. Greater consumption of vegetables and fruits [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer stands as the third most prevalent form of cancer worldwide, with a notable increase in incidence in Western countries, mainly attributable to unhealthy dietary habits and other factors, such as smoking or reduced physical activity. Greater consumption of vegetables and fruits has been associated with a lower incidence of colorectal cancer, which is attributed to their high content of fiber and bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids. In this study, we have tested the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, and xanthohumol as potential antitumor agents in an animal model of colorectal cancer induced by azoxymethane and dodecyl sodium sulphate. Forty rats were divided into four cohorts: Cohort 1 (control cohort), Cohort 2 (quercetin cohort), Cohort 3 (luteolin cohort), and Cohort 4 (xanthohumol cohort). These flavonoids were administered intraperitoneally to evaluate their antitumor potential as pharmaceutical agents. At the end of the experiment, after euthanasia, different physical parameters and the intestinal microbiota populations were analyzed. Luteolin was effective in significantly reducing the number of tumors compared to the control cohort. Furthermore, the main significant differences at the microbiota level were observed between the control cohort and the cohort treated with luteolin, which experienced a significant reduction in the abundance of genera associated with disease or inflammatory conditions, such as Clostridia UCG-014 or Turicibacter. On the other hand, genera associated with a healthy state, such as Muribaculum, showed a significant increase in the luteolin cohort. These results underline the anti-colorectal cancer potential of luteolin, manifested through a modulation of the intestinal microbiota and a reduction in the number of tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticancer Activities of Dietary Phytochemicals)

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34 pages, 1195 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Dyslipidemia: Is There Really a Link? A Narrative Review

by Antonella Al Refaie, Leonardo Baldassini, Caterina Mondillo, Michela De Vita, Elisa Giglio, Roberto Tarquini, Stefano Gonnelli and Carla Caffarelli

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081144 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9189

Abstract

Nowadays, the interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D is growing. In the literature, its several possible actions have been confirmed. Vitamin D seems to have a regulatory role in many different fields—inflammation, immunity, and the endocrine system—and many studies would demonstrate [...] Read more.

Nowadays, the interest in the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D is growing. In the literature, its several possible actions have been confirmed. Vitamin D seems to have a regulatory role in many different fields—inflammation, immunity, and the endocrine system—and many studies would demonstrate a possible correlation between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we deepened the relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia by reviewing the available literature. The results are not entirely clear-cut: on the one hand, numerous observational studies suggest a link between higher serum vitamin D levels and a beneficial lipid profile, while on the other hand, interventional studies do not demonstrate a significant effect. Understanding the possible relationship between vitamin D and dyslipidemia may represent a turning point: another link between vitamin D and the cardiovascular system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet Functional Components for Disease Prevention and Management)

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19 pages, 436 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Nutrition in the Development and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

by Allison Heefner, Tijana Simovic, Kasey Mize and Paula Rodriguez-Miguelez

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081136 - 11 Apr 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 11761

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of COPD classically involves pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. An aspect of COPD management that is currently lacking in the literature is nutritional management, despite [...] Read more.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of COPD classically involves pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. An aspect of COPD management that is currently lacking in the literature is nutritional management, despite the prevalence of inadequate nutritional status in patients with COPD. In addition, certain nutritional imbalances have been reported to increase the risk of COPD development. This review summarizes the current literature on the role diet and nutrients may play in the risk and management of COPD development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD))

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21 pages, 2838 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Seaweed Proteins: A Step towards Sustainability?

by Leonel Pereira, João Cotas and Ana Marta Gonçalves

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081123 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10097

Abstract

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources’ sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental [...] Read more.

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources’ sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental impacts. Exploring the nutritional composition, extraction methods, functional properties, and potential health benefits of seaweed proteins, this review provides a comprehensive understanding. Seaweed contains essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Its protein content ranges from 11% to 32% of dry weight, making it valuable for diverse dietary preferences, including vegetarian and vegan diets. Furthermore, this review underscores the sustainability and environmental advantages of seaweed protein production compared to traditional sources. Seaweed cultivation requires minimal resources, mitigating environmental issues like ocean acidification. As the review delves into specific seaweed types, extraction methodologies, and functional properties, it highlights the versatility of seaweed proteins in various food products, including plant-based meats, dairy alternatives, and nutritional supplements. Additionally, it discusses the potential health benefits associated with seaweed proteins, such as their unique amino acid profile and bioactive compounds. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into seaweed proteins’ potential applications and their role in addressing global protein needs sustainably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uncommon Alternative Sources of Protein)

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17 pages, 1811 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Different Types of Intermittent Fasting Interventions on Metabolic Health in Healthy Individuals (EDIF): A Randomised Trial with a Controlled-Run in Phase

by Daniel Herz, Sebastian Karl, Johannes Weiß, Paul Zimmermann, Sandra Haupt, Rebecca Tanja Zimmer, Janis Schierbauer, Nadine Bianca Wachsmuth, Maximilian Paul Erlmann, Tobias Niedrist, Kayvan Khoramipour, Thomas Voit, Sian Rilstone, Harald Sourij and Othmar Moser

Nutrients 2024, 16(8), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081114 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 16702

Abstract

The effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on health promotion in the healthy population remain controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the efficacy and feasibility of different IF protocols and evaluated the effects within a cohort with a controlled-run in phase on the [...] Read more.

The effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on health promotion in the healthy population remain controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the efficacy and feasibility of different IF protocols and evaluated the effects within a cohort with a controlled-run in phase on the body mass index (BMI) as the primary outcome, the body composition, and metabolic and haematological markers in healthy participants. A total of 25 individuals were randomised into three fasting groups: 16/8 fasting (n = 11), 20/4 fasting (n = 6), and alternate-day fasting (ADF, n = 8). Assessments were conducted at baseline (visit 1), after a four-week controlled-run in phase (visit 2), and after eight weeks of fasting (visit 3). Both the BMI (p = 0.01) and bodyweight (p = 0.01) were significantly reduced in the ADF group, which was not seen in the 16/8 and 20/4 groups (p > 0.05). Adherence was different but not statistically among the groups (16/8: 84.5 ± 23.0%; 20/4: 92.7 ± 9.5%; and ADF: 78.1 ± 33.5%, p = 0.57). Based on our obtained results, the data suggest that some fasting interventions might be promising for metabolic health. However, adherence to the specific fasting protocols remains challenging even for the healthy population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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13 pages, 1041 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Do Herbal Supplements and Probiotics Complement Antibiotics and Diet in the Management of SIBO? A Randomized Clinical Trial

by Lucia Redondo-Cuevas, Lucia Belloch, Vanesa Martín-Carbonell, Angela Nicolás, Iulia Alexandra, Laura Sanchis, Marina Ynfante, Michel Colmenares, María Mora, Ana Reyes Liebana, Beatriz Antequera, Francisco Grau, José Ramón Molés, Rubén Cuesta, Samuel Díaz, Noelia Sancho, Héctor Tomás, José Gonzalvo, Mercedes Jaén, Eva Sánchez, Ana Garayoa, Nadia Moreno, Ana Gallén, Ernesto Cortés-Castell and Xavier Cortés-Rizo Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071083 - 7 Apr 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 23925

Abstract

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) arises from dysbiosis in the small intestine, manifesting with abdominal symptoms. This study aims to assess the efficacy of combined antibiotic therapy, herbal supplements, probiotics, and dietary modifications in SIBO management. A total of 179 SIBO-diagnosed patients underwent [...] Read more.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) arises from dysbiosis in the small intestine, manifesting with abdominal symptoms. This study aims to assess the efficacy of combined antibiotic therapy, herbal supplements, probiotics, and dietary modifications in SIBO management. A total of 179 SIBO-diagnosed patients underwent clinical evaluation and breath testing. Patients were categorized into hydrogen (H₂-SIBO) and methane (CH₄-SIBO) groups. The control group received standard antibiotic therapy and a low-FODMAP diet, while the intervention group received additional herbal antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. After treatment, both groups exhibited reduced gas levels, particularly in CH₄-SIBO. Clinical remission rates were higher in the intervention group, especially in CH₄-SIBO cases. Logistic regression analysis showed gas concentrations at diagnosis as significant predictors of treatment success. In conclusion, adjunctive herbal supplements and probiotics did not significantly impact gas levels, but showed potential for clinical improvement, especially in CH₄-SIBO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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24 pages, 2066 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Nutrition: A Systematic Review

by Tagne Poupi Theodore Armand, Kintoh Allen Nfor, Jung-In Kim and Hee-Cheol Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071073 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 29824

Abstract

In industry 4.0, where the automation and digitalization of entities and processes are fundamental, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool offering innovative solutions in various domains. In this context, nutrition, a critical aspect of public health, is no exception to [...] Read more.

In industry 4.0, where the automation and digitalization of entities and processes are fundamental, artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a pivotal tool offering innovative solutions in various domains. In this context, nutrition, a critical aspect of public health, is no exception to the fields influenced by the integration of AI technology. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the current landscape of AI in nutrition, providing a deep understanding of the potential of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) in nutrition sciences and highlighting eventual challenges and futuristic directions. A hybrid approach from the systematic literature review (SLR) guidelines and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was adopted to systematically analyze the scientific literature from a search of major databases on artificial intelligence in nutrition sciences. A rigorous study selection was conducted using the most appropriate eligibility criteria, followed by a methodological quality assessment ensuring the robustness of the included studies. This review identifies several AI applications in nutrition, spanning smart and personalized nutrition, dietary assessment, food recognition and tracking, predictive modeling for disease prevention, and disease diagnosis and monitoring. The selected studies demonstrated the versatility of machine learning and deep learning techniques in handling complex relationships within nutritional datasets. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of AI applications in nutrition sciences and identifies challenges and opportunities. With the rapid advancement in AI, its integration into nutrition holds significant promise to enhance individual nutritional outcomes and optimize dietary recommendations. Researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals can utilize this research to design future projects and support evidence-based decision-making in AI for nutrition and dietary guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformations in Nutrition)

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35 pages, 2745 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets

by Sevag Hamamah, Andras Hajnal and Mihai Covasa

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071071 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9613

Abstract

Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the [...] Read more.

Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors. Emerging evidence has shown that bariatric surgery induces profound changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, notably altering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhancing populations of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia. These microbiota shifts have far-reaching effects beyond gut health, influencing dopamine-mediated reward pathways in the brain and modulating the secretion and action of key gut hormones including ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, and CCK. The resultant changes in dopamine signaling and hormone levels contribute to reduced hedonic eating, enhanced satiety, and improved metabolic outcomes. Further, post-bariatric surgical effects on satiation targets are in part mediated by metabolic byproducts of gut microbiota like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, which play a pivotal role in modulating metabolism and energy expenditure and reducing obesity-associated inflammation, as well as influencing food reward pathways, potentially contributing to the regulation of body weight and reduction in hedonic eating behaviors. Overall, a better understanding of these mechanisms opens the door to developing non-surgical interventions that replicate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiome, dopamine signaling, and gut hormone regulation, offering new avenues for obesity treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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29 pages, 1288 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

by Manuela Chiavarini, Giorgia Maria Ricciotti, Anita Genga, Maria Ilaria Faggi, Alessia Rinaldi, Oriana Dunia Toscano, Marcello Mario D’Errico and Pamela Barbadoro

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071069 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6474

Abstract

Hip fracture is a common condition in older adults, leading to disability and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the association between nutritional status and the risk of a negative health outcome after fractures. In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between malnutrition [...] Read more.

Hip fracture is a common condition in older adults, leading to disability and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated the association between nutritional status and the risk of a negative health outcome after fractures. In this systematic review, we evaluated the association between malnutrition and mortality, changes in mobility/living arrangements, and postoperative complications, such as delirium, in older patients with hip fractures. A literature search on the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, up to September 2023, was conducted to identify all studies involving older subjects that reported an association between MNA/GNRI/PNI/CONUT and health outcome after hip fracture. Meta-analysis was performed by a random-effects model using risk values (RR, OR, and HR) extracted from the 14 eligible selected studies. Malnutrition significantly increased the risk of any analyzed adverse outcome by 70% at 1 month, and up to 250% at 1 year. Malnutrition significantly increased delirium risk by 275% (OR = 2.75; 95% CI 1.80–4.18; p ≤ 0.05), mortality risk by 342% (OR = 3.42; 95% CI 2.14–5.48; p ≤ 0.05), mortality hazard risk by 351% (HR = 3.51; 95% CI 1.63–7.55; p ≤ 0.05) at 1 month, and transfer-to-more-supported-living-arrangements risk by 218% (OR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.58–3.01; p ≤ 0.05), and declined mobility risk by 41% (OR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.14–1.75; p ≤ 0.05), mortality risk by 368% (OR = 3.68; 95% CI 3.00–4.52; p ≤ 0.05), and mortality hazard risk by 234% (HR = 2.34; 95% CI 1.91–2.87; p ≤ 0.05) at 1 year. Malnutrition of older patients increases the risk of death and worsens mobility and independence after hip fractures. The results of the present study highlight the importance of nutritional status evaluation of older subjects with hip fractures in order to prevent potential adverse outcomes (Registration No: CRD42023468751). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence from Nutritional Epidemiology: Food Consumption, Environment and Human Health)

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18 pages, 1740 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Exercise on Gut Microbiota of Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Leizi Min, Alimjan Ablitip, Rui Wang, Torquati Luciana, Mengxian Wei and Xindong Ma

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071070 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11147

Abstract

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological and metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates the abundance and functionality of gut bacteria, yet the comprehensive effects on GM [...] Read more.

Background: The equilibrium between gut microbiota (GM) and the host plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health, influencing various physiological and metabolic functions. Emerging research suggests that exercise modulates the abundance and functionality of gut bacteria, yet the comprehensive effects on GM diversity remain to be synthesized. Objectives and Design: The study aims to quantitatively examine the effect of exercise on the diversity of gut microbiota of adults using a systemic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods: PubMed, Ebsco, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data were searched from their inception to September 2023. Exercise intervention studies with a control group that describe and compare the composition of GM in adults, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were included in this meta-analysis. Results: A total of 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis with a total of 1044 participants. Based on a fixed-effects model [Chi² = 29.40, df = 20 (p = 0.08); I² = 32%], the pooled analysis showed that compared with the control group, exercise intervention can significantly increase the alpha diversity of adult GM, using the Shannon index as an example [WMD = 0.05, 95% CI (0.00, 0.09); Z = 1.99 (p = 0.05)]. In addition, exercise interventions were found to significantly alter GM, notably decreasing Bacteroidetes and increasing Firmicutes, indicating a shift in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The subgroup analysis indicates that females and older adults appear to exhibit more significant changes in the Shannon Index and observed OTUs. Conclusions: Exercise may be a promising way to improve GM in adults. In particular, the Shannon index was significantly increased after exercise. Distinct responses in GM diversity to exercise interventions based on gender and age implicated that more research was needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Nutrition for Human Health)

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24 pages, 1662 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Power of Psychobiotics in Depression: A Modern Approach through the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: A Literature Review

by Angela Dziedzic, Karina Maciak, Katarzyna Bliźniewska-Kowalska, Małgorzata Gałecka, Weronika Kobierecka and Joanna Saluk

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071054 - 4 Apr 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 36181

Abstract

The microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis is a complex communication network linking the gut, microbiota, and brain, influencing various aspects of health and disease. Dysbiosis, a disturbance in the gut microbiome equilibrium, can significantly impact the MGB axis, leading to alterations in microbial composition and [...] Read more.

The microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis is a complex communication network linking the gut, microbiota, and brain, influencing various aspects of health and disease. Dysbiosis, a disturbance in the gut microbiome equilibrium, can significantly impact the MGB axis, leading to alterations in microbial composition and function. Emerging evidence highlights the connection between microbiota alterations and neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. This review explores the potential of psychobiotics in managing depressive disorders, emphasizing their role in restoring microbial balance and influencing the MGB axis. Psychobiotics exhibit positive effects on the intestinal barrier, immune response, cortisol levels, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies suggest that probiotics may serve as an adjunct therapy for depression, especially in treatment-resistant cases. This review discusses key findings from studies on psychobiotics interventions, emphasizing their impact on the gut–brain axis and mental health. The increasing acceptance of the expanded concept of the MGB axis underscores the importance of microorganisms in mental well-being. As our understanding of the microbiome’s role in health and disease grows, probiotics emerge as promising agents for addressing mental health issues, providing new avenues for therapeutic interventions in depressive disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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15 pages, 313 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Stress and Social Determinants on Diet in Cardiovascular Prevention in Young Women

by Francesca Coppi, Valentina Bucciarelli, Kateryna Solodka, Valentina Selleri, Giada Zanini, Marcello Pinti, Milena Nasi, Beatrice Salvioli, Savina Nodari, Sabina Gallina and Anna Vittoria Mattioli

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071044 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4300

Abstract

The prevention of cardiovascular diseases is a fundamental pillar for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by non-communicable diseases. Social determinants, such as socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood, physical environment, employment, social support networks, and access to health care, play a crucial role in influencing [...] Read more.

The prevention of cardiovascular diseases is a fundamental pillar for reducing morbidity and mortality caused by non-communicable diseases. Social determinants, such as socioeconomic status, education, neighborhood, physical environment, employment, social support networks, and access to health care, play a crucial role in influencing health outcomes and health inequities within populations. Social determinants and stress in women are interconnected factors that can significantly impact women’s health and well-being. Pregnancy is a good time to engage young women and introduce them to beneficial behaviors, such as adopting essential life skills, especially diet, and learning stress management techniques. Stress influences diet, and women are more likely to engage in unhealthy eating behaviors such as emotional eating or coping with stress with food. Strong action is needed to improve women’s lifestyle starting at a young age considering that this lays the foundation for a lower cardiovascular risk in adults and the elderly. The objective of this review is to examine cardiovascular primary prevention in young healthy women, focusing particularly on unresolved issues and the influence of social determinants, as well as the correlation with stressors and their influence on diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Health, Diet, and Health Outcome)

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20 pages, 783 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Development and Evaluation of a Literature-Based Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota

by Bezawit E. Kase, Angela D. Liese, Jiajia Zhang, Elizabeth Angela Murphy, Longgang Zhao and Susan E. Steck

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071045 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 95 | Viewed by 13838

Abstract

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a novel dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) that captures dietary composition related to gut microbiota profiles. We conducted a literature review of longitudinal studies on the association of diet with gut microbiota [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a novel dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) that captures dietary composition related to gut microbiota profiles. We conducted a literature review of longitudinal studies on the association of diet with gut microbiota in adult populations and extracted those dietary components with evidence of beneficial or unfavorable effects. Dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2005–2010, n = 3812) were used to compute the DI-GM, and associations with biomarkers of gut microbiota diversity (urinary enterodiol and enterolactone) were examined using linear regression. From a review of 106 articles, 14 foods or nutrients were identified as components of the DI-GM, including fermented dairy, chickpeas, soybean, whole grains, fiber, cranberries, avocados, broccoli, coffee, and green tea as beneficial components, and red meat, processed meat, refined grains, and high-fat diet (≥40% of energy from fat) as unfavorable components. Each component was scored 0 or 1 based on sex-specific median intakes, and scores were summed to develop the overall DI-GM score. In the NHANES, DI-GM scores ranged from 0–13 with a mean of 4.8 (SE = 0.04). Positive associations between DI-GM and urinary enterodiol and enterolactone were observed. The association of the novel DI-GM with markers of gut microbiota diversity demonstrates the potential utility of this index for gut health-related studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns, Dietary Intake, Dietary Behaviours and Health)

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19 pages, 2888 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of a Low-Calorie Dietary Intervention on Liver Health and Body Weight in Adults with Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) and Overweight/Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Laurence J. Dobbie, Jamie Burgess, Azlinda Hamid, Sarah J. Nevitt, Theresa J. Hydes, Uazman Alam and Daniel J. Cuthbertson

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071030 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6659

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. This review assessed the efficacy of a Low-Calorie Diet (LCD) on liver health and body weight in people living with MASLD and obesity. Methods: The study was registered [...] Read more.

Introduction: Metabolic-dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease. This review assessed the efficacy of a Low-Calorie Diet (LCD) on liver health and body weight in people living with MASLD and obesity. Methods: The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021296501), and a literature search was conducted using multiple databases. The key inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials or cohort studies, obesity/overweight and MASLD. Two authors screened abstracts, reviewed full texts and performed data extraction and quality assessment. The primary outcome was the change in the serum ALT, and secondary outcomes included the changes in the serum AST, intrahepatic lipid content (IHL), quantified non-invasively via MRI/MRS, and body weight. Results: Fifteen studies were included. The LCD reduced body weight by 9.1 kg versus the control (95%CI: −12.4, −5.8) but not serum ALT (−5.9 IU/L, −13.9, 2.0). Total Dietary Replacement (TDR) reduced IHL by −9.1% vs. the control (−15.6%, −2.6%). The Mediterranean-LCD for ≥12 months reduced ALT (−4.1 IU/L, −7.6, −0.5) and for 24 months reduced liver stiffness versus other LCDs. The Green-Mediterranean-LCD reduced IHL, independent of body weight. Limited studies assessed those of Black or Asian ethnicity, and there was heterogeneity in the methods assessing the liver fat content and fibrosis. Conclusions: In people with MASLD and obesity, an LCD intervention reduces IHL and body weight. Trials should focus on the recruitment of Black and Asian ethnicity participants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in the Pathophysiology and Management of NAFLD)

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17 pages, 1257 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Visceral Adipose Tissue: The Hidden Culprit for Type 2 Diabetes

by Sneha Dhokte and Krzysztof Czaja

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071015 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 10334

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance in various tissues. Though conventionally associated with obesity, current research indicates that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is the leading determining factor, wielding more influence regardless of individual body mass. The heightened metabolic activity of VAT encourages the circulation of free fatty acid (FFA) molecules, which induce insulin resistance in surrounding tissues. Individuals most vulnerable to this preferential fat deposition are older males with ancestral ties to Asian countries because genetics and sex hormones are pivotal factors for VAT accumulation. However, interventions in one’s diet and lifestyle have the potential to strategically discourage the growth of VAT. This illuminates the possibility that the expansion of VAT and, subsequently, the risk of T2D development are preventable. Therefore, by reducing the amount of VAT accumulated in an individual and preventing it from building up, one can effectively control and prevent the development of T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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32 pages, 3257 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Impact of Melatonin Supplementation on Sports Performance and Circulating Biomarkers in Highly Trained Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Ana M. Celorrio San Miguel, Enrique Roche, María Herranz-López, Marta Celorrio San Miguel, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso and Diego Fernández-Lázaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071011 - 30 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 17864

Abstract

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically review the effects of melatonin supplementation in sports performance and circulating biomarkers [...] Read more.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5 methoxytryptamine) is an indolic neurohormone that modulates a variety of physiological functions due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to critically review the effects of melatonin supplementation in sports performance and circulating biomarkers related to the health status of highly trained athletes. Data were obtained by performing searches in the following three bibliography databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. The terms used were “Highly Trained Athletes”, “Melatonin”, and “Sports Performance”, “Health Biomarkers” using “Humans” as a filter. The search update was carried out in February 2024 from original articles published with a controlled trial design. The PRISMA rules, the modified McMaster critical review form for quantitative studies, the PEDro scale, and the Cochrane risk of bias were applied. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 21 articles were selected out of 294 references. The dose of melatonin supplemented in the trials ranged between 5 mg to 100 mg administered before or after exercise. The outcomes showed improvements in antioxidant status and inflammatory response and reversed liver damage and muscle damage. Moderate effects on modulating glycemia, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine were reported. Promising data were found regarding the potential benefits of melatonin in hematological biomarkers, hormonal responses, and sports performance. Therefore, the true efficiency of melatonin to directly improve sports performance remains to be assessed. Nevertheless, an indirect effect of melatonin supplementation in sports performance could be evaluated through improvements in health biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Food First Approach in Sports Nutrition)

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31 pages, 1685 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health

by Celine Kapper, Peter Oppelt, Clara Ganhör, Ayberk Alp Gyunesh, Barbara Arbeithuber, Patrick Stelzl and Marlene Rezk-Füreder

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071008 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 40689

Abstract

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of [...] Read more.

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral’s contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Gynecological Diseases)

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14 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotic Strategies to Manage Lactose Intolerance Symptoms

by Gloria Angima, Yunyao Qu, Si Hong Park and David C. Dallas

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071002 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 13285

Abstract

Lactose intolerance, which affects about 65–75% of the world’s population, is caused by a genetic post-weaning deficiency of lactase, the enzyme required to digest the milk sugar lactose, called lactase non-persistence. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Genetic variations, [...] Read more.

Lactose intolerance, which affects about 65–75% of the world’s population, is caused by a genetic post-weaning deficiency of lactase, the enzyme required to digest the milk sugar lactose, called lactase non-persistence. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea. Genetic variations, namely lactase persistence, allow some individuals to metabolize lactose effectively post-weaning, a trait thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to dairy consumption. Although lactase non-persistence cannot be altered by diet, prebiotic strategies, including the consumption of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) and possibly low levels of lactose itself, may shift the microbiome and mitigate symptoms of lactose consumption. This review discusses the etiology of lactose intolerance and the efficacy of prebiotic approaches like GOSs and low-dose lactose in symptom management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Pediatric Gastroenterology Patients)

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22 pages, 1204 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gluten-Free Diet and Other Celiac Disease Therapies: Current Understanding and Emerging Strategies

by Anna Maria Mazzola, Irene Zammarchi, Maria Chiara Valerii, Enzo Spisni, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Francesco Lanzarotto and Chiara Ricci

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071006 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 15277

Abstract

A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of [...] Read more.

A lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment for celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. Nevertheless, strict adherence to the GFD is often challenging due to concerns about social isolation, risk of gluten contaminations, high cost, poor quality and the taste of gluten-free products. Moreover, although the GFD is effective in achieving mucosal healing, it may lead to dietary imbalances due to nutrient deficiencies over a long period of time. To overcome these issues, several gluten-free wheat flours have been developed to create products that closely resemble their gluten-containing counterparts. Furthermore, given the critical importance of adhering to the GFD, it becomes essential to promote adherence and monitor possible voluntary or involuntary transgressions. Various methods, including clinical assessment, questionnaires, serology for celiac disease, duodenal biopsies and the detection of Gluten Immunogenic Peptides (GIPs) are employed for this purpose, but none are considered entirely satisfactory. Since adherence to the GFD poses challenges, alternative therapies should be implemented in the coming years to improve treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to explore current knowledge of the GFD and investigate its future perspectives, focusing on technology advancements, follow-up strategies and insights into a rapidly changing future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intolerance and Food Allergy: Novel Aspects in a Changing World)

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23 pages, 5562 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz against Human Gastric Cancer

by Na-Ri Choi, Woo-Gyun Choi, Anlin Zhu, Joon Park, Yun-Tai Kim, Jaewoo Hong and Byung-Joo Kim

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070965 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3625

Abstract

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) is a traditional herbal medicine used for thousands of years in East Asia to improve a variety of illnesses and conditions, including cancers. This study explored the effect of AMK extract on apoptosis and tumor-grafted mice using AGS human [...] Read more.

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (AMK) is a traditional herbal medicine used for thousands of years in East Asia to improve a variety of illnesses and conditions, including cancers. This study explored the effect of AMK extract on apoptosis and tumor-grafted mice using AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. We investigated the compounds, target genes, and associated diseases of AMK using the Traditional Chinese Medical Systems Pharmacy (TCMSP) database platform. Cell viability assay, cell cycle and mitochondrial depolarization analysis, caspase activity assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, and wound healing and spheroid formation assay were used to investigate the anti-cancer effects of AMK extract on AGS cells. Also, in vivo studies were conducted using subcutaneous xenografts. AMK extract reduced the viability of AGS cells and increased the sub-G1 cell fraction and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Also, AMK extract increased the production of ROS. AMK extract induced the increased caspase activities and modulated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). In addition, AMK extract effectively inhibited AGS cell migration and led to a notable reduction in the growth of AGS spheroids. Moreover, AMK extract hindered the growth of AGS xenograft tumors in NSG mice. Our results suggest that AMK has anti-cancer effects by promoting cell cycle arrest and inhibiting the proliferation of AGS cancer cells and a xenograft model through apoptosis. This study could provide a novel approach to treat gastric cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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15 pages, 2404 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Water Intake and Adiposity Outcomes among Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Qiao-Yi Chen, Jaewon Khil and NaNa Keum

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070963 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 14307

Abstract

Background: Water consumption is believed to be a key factor in weight management strategies, yet the existing literature on the subject yields inconsistent findings. To systematically assess the scientific evidence regarding the effect of water intake on adiposity, we conducted a systematic review [...] Read more.

Background: Water consumption is believed to be a key factor in weight management strategies, yet the existing literature on the subject yields inconsistent findings. To systematically assess the scientific evidence regarding the effect of water intake on adiposity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among overweight and obese populations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles published up to December 2023. The summary weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the DerSimonian–Laird random-effects model. Results: In this meta-analysis of eight RCTs, interventions to promote water intake or to substitute water for other beverages as compared to the control group resulted in a summary WMD of −0.33 kg (95% CI = −1.75–1.08, I² = 78%) for body weight, −0.23 kg/m² (95% CI = −0.55–0.09, I² = 0%) for body mass index (BMI), and 0.05 cm (95% CI = −1.20–1.30, I² = 40%) for waist circumference (WC). Among RCTs substituting water for artificially sweetened beverages, summary WMD was 1.82 kg (95% CI = 0.97–2.67, I² = 0%) for body weight and 1.23 cm (95% CI = −0.03–2.48, I² = 0%) for WC. Conversely, among RCTs substituting water for sugar-sweetened beverages, summary WMD was −0.81 kg (95% CI = −1.66–0.03, I² = 2%) for body weight and −0.96 cm (95% CI = −2.06–0.13, I² = 0%) for WC. Conclusions: In conclusion, water intake may not significantly impact adiposity among overweight and obese individuals. However, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with water might offer a modest benefit in inducing weight loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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13 pages, 463 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Variability in Definitions and Criteria of Extrauterine Growth Restriction and Its Association with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review

by Clara González-López, Gonzalo Solís-Sánchez, Sonia Lareu-Vidal, Laura Mantecón-Fernández, Aleida Ibáñez-Fernández, Ana Rubio-Granda and Marta Suárez-Rodríguez

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070968 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2777

Abstract

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) has been used in the literature and clinical practice to describe inadequate growth in preterm infants. Significant variability is seen in the criteria for EUGR, with no standard definition reached to date. Moreover, no consensus on the optimal timing [...] Read more.

Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) has been used in the literature and clinical practice to describe inadequate growth in preterm infants. Significant variability is seen in the criteria for EUGR, with no standard definition reached to date. Moreover, no consensus on the optimal timing for assessment or the ideal growth monitoring tool has been achieved, and an ongoing debate persists on the appropriate terminology to express poor postnatal growth. To ensure an adequate understanding of growth and early intervention in preterm infants at higher risk, it is critical to relate the diagnostic criteria of EUGR to the ability to predict adverse outcomes, such as neurodevelopmental outcomes. This narrative review was conducted to present evidence that evaluates neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with EUGR, comparing separately the different definitions of this concept by weight (cross-sectional, longitudinal and “true” EUGR). In this article, we highlight the challenges of comparing various published studies on the subject, even when subclassifying by the definition of EUGR, due to the significant variability on the criteria used for each definition and for the evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcomes in different papers. This heterogeneity compromises the obtention of a single firm conclusion on the relation between different definitions of EUGR and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Health: Neurodevelopment, Growth, and Nutrition)

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37 pages, 3349 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Potential Drug–Nutrient Interactions of 45 Vitamins, Minerals, Trace Elements, and Associated Dietary Compounds with Acetylsalicylic Acid and Warfarin—A Review of the Literature

by David Renaud, Alexander Höller and Miriam Michel

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070950 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 15062

Abstract

In cardiology, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and warfarin are among the most commonly used prophylactic therapies against thromboembolic events. Drug–drug interactions are generally well-known. Less known are the drug–nutrient interactions (DNIs), impeding drug absorption and altering micronutritional status. ASA and warfarin might influence the [...] Read more.

In cardiology, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and warfarin are among the most commonly used prophylactic therapies against thromboembolic events. Drug–drug interactions are generally well-known. Less known are the drug–nutrient interactions (DNIs), impeding drug absorption and altering micronutritional status. ASA and warfarin might influence the micronutritional status of patients through different mechanisms such as binding or modification of binding properties of ligands, absorption, transport, cellular use or concentration, or excretion. Our article reviews the drug–nutrient interactions that alter micronutritional status. Some of these mechanisms could be investigated with the aim to potentiate the drug effects. DNIs are seen occasionally in ASA and warfarin and could be managed through simple strategies such as risk stratification of DNIs on an individual patient basis; micronutritional status assessment as part of the medical history; extensive use of the drug–interaction probability scale to reference little-known interactions, and application of a personal, predictive, and preventive medical model using omics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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18 pages, 2922 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Accelerated Aging Induced by an Unhealthy High-Fat Diet: Initial Evidence for the Role of Nrf2 Deficiency and Impaired Stress Resilience in Cellular Senescence

by Priya Balasubramanian, Tamas Kiss, Rafal Gulej, Adam Nyul Toth, Stefano Tarantini, Andriy Yabluchanskiy, Zoltan Ungvari and Anna Csiszar

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070952 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4404

Abstract

High-fat diets (HFDs) have pervaded modern dietary habits, characterized by their excessive saturated fat content and low nutritional value. Epidemiological studies have compellingly linked HFD consumption to obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the synergistic interplay of HFD, obesity, [...] Read more.

High-fat diets (HFDs) have pervaded modern dietary habits, characterized by their excessive saturated fat content and low nutritional value. Epidemiological studies have compellingly linked HFD consumption to obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, the synergistic interplay of HFD, obesity, and diabetes expedites the aging process and prematurely fosters age-related diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms driving these associations remain enigmatic. One of the most conspicuous hallmarks of aging is the accumulation of highly inflammatory senescent cells, with mounting evidence implicating increased cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. Our hypothesis posits that HFD consumption amplifies senescence burden across multiple organs. To scrutinize this hypothesis, we subjected mice to a 6-month HFD regimen, assessing senescence biomarker expression in the liver, white adipose tissue, and the brain. Aging is intrinsically linked to impaired cellular stress resilience, driven by dysfunction in Nrf2-mediated cytoprotective pathways that safeguard cells against oxidative stress-induced senescence. To ascertain whether Nrf2-mediated pathways shield against senescence induction in response to HFD consumption, we explored senescence burden in a novel model of aging: Nrf2-deficient (Nrf2^+/−) mice, emulating the aging phenotype. Our initial findings unveiled significant Nrf2 dysfunction in Nrf2^+/− mice, mirroring aging-related alterations. HFD led to substantial obesity, hyperglycemia, and impaired insulin sensitivity in both Nrf2^+/− and Nrf2^+/+ mice. In control mice, HFD primarily heightened senescence burden in white adipose tissue, evidenced by increased Cdkn2a senescence biomarker expression. In Nrf2^+/− mice, HFD elicited a significant surge in senescence burden across the liver, white adipose tissue, and the brain. We postulate that HFD-induced augmentation of senescence burden may be a pivotal contributor to accelerated organismal aging and the premature onset of age-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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11 pages, 1301 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lower Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index and Prognostic Nutritional Index Predict Postoperative Prognosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

by Mariko Tsukagoshi, Kenichiro Araki, Takamichi Igarashi, Norihiro Ishii, Shunsuke Kawai, Kei Hagiwara, Kouki Hoshino, Takaomi Seki, Takayuki Okuyama, Ryosuke Fukushima, Norifumi Harimoto and Ken Shirabe

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070940 - 25 Mar 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that nutritional indices, including the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), are predictors of poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence, this study aimed to explore the value of the GNRI and PNI in [...] Read more.

Increasing evidence suggests that nutritional indices, including the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), are predictors of poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hence, this study aimed to explore the value of the GNRI and PNI in evaluating postoperative prognosis in patients with HCC, particularly regarding its recurrence patterns. We performed a retrospective analysis of 203 patients with HCC who underwent initial hepatic resection. Patients were divided into two groups according to the GNRI (cutoff: 98) and PNI (cutoff: 45). The GNRI and PNI were significantly associated with body composition (body mass index and skeletal muscle mass index), hepatic function (Child-Pugh Score), tumor factors (tumor size and microvascular invasion), and perioperative factors (blood loss and postoperative hospitalization). Patients with a low PNI or low GNRI had significantly worse overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival. Patients with early recurrence had lower PNI and GNRI scores than those without early recurrence. Patients with extrahepatic recurrence had lower PNI and GNRI scores than those without extrahepatic recurrence. The PNI and GNRI might be useful in predicting the prognosis and recurrence patterns of patients with HCC after hepatic resection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management for Chronic Liver Disease)

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23 pages, 1395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

High Fat Diet and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Adolescence: An Overview of Nutritional Strategies

by Valeria Calcaterra, Vittoria Carlotta Magenes, Giulia Massini, Luisa De Sanctis, Valentina Fabiano and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070938 - 24 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 11952

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disorder, linked with notable reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. During adolescence, key components of PCOS treatment involve weight loss achieved through lifestyle and dietary interventions, subsequently pursued by pharmacological or surgical therapies. Nutritional interventions [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disorder, linked with notable reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. During adolescence, key components of PCOS treatment involve weight loss achieved through lifestyle and dietary interventions, subsequently pursued by pharmacological or surgical therapies. Nutritional interventions represent the first-line therapeutic approach in adolescents affected by PCOS, but different kinds of dietary protocols exist, so it is necessary to clarify the effectiveness and benefits of the most well-known nutritional approaches. We provided a comprehensive review of the current literature concerning PCOS definition, pathophysiology, and treatment options, highlighting nutritional strategies, particularly those related to high-fat diets. The high-fat nutritional protocols proposed in the literature, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), appear to provide benefits to patients with PCOS in terms of weight loss and control of metabolic parameters. Among the different types of KD studies, very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD), can be considered an effective dietary intervention for the short-term treatment of patients with PCOS. It rapidly leads to weight loss alongside improvements in body composition and metabolic profile. Even though extremely advantageous, long-term adherence to the KD is a limiting factor. Indeed, this dietary regimen could become unsustainable due to the important restrictions required for ketosis development. Thus, a combination of high-fat diets with more nutrient-rich nutritional regimens, such as the Mediterranean diet, can amplify positive effects for individuals with PCOS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Fat Diet in High-Risk Population)

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26 pages, 778 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Targeting the Hallmarks of Aging with Vitamin D: Starting to Decode the Myth

by Carmelinda Ruggiero, Laura Tafaro, Luisella Cianferotti, Flavia Tramontana, Ilaria Giovanna Macchione, Carla Caffarelli, Agostino Virdis, Marika Ferracci, Giuseppe Rinonapoli, Patrizia Mecocci, Nicola Napoli and Valeria Calsolaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060906 - 21 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 29069

Abstract

Aging is the result of several complex and multifactorial processes, where several agents contribute to an increased intrinsic vulnerability and susceptibility to age-related diseases. The hallmarks of aging are a set of biological mechanisms that are finely regulated and strictly interconnected, initiating or [...] Read more.

Aging is the result of several complex and multifactorial processes, where several agents contribute to an increased intrinsic vulnerability and susceptibility to age-related diseases. The hallmarks of aging are a set of biological mechanisms that are finely regulated and strictly interconnected, initiating or contributing to biological changes and anticipating several age-related diseases. The complex network of cellular and intercellular connections between the hallmarks might represent a possible target for the research of agents with pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D (VitD) is known to have a positive impact not only on muscle and bone health but also on several extra-skeletal districts, due to the widespread presence of Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs). VitD and VDR could be molecules potentially targeting the hallmarks of the aging network. To date, evidence about the potential effects of VitD on the hallmarks of aging is scarce in humans and mainly based on preclinical models. Although underpowered and heterogeneous, in-human studies seem to confirm the modulatory effect of VitD on some hallmarks of aging and diseases. However, more investigations are needed to clarify the pleiotropic effects of VitD and its impact on the hallmark of aging, hopefully highlighting the courses for translational applications and potential clinical conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium, Vitamin D and Aging in Humans)

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24 pages, 2113 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Functional and Therapeutic Potential of Cynara scolymus in Health Benefits

by Chiara Porro, Tarek Benameur, Antonia Cianciulli, Mirco Vacca, Margherita Chiarini, Maria De Angelis and Maria Antonietta Panaro

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060872 - 17 Mar 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 15063

Abstract

Dietary supplements enriched with bioactive compounds represent a promising approach to influence physiological processes and enhance longevity and overall health. Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus serves as a functional food supplement with a high concentration of bioactive compounds, which offers various health-promoting benefits. Several [...] Read more.

Dietary supplements enriched with bioactive compounds represent a promising approach to influence physiological processes and enhance longevity and overall health. Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus serves as a functional food supplement with a high concentration of bioactive compounds, which offers various health-promoting benefits. Several chronic diseases have metabolic, genetic, or inflammatory origins, which are frequently interconnected. Pharmacological treatments, although effective, often result in undesirable side effects. In this context, preventive approaches are gaining increased attention. Recent literature indicates that the consumption of bioactive compounds in the diet can positively influence the organism’s biological functions. Polyphenols, well-known for their health benefits, are widely recognized as valuable compounds in preventing/combating various pathologies related to lifestyle, metabolism, and aging. The C. scolymus belonging to the Asteraceae family, is widely used in the food and herbal medicine fields for its beneficial properties. Although the inflorescences (capitula) of the artichoke are used for food and culinary purposes, preparations based on artichoke leaves can be used as an active ingredient in herbal medicines. Cynara scolymus shows potential benefits in different domains. Its nutritional value and health benefits make it a promising candidate for improving overall well-being. C. scolymus exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver-protective, bile-expelling, antimicrobial, and lipid-lowering neuroprotective properties. Different studies demonstrate that oxidative stress is the leading cause of the onset and progression of major human health disorders such as cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, and cancer diseases. The large amount of polyphenol found in C. scolymus has an antioxidant activity, enabling it to neutralize free radicals, preventing cellular damage. This reduces the subsequent risk of developing conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, these polyphenols demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity, which is closely associated with their antioxidant properties. As a result, C. scolymus has the potential to contribute to the treatment of chronic diseases, including intestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative pathologies. The current review discussed the nutritional profiles, potential benefits, and pharmacological effects of C. scolymus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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14 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Cognitive Functioning in the Healthy Aging Population: A Systematic Review

by Maria Kossowska, Sylwia Olejniczak, Marcelina Karbowiak, Wioletta Mosiej, Dorota Zielińska and Aneta Brzezicka

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060852 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8009

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiota in healthy older individuals typically show a decrease in beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, alongside an increase in pro-inflammatory microbes such as Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridia. These changes contrast with younger and middle-aged individuals and appear to correlate with [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiota in healthy older individuals typically show a decrease in beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, alongside an increase in pro-inflammatory microbes such as Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridia. These changes contrast with younger and middle-aged individuals and appear to correlate with cognitive status. Although there is extensive research on gut microbiota and cognitive functions in cognitively impaired elderly individuals, its impact on cognitively healthy elderly populations has not been extensively studied. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify studies exploring the relationship between gut microbiota composition and cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. During the literature screening process, each record was initially assessed by its title, abstract, and keywords to exclude articles that did not align with the scope of this review. Three authors independently screened and retrieved the records. The inclusion criteria included: (1) publication in peer-reviewed journals; (2) studies involving neurologically, cognitively, and medically healthy populations; (3) participants identified as older adults, defined for this review as individuals aged 45 years and older due to the limited number of records; (4) analysis of gut microbiota; and (5) assessment of cognitive function. Subsequently, full texts were analyzed to determine eligibility. The exclusion criteria encompassed: (1) incorrect publication type; (2) inappropriate sample population; (3) unsuitable study design; (4) absence of one or more inclusion criteria; and (5) studies based on animal research. A risk of bias assessment was performed for each included study using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist, ensuring all selected studies met established quality standards. Results: A total of 6 eligible research articles from a possible 1752 published until March 2024 were identified and included. We categorized the included studies into two groups based on their focus: the taxonomic composition of gut microbiota and the alpha diversity, which is the variety of organisms within a sample. Additionally, two methods were identified for assessing cognition: neuropsychological tests and physiological measurements, notably electroencephalography (EEG). The studies show varying results regarding the abundance of specific bacterial taxa and their cognitive associations. Notably, the relationship between certain bacteria and cognition may vary when analyzed at different taxonomic levels, such as phylum versus family. Conclusions: Changes in gut microbiota composition in the elderly, even without a cognitive impairment diagnosis, could potentially serve as early biological markers for Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias before mild cognitive impairment appears. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Brain, Cognitive and Psychological Health)

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12 pages, 1139 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Astaxanthin on Cognitive Function and Neurodegeneration in Humans: A Critical Review

by Callum James Joshua Queen, S. Andy Sparks, David C. Marchant and Lars R. McNaughton

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060826 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 24423

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a key contributing factor in neurodegeneration, cognitive ageing, cognitive decline, and diminished cognitive longevity. Issues stemming from oxidative stress both in relation to cognition and other areas, such as inflammation, skin health, eye health, and general recovery, have been shown [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is a key contributing factor in neurodegeneration, cognitive ageing, cognitive decline, and diminished cognitive longevity. Issues stemming from oxidative stress both in relation to cognition and other areas, such as inflammation, skin health, eye health, and general recovery, have been shown to benefit greatly from antioxidant use. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant, which has been outlined to be beneficial for cognitive function both in vitro and in vivo. Given the aforementioned promising effects, research into astaxanthin with a focus on cognitive function has recently been extended to human tissue and human populations. The present critical review explores the effects of astaxanthin on cognitive function and neurodegeneration within human populations and samples with the aim of deciphering the merit and credibility of the research findings and subsequently their potential as a basis for therapeutic use. Implications, limitations, and areas for future research development are also discussed. Key findings include the positive impacts of astaxanthin in relation to improving cognitive function, facilitating neuroprotection, and slowing neurodegeneration within given contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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25 pages, 1771 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Barriers to Adopting a Plant-Based Diet in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

by Alice Rickerby and Rosemary Green

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060823 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 11200

Abstract

Adopting a plant-based diet (PBD) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases and is linked to environmental benefits. This review synthesises the evidence on the barriers adults aged 18 to 65 living in high-income countries (HIC) may experience when [...] Read more.

Adopting a plant-based diet (PBD) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing certain diseases and is linked to environmental benefits. This review synthesises the evidence on the barriers adults aged 18 to 65 living in high-income countries (HIC) may experience when adopting a PBD. A systematic literature review was conducted using four search databases: Medline, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science. Barriers were mapped to behaviour change strategies using the COM-B model. Ten studies were included in the final review, including 1740 participants. Five were qualitative, four were cross-sectional, and one was a pre- and-post-intervention study. In total, 40 barriers were identified and synthesised into 11 themes: financial, lack of knowledge, emotional, health, convenience, social, enjoyment of meat, environmental, accessibility, personal ability, and media. Of the 40 barriers, nutritional intake/requirements (categorised into the “health” theme) had the most evidence. This barrier encompassed concerns around being able to meet nutritional needs if an individual were to adopt a PBD. Habits (in the “personal ability” theme), which included established eating habits and habitual behaviours relating to animal-source foods, had the second most evidence alongside the barrier of not knowing what to eat as part of a PBD (in the “lack of knowledge” theme). Education interventions and communication/marketing policies were the behaviour change mechanisms mapped onto these barriers. Future interventions should focus on informing individuals about what to consume as part of a nutritionally balanced PBD and facilitating habitual dietary change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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11 pages, 275 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Zinc, Magnesium and Vitamin K Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficiency: Pathophysiological Background and Implications for Clinical Practice

by Andrius Bleizgys

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060834 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 14705

Abstract

Zinc, magnesium, and vitamin K are important nutrients for humans. There are various factors that contribute to the development of their deficiency, which might result in or exacerbate various diseases. These nutrients can also interact with vitamin D metabolism and activity. This review [...] Read more.

Zinc, magnesium, and vitamin K are important nutrients for humans. There are various factors that contribute to the development of their deficiency, which might result in or exacerbate various diseases. These nutrients can also interact with vitamin D metabolism and activity. This review discusses the main aspects of zinc, magnesium and vitamin K metabolism and action in the body, their clinical significance, and the “crosstalk” with vitamin D, as well as providing general suggestions for clinical practice when supplementation with these nutrients might be useful, in addition to vitamin D supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

29 pages, 668 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer

by Pasquale Marino, Mariangela Mininni, Giovanni Deiana, Graziella Marino, Rosa Divella, Ilaria Bochicchio, Alda Giuliano, Stefania Lapadula, Alessandro Rocco Lettini and Francesca Sanseverino

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060800 - 11 Mar 2024

Cited by 114 | Viewed by 25697

Abstract

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in [...] Read more.

Cancer has become a serious problem worldwide, as it represents the main cause of death, and its incidence has increased over the years. A potential strategy to counter the growing spread of various forms of cancer is the adoption of prevention strategies, in particular, the use of healthy lifestyles, such as maintaining a healthy weight, following a healthy diet; being physically active; avoiding smoking, alcohol consumption, and sun exposure; and vitamin D supplementation. These modifiable risk factors are associated with this disease, contributing to its development, progression, and severity. This review evaluates the relationship between potentially modifiable risk factors and overall cancer development, specifically breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer, and highlights updated recommendations on cancer prevention. The results of numerous clinical and epidemiological studies clearly show the influence of lifestyles on the development and prevention of cancer. An incorrect diet, composed mainly of saturated fats and processed products, resulting in increased body weight, combined with physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, has induced an increase in the incidence of all three types of cancer under study. Given the importance of adopting correct and healthy lifestyles to prevent cancer, global institutions should develop strategies and environments that encourage individuals to adopt healthy and regular behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Dietary Patterns and Cancer)

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22 pages, 561 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics

by Mónika Fekete, Andrea Lehoczki, Dávid Major, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Stefano Tarantini, Zoltán Csizmadia and János Tamás Varga

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789 - 10 Mar 2024

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 17451

Abstract

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional [...] Read more.

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional supplements and functional food components associated with gastrointestinal well-being. The bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, with pre-, pro-, and symbiotics potentially affecting various cognitive functions such as attention, perception, and memory. Numerous studies have consistently shown that incorporating pre-, pro-, and symbiotics into a healthy diet can lead to improvements in cognitive functions and mood. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota can support optimal cognitive function, which is crucial for disease prevention in our fast-paced, Westernized society. Our results indicate cognitive benefits in healthy older individuals with probiotic supplementation but not in healthy older individuals who have good and adequate levels of physical activity. Additionally, it appears that there are cognitive benefits in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, while mixed results seem to arise in younger and healthier individuals. However, it is important to acknowledge that individual responses may vary, and the use of these dietary supplements should be tailored to each individual’s unique health circumstances and needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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22 pages, 401 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotics and Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders

by Sameeha Rau, Andrew Gregg, Shelby Yaceczko and Berkeley Limketkai

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060778 - 9 Mar 2024

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 21944

Abstract

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been [...] Read more.

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to beneficially modulate the gut microbiome, which underlies their potential for benefit in GI conditions. Formulating specific recommendations for the public regarding these dietary supplements has been difficult due to the significant heterogeneity between strains, doses, and duration of treatment investigated across studies, as well as safety concerns with administering live organisms. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence for the use of prebiotics and probiotics in various GI disorders, paying special attention to strain-specific effects that emerged and any adverse effects noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Approaches for Digestive Disorders and Gastrointestinal Symptoms)

21 pages, 4993 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relationships between Habitual Polyphenol Consumption and Gut Microbiota in the INCLD Health Cohort

by Alexandra Adorno Vita, Kristen M. Roberts, Anders Gundersen, Yuliya Farris, Heather Zwickey, Ryan Bradley and Tiffany L. Weir

Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060773 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8146

Abstract

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle [...] Read more.

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle Determinants of Health (INCLD Health) cohort uses a dietary questionnaire and 16s microbiome data to examine relationships between habitual polyphenol consumption and gut microbiota in healthy adults (n = 96). In this exploratory analysis, microbial taxa, but not diversity measures, differed by levels of dietary polyphenol consumption. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of daily polyphenol consumption (mg/day) included Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Eubacterium ventriosum group, Ruminococcus torques group, and Sutterella. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of the frequency of polyphenol-weighted herb and spice use included Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, Methanobrevibacter, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnotalea. Several of the differentiating taxa carry out activities important for human health, although out of these taxa, those with previously described pro-inflammatory qualities in certain contexts displayed inverse relationships with polyphenol consumption. Our results suggest that higher quantities of habitual polyphenol consumption may support an intestinal environment where opportunistic and pro-inflammatory bacteria are represented in a lower relative abundance compared to those with less potentially virulent qualities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Bioactive Polyphenols, Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Peptides, and Their Health Benefits)

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