Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Flavonoid | Chemical Formula | Structure | Cell Death |
---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | C15H10O7 |
| |
Kaempferol | C15H10O6 |
| |
Galangin | C15H10O5 |
| |
Myricetin | C15H10O8 |
| |
Isorhamnetin | C16H12O7 |
| |
Fisetin | C15H10O6 |
| |
Morin | C15H10O7 |
|
2. Apoptosis
2.1. Quercetin
2.2. Kaempferol
2.3. Galangin
2.4. Myricetin
2.5. Isorhamnetin
2.6. Fisetin
2.7. Morin
3. Autophagy
- (1)
- ADCD (autophagy-dependent cell death), which is independent of other forms of programmed death.
- (2)
- AMCD (autophagy-mediated cell death), where autophagic molecules interact directly with cell death molecules or where the autophagy is related to other cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, necrosis, or ferroptosis through its dynamic processes.
3.1. Quercetin
3.2. Kaempferol
3.3. Galangin
3.4. Myricetin
3.5. Isorhamnetin
3.6. Fisetin
3.7. Morin
4. Pyroptosis
4.1. Kaempferol
4.2. Galangin
4.3. Myricetin
4.4. Fisetin
5. Ferroptosis
5.1. Quercetin
5.2. Kaempferol
5.3. Galangin
6. Necroptosis
6.1. Quercetin
6.2. Kaempferol
6.3. Fisetin
7. Cuproptosis
8. Protective Effects of Flavonoids against Cancer: In Vivo Evidence
8.1. Quercetin
8.2. Kaempferol
8.3. Galangin
8.4. Myricetin
8.5. Isorhamnetin
8.6. Fisetin
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flavonoid | Mechanism | Cancer Type | Cell Line | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin |
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | [20] |
Leukemia | HL-60 | [21] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | [20] | |
Leukemia | HL-60 | [21] | ||
Gastric cancer | AGS | [22] | ||
| Gastric cancer | AGS | [22] | |
Kaempferol |
| Cervical cancer | HeLa | [23] |
Submandibular gland cancer | A253 | [24] | ||
Ovarian cancer | OVACAR-3 | [25,26] | ||
Liver cancer | HepG2 | [27] | ||
Pancreatic cancer | PaCa-2, PANC-1 | [28] | ||
Bladder cancer | 5637, T24 | [29] | ||
| Cervical cancer | HeLa | [23] | |
Submandibular gland cancer | A253 | [24] | ||
Ovarian cancer | OVACAR-3, A2780/CP70 | [25,26] | ||
Colorectal cancer | HT-29 | [30] | ||
Pancreatic cancer | PaCa-2, PANC-1 | [28] | ||
Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231 | [31] | ||
| Cervical cancer | HeLa | [23] | |
| Cervical cancer | HeLa | [23] | |
Colorectal cancer | HCT15, HCT116 | [32] | ||
Bladder cancer | 5637, T24 | [29] | ||
| Cervical cancer | HeLa | [23] | |
Bladder cancer | 5637, T24 | [29] | ||
| Oral cancer | SCC-9 | [24] | |
Submandibular gland cancer | A-253 | [24] | ||
Ovarian cancer | OVACAR-3 | [25] | ||
| Ovarian cancer | OVACAR-3 | [25] | |
| Ovarian cancer | OVACAR-3 | [25] | |
| Colorectal cancer | HT-29 | [30] | |
Ovarian cancer | A2780/CP70 | [26] | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | PaCa-2, PANC-1 | [28] | |
Colorectal cancer | HCT15, HCT116 | [32] | ||
Non-small-cell lung cancer | NSCLC | [33] | ||
Galangin |
| Breast cancer | MCF-7, T47D | [34,35] |
Kidney cancer | A498 | [36] | ||
Nasopharyngeal cancer | NPC-TW039, NPC-TW076 | [37] | ||
Gastric cancer | MGC 803 | [38] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7, T47D | [34,35] | |
Retinoblastoma | Y-79, HXO-Rb44 | [39] | ||
| Breast cancer | MCF-7, T47D | [34,35] | |
| Retinoblastoma | Y-79, HXO-Rb44 | [39] | |
Kidney cancer | A498 | [36] | ||
Nasopharyngeal cancer | NPC-TW039, NPC-TW076 | [37] | ||
Breast cancer | MCF-7 | [35] | ||
| Kidney cancer | A498 | [36] | |
| Gastric cancer | MGC 803 | [38] | |
| Gastric cancer | MGC 803 | [38] | |
Kidney cancer | Caki1, 7860 | [40] | ||
Myricetin |
| Breast cancer | SKBR3,T47-D | [41] |
Gastric cancer | AGS | [42] | ||
Thyroid cancer | SNU-790 H, SNU-80 HATC | [43,44] | ||
Ovarian cancer | A2780/CP70 OVCAR-3 | [45] | ||
| Thyroid cancer | SNU-790 H, SNU-80 HATC | [43,44] | |
Breast cancer | T47-D | [46] | ||
Ovarian cancer | A2780/CP70 OVCAR-3 | [45] | ||
| Gastric cancer | AGS | [42] | |
Colorectal cancer | HCT116, SW620 | [47] | ||
| Lung cance | A549 | [48] | |
Isorhamnetin |
| Melanoma | B16F10 | [49] |
Liver cancer | Hep3B | [50] | ||
Gastric cancer | AGS-1, HGC-27 | [51] | ||
Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | [52] | ||
| Melanoma | B16F10 | [49] | |
Bladder cancer | T24, 5637 | [53] | ||
Liver cancer | Hep3B | [50] | ||
Gastric cancer | AGS-1, HGC-27, MKN-45 | [51,54] | ||
Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | [52] | ||
Non-small lung cancer | A549 | [55] | ||
| Melanoma | B16F10 | [49] | |
Prostate cancer | DU145, PC3 | [56] | ||
Gastric cancer | MKN-45 | [54] | ||
| Bladder cancer | T24, 5637 | [53] | |
Breast cancer | MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 | [52] | ||
Gastric cancer | MKN-45 | [54] | ||
Fisetin |
| Oral cancer | HSC3 | [57] |
Melanoma | M17, SP6.5 | [58] | ||
Non-small lung cancer | NCI-H460 | [59] | ||
Breast cancer | 4T1 | [60] | ||
Gastric cancer | AGS, SNU-1, SGC790 | [61,62] | ||
| Oral cancer | HSC3 | [57] | |
Melanoma | M17, SP6.5 | [58] | ||
Non-small lung cancer | NCI-H460 | [59] | ||
Pancreatic cancer | PANC-1 | [63] | ||
Gastric cancer | AGS, SNU-1, SGC790 | [61,62] | ||
Liver cancer | HepG2, Hep3B | [64] | ||
| Oral cancer | HSC3 | [57] | |
Melanoma | M17, SP6.5 | [58] | ||
| Colorectal cancer | SW-480 | [65] | |
Non-small lung cancer | NCI-H460 | [59] | ||
Gastric cancer | AGS, SNU-1 | [61] | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | PANC-1 | [63] | |
Breast cancer | 4T1, MDA-MB-453 | [60,66] | ||
Morin |
| Myeloid leukemia | K562, KCL22 | [67] |
Colorectal cancer | HCT-116. SW480 | [68,69] | ||
Melanoma | G361, SK-MEL-2 | [70] | ||
| Myeloid leukemia | K562, KCL22 | [67] | |
Colorectal cancer | HCT-116, SW480 | [68,69] | ||
Melanoma | G361, SK-MEL-2 | [70] | ||
| Myeloid leukemia | K562, KCL22 | [67] | |
| Colorectal cancer | HCT-116 | [68] | |
| Melanoma | G361, SK-MEL-2 | [70] | |
Colorectal cancer | SW480 | [69] | ||
| Colorectal cancer | HCT-116 | [68] |
Flavonoid | Mechanism | Cancer Type | Cell Line | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin |
| Breast cancer | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | [97] |
Liver cancer | SMMC7721, HepG2 | [98] | ||
Acute myeloid leukemia | HL-60 | [99] | ||
| Liver cancer | SMMC7721, HepG2 | [98] | |
Neuroglioma | U87 | [100] | ||
Acute myeloid leukemia | HL-60 | [99] | ||
Lung cancer | A549, H1299 | [101] | ||
| Neuroglioma | U87 | [100] | |
Lung cancer | A549, H1299 | [101] | ||
| Lung cancer | A549, H1299 | [101] | |
Kaempferol |
| Lung cancer | A549, H1299 | [102] |
Liver cancer | SK-HEP-1 | [103] | ||
| Lung cancer | A549, H1299 | [102] | |
Liver cancer | SK-HEP-1 | [103] | ||
Oral cancer | MC-3 | [104] | ||
Gastric cancer | SNU-638 | [105] | ||
Ovarian cancer | A2780 | [106] | ||
Prostate cancer | PC-3 | [107] | ||
| Lung cancer | A549, H1299 | [102] | |
Liver cancer | SK-HEP-1 | [103] | ||
Oral cancer | MC-3 | [104] | ||
Gastric cancer | SNU-638 | [105] | ||
Ovarian cancer | A2780 | [106] | ||
| Liver cancer | SK-HEP-1 | [103] | |
Gastric cancer | SNU-638 | [105] | ||
Ovarian cancer | A2780 | [106] | ||
Galangin |
| Laryngeal cancer | TU212, HEP-2 | [108] |
| Laryngeal cancer | TU212, HEP-2 | [108] | |
Liver cancer | HepG2 | [109,110] | ||
| Laryngeal cancer | TU212, HEP-2 | [108] | |
Liver cancer | HepG2 | [109,110] | ||
Myricetin |
| Gastric cancer | AGS | [42] |
Colorectal cancer | HCT116, SW620 | [47] | ||
Liver cancer | HepG2 | [111] | ||
| Gastric cancer | AGS | [42] | |
Colorectal cancer | HCT116, SW620 | [47] | ||
Liver cancer | HepG2, Hep3B | [111,112,113] | ||
| Gastric cancer | AGS | [42] | |
Isorhamnetin |
| Gastric cancer | MKN-45 | [54] |
Fisetin |
| Prostate cancer | PC3 | [114] |
| Prostate cancer | PC3 | [114] | |
Oral cancer | Ca9-22 | [115] | ||
Pancreatic cancer | PANC-1, BxPC-3 | [116] | ||
| Oral cancer | Ca9-22 | [115] | |
| Oral cancer | Ca9-22 | [115] |
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Wendlocha, D.; Kubina, R.; Krzykawski, K.; Mielczarek-Palacz, A. Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081201
Wendlocha D, Kubina R, Krzykawski K, Mielczarek-Palacz A. Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis. Nutrients. 2024; 16(8):1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081201
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendlocha, Dominika, Robert Kubina, Kamil Krzykawski, and Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz. 2024. "Selected Flavonols Targeting Cell Death Pathways in Cancer Therapy: The Latest Achievements in Research on Apoptosis, Autophagy, Necroptosis, Pyroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Cuproptosis" Nutrients 16, no. 8: 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16081201