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Nutrients
Volume 16
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10.3390/nu16060789
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Review

Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics

by
Mónika Fekete
1,
Andrea Lehoczki
1,2,
Dávid Major
1,
Vince Fazekas-Pongor
1,
Tamás Csípő
1,
Stefano Tarantini
1,3,4,5,
Zoltán Csizmadia
6 and
János Tamás Varga
7,*
1
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
2
National Institute for Haematology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, South Pest Central Hospital, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
3
Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
4
Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
5
Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
6
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7621 Pécs, Hungary
7
Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789
Submission received: 8 February 2024 / Revised: 6 March 2024 / Accepted: 8 March 2024 / Published: 10 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)
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Abstract

Recent research exploring the relationship between the gut and the brain suggests that the condition of the gut microbiota can influence cognitive health. A well-balanced gut microbiota may help reduce inflammation, which is linked to neurodegenerative conditions. Prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics are nutritional supplements and functional food components associated with gastrointestinal well-being. The bidirectional communication of the gut–brain axis is essential for maintaining homeostasis, with pre-, pro-, and symbiotics potentially affecting various cognitive functions such as attention, perception, and memory. Numerous studies have consistently shown that incorporating pre-, pro-, and symbiotics into a healthy diet can lead to improvements in cognitive functions and mood. Maintaining a healthy gut microbiota can support optimal cognitive function, which is crucial for disease prevention in our fast-paced, Westernized society. Our results indicate cognitive benefits in healthy older individuals with probiotic supplementation but not in healthy older individuals who have good and adequate levels of physical activity. Additionally, it appears that there are cognitive benefits in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, while mixed results seem to arise in younger and healthier individuals. However, it is important to acknowledge that individual responses may vary, and the use of these dietary supplements should be tailored to each individual’s unique health circumstances and needs.
Keywords: cognitive function; prebiotic; probiotic; symbiotic; dementia; randomized controlled trial cognitive function; prebiotic; probiotic; symbiotic; dementia; randomized controlled trial

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fekete, M.; Lehoczki, A.; Major, D.; Fazekas-Pongor, V.; Csípő, T.; Tarantini, S.; Csizmadia, Z.; Varga, J.T. Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics. Nutrients 2024, 16, 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789

AMA Style

Fekete M, Lehoczki A, Major D, Fazekas-Pongor V, Csípő T, Tarantini S, Csizmadia Z, Varga JT. Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics. Nutrients. 2024; 16(6):789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fekete, Mónika, Andrea Lehoczki, Dávid Major, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Tamás Csípő, Stefano Tarantini, Zoltán Csizmadia, and János Tamás Varga. 2024. "Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics" Nutrients 16, no. 6: 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789

APA Style

Fekete, M., Lehoczki, A., Major, D., Fazekas-Pongor, V., Csípő, T., Tarantini, S., Csizmadia, Z., & Varga, J. T. (2024). Exploring the Influence of Gut–Brain Axis Modulation on Cognitive Health: A Comprehensive Review of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Symbiotics. Nutrients, 16(6), 789. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060789

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