Energies

Research

15 pages, 21305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Torque Error Compensation Algorithm for Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines with Respect to Magnet Temperature Variations

by Chang-Seok Park and Jae Suk Lee

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091365 - 24 Aug 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6382

Abstract

This paper presents a torque error compensation algorithm for a surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (SPMSM) through real time permanent magnet (PM) flux linkage estimation at various temperature conditions from medium to rated speed. As known, the PM flux linkage in SPMSMs [...] Read more.

This paper presents a torque error compensation algorithm for a surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine (SPMSM) through real time permanent magnet (PM) flux linkage estimation at various temperature conditions from medium to rated speed. As known, the PM flux linkage in SPMSMs varies with the thermal conditions. Since a maximum torque per ampere look up table, a control method used for copper loss minimization, is developed based on estimated PM flux linkage, variation of PM flux linkage results in undesired torque development of SPMSM drives. In this paper, PM flux linkage is estimated through a stator flux linkage observer and the torque error is compensated in real time using the estimated PM flux linkage. In this paper, the proposed torque error compensation algorithm is verified in simulation and experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 5258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Induction Motor Drive Direct Torque Control and Predictive Torque Control Comparison Based on Switching Pattern Analysis

by Pavel Karlovsky and Jiri Lettl

Energies 2018, 11(7), 1793; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071793 - 8 Jul 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5533

Abstract

This paper describes a switching pattern generated in case of induction motor drive predictive torque control (PTC) compared to a switching pattern of direct torque control (DTC). PTC is a modern control method for electric drives based on model predictive control (MPC). DTC [...] Read more.

This paper describes a switching pattern generated in case of induction motor drive predictive torque control (PTC) compared to a switching pattern of direct torque control (DTC). PTC is a modern control method for electric drives based on model predictive control (MPC). DTC is a very powerful method and is today an industrial standard for controlling an induction motor drive. Its usage is wide-spread, mainly in high-power applications. However, the method suffers from a few disadvantages. One of the causes of the control method’s problematic behavior is choosing the switching combinations in the flux sector. Another inconvenience is the common selection table not including all voltage vectors in given sector. By these factors, the ripples of flux vector trajectory and torque waveforms are influenced. The longer the sample time is, the more significant the influence of factors becomes, because only a few steps occur within one turn of the magnetic flux vector. Based on the detailed analysis, the reasons of the different performance of both systems are explained. The analysis performed by simulation in Matlab Simulink environment has proved that, while DTC might choose voltage vector that pushes system away from the reference values, the MPC always chooses the most proper vector. The experimental results measured on the real drive confirm the appropriate vector selection, just in case of the predictive control method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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19 pages, 5078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gain Scheduled Torque Compensation of PMSG-Based Wind Turbine for Frequency Regulation in an Isolated Grid

by Haixin Wang, Junyou Yang, Zhe Chen, Weichun Ge, Shiyan Hu, Yiming Ma, Yunlu Li, Guanfeng Zhang and Lijian Yang

Energies 2018, 11(7), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071623 - 21 Jun 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3629

Abstract

Frequency stability in an isolated grid can be easily impacted by sudden load or wind speed changes. Many frequency regulation techniques are utilized to solve this problem. However, there are only few studies designing torque compensation controllers based on power performances in different [...] Read more.

Frequency stability in an isolated grid can be easily impacted by sudden load or wind speed changes. Many frequency regulation techniques are utilized to solve this problem. However, there are only few studies designing torque compensation controllers based on power performances in different Speed Parts. It is a major challenge for a wind turbine generator (WTG) to achieve the satisfactory compensation performance in different Speed Parts. To tackle this challenge, this paper proposes a gain scheduled torque compensation strategy for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind turbines. Our main idea is to improve the anti-disturbance ability for frequency regulation by compensating torque based on WTG speed Parts. To achieve higher power reserve in each Speed Part, an enhanced deloading method of WTG is proposed. We develop a new small-signal dynamic model through analyzing the steady-state performances of deloaded WTG in the whole range of wind speed. Subsequently, H_∞ theory is leveraged in designing the gain scheduled torque compensation controller to effectively suppress frequency fluctuation. Moreover, since torque compensation brings about untimely power adjustment in over-rated wind speed condition, the conventional speed reference of pitch control system is improved. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can significantly improve frequency stability and smoothen power fluctuation resulting from wind speed variations. The minimum of frequency deviation with the proposed strategy is improved by up to 0.16 Hz at over-rated wind speed. Our technique can also improve anti-disturbance ability in frequency domain and achieve power balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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11 pages, 6566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3-Leg Inverter Control for 2-Phase Outer Rotor Coreless Torque Actuator in Hybrid Multi-D.O.F System

by Kyoung Jin Joo, Gang Seok Lee, Hyun Seok Hong, Sung Hong Won and Ju Lee

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061611 - 20 Jun 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4862

Abstract

Since an existing 3-phase inner rotor torque actuator (TA) has severe torque ripples, it is not appropriate for a gimbal system that requires precise position control. Therefore, a coreless TA is considered to eliminate the core causing torque ripples. In order to compensate [...] Read more.

Since an existing 3-phase inner rotor torque actuator (TA) has severe torque ripples, it is not appropriate for a gimbal system that requires precise position control. Therefore, a coreless TA is considered to eliminate the core causing torque ripples. In order to compensate for several problems (e.g., problems of production structures and output degradation) when a coreless type is used, the final 2-phase outer rotor is proposed for the low vibration and high power TA in the gimbal system. To control the 2-phase TA applied to such the gimbal system, special inverter control methods, such as bi-directional drive for tilting control and control for output torque improvement, are required. The 2-phase 3-leg inverter is free of DC capacitor voltage unbalance compared to the 2-leg inverter, and is economical because it uses less power switches than the 4-leg inverter. Therefore, the 2-phase 3-leg inverter is applied to drive the 2-phase outer rotor coreless TA of a hybrid gimbal system, and it is verified through simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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18 pages, 8177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Synchrosqueezed Wavelet Transforms for Extraction of the Oscillatory Parameters of Subsynchronous Oscillation in Power Systems

by Yan Zhao, Haohan Cui, Hong Huo and Yonghui Nie

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061525 - 12 Jun 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4084

Abstract

The most classical subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) mode extraction methods have some shortcomings, such as lower mode identification and poor anti-noise properties. Thus, this paper proposes a new time-frequency analysis method, namely, synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms (SWT). SWT combines the advantages of empirical mode decomposition [...] Read more.

The most classical subsynchronous oscillation (SSO) mode extraction methods have some shortcomings, such as lower mode identification and poor anti-noise properties. Thus, this paper proposes a new time-frequency analysis method, namely, synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms (SWT). SWT combines the advantages of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and wavelet, which has the adaptability of EMD, and improve the ability of anti-mode mixing on EMD and wavelet. Thus, better anti-noise property and higher mode identification can be achieved. Firstly, the SSO signal is transformed by SWT and its time-frequency spectrum is obtained. Secondly, the attenuation characteristic of each intrinsic mode type (IMT) component in its time-frequency spectrum is analyzed by an automatic identification algorithm, and determine which IMT component needs reconstruction. After that, the selected IMT components with divergent characteristic are reconstructed. Thirdly, high-accuracy detection for mode parameter identification is achieved by the Hilbert transform (HT). Simulation and application examples prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 5267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of Hybrid Ionized Field of AC/DC Transmission Lines by the Meshless Local Petorv–Galerkin Method

by Qiang Li, Hao Yang, Fan Yang, Degui Yao, Guangzhou Zhang, Jia Ran and Bing Gao

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061521 - 12 Jun 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3104

Abstract

To save land resources, the construction of the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) and high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) hybrid transmission lines in the same corridor is inevitable. To provide suggestions for the construction of the AC/DC parallel lines, the hybrid ionized field of AC/DC [...] Read more.

To save land resources, the construction of the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) and high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) hybrid transmission lines in the same corridor is inevitable. To provide suggestions for the construction of the AC/DC parallel lines, the hybrid ionized field of AC/DC transmission lines was calculated by the meshless local Petorv–Galerkin (MLPG) method for the first time. In this method, the radius of local sub-domain is adjusted to the nodes close to the global boundary, but not exactly on the boundary. It can avoid the boundary integral, as well as having simplified calculation. The method was validated by comparing with measured results and calculation results. The MLPG method is beneficial to obtaining high-precision results by constructing the more complex shape function. Finally, a field distribution of the parallel line of about ±800 kV DC/500 kV AC was calculated. Moreover, the influence of different parallel spacing and AC voltage level on the hybrid ionized field was analyzed, which provides theoretical basis for real parallel lines design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 3993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Diagnostic Algorithm for Multiple IGBTs Open Circuit Faults by the Phase Currents for Power Inverter in Electric Vehicles

by Hongqian Wei, Youtong Zhang, Lei Yu, Mengzhu Zhang and Khaled Teffah

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061508 - 10 Jun 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3932

Abstract

In order to simplify the application and improve diagnostic speed of the diagnostics, a novel method to diagnose multiple open circuit faults in insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) by three-phase currents for power inverter in electric vehicles is presented. The summation of currents [...] Read more.

In order to simplify the application and improve diagnostic speed of the diagnostics, a novel method to diagnose multiple open circuit faults in insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) by three-phase currents for power inverter in electric vehicles is presented. The summation of currents with semi-period phase-difference is described in diagnostic variables with exploration of the current information in faulty condition. In contrast with plentiful existing methods which rely on the motor models and control parameters, this algorithm merely requires phase currents. Meanwhile, the normalized way based on the absolute phase currents and variable parameter moving average method are applied to improve the diagnostic speed and independence of load variation, which contributes to the real-time application in the electric vehicles. Experimental results, using a vector-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and digital signal processor MC56F8346, are presented to verify the algorithm effectiveness, showing many features, such as applicability for multiple open circuit faults, well-robustness against false alarms, briefness and agility for the diagnosis function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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19 pages, 1924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Calculation for Multi-Infeed Interaction Factors Considering Control Modes of High Voltage Direct Current Links

by Chengjun Xia, Xia Hua, Zhen Wang and Zhenlin Huang

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061506 - 8 Jun 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4443

Abstract

The multi-infeed interaction factor (MIIF) is used extensively in indicating the degree of interaction among high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converters and is currently calculated by simulation methods according to the definition, or by using the equivalent impedance ratio method. The first method is [...] Read more.

The multi-infeed interaction factor (MIIF) is used extensively in indicating the degree of interaction among high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converters and is currently calculated by simulation methods according to the definition, or by using the equivalent impedance ratio method. The first method is an experimental calculation method and the second method does not account for the effects of HVDC control modes. An analytical calculation method for MIIF considering control modes of HVDC links is proposed in this paper. First, the voltage variation of converter bus in the context of small disturbance is equated by using the bus impedance matrix. In this way the equations for the solution of MIIF considering HVDC control mode are obtained. Subsequently, based on two rational assumptions, the practical analytical calculation expression of MIIF is deduced in detail. The MIIF calculation method proposed in this paper is an improvement of the equivalent impedance ratio method and reflects the main influencing factors of voltage interaction including HVDC control modes. Moreover, the derived analytical expression can give a fundamental insight into parameter dependencies of voltage interaction. Finally, the validity and accuracy of the proposed approach are demonstrated in both dual-infeed HVDC system and actual large-scale power grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 5702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Reduced Cost of Non-Salient Machine System Using MTPA Angle Pre-Compensation Method Based on EEMF Sensorless Control

by Kyoung Jin Joo, Joon Sung Park and Ju Lee

Energies 2018, 11(6), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061425 - 2 Jun 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4642

Abstract

When a consumer chooses a product, one of the most important considerations is price. Therefore, cost reduction is the most important factor when manufacturing a product. This paper has applied the sensorless method to remove the position sensor in an interior permanent magnet [...] Read more.

When a consumer chooses a product, one of the most important considerations is price. Therefore, cost reduction is the most important factor when manufacturing a product. This paper has applied the sensorless method to remove the position sensor in an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) system and examined the way to reduce the use of the trigonometric function in order to lower the dependency on a high-end CPU. A sensorless method has been studied to use an extended electromotive force (EEMF) that can increase the degree of freedom of the motor in the IPMSM system. In addition, an observer is applied to the estimated position to stabilize the system. Furthermore, many trigonometric functions are used for driving the IPMSM. Since this trigonometric function requires decimal point operations, that requires a lot of computation time and a high-performance CPU. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method to pre-compensate the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) angle as a way to reduce the use of the trigonometric functions which makes a high-spec CPU unnecessary. Simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the proposed control algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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15 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Synchronous Machine Rotor Design for the Easy Assembly of Excitation Coils Based on Surrogate Optimization

by Tiejiang Yuan, Nan Yang, Wei Zhang, Wenping Cao, Ning Xing, Zheng Tan and Guofeng Li

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051311 - 21 May 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4391

Abstract

This paper introduces a new rotor design for the easy insertion and removal of rotor windings. The shape of the rotor is optimized based on a surrogate method in order to achieve low power loss under the maximum power output. The synchronous machine [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a new rotor design for the easy insertion and removal of rotor windings. The shape of the rotor is optimized based on a surrogate method in order to achieve low power loss under the maximum power output. The synchronous machine with the new rotor is evaluated in 2-D finite element software and validated by experiments. This rotor shows great potential for reducing the maintenance and repair costs of synchronous machines, making it particularly suited for low-cost mass production markets including gen-sets, steam turbines, wind power generators, and hybrid electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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12 pages, 3221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Electric Powertrain with Fuel Cells for a Series Vehicle

by Ioan Aschilean, Mihai Varlam, Mihai Culcer, Mariana Iliescu, Mircea Raceanu, Adrian Enache, Maria Simona Raboaca, Gabriel Rasoi and Constantin Filote

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051294 - 18 May 2018

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9449

Abstract

Recent environmental and climate change issues make it imperative to persistently approach research into the development of technologies designed to ensure the sustainability of global mobility. At the European Union level, the transport sector is responsible for approximately 28% of greenhouse gas emissions, [...] Read more.

Recent environmental and climate change issues make it imperative to persistently approach research into the development of technologies designed to ensure the sustainability of global mobility. At the European Union level, the transport sector is responsible for approximately 28% of greenhouse gas emissions, and 84% of them are associated with road transport. One of the most effective ways to enhance the de-carbonization process of the transport sector is through the promotion of electric propulsion, which involves overcoming barriers related to reduced driving autonomy and the long time required to recharge the batteries. This paper develops and implements a method meant to increase the autonomy and reduce the battery charging time of an electric car to comparable levels of an internal combustion engine vehicle. By doing so, the cost of such vehicles is the only remaining significant barrier in the way of a mass spread of electric propulsion. The chosen method is to hybridize the electric powertrain by using an additional source of fuel; hydrogen gas stored in pressurized cylinders is converted, in situ, into electrical energy by means of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The power generated on board can then be used, under the command of a dedicated management system, for battery charging, leading to an increase in the vehicle’s autonomy. Modeling and simulation results served to easily adjust the size of the fuel cell hybrid electric powertrain. After optimization, an actual fuel cell was built and implemented on a vehicle that used the body of a Jeep Wrangler, from which the thermal engine, associated subassemblies, and gearbox were removed. Once completed, the vehicle was tested in traffic conditions and its functional performance was established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 3192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IGBT Dynamic Loss Reduction through Device Level Soft Switching

by Lan Ma, Hongbing Xu, Alex Q. Huang, Jianxiao Zou and Kai Li

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051182 - 8 May 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7341

Abstract

Due to its low conduction loss, hence high current ratings, as well as low cost, Silicon Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (Si IGBT) is widely used in high power applications. However, its switching frequency is generally low because of relatively large switching losses. Silicon [...] Read more.

Due to its low conduction loss, hence high current ratings, as well as low cost, Silicon Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (Si IGBT) is widely used in high power applications. However, its switching frequency is generally low because of relatively large switching losses. Silicon carbide Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (SiC MOSFET) is much more superior due to their fast switching speed, which is determined by the internal parasitic capacitance instead of the stored charges, like the IGBT. By the combination of SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT, this paper presents a novel series hybrid switching method to achieve IGBT’s dynamic switching loss reduction by switching under Zero Voltage Hard Current (ZVHC) turn-on and Zero Current Hard Voltage (ZCHV) turn-off conditions. Both simulation and experimental results of IGBT are carried out, which shows that the soft switching of IGBT has been achieved both in turn-on and turn-off period. Thus 90% turn-on loss and 57% turn-off loss are reduced. Two different IGBTs’ test results are also provided to study the modulation parameter’s effect on the turn-off switching loss. Furthermore, with the consideration of voltage and current transient states, a new soft switching classification is proposed. At last, another improved modulation and Highly Efficient and Reliable Inverter Concept (HERIC) inverter are given to validate the effectiveness of the device level hybrid soft switching method application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 5702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design of a High Efficiency LLC Resonant Converter with a Narrow Frequency Range for Voltage Regulation

by Junhao Luo, Junhua Wang, Zhijian Fang, Jianwei Shao and Jiangui Li

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051124 - 2 May 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6530

Abstract

As a key factor in the design of a voltage-adjustable LLC resonant converter, frequency regulation range is very important to the optimization of magnetic components and efficiency improvement. This paper presents a novel optimal design method for LLC resonant converters, which can narrow [...] Read more.

As a key factor in the design of a voltage-adjustable LLC resonant converter, frequency regulation range is very important to the optimization of magnetic components and efficiency improvement. This paper presents a novel optimal design method for LLC resonant converters, which can narrow the frequency variation range and ensure high efficiency under the premise of a required gain achievement. A simplified gain model was utilized to simplify the calculation and the expected efficiency was initially set as 96.5%. The restricted area of parameter optimization design can be obtained by taking the intersection of the gain requirement, the efficiency requirement, and three restrictions of ZVS (Zero Voltage Switch). The proposed method was verified by simulation and experiments of a 150 W prototype. The results show that the proposed method can achieve ZVS from full-load to no-load conditions and can reach 1.6 times the normalized voltage gain in the frequency variation range of 18 kHz with a peak efficiency of up to 96.3%. Moreover, the expected efficiency is adjustable, which means a converter with a higher efficiency can be designed. The proposed method can also be used for the design of large-power LLC resonant converters to obtain a wide output voltage range and higher efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 5183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Triple Line-Voltage Cascaded VIENNA Converter Applied as the Medium-Voltage AC Drive

by Jia Zou, Cong Wang, Hong Cheng and Jinqi Liu

Energies 2018, 11(5), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051079 - 27 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5095

Abstract

A novel rectifier based on a triple line-voltage cascaded VIENNA converter (LVC-VC) was proposed. Compared to the conventional cascaded H-bridge converters, the switch voltage stress is lower, and the numbers of switches and dc capacitors are fewer under similar operating conditions in the [...] Read more.

A novel rectifier based on a triple line-voltage cascaded VIENNA converter (LVC-VC) was proposed. Compared to the conventional cascaded H-bridge converters, the switch voltage stress is lower, and the numbers of switches and dc capacitors are fewer under similar operating conditions in the proposed new multilevel converter. The modeling and control for the LVC-VC ware presented. Based on the analysis of the operation principle of the new converter, the power factor correction of the proposed converter was realized by employing a traditional one-cycle control strategy. The minimum average value and maximum harmonic components of the dc-link voltages of the three VIENNA rectifier modules ware calculated. Three VIENNA dc-link voltages were unbalanced under the unbalanced load conditions, so the zero sequence current was injected to the three inner currents for balancing three VIENNA dc-link voltages. Simulation and the results of the experiment verified the availability of the new proposed multilevel converter and the effectiveness of the corresponding control strategy applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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13 pages, 2647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Switched-Dual-Source Multilevel Inverter for Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Operation

by Kennedy Adinbo Aganah, Cristopher Luciano, Mandoye Ndoye and Gregory Murphy

Energies 2018, 11(4), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040984 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4242

Abstract

The increasing integration of large solar PV and wind farms into the power grid has fueled, over the past two decades, growing demands for high-power, high-voltage, utility-scale inverters. Multilevel inverters have emerged as the industry’s choice for megawatt-range inverters because of their reduced [...] Read more.

The increasing integration of large solar PV and wind farms into the power grid has fueled, over the past two decades, growing demands for high-power, high-voltage, utility-scale inverters. Multilevel inverters have emerged as the industry’s choice for megawatt-range inverters because of their reduced voltage stress, capability for generating an almost-sinusoidal voltage, built-in redundancy and other benefits. This paper presents a novel switched-source multilevel inverter (SS MLI) architecture. This new inverter shows superior capabilities when compared to existing topologies. It has reduced voltage stress on the semiconductor, uses fewer switches (i.e., reduced size/weight/cost) and exhibits increased efficiency. The proposed SS MLI is comprised of two voltage sources (

V_{1}, V_{2}

) and six switches. It is capable of generating five-level output voltage in symmetric mode (i.e.,

V_{1} = V_{2}

) and seven-level output voltage in asymmetric mode (i.e.,

V_{1} \neq V_{2}

). We present simulations results (using MATLAB^®/Simulink^®) for five- and seven-level output voltages, and they strongly support the validity of the proposed inverter. These positive results are further supported experimentally using a laboratory prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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18 pages, 10896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Filtering Technique-Based PLL Targeting Fast and Robust Tracking Performance under Distorted Grid Conditions

by Yunlu Li, Junyou Yang, Haixin Wang, Weichun Ge and Yiming Ma

Energies 2018, 11(4), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040973 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4535

Abstract

In most grid-connected power converter applications, the phase-locked loop (PLL) is probably the most widespread grid synchronization technique, owing to its simple implementation. However, its phase-tracking performance tends to worsen when the grid voltage is under unbalanced and distorted conditions. Many filtering techniques [...] Read more.

In most grid-connected power converter applications, the phase-locked loop (PLL) is probably the most widespread grid synchronization technique, owing to its simple implementation. However, its phase-tracking performance tends to worsen when the grid voltage is under unbalanced and distorted conditions. Many filtering techniques are utilized to solve this problem, however, at the cost of slowing down the transient response. It is a major challenge for PLL to achieve a satisfactory dynamic performance without degrading its filtering capability. To tackle this challenge, a hybrid filtering technique is proposed in this paper. Our idea is to eliminate the fundamental frequency negative sequence (FFNS) and other harmonic sequences at the prefiltering stage and inner loop of PLL, respectively. Second-order generalized integrators (SOGIs) are used to remove FFNS before the Park transformation. This makes moving average filters (MAFs) eliminate other harmonics with a narrowed window length, which means the time delay that is caused by MAFs is reduced. The entire hybrid filtering technique is included in a quasi-type-1 PLL structure (QT1-PLL), which can provide a rapid dynamic behavior. The small-signal model of the proposed PLL is established. Based on this model, the parameter design guidelines targeting the fast transient response are given. Comprehensive experiments are carried out to confirm the effectiveness of our method. The results show that the settling time of the proposed PLL is less than one grid cycle, which is shorter than most of the widespread PLLs. The harmonic rejection capability is also better than other methods, under both nominal and adverse grid conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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18 pages, 3276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorless Control of Dual-Active-Bridge Converter with Reduced-Order Proportional-Integral Observer

by Duy-Dinh Nguyen, Dinh-Hoa Nguyen, Toshihisa Funabashi and Goro Fujita

Energies 2018, 11(4), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040931 - 13 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8179

Abstract

When controlling a Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter, the high frequency terminal current is usually measured for use in the current feedback controller. In order to measure that current, a wide bandwidth sensor accompanied with high-speed amplifiers are required. Furthermore, a high Analog-to-Digital sampling [...] Read more.

When controlling a Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) DC/DC converter, the high frequency terminal current is usually measured for use in the current feedback controller. In order to measure that current, a wide bandwidth sensor accompanied with high-speed amplifiers are required. Furthermore, a high Analog-to-Digital sampling rate is also necessary for sampling and processing the measured data. To avoid those expensive requirements, this paper proposes an alternative control method for the DAB converter. In the proposed method, the terminal current is estimated by a reduced-order proportional integral observer. A technique is also proposed to reduce the phase drift effect when the voltages at two terminals are not matched. Afterwards, a combined current feedforward—voltage feedback control system is developed to enhance the system dynamics and to regulate the output voltage. This control system needs only the information of the terminal voltages and no current sensor is required. Experimental results show that the observer can estimate the terminal current very quickly with the accuracy of more than

98 %

. In addition, the output voltage is well regulated with a fluctuation of less than

\pm 2.6 %

and a settling time of less than 6.5 ms in the presence of a

30 %

load change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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13 pages, 8979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Cathode Design to Improve the ESD Capability of 600 V Fast Recovery Epitaxial Diodes

by Luca Maresca, Giuseppe De Caro, Gianpaolo Romano, Michele Riccio, Giovanni Breglio, Andrea Irace, Laura Bellemo, Rossano Carta and Nabil El Baradai

Energies 2018, 11(4), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040832 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4735

Abstract

Silicon power diodes are used to design different types of electrical energy systems. Their performance has been improved substantially, as a result of a concentrated research efforts that have taken place in the last two decades. They are considered immune to electrostatic discharge [...] Read more.

Silicon power diodes are used to design different types of electrical energy systems. Their performance has been improved substantially, as a result of a concentrated research efforts that have taken place in the last two decades. They are considered immune to electrostatic discharge (ESD) failures, since usually they withstand an avalanche energy one order of magnitude higher than that of the ESD. Consequently, few works consider this aspect. However, it was observed that during the mounting of power diodes in automotive systems (e.g., with operators touching and handling the devices), ESD events occur and devices fail. In this paper the ESD capability of 600 V fast recovery epitaxial diode (FRED) is analyzed by means of Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulations, theoretical analyses and experimental characterization. Two doping profiles are investigated in order to improve the ESD robustness of a standard device and an optimized doping profile is proposed. The proposed design exhibits a higher ESD robustness and this is due to its superior capability in keeping the current distribution uniform in the structure in a critical condition such as the impact ionization avalanche effect. Both experimental and numerical results validate the proposed design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 91556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Algorithm for Online Inertia Identification and Load Torque Observation via Adaptive Kalman Observer-Recursive Least Squares

by Ming Yang, Zirui Liu, Jiang Long, Wanying Qu and Dianguo Xu

Energies 2018, 11(4), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040778 - 28 Mar 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5766

Abstract

In this paper, an on-line parameter identification algorithm to iteratively compute the numerical values of inertia and load torque is proposed. Since inertia and load torque are strongly coupled variables due to the degenerate-rank problem, it is hard to estimate relatively accurate values [...] Read more.

In this paper, an on-line parameter identification algorithm to iteratively compute the numerical values of inertia and load torque is proposed. Since inertia and load torque are strongly coupled variables due to the degenerate-rank problem, it is hard to estimate relatively accurate values for them in the cases such as when load torque variation presents or one cannot obtain a relatively accurate priori knowledge of inertia. This paper eliminates this problem and realizes ideal online inertia identification regardless of load condition and initial error. The algorithm in this paper integrates a full-order Kalman Observer and Recursive Least Squares, and introduces adaptive controllers to enhance the robustness. It has a better performance when iteratively computing load torque and moment of inertia. Theoretical sensitivity analysis of the proposed algorithm is conducted. Compared to traditional methods, the validity of the proposed algorithm is proved by simulation and experiment results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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18 pages, 9997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Hybrid Filter-Based Phase-Locked Loop under Adverse Grid Conditions

by Nanmu Hui, Dazhi Wang and Yunlu Li

Energies 2018, 11(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040703 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4664

Abstract

Synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is widely used in grid synchronization applications. However, under unbalanced, distorted and DC offset mixed grid conditions, its performance tends to worsen. In order to improve the filtering capability of SRF-PLL, a modified three-order generalized integrator (MTOGI) with DC [...] Read more.

Synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop (SRF-PLL) is widely used in grid synchronization applications. However, under unbalanced, distorted and DC offset mixed grid conditions, its performance tends to worsen. In order to improve the filtering capability of SRF-PLL, a modified three-order generalized integrator (MTOGI) with DC offset rejection capability based on conventional three order generalized integrator (TOGI) and an enhanced delayed signal cancellation (EDSC) are proposed, then dual modified TOGI (DMTOGI) filtering stage is designed and incorporated into the SRF-PLL control loop with EDSC to form a new hybrid filter-based PLL. The proposed PLL can reject the fundamental frequency negative sequence (FFNS) component, DC offset component, and the rest of harmonic components in SRF-PLL input three-phase voltages at the same time with a simple complexity. The proposed PLL in this paper has a faster transient response due to the EDSC reducing the number of DSC operators. A small-signal model of the proposed PLL is derived. The stability is analyzed and parameter design guidelines are given. Experimental results are included to validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed PLL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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15 pages, 3124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Inductance/Capacitance Switch Model for an LCC-HVDC Converter in an AC/DC Hybrid Grid

by Yangyang He, Xiaodong Zheng, Nengling Tai, Junxian Hou and Wentao Huang

Energies 2018, 11(4), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11040692 - 21 Mar 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4564

Abstract

In order to improve the simulation speed of the AC/DC hybrid grid, the inductance/capacitance (L/C) switch model for line-commutated converter of high-voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) is presented in this study. The time domain modeling method is used to analyze the circuit of L/C [...] Read more.

In order to improve the simulation speed of the AC/DC hybrid grid, the inductance/capacitance (L/C) switch model for line-commutated converter of high-voltage direct current (LCC-HVDC) is presented in this study. The time domain modeling method is used to analyze the circuit of L/C switch model for the six-pulse system in LCC-HVDC in a switching period. A parameter setting method of L/C switch model is proposed considering the transient response, the steady state performance, switching losses and simulation error of the switch. The inductance/capacitance (L/C) switch model for LCC-HVDC has the advantage of keeping the admittance matrix unchanged regardless of the change of switching state, which improves the simulation efficiency. Finally, the validity of the parameter setting method is verified. Compared with the test results of PSCAD/EMTDC, the accuracy of the proposed LCC-HVDC simulation model is proved. The model is suitable for real-time or offline simulation of AC/DC hybrid grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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11 pages, 3781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast-Transient Output Capacitor-Less Low-Dropout Regulator Using Active-Feedback and Current-Reuse Feedforward Compensation

by Eun-Taek Sung, Sangyong Park and Donghyun Baek

Energies 2018, 11(3), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030688 - 19 Mar 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 9870

Abstract

In this paper, output capacitor-less low-dropout (LDO) regulator using active-feedback and current-reuse feedforward compensation (AFCFC) is presented. The open-loop transfer function was obtained using small-signal modeling. The stability of the proposed LDO was analyzed using pole-zero plots, and it was confirmed by simulations [...] Read more.

In this paper, output capacitor-less low-dropout (LDO) regulator using active-feedback and current-reuse feedforward compensation (AFCFC) is presented. The open-loop transfer function was obtained using small-signal modeling. The stability of the proposed LDO was analyzed using pole-zero plots, and it was confirmed by simulations that the stability was ensured under the load current of 50 mA. The proposed compensation method increases gain-bandwidth product (GBW) and reduces the on-chip compensation capacitor. The proposed AFCFC technique was applied to a three-stage output capacitor-less LDO. The LDO has a GBW of 5.6 MHz with a small on-chip capacitor of 2.6 pF. Fast-transient time of 450 ns with low quiescent current of 65.8 μA was achieved. The LDO was fabricated in 130 nm CMOS process consuming 180 × 140 μm² of the silicon area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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8 pages, 5965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Excited Machine with Flux Barriers and Magnetic Bridges

by Marcin Wardach, Piotr Paplicki and Ryszard Palka

Energies 2018, 11(3), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030676 - 16 Mar 2018

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4519

Abstract

In this paper, an U-shape flux barrier rotor concept for a hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux magnetic bridges fixed on the rotor is presented. Using 3D finite element analysis, the influence of axial flux bridges on the field-weakening and -strengthening characteristics, electromagnetic [...] Read more.

In this paper, an U-shape flux barrier rotor concept for a hybrid excited synchronous machine with flux magnetic bridges fixed on the rotor is presented. Using 3D finite element analysis, the influence of axial flux bridges on the field-weakening and -strengthening characteristics, electromagnetic torque, no-load magnetic flux linkage, rotor iron losses and back electromotive force is shown. Three different rotor designs are analyzed. Furthermore, the field control characteristics depending on additional DC control coil currents are shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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22 pages, 3163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive and Nonlinear Control Techniques Applied to SEPIC Converter in DC-DC, PFC, CCM and DCM Modes Using HIL Simulation

by Arthur H. R. Rosa, Thiago M. De Souza, Lenin M. F. Morais and Seleme I. Seleme, Jr.

Energies 2018, 11(3), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030602 - 9 Mar 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6966

Abstract

In this paper, we propose adaptive nonlinear controllers for the Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC). We also consider four distinct situations: AC-DC, DC-DC, Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). A comparative analysis between classic linear and nonlinear approaches to regulate [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose adaptive nonlinear controllers for the Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC). We also consider four distinct situations: AC-DC, DC-DC, Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM). A comparative analysis between classic linear and nonlinear approaches to regulate the control loop is made. Three adaptive nonlinear control laws are designed: Feedback Linearization Control (FLC), Passivity-Based Control (PBC) and Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-Based Control (IDAPBC). In order to compare the performance of these control techniques, numerical simulations were made in Software and Hardware in the Loop (HIL) for nominal conditions and operation disturbances. We recommend adaptive controllers for the two different situations: Adaptive Passivity-Based Feedback Linearization Control (APBFLC) for the PFC (Power Factor Correction) AC-DC system and IDAPBC-BB (IDAPBC Based on Boost converter) for the regulator DC-DC system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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25 pages, 9963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Non-Isolated Multi-Port Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter for Standalone Applications

by C. Anuradha, C. Sakthivel, T. Venkatesan and N. Chellammal

Energies 2018, 11(3), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030539 - 2 Mar 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4746 | Correction

Abstract

A non-isolated Multiport Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) for coordinating photovoltaic sources is developed in this paper. The proposed multiport converter topologies comprise a Single Input Multi yield (SIMO) and Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). It is having the merits of decreased [...] Read more.

A non-isolated Multiport Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) for coordinating photovoltaic sources is developed in this paper. The proposed multiport converter topologies comprise a Single Input Multi yield (SIMO) and Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). It is having the merits of decreased number of parts and high power density. Steady state analysis verifies the improved situation of both the proposed topologies, which is further checked through simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 2703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Line-to-Line Fault Analysis and Location in a VSC-Based Low-Voltage DC Distribution Network

by Shi-Min Xue and Chong Liu

Energies 2018, 11(3), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030536 - 2 Mar 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6299

Abstract

A DC cable short-circuit fault is the most severe fault type that occurs in DC distribution networks, having a negative impact on transmission equipment and the stability of system operation. When a short-circuit fault occurs in a DC distribution network based on a [...] Read more.

A DC cable short-circuit fault is the most severe fault type that occurs in DC distribution networks, having a negative impact on transmission equipment and the stability of system operation. When a short-circuit fault occurs in a DC distribution network based on a voltage source converter (VSC), an in-depth analysis and characterization of the fault is of great significance to establish relay protection, devise fault current limiters and realize fault location. However, research on short-circuit faults in VSC-based low-voltage DC (LVDC) systems, which are greatly different from high-voltage DC (HVDC) systems, is currently stagnant. The existing research in this area is not conclusive, with further study required to explain findings in HVDC systems that do not fit with simulated results or lack thorough theoretical analyses. In this paper, faults are divided into transient- and steady-state faults, and detailed formulas are provided. A more thorough and practical theoretical analysis with fewer errors can be used to develop protection schemes and short-circuit fault locations based on transient- and steady-state analytic formulas. Compared to the classical methods, the fault analyses in this paper provide more accurate computed results of fault current. Thus, the fault location method can rapidly evaluate the distance between the fault and converter. The analyses of error increase and an improved handshaking method coordinating with the proposed location method are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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11 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Controller of the Major Functions for Controlling a Drive System with Elastic Couplings

by Dung Tran Anh and Thang Nguyen Trong

Energies 2018, 11(3), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030531 - 1 Mar 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3637

Abstract

In any drive system, there are always couplings between the motor and the load. Since the hardness of these couplings is finite, they have elastic properties, causing unwanted vibration and negatively affecting system quality. When the couplings are springs with nonlinear characteristics, control [...] Read more.

In any drive system, there are always couplings between the motor and the load. Since the hardness of these couplings is finite, they have elastic properties, causing unwanted vibration and negatively affecting system quality. When the couplings are springs with nonlinear characteristics, control is particularly difficult because it is very difficult or impossible to define the parameters of the controlled object. To solve these difficulties, this article proposes an adaptive controller of the major functions for controlling a drive system with nonlinear elastic couplings of unidentified parameters. For the proposed control system, we measure the response speed of the object, use a Luenberger observer to estimate the state variables of the system, and use an adaptive controller to control the system. The experimental results demonstrate that the control object can be controlled without knowing the parameters: the control quality of the system is very good, close to that of a system with a hard coupling, there is no vibration or overshoot, and the transition time is small. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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12 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual Monitoring Technique to Detect Power Quality Transients Based on the Fourth-Order Spectrogram

by Juan-José González-de-la-Rosa, Agustín Agüera-Pérez, José-Carlos Palomares-Salas, Olivia Florencias-Oliveros and José-María Sierra-Fernández

Energies 2018, 11(3), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030503 - 27 Feb 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3508

Abstract

This paper presents a higher-order statistics-based approach of detecting transients that uses the fourth-order discrete spectrogram to monitor the power supply in a node of the domestic smart grid. Taking advantage of the mixed time–frequency domain information, the method allows for the transient [...] Read more.

This paper presents a higher-order statistics-based approach of detecting transients that uses the fourth-order discrete spectrogram to monitor the power supply in a node of the domestic smart grid. Taking advantage of the mixed time–frequency domain information, the method allows for the transient detection and the subsequent identification of the potential area in which the fault takes place. The proposed method is evaluated through real power-line signals from the Spanish electrical grid. Thanks to the peakedness enhancement capability of the higher-order spectra, the results show that the procedure is able to detect low-level transients, which are likely ignored by the traditional detection procedures, where the concern pertains to power reliability (not oriented to micro grids), and this, by analyzing the duration and frequency content of the electrical perturbation, may indicate prospective faulty states of elements in a grid. Easy to implement in a hand-held instrument, the computational strategy has a 5 Hz resolution in the range 0–500 Hz and a 50 Hz resolution in the range of 0–5 kHz, and could be consequently used by technicians in order to allocate new types of transients originated by the distributed energy resources. Four real-life case-studies illustrate the performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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13 pages, 4323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Switching Transients during Energization in Large Offshore Wind Farms

by Gang Liu, Yaxun Guo, Yanli Xin, Lei You, Xiaofeng Jiang, Ming Zheng and Wenhu Tang

Energies 2018, 11(2), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020470 - 23 Feb 2018

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6163

Abstract

In order to study switching transients in an offshore wind farm (OWF) collector system, we employ modeling methods of the main components in OWFs, including vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs), submarine cables, and wind turbine transformers (WTTs). In particular, a high frequency (HF) VCB [...] Read more.

In order to study switching transients in an offshore wind farm (OWF) collector system, we employ modeling methods of the main components in OWFs, including vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs), submarine cables, and wind turbine transformers (WTTs). In particular, a high frequency (HF) VCB model that reflects the prestrike characteristics of VCBs was developed. Moreover, a simplified experimental system of an OWF electric collection system was set up to verify the developed models, and a typical OWF medium voltage (MV) cable collection system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC based on the developed models. Finally, we investigated the influences of both the initial closing phase angle of VCBs and typical system operation scenarios on the amplitude and steepness of transient overvoltages (TOVs) at the high-voltage side of WTTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 6503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PWM Carrier Displacement in Multi-N-Phase Drives: An Additional Degree of Freedom to Reduce the DC-Link Stress

by Michela Diana, Riccardo Ruffo and Paolo Guglielmi

Energies 2018, 11(2), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020443 - 16 Feb 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5340

Abstract

The paper presents a particular Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy to reduce the (Direct Current) DC-link capacitor stress for multi-n-phase drives. A multi-n-phase drive is composed of multiple independent systems of n inverter supplying a multi-n-phase electric machine. The paper focused on the [...] Read more.

The paper presents a particular Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy to reduce the (Direct Current) DC-link capacitor stress for multi-n-phase drives. A multi-n-phase drive is composed of multiple independent systems of n inverter supplying a multi-n-phase electric machine. The paper focused on the investigation of the best phase shifting between carriers for a triple-3-phase drive compared to the 3-phase counterpart in order to reduce the capacitor bench design point. Simulation and experimental results show as the control technique proposed is able to reduce the value of the DC-link capacitor current in any operating condition including fault case. In this sense, the PWM carrier displacement appears like an additional degree of freedom that can be exploited in multi-n-phase drives but also in multi-motor application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 5403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Performance Optimization of Two-Level Three-Phase Grid-Feeding Voltage-Source Inverters

by Issam A. Smadi, Saher Albatran and Hamzeh J. Ahmad

Energies 2018, 11(2), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020400 - 9 Feb 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3879

Abstract

The performance optimization of the two-level, three-phase, grid-feeding, voltage-source inverter (VSI) is studied in this paper, which adopts an online adaptive switching frequency algorithm (OASF). A new degree of freedom has been added to the employed OASF algorithm for optimal selection of the [...] Read more.

The performance optimization of the two-level, three-phase, grid-feeding, voltage-source inverter (VSI) is studied in this paper, which adopts an online adaptive switching frequency algorithm (OASF). A new degree of freedom has been added to the employed OASF algorithm for optimal selection of the weighting factor and overall system optimization design. Toward that end, a full mathematical formulation, including the impact of the coupling inductor and the controller response time, is presented. At first, the weighting factor is selected to favor the switching losses, and the controller gains are optimized by minimizing the integral time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) of the output active and reactive power. Different loading and ambient temperature conditions are considered to validate the optimized controller and its fast response through online field programmable gate array (FPGA)-in-the-loop. Then, the weighting factor is optimally selected to reduce the cost of the L-filter and the heat-sink. An optimization problem to minimize the cost design at the worst case of loading condition for grid-feeding VSI is formulated. The results from this optimization problem are the filter inductance, the thermal resistance of the heat-sink, and the optimal switching frequency with the optimal weighting factor. The VSI test-bed using the optimized parameters is used to verify the proposed work experimentally. Adopting the OASF algorithm that employs the optimal weighting factor for grid-feeding VSI, the percentages of the reductions in the slope of the steady state junction temperature profile compared to fixed frequencies of 10 kHz, 14.434 kHz, and 20 kHz are about 6%, 30%, and 18%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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11 pages, 2750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Step-Up Partial Power DC-DC Converters for Two-Stage PV Systems with Interleaved Current Performance

by Jaime Wladimir Zapata, Samir Kouro, Gonzalo Carrasco and Hugues Renaudineau

Energies 2018, 11(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020357 - 3 Feb 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5504

Abstract

This work presents a partial power converter allowing us to obtain, with a single DC-DC converter, the same feature as the classical interleaved operation of two converters. More precisely, the proposed topology performs similarly as the input-parallel output-series (IPOS) configuration reducing the current [...] Read more.

This work presents a partial power converter allowing us to obtain, with a single DC-DC converter, the same feature as the classical interleaved operation of two converters. More precisely, the proposed topology performs similarly as the input-parallel output-series (IPOS) configuration reducing the current ripple at the input of the system and dividing the individual converters power rating, compared to a single converter. The proposed topology consists of a partial DC-DC converter processing only a fraction of the total power, thus allowing high efficiency. Experimental results are provided to validate the proposed converter topology with a Flyback-based 100 W test bench with a transformer turns ratio

n_{1} = n_{2}

. Experimental results show high performances reducing the input current ripple around

30 %

, further increasing the conversion efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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27 pages, 20788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control for Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters

by Roh Chan and Sangshin Kwak

Energies 2018, 11(2), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020355 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4738

Abstract

In multilevel cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters, the number of voltage vectors generated by the inverter quickly increases with increasing voltage level. However, because the sampling period is short, it is difficult to consider all the vectors as the voltage level increases. This paper [...] Read more.

In multilevel cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverters, the number of voltage vectors generated by the inverter quickly increases with increasing voltage level. However, because the sampling period is short, it is difficult to consider all the vectors as the voltage level increases. This paper proposes a model predictive control algorithm with reduced computational complexity and fast dynamic response for CHB inverters. The proposed method presents a robust approach to interpret a next step as a steady or transient state by comparing an optimal voltage vector at a present step and a reference voltage vector at the next step. During steady state, only an optimal vector at a present step and its adjacent vectors are considered as a candidate-vector subset. On the other hand, this paper defines a new candidate vector subset for the transient state, which consists of more vectors than those in the subset used for the steady state for fast dynamic speed; however, the vectors are less than all the possible vectors generated by the CHB inverter, for calculation simplicity. In conclusion, the proposed method can reduce the computational complexity without significantly deteriorating the dynamic responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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12 pages, 3517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Icing Condition Assessment of In-Service Glass Insulators Based on Graphical Shed Spacing and Graphical Shed Overhang

by Yanpeng Hao, Jie Wei, Xiaolan Jiang, Lin Yang, Licheng Li, Junke Wang, Hao Li and Ruihai Li

Energies 2018, 11(2), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020318 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4010

Abstract

Icing on transmission lines might lead to ice flashovers of insulators, collapse of towers, tripping faults of transmission lines, and other accidents. Shed spacing and shed overhang of insulators are clues for evaluating the probability of ice flashover. This paper researches image-processing methods [...] Read more.

Icing on transmission lines might lead to ice flashovers of insulators, collapse of towers, tripping faults of transmission lines, and other accidents. Shed spacing and shed overhang of insulators are clues for evaluating the probability of ice flashover. This paper researches image-processing methods for the natural icing of in-service glass insulators. Calculation methods of graphical shed spacing and graphical shed overhang are proposed via recognizing the convexity defects of the contours of an icing insulator string based on the GrabCut segmentation algorithm. The experiments are carried out with image data from our climatic chamber and the China Southern Power Grid Disaster (Icing) Warning System of Transmission Lines. The results show that the graphical shed overhang of insulators show evident change due to icing. This method can recognize the most serious icing conditions where the insulator sheds are completely bridged. Also, it can detect bridging positions including the left side, right side, or both sides of the insulator strings in the images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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28 pages, 12559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Automotive Permanent Magnet Alternator with Fully Controlled AC/DC Converter

by Tareq S. El-Hasan

Energies 2018, 11(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020274 - 24 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9253

Abstract

This paper proposes the design of a three-phase axial flux permanent magnet alternator (AFPMA) that is characterized with an air-cored stator and two-rotor (ACSTR) configuration. The AFPMA is harnessed with fully controlled AC/DC converter using six bridge Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs) capable [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the design of a three-phase axial flux permanent magnet alternator (AFPMA) that is characterized with an air-cored stator and two-rotor (ACSTR) configuration. The AFPMA is harnessed with fully controlled AC/DC converter using six bridge Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs) capable to deliver a constant DC output power as an attempt to replace the Lundell alternator for automotive applications. First, the design methodology and analysis of the AFPMA is introduced. The most effective parameters, such as rotor diameter, magnet thickness, number of turns, and winding thickness are determined. A smart digital control which facilitates the comparison between the magnitudes of the three-phase input signals instead of finding the zero crossing points is developed. Moreover, custom design comparators are specially designed and developed to generate adaptive signals that are fed into an Arduino Uno microcontroller. Accordingly, the Arduino generates the timely precise pulses that are necessary to maintain the appropriate triggering of the IGBTs. This technique allows the IGBTs to conduct in an adaptive manner to overcome the problem of asymmetrical voltage outputs from the AFPM alternator. The system is also capable of handling the variation in the speed of the AFPMA via the rigor code in Arduino that detects the change in the supply frequency and voltages in a real time process. The system is first analyzed via simulations using MATLAB/Simulink and then experimentally validated at certain speed and loading conditions. The preliminary tests results indicate that such system is capable to provide an efficient solution to satisfy automotive electric power demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 8277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Method for State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Square Root Cubature Kalman Filter

by Xiangyu Cui, Zhu Jing, Maji Luo, Yazhou Guo and Huimin Qiao

Energies 2018, 11(1), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010209 - 15 Jan 2018

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 5727

Abstract

State of charge (SOC) is a key parameter for lithium-ion battery management systems. The square root cubature Kalman filter (SRCKF) algorithm has been developed to estimate the SOC of batteries. SRCKF calculates 2n points that have the same weights according to cubature [...] Read more.

State of charge (SOC) is a key parameter for lithium-ion battery management systems. The square root cubature Kalman filter (SRCKF) algorithm has been developed to estimate the SOC of batteries. SRCKF calculates 2n points that have the same weights according to cubature transform to approximate the mean of state variables. After these points are propagated by nonlinear functions, the mean and the variance of the capture can achieve third-order precision of the real values of the nonlinear functions. SRCKF directly propagates and updates the square root of the state covariance matrix in the form of Cholesky decomposition, guarantees the nonnegative quality of the covariance matrix, and avoids the divergence of the filter. Simulink models and the test bench of extended Kalman filter (EKF), Unscented Kalman filter (UKF), cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and SRCKF are built. Three experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performances of the proposed methods. The results of the comparison of accuracy, robustness, and convergence rate with EKF, UKF, CKF and SRCKF are presented. Compared with the traditional EKF, UKF and CKF algorithms, the SRCKF algorithm is found to yield better SOC estimation accuracy, higher robustness and better convergence rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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20 pages, 4147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Model Predictive Fault Tolerant Control Based on Conditional Value at Risk for Wind Energy Conversion System

by Yun-Tao Shi, Xiang Xiang, Li Wang, Yuan Zhang and De-Hui Sun

Energies 2018, 11(1), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010193 - 12 Jan 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4091

Abstract

Wind energy has been drawing considerable attention in recent years. However, due to the random nature of wind and high failure rate of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs), how to implement fault-tolerant WECS control is becoming a significant issue. This paper addresses the [...] Read more.

Wind energy has been drawing considerable attention in recent years. However, due to the random nature of wind and high failure rate of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs), how to implement fault-tolerant WECS control is becoming a significant issue. This paper addresses the fault-tolerant control problem of a WECS with a probable actuator fault. A new stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) fault-tolerant controller with the Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) objective function is proposed in this paper. First, the Markov jump linear model is used to describe the WECS dynamics, which are affected by many stochastic factors, like the wind. The Markov jump linear model can precisely model the random WECS properties. Second, the scenario-based SMPC is used as the controller to address the control problem of the WECS. With this controller, all the possible realizations of the disturbance in prediction horizon are enumerated by scenario trees so that an uncertain SMPC problem can be transformed into a deterministic model predictive control (MPC) problem. Finally, the CVaR object function is adopted to improve the fault-tolerant control performance of the SMPC controller. CVaR can provide a balance between the performance and random failure risks of the system. The Min-Max performance index is introduced to compare the fault-tolerant control performance with the proposed controller. The comparison results show that the proposed method has better fault-tolerant control performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 7743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Verification of a 72/48 Switched Reluctance Motor for Low-Speed Direct-Drive Mining Applications

by Esmail Elhomdy, Guofeng Li, Jiang Liu, Syed Abid Bukhari and Wen-Ping Cao

Energies 2018, 11(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010192 - 12 Jan 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

Typically, a geared drive system is used to connect an induction motor of 1500 rpm with a Raymond Pulverizer of 105 rpm in mining applications. This system suffers from low efficiency and a heavy motor drive. This paper proposes a novel design of [...] Read more.

Typically, a geared drive system is used to connect an induction motor of 1500 rpm with a Raymond Pulverizer of 105 rpm in mining applications. This system suffers from low efficiency and a heavy motor drive. This paper proposes a novel design of a 75 kW, 72/48 switched reluctance motor (SRM) for a low-speed direct-drive as for mining applications. The paper is focused on the design and comparative evaluation of the proposed machine in order to replace a geared drive system whilst providing a high torque low-speed and direct-drive solution. The machine performance is studied and the switching angle configuration of the machine is also optimised. The efficiency of the whole drive system is found to be as high as 90.19%, whereas the geared induction motor drive provides only an efficiency of 59.32% under similar operating conditions. An SRM prototype was built and experimentally tested. Simulation and experimental results show that the drive system has better performance to substitute the induction motor option in mining applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 6497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Free-Piston Linear Generator Control Strategy for Improving Output Power

by Chi Zhang, Feixue Chen, Long Li, Zhaoping Xu, Liang Liu, Guilin Yang, Hongyuan Lian and Yingzhong Tian

Energies 2018, 11(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010135 - 5 Jan 2018

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7957

Abstract

This paper presents a control strategy to improve the output power for a single-cylinder two-stroke free-piston linear generator (FPLG). The comprehensive simulation model of this FPLG is established and the operation principle is introduced. The factors that affect the output power are analyzed [...] Read more.

This paper presents a control strategy to improve the output power for a single-cylinder two-stroke free-piston linear generator (FPLG). The comprehensive simulation model of this FPLG is established and the operation principle is introduced. The factors that affect the output power are analyzed theoretically. The characteristics of the piston motion are studied. Considering the different features of the piston motion respectively in acceleration and deceleration phases, a ladder-like electromagnetic force control strategy is proposed. According to the status of the linear electric machine, the reference profile of the electromagnetic force is divided into four ladder-like stages during one motion cycle. The piston motions, especially the dead center errors, are controlled by regulating the profile of the electromagnetic force. The feasibility and advantage of the proposed control strategy are verified through comparison analyses with two conventional control strategies via MatLab/Simulink. The results state that the proposed control strategy can improve the output power by around 7–10% with the same fuel cycle mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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20 pages, 7835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Gain Boost Interleaved Converters with Coupled Inductors and with Demagnetizing Circuits

by Michal Frivaldsky, Branislav Hanko, Michal Prazenica and Jan Morgos

Energies 2018, 11(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010130 - 5 Jan 2018

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7823

Abstract

This paper proposes double interleaved boost converters with high voltage gain and with magnetically coupled inductors, while a third coupled winding is used for magnetic flux reset of the core during converter operation. The topology of the proposal is simple, it does not [...] Read more.

This paper proposes double interleaved boost converters with high voltage gain and with magnetically coupled inductors, while a third coupled winding is used for magnetic flux reset of the core during converter operation. The topology of the proposal is simple, it does not require many additional components compared to standard interleaved topologies, and it improves the transfer characteristics, as well as system efficiency even for high power levels. The investigation of steady-state operation was undertaken. It was discovered that the proposed converter can be designed for a target application where very high voltage gain is required, while adjustment of voltage gain value can be done through duty-cycle variation or by the turns-ratio modification between individual coils. The 1 kW prototype was designed to test the theoretical analysis. The results demonstrate that the proposed converter achieves very high voltage gain (1:8), while for the designed prototype the peak efficiency reaches >96% even when two additional diodes and one winding were implemented within the converter’s main circuit. The dependency of the output voltage stiffness on load change is minimal. Thus, the presented converter might be a proper solution for applications where tight constant DC-bus voltage is required (a DC-DC converter for inverters). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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15 pages, 5045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulations for a Partial Disk MHD Generator Performance

by Lai Li, Hu-lin Huang and Gui-ping Zhu

Energies 2018, 11(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010127 - 4 Jan 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6258

Abstract

In this paper, numerical simulations are carried out to predict the performance of a new designed configuration of the disk magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator, which segments the generator into dozens of parts. The behaviors and characteristics of segments are mainly investigated with number of [...] Read more.

In this paper, numerical simulations are carried out to predict the performance of a new designed configuration of the disk magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator, which segments the generator into dozens of parts. The behaviors and characteristics of segments are mainly investigated with number of parts at 24, 36, 60, 72, 90 adopted Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The numerical results declared that these division generators approach more stable plasma ionization and better performance than that of the conventional disk MHD generator at the same working conditions. The optimal value can be reached when the angle is 5–10 degrees (36–72 parts). Due to the division of the generator, the internal resistance is larger than that of the conventional disk channel that causes the reduction of Faraday current, hence the Lorentz force,

j_{θ} B

, decreased. Therefore, the radial velocity increased and static pressure decreased. Consequently, the reduction of static pressure contributes to improvement to the plasma uniformity and ionization stability. Those features reveal that the designed configuration has the obvious advantage on raising energy conversion efficiency and power output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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22 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Switched Polytopic Controller Applied on a Positive Reconfigurable Power Electronic Converter

by Martín-A. Rodríguez-Licea, Francisco-J. Perez-Pinal, Alejandro-I. Barranco-Gutiérrez and Jose-C. Nuñez-Perez

Energies 2018, 11(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010116 - 3 Jan 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4109

Abstract

The reconfigurable power electronic converters (RPECs) are a new generation of systems, which modify their physical configuration in terms of a desired input or output operation characteristic. This kind of converters is very attractive in terms of versatility, compactness, and robustness. They have [...] Read more.

The reconfigurable power electronic converters (RPECs) are a new generation of systems, which modify their physical configuration in terms of a desired input or output operation characteristic. This kind of converters is very attractive in terms of versatility, compactness, and robustness. They have been proposed in areas such as illumination, transport electrification (TE), eenewable energy (RE), smart grids and the internet of things (IoT). However, the resulting converters operate in switched variable operation-regions, rather than over single operation points. As a result, there is a complexity increment on the modeling and control stage such that traditional techniques are no longer valid. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a kind of switched polytopic controller (SPC) suitable to stabilize an RPEC. Modeling, control, numerical and practical results are reported. To this end, a 400 W positive synchronous bi-directional buck/boost converter is used as a testbed. It is also shown, that the proposed converter and robust controller accomplish a compact, modular and reliable design during different working configuration, operation points and load changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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23 pages, 9135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Practical Approach to Localize Simultaneous Triple Open-Switches for a PWM Inverter-Fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Drive System

by Jae-Hwan Song and Kyeong-Hwa Kim

Energies 2018, 11(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010101 - 2 Jan 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5139

Abstract

In order to overcome the limitations of conventional diagnosis methods, this paper proposes a reliable and practical on-line fault localization scheme for a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive system even when the inverter has simultaneous open faults [...] Read more.

In order to overcome the limitations of conventional diagnosis methods, this paper proposes a reliable and practical on-line fault localization scheme for a pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter-fed permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drive system even when the inverter has simultaneous open faults in up to three switches. An open-switch fault is usually initiated by an accidental over-current, or electrical and thermal stresses. This fault may induce crucial secondary damage in the drive system since it is easily propagated and produces a continuous harmful effect on other system components. The open-switch faults in inverters often occur in a very complicated manner. Due to this reason, it was only recently that real-time diagnosis schemes under the open-switch faults in multiple switches have been presented in a few references. However, to alleviate the complexity and exactness issues, most of the conventional diagnosis schemes have considered the open faults only in two simultaneous switches until now, which is not generally the case. Even though the fault detection is simple and immediate, the exact fault localization is not a simple task, especially when there are open faults in three simultaneous switches because different open-switch fault locations may develop the same fault signature. To deal with such a problem, free-wheeling mode detection is introduced in this paper for the purpose of identifying the exact fault group and the faulty switch location. Then main objective of this paper is to realize a reliable fault localization algorithm under the condition of simultaneous open-switches (up to three) on an online basis without requiring any extra hardware or sensors in order that the algorithm can be easily installed in main CPU of a commercial drive system. For this purpose, the open faults in simultaneous switches are categorized into seven different fault groups. The entire system is implemented on a digital controller by using TMS320F28335 digital signal processor (DSP). The experimental results are presented under various open fault conditions to validate the usefulness of the proposed open-switch fault localization scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 5581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Transformer Spatial Acoustic Radiation Characteristics Analysis under Multiple Operating Conditions

by Liming Ying, Donghui Wang, Jinwei Wang, Guodong Wang, Xiaowen Wu and Jiangtao Liu

Energies 2018, 11(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010074 - 1 Jan 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4645

Abstract

Spatial acoustic radiation characteristics analysis is the precondition of reducing the noise influence of outdoor power transformer while multi-physical field coupling method can be applied to quantify and reveal these acoustic characteristics of a running power transformer. In this study, based on the [...] Read more.

Spatial acoustic radiation characteristics analysis is the precondition of reducing the noise influence of outdoor power transformer while multi-physical field coupling method can be applied to quantify and reveal these acoustic characteristics of a running power transformer. In this study, based on the theoretical analysis about noise generation and dissemination process, an acoustic radiation model about oil-immersed power transformer was established and verified with field test data in time and frequency domain. Then, far-field analysis and directivity analysis were accomplished to characterize acoustic field of power transformer under multiple operating conditions. Finally, the acoustic radiation influence on potential surrounding buildings were analyzed and discussed. The visual results and conclusion provide acoustic guide for the optimal planning and design about both power substation and ambient buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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13 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rotor Position Self-Sensing of SRM Using PSO-RVM

by Qianwen Xiang, Ye Yuan, Yanjun Yu and Kunhua Chen

Energies 2018, 11(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010066 - 1 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3672

Abstract

The motors’ flux-linkage, current and angle obtained from the system with sensors were chosen as the sample data, and the estimation model of rotor position based on relevance vector machine (RVM) was built by training the sample data. The kernel function parameter in [...] Read more.

The motors’ flux-linkage, current and angle obtained from the system with sensors were chosen as the sample data, and the estimation model of rotor position based on relevance vector machine (RVM) was built by training the sample data. The kernel function parameter in RVM model was optimized by the particle swarm algorithm in order to increase the fitting precision and generalization ability of RVM model. It achieved higher prediction accuracy with staying at the same on-line testing time as the RVM. And because the short on-line computation, the motor can operate at 3000 r/min in sensorless control with particle swarm optimization-relevance vector machine (PSO-RVM), which is higher than support vector machine (SVM) and neural network (NN). By simulation and experiment on the test motor, it is verified that the proposed estimation model can obtain the angle of full electrical period accurately under low speed and high speed operations in current chopped control and angle position control, which has satisfactory estimation precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 10103 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Method for the Coil-System and the Soft Switching Technology for High-Frequency and High-Efficiency Wireless Power Transfer Systems

by Xu Liu, Jianhua Liu, Jianjing Wang, Chonglin Wang and Xibo Yuan

Energies 2018, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010007 - 21 Dec 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5883

Abstract

Increasing the resonant frequency of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system effectively improves the power transfer efficiency between the transmit and the receive coils but significantly limits the power transfer capacity with the same coils. Therefore, this paper proposes a coil design method [...] Read more.

Increasing the resonant frequency of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system effectively improves the power transfer efficiency between the transmit and the receive coils but significantly limits the power transfer capacity with the same coils. Therefore, this paper proposes a coil design method for a series-series (SS) compensated WPT system which can power up the same load with the same DC input voltage & current but with increased resonant frequency. For WPT systems with higher resonant frequencies, a new method of realizing soft-switching by tuning driving frequency is proposed which does not need to change any hardware in the WPT system and can effectively reduce switching losses generated in the inverter. Eighty-five kHz, 200 kHz and 500 kHz WPT systems are built up to validate the proposed methods. Experimental results show that all these three WPT systems can deliver around 3.3 kW power to the same load (15 Ω) with 200 V input voltage and 20 A input current as expected and achieve more than 85% coil-system efficiency and 79% system overall efficiency. With the soft-switching technique, inverter efficiency can be improved from 81.91% to 98.60% in the 500 kHz WPT system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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22 pages, 22107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Phase Modular Drive System: A Case Study in Electrical Aircraft Applications

by Charles Onambele, Moataz Elsied, Augustin Mpanda Mabwe and Ahmed El Hajjaji

Energies 2018, 11(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010005 - 21 Dec 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6940

Abstract

In this article, an advanced multiphase modular power drive prototype is developed for More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The proposed drive is designed to supply a multi-phase permanent magnet (PM) motor rating 120 kW with 24 slots and 11 pole pairs. The power converter [...] Read more.

In this article, an advanced multiphase modular power drive prototype is developed for More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The proposed drive is designed to supply a multi-phase permanent magnet (PM) motor rating 120 kW with 24 slots and 11 pole pairs. The power converter of the drive system is based on Silicon Carbide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (SiC MOSFET) technology to operate at high voltage, high frequency and low reverse recovery current. Firstly, an experimental characterization test is performed for the selected SiC power module in harsh conditions to evaluate the switching energy losses. Secondly, a finite element thermal analysis based on Ansys-Icepak is accomplished to validate the selected cooling system for the power converter. Thirdly, a co-simulation model is developed using Matlab-Simulink and LTspice^® to evaluate the SiC power module impact on the performance of a multiphase drive system at different operating conditions. The results obtained show that the dynamic performance and efficiency of the power drive are significantly improved, which makes the proposed system an excellent candidate for future aircraft applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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18 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Parallel Restoration for Black Start of Microgrids Considering Characteristics of Distributed Generations

by Jing Wang, Longhua Mu, Fan Zhang and Xin Zhang

Energies 2018, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010001 - 21 Dec 2017

Cited by 112 | Viewed by 5175

Abstract

The black start capability is vital for microgrids, which can potentially improve the reliability of the power grid. This paper proposes a black start strategy for microgrids based on a parallel restoration strategy. Considering the characteristics of distributed generations (DGs), an evaluation model, [...] Read more.

The black start capability is vital for microgrids, which can potentially improve the reliability of the power grid. This paper proposes a black start strategy for microgrids based on a parallel restoration strategy. Considering the characteristics of distributed generations (DGs), an evaluation model, which is used to assess the black start capability of DGs, is established by adopting the variation coefficient method. Thus, the DGs with good black start capability, which are selected by a diversity sequence method, are restored first in parallel under the constraints of DGs and network. During the selection process of recovery paths, line weight and node importance degree are proposed under the consideration of the node topological importance and the load importance as well as the backbone network restoration time. Therefore, the whole optimization of the reconstructed network is realized. Finally, the simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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18 pages, 4663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing WCET Overestimations by Correcting Errors in Loop Bound Constraints

by Fanqi Meng and Xiaohong Su

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2113; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122113 - 12 Dec 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3551

Abstract

In order to reduce overestimations of worst-case execution time (WCET), in this article, we firstly report a kind of specific WCET overestimation caused by non-orthogonal nested loops. Then, we propose a novel correction approach which has three basic steps. The first step is [...] Read more.

In order to reduce overestimations of worst-case execution time (WCET), in this article, we firstly report a kind of specific WCET overestimation caused by non-orthogonal nested loops. Then, we propose a novel correction approach which has three basic steps. The first step is to locate the worst-case execution path (WCEP) in the control flow graph and then map it onto source code. The second step is to identify non-orthogonal nested loops from the WCEP by means of an abstract syntax tree. The last step is to recursively calculate the WCET errors caused by the loose loop bound constraints, and then subtract the total errors from the overestimations. The novelty lies in the fact that the WCET correction is only conducted on the non-branching part of WCEP, thus avoiding potential safety risks caused by possible WCEP switches. Experimental results show that our approach reduces the specific WCET overestimation by an average of more than 82%, and 100% of corrected WCET is no less than the actual WCET. Thus, our approach is not only effective but also safe. It will help developers to design energy-efficient and safe real-time systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 8348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Digital Control Method of a Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Based on a Virtual Closed-Loop Circuit and Complex Vector Representation

by Kun Xie, Gangyi Hu, Hong Yi, Zhibi Lyu and Yangxiao Xiang

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122068 - 6 Dec 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5325

Abstract

With the rapid development of renewable energy generation, single-phase grid-connected inverters have been widely applied in modern power systems. Since the power output of the renewable sources is continuously changing, independent active/reactive power control and a rapid current tracking performance is supposed to [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of renewable energy generation, single-phase grid-connected inverters have been widely applied in modern power systems. Since the power output of the renewable sources is continuously changing, independent active/reactive power control and a rapid current tracking performance is supposed to be achieved in a single-phase grid-connected inverter. However, the poor orthogonal-axis-constructing strategy and the ineffective decoupling in some widely-used controllers have severely weakened the dynamic performance of the single-phase inverter. To deal with the challenges above, this study proposes a comprehensive control strategy for current control in a single-phase grid-connected inverter. In the proposed control strategy, a virtual closed-loop is constructed to improve the dynamic performance and realize independent power control under a synchronous frame. Then, complex vector theory is used to model the virtual closed-loop based single-phase inverter, and a novel digital controller is designed based on zero-pole cancellation and minimum beat control to completely decouple the active/reactive components and achieve a supreme current tracking performance. Experimental results are shown to validate the feasibility of the proposed current controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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20 pages, 11098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Loss Model and Efficiency Analysis of Tram Auxiliary Converter Based on a SiC Device

by Hao Liu, Xianjin Huang, Fei Lin and Zhongping Yang

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122018 - 1 Dec 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7397

Abstract

Currently, the auxiliary converter in the auxiliary power supply system of a modern tram adopts Si IGBT as its switching device and with the 1700 V/225 A SiC MOSFET module commercially available from Cree, an auxiliary converter using all SiC devices is now [...] Read more.

Currently, the auxiliary converter in the auxiliary power supply system of a modern tram adopts Si IGBT as its switching device and with the 1700 V/225 A SiC MOSFET module commercially available from Cree, an auxiliary converter using all SiC devices is now possible. A SiC auxiliary converter prototype is developed during this study. The author(s) derive the loss calculation formula of the SiC auxiliary converter according to the system topology and principle and each part loss in this system can be calculated based on the device datasheet. Then, the static and dynamic characteristics of the SiC MOSFET module used in the system are tested, which aids in fully understanding the performance of the SiC devices and provides data support for the establishment of the PLECS loss simulation model. Additionally, according to the actual circuit parameters, the PLECS loss simulation model is set up. This simulation model can simulate the actual operating conditions of the auxiliary converter system and calculate the loss of each switching device. Finally, the loss of the SiC auxiliary converter prototype is measured and through comparison it is found that the loss calculation theory and PLECS loss simulation model is valuable. Furthermore, the thermal images of the system can prove the conclusion about loss distribution to some extent. Moreover, these two methods have the advantages of less variables and fast calculation for high power applications. The loss models may aid in optimizing the switching frequency and improving the efficiency of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 19056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter-Based Active Power Filter for Unbalanced Current Compensation Using a Petri Probabilistic Fuzzy Neural Network

by Kuang-Hsiung Tan, Faa-Jeng Lin and Jun-Hao Chen

Energies 2017, 10(12), 2005; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122005 - 1 Dec 2017

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6014

Abstract

A three-phase four-leg inverter-based shunt active power filter (APF) is proposed to compensate three-phase unbalanced currents under unbalanced load conditions in grid-connected operation in this study. Since a DC-link capacitor is required on the DC side of the APF to release or absorb [...] Read more.

A three-phase four-leg inverter-based shunt active power filter (APF) is proposed to compensate three-phase unbalanced currents under unbalanced load conditions in grid-connected operation in this study. Since a DC-link capacitor is required on the DC side of the APF to release or absorb the instantaneous apparent power, the regulation control of the DC-link voltage of the APF is important especially under load variation. In order to improve the regulation control of the DC-link voltage of the shunt APF under variation of three-phase unbalanced load and to compensate the three-phase unbalanced currents effectively, a novel Petri probabilistic fuzzy neural network (PPFNN) controller is proposed to replace the traditional proportional-integral (PI) controller in this study. Furthermore, the network structure and online learning algorithms of the proposed PPFNN are represented in detail. Finally, the effectiveness of the three-phase four-leg inverter-based shunt APF with the proposed PPFNN controller for the regulation of the DC-link voltage and compensation of the three-phase unbalanced current has been demonstrated by some experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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28 pages, 6067 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Power Dispatch Considering Electric Vehicles and Wind Power Using Decomposition Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm

by Boyang Qu, Baihao Qiao, Yongsheng Zhu, Jingjing Liang and Ling Wang

Energies 2017, 10(12), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10121991 - 1 Dec 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5135

Abstract

The intermittency of wind power and the large-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs) bring new challenges to the reliability and economy of power system dispatching. In this paper, a novel multi-objective dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) model is proposed considering the EVs and [...] Read more.

The intermittency of wind power and the large-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs) bring new challenges to the reliability and economy of power system dispatching. In this paper, a novel multi-objective dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) model is proposed considering the EVs and uncertainties of wind power. The total fuel cost and pollutant emission are considered as the optimization objectives, and the vehicle to grid (V2G) power and the conventional generator output power are set as the decision variables. The stochastic wind power is derived by Weibull probability distribution function. Under the premise of meeting the system energy and user’s travel demand, the charging and discharging behavior of the EVs are dynamically managed. Moreover, we propose a two-step dynamic constraint processing strategy for decision variables based on penalty function, and, on this basis, the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Decomposition (MOEA/D) algorithm is improved. The proposed model and approach are verified by the 10-generator system. The results demonstrate that the proposed DEED model and the improved MOEA/D algorithm are effective and reasonable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 8428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model-Based Predictive Current Control Method with Constant Switching Frequency for Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters

by Roh Chan and Sangshin Kwak

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111927 - 21 Nov 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5954

Abstract

Voltage source inverters operated by predictive control methods generally lead to a variable switching frequency, because predictive control methods generate switching operation based on an optimal voltage state selected at every sampling period. Varying switching frequencies make it difficult to design output filters [...] Read more.

Voltage source inverters operated by predictive control methods generally lead to a variable switching frequency, because predictive control methods generate switching operation based on an optimal voltage state selected at every sampling period. Varying switching frequencies make it difficult to design output filters of voltage source inverters. This paper proposes a predictive control algorithm with a constant switching frequency for the load current control of single-phase voltage source inverters. This method selects two future optimal voltage states used in the subsequent sampling period, which are a zero-voltage state and a future optimal voltage state, based on the slope of the reference current at each sampling period. After selecting the two future voltages, the proposed method distributes them to produce a constant switching frequency and symmetric switching pattern. The performance of the proposed method is validated with both simulation and experimental results for single-phase voltage source inverters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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19 pages, 14892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Regenerative Braking Strategies for Electric Vehicles: Dynamic Performance and Potential Analysis

by Boyi Xiao, Huazhong Lu, Hailin Wang, Jiageng Ruan and Nong Zhang

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111875 - 15 Nov 2017

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 17048

Abstract

A regenerative braking system and hydraulic braking system are used in conjunction in the majority of electric vehicles worldwide. We propose a new regenerative braking distribution strategy that is based on multi-input fuzzy control logic while considering the influences of the battery’s state [...] Read more.

A regenerative braking system and hydraulic braking system are used in conjunction in the majority of electric vehicles worldwide. We propose a new regenerative braking distribution strategy that is based on multi-input fuzzy control logic while considering the influences of the battery’s state of charge, the brake strength and the motor speed. To verify the braking performance and recovery economy, this strategy was applied to a battery electric vehicle model and compared with two other improved regenerative braking strategies. The performance simulation was performed using standard driving cycles (NEDC, LA92, and JP1015) and a real-world-based urban cycle in China. The tested braking strategies satisfied the general safety requirements of Europe (as specified in ECE-13H), and the emergency braking scenario and economic potential were tested. The simulation results demonstrated the differences in the braking force distribution performance of these three regenerative braking strategies, the feasibility of the braking methods for the proposed driving cycles and the energy economic potential of the three strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Library Construction Technology of Energy Loss in Distribution Networks Considering Regional Differentiation Theory

by Ze Yuan, Weizhou Wang, Jing Peng, Fuchao Liu and Jianhua Yang

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111861 - 14 Nov 2017

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3249

Abstract

The grid structures, load levels, and running states of distribution networks in different supply regions are known as the influencing factors of energy loss. In this paper, the case library of energy loss is constructed to differentiate the crucial factors of energy loss [...] Read more.

The grid structures, load levels, and running states of distribution networks in different supply regions are known as the influencing factors of energy loss. In this paper, the case library of energy loss is constructed to differentiate the crucial factors of energy loss in the different supply regions. First of all, the characteristic state values are selected as the representation of the cases based on the analysis of energy loss under various voltage classes and in different types of regions. Then, the methods of Grey Relational Analysis and the K-Nearest Neighbor are utilized to implement the critical technologies of case library construction, including case representation, processing, analysis, and retrieval. Moreover, the analysis software of the case library is designed based on the case library construction technology. Some case studies show that there are many differences and similarities concerning the factors that influence the energy loss in different types of regions. In addition, the most relevant sample case can be retrieved from the case library. Compared with the traditional techniques, constructing a case library provides a new way to find out the characteristics of energy loss in different supply regions and constitutes differentiated loss-reducing programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 5518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Single-Phase PWM Converter with Reverse Conducting IGBT Based on Loss Threshold Desaturation Control

by Xianjin Huang, Dengwei Chang, Chao Ling and Trillion Q. Zheng

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111845 - 12 Nov 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 8418

Abstract

In the application of vehicle power supply and distributed power generation, there are strict requirements for the pulse width modulation (PWM) converter regarding power density and reliability. When compared with the conventional insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module, the Reverse Conducting-Insulated Gate Bipolar [...] Read more.

In the application of vehicle power supply and distributed power generation, there are strict requirements for the pulse width modulation (PWM) converter regarding power density and reliability. When compared with the conventional insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module, the Reverse Conducting-Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (RC-IGBT) with the same package has a lower thermal resistance and higher current tolerance. By applying the gate desaturation control, the reverse recovery loss of the RC-IGBT diode may be reduced. In this paper, a loss threshold desaturation control method is studied to improve the output characteristics of the single-phase PWM converter with a low switching frequency. The gate desaturation control characteristics of the RC-IGBT’s diode are studied. A proper current limit is set to avoid the ineffective infliction of the desaturation pulse, while the bridge arm current crosses zero. The expectation of optimized loss decrease is obtained, and the better performance for the RC-IGBTs of the single-phase PWM converter is achieved through the optimized desaturation pulse distribution. Finally, the improved predictive current control algorithm that is applied to the PWM converter with RC-IGBTs is simulated, and is operated and tested on the scaled reduced power platform. The results prove that the gate desaturation control with the improved predictive current algorithm may effectively improve the RC-IGBT’s characteristics, and realize the stable output of the PWM converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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23 pages, 10474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Approach for Optimal Location and Parameters Setting of UPFC for Enhancing Power Systems Stability under Contingency Analysis

by Muhammad Zahid, Jinfu Chen, Yinhong Li, Xianzhong Duan, Qi Lei, Wang Bo, Ghulam Mohy-ud-din and Asad Waqar

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111738 - 30 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5262

Abstract

Operation of power system within specified limits of voltage and frequency are the major concerns in power system stability studies. As power system is always prone to disturbances, which consequently affect the voltage instability and optimal power flow, and therefore risks the power [...] Read more.

Operation of power system within specified limits of voltage and frequency are the major concerns in power system stability studies. As power system is always prone to disturbances, which consequently affect the voltage instability and optimal power flow, and therefore risks the power systems stability and security. In this paper, a novel technique based on the “Artificial Algae Algorithm” (AAA) is introduced, to identify the optimal location and the parameters setting of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) under N-1 contingency criterion. In the first part, we have carried out a contingency operation and ranking process for the most parlous lines outage contingencies while taking the transmission lines overloading (NOLL) and voltage violation of buses (NVVB) as a performance parameter (PP = NOLL + NVVB). As UPFC possesses too much prohibitive cost and larger size, its optimal location and size must be identified before the actual deployment. In the second part, we have applied a novel AAA technique to identify the optimal location and parameters setting of UPFC under the discovered contingencies. The simulations have been executed on IEEE 14 bus and 30 bus networks. The results reveals that the location of UPFC is significantly optimized using AAA technique, which has improved the stability and security of the power system by curtailing the overloaded transmission lines and limiting the voltage violations of buses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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19 pages, 5446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Core Loss Analysis of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines under SVPWM Excitation with Considering Saturation

by Yanli Feng and Chengning Zhang

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111716 - 26 Oct 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4393

Abstract

Core loss is one of the significant factors affecting the high power density of permanent magnet machines; thus, it is necessary to consider core loss in machine design. This paper presents a novel method for calculating the core loss of permanent magnet synchronous [...] Read more.

Core loss is one of the significant factors affecting the high power density of permanent magnet machines; thus, it is necessary to consider core loss in machine design. This paper presents a novel method for calculating the core loss of permanent magnet synchronous machines under space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) excitation, taking magnetic saturation and cross coupling into account. In order to accurately obtain the direct and quadrature (d-q) axis, current in the given load condition, the permanent magnet motor model under SVPWM excitation has been modified, so as to consider the influence of magnetic saturation and cross coupling effects on the d-q axis flux-linkage. Based on the magnetic field distribution caused by permanent magnet and armature reactions, the stator core loss can be calculated with the core loss analytical model, corresponding to the rotational magnetic field. In this study, the method has been applied to analyze core loss in an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, and has been validated by the experimental results. The influence of pole/slot number combinations on core loss in the same on-load condition is also investigated. This study provides a potential method to guide motor design optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 4315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Torque Coordination Control during Braking Mode Switch for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

by Yang Yang, Chao Wang, Quanrang Zhang and Xiaolong He

Energies 2017, 10(11), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111684 - 25 Oct 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8338

Abstract

Hybrid vehicles usually have several braking systems, and braking mode switches are significant events during braking. It is difficult to coordinate torque fluctuations caused by mode switches because the dynamic characteristics of braking systems are different. In this study, a new type of [...] Read more.

Hybrid vehicles usually have several braking systems, and braking mode switches are significant events during braking. It is difficult to coordinate torque fluctuations caused by mode switches because the dynamic characteristics of braking systems are different. In this study, a new type of plug-in hybrid vehicle is taken as the research object, and braking mode switches are divided into two types. The control strategy of type one is achieved by controlling the change rates of clutch hold-down and motor braking forces. The control strategy of type two is achieved by simultaneously changing the target braking torque during different mode switch stages and controlling the motor to participate in active coordination control. Finally, the torque coordination control strategy is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and the results show that the proposed control strategy has a good effect in reducing the braking torque fluctuation and vehicle shocks during braking mode switches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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15 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Topology of Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker for VSC-HVDC Application

by Van-Vinh Nguyen, Ho-Ik Son, Thai-Thanh Nguyen, Hak-Man Kim and Chan-Ki Kim

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101675 - 23 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6963

Abstract

The use of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breakers (CBs) with the capabilities of bidirectional fault interruption, reclosing, and rebreaking can improve the reliable and safe operation of HVDC grids. Although several topologies of CBs have been proposed to perform these capabilities, [...] Read more.

The use of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breakers (CBs) with the capabilities of bidirectional fault interruption, reclosing, and rebreaking can improve the reliable and safe operation of HVDC grids. Although several topologies of CBs have been proposed to perform these capabilities, the limitation of these topologies is either high on-state losses or long time interruption in the case bidirectional fault current interruption. Long time interruption results in the large magnitude of the fault current in the voltage source converter based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) system due to the high rate of rise of fault current. This paper proposes a new topology of hybrid CB (HCB) with lower conduction loss and lower interruption time to solve the problems. The proposed topology is based on the inverse current injection method, which uses the capacitor to enforce the fault current to zero. In the case of the bidirectional fault current interruption, the capacitor does not change its polarity after identifying the direction of fault current, which can reduce the interruption time accordingly. A switching control algorithm for the proposed topology is presented in detail. Different operation modes of proposed HCB, such as normal current mode, breaking fault current mode, discharging, and reversing capacitor voltage modes after clearing the fault, are considered in the proposed algorithm. The proposed topology with the switching control algorithm is tested in a simulation-based system. Different simulation scenarios such as temporary and permanent faults are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed topology. The simulation is performed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 3584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grid-Connected Control Strategy of Five-level Inverter Based on Passive E-L Model

by Tao Li, Qiming Cheng, Weisha Sun and Lu Chen

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101657 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4977

Abstract

At present, the research on five-level inverters mainly involves the modulation algorithm and topology, and few articles study the five-level inverter from the control strategy. In this paper, the nonlinear passivity-based control (PBC) method is proposed for single-phase uninterruptible power supply inverters. The [...] Read more.

At present, the research on five-level inverters mainly involves the modulation algorithm and topology, and few articles study the five-level inverter from the control strategy. In this paper, the nonlinear passivity-based control (PBC) method is proposed for single-phase uninterruptible power supply inverters. The proposed PBC method is based on an energy shaping and damping injection idea, which is performed to regulate the energy flow of an inverter to a desired level and to assure global asymptotic stability, respectively. Furthermore, this paper presents a control algorithm based on the theory of passivity that gives an inverter in a photovoltaic system additional functions: power factor correction, harmonic currents compensation, and the ability to stabilize the system under varying injection damping. Finally, the effectiveness of the PBC method in terms of both stability and harmonic distortion is verified by the simulation and experiments under resistive and inductive loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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19 pages, 10669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for the Realization of an Interruption Generator Based on Voltage Source Converters

by Junhui Li, Tianyang Zhang, Lei Qi and Gangui Yan

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101642 - 19 Oct 2017

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3750

Abstract

In this paper we described the structure and working principle of an interruption generator based on voltage source converters (VSCs). The main circuit parameters of the VSCs are determined according to the target of power transfer capability, harmonic suppression, and dynamic response capability. [...] Read more.

In this paper we described the structure and working principle of an interruption generator based on voltage source converters (VSCs). The main circuit parameters of the VSCs are determined according to the target of power transfer capability, harmonic suppression, and dynamic response capability. A state feedback linearization method in nonlinear differential geometry theory was used for dq axis current decoupling, based on the mathematical model used in the dq coordinate system of VSCs. The direct current control strategy was adopted to achieve the independent regulation of active power and reactive power. The proportional integral (PI) link was used to optimize the dynamic performance of the controller, and PI parameters were adjusted. Disturbance voltage waves were generated by the regular sampling method. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results and physical prototype experiments showed that the device could generate various disturbance voltage waveforms steadily, and had good dynamic and steady-state performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 2415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated BMS-MMC Balancing Technique Highlighted by a Novel Space-Vector Based Approach for BEVs Application

by Gianluca Brando, Adolfo Dannier, Ivan Spina and Pietro Tricoli

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101628 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3863

Abstract

This paper proposes a new mathematical model of modular multilevel converters for battery electric vehicles with space-vectors enabling a critical analysis of cell balancing for the battery management system. In particular, the requirements for power balancing and the actual number of degrees of [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a new mathematical model of modular multilevel converters for battery electric vehicles with space-vectors enabling a critical analysis of cell balancing for the battery management system. In particular, the requirements for power balancing and the actual number of degrees of freedom of the control are investigated. The paper shows that the traditional approach of cell balancing is a special case of the proposed control methodology. Numerical analyses with Matlab/Simulink™ highlight the reasons of the slow response of the standard balancing technique for specific operating conditions of the battery electric vehicle. The paper suggests potential improvements that could be introduced through the proposed generalised approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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13 pages, 4711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thrust Force Ripple Reduction of Two C-Core Linear Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines of High Thrust Force Capability

by Wenjuan Hao and Yu Wang

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101608 - 14 Oct 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5170

Abstract

Linear flux-switching permanent magnetic (LFSPM) machines are good choices for long stroke applications. These machines deliver high thrust force density in addition to the machine structure where permanent magnetics (PMs) and windings are all on the short mover. For LFSPM machines, their performance [...] Read more.

Linear flux-switching permanent magnetic (LFSPM) machines are good choices for long stroke applications. These machines deliver high thrust force density in addition to the machine structure where permanent magnetics (PMs) and windings are all on the short mover. For LFSPM machines, their performance is always affected by big thrust force ripple. In this paper, for two C-core LFSPM machines of high thrust force capability, including a 6/13 C-core LFSPM (6/13LFSPM-C) machine and a sandwiched C-core LFSPM (SLFSPM-C) machine, and a thrust force ripple reduction method is proposed. The proposed method is developed by reducing the slot effect component of the cogging force based on staggered stator tooth, and suppressing the thrust force ripple caused by unbalanced three phase back-electromagnetic forces (EMFs) based on two end PMs. Based on finite element analysis (FEA) results, both C-core LFSPM machines can achieve small thrust force ripples as well as high sinusoidal back-EMFs, and at the same time, maintain high thrust force capability with the proposed method. It was also found that, the improved SLFSPM-C machine exhibited the same thrust force capability as the improved 6/13LFSPM-C machine, but with a much smaller thrust force ripple. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 12230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Position and Speed Estimation of Permanent Magnet Machine Sensorless Drive at High Speed Using an Improved Phase-Locked Loop

by Guan-Ren Chen, Shih-Chin Yang, Yu-Liang Hsu and Kang Li

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1571; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101571 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4233

Abstract

In conventional position sensorless permanent magnet (PM) machine drives, the rotor position is obtained from the phase-locked loop (PLL) with the regulation of spatial signal in estimated back electromotive force (EMF) voltages. Due to the sinusoidal distribution of back-EMF voltages, a small-signal approximation [...] Read more.

In conventional position sensorless permanent magnet (PM) machine drives, the rotor position is obtained from the phase-locked loop (PLL) with the regulation of spatial signal in estimated back electromotive force (EMF) voltages. Due to the sinusoidal distribution of back-EMF voltages, a small-signal approximation is assumed in the PLL in order to estimate the position. That is, the estimated position is almost equal to the actual position per sample instant. However, at high speed when the ratio of sampling frequency, f_sample, over the rotor operating frequency, f_e, is low, this approximation might not be valid during the speed and load transient. To overcome this limitation, a position estimation is proposed specifically for the high-speed operation of a PM machine drive. A discrete-time EMF voltage estimator is developed to obtain the machine spatial signal. In addition, an arctangent calculation is cascaded to the PLL in order to remove this small-signal approximation for better sensorless drive performance. By using the discrete-time EMF estimation and modified PLL, the drive is able to maintain the speed closed-loop at 36 krpm with only 4.2 sampling points per electrical cycle on a PM machine, according to experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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19 pages, 9158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Stable and Fast-Transient Performance Switched-Mode Power Amplifier for a Power Hardware in the Loop (PHIL) System

by Jianjun Sun, Chenxu Yin, Jinwu Gong, Yewei Chen, Zhiqiang Liao and Xiaoming Zha

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101569 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3858

Abstract

Power Hardware in the Loop (PHIL) systems are used to test a power system with the help of combined software and hardware. Generally, to construct a PHIL system, a switched-mode power amplifier that has a stable performance is used, because of their large, [...] Read more.

Power Hardware in the Loop (PHIL) systems are used to test a power system with the help of combined software and hardware. Generally, to construct a PHIL system, a switched-mode power amplifier that has a stable performance is used, because of their large, linear signal control-to-output characteristics. However, the fundamental limitations of a switch-mode power amplifier (PA) are the dynamic performance and output bandwidth. In this paper, a compound controller has been used for the rectifier part of a PA, which can ensure the stability of a PA under transient or fault operating conditions. Moreover, a compound controller, which involves a feed-forward controller, a proportional controller and a repetitive controller, is proposed in the inverter part of a PA, and it can be used for PHIL applications. Experimental results are obtained under various operating conditions, such as transient responses under load step change, and output voltage bandwidth testing for a PHIL system, it is concluded that a proposed switched-mode power amplifier is useful for the PHIL system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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23 pages, 6099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Harmonic Resonance Suppression Strategy for a High-Speed Railway Traction Power Supply System with a SHE-PWM Four-Quadrant Converter Based on Active-Set Secondary Optimization

by Runze Zhang, Fei Lin, Zhongping Yang, Hu Cao and Yuping Liu

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101567 - 11 Oct 2017

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6305

Abstract

Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is widely used in traction converters for high-speed railways. The harmonic distribution caused by PWM is quite extensive, and increases the possibility of grid–train coupling resonance in the traction power supply system (TPSS). This paper first analyzes the [...] Read more.

Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is widely used in traction converters for high-speed railways. The harmonic distribution caused by PWM is quite extensive, and increases the possibility of grid–train coupling resonance in the traction power supply system (TPSS). This paper first analyzes the mechanism of resonance, when the characteristic harmonic frequency of a four-quadrant converter (4QC) current that injects into the traction grid matches the resonant frequency of the traction grid, which may result in resonance in the system. To suppress resonance, this paper adopts specific harmonic elimination–pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM) technology combined with a transient direct current control strategy to eliminate the harmonics in the resonant frequency, which may suppress the grid–train coupling resonance. Due to the fact that the SHE-PWM process with multiple switching angles contains complex transcendental equations, the initial value is difficult to provide, and is difficult to solve using ordinary iterative algorithms. In this paper, an active-set secondary optimization method is used to solve the equation. The algorithm has the benefits of low dependence on initial values, fast convergence and high solution accuracy. Finally, the feasibility of the resonant suppression algorithm is verified by means of Matlab simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 4137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Control Method for a Bi-Directional Phase-Shift-Controlled DC-DC Converter with an Extended Load Range

by Wenzheng Xu, Nelson Hon Lung Chan, Siu Wing Or, Siu Lau Ho and Ka Wing Chan

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101532 - 10 Oct 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6393

Abstract

Phase-shifted converters are practically important to provide high conversion efficiencies through soft-switching techniques. However, the limitation on a resonant inductor current in the converters often leads to a non-fulfillment of the requirement of minimum load current. This paper presents a new power electronics [...] Read more.

Phase-shifted converters are practically important to provide high conversion efficiencies through soft-switching techniques. However, the limitation on a resonant inductor current in the converters often leads to a non-fulfillment of the requirement of minimum load current. This paper presents a new power electronics control technique to enable the dual features of bi-directional power flow and an extended load range for soft-switching in phase-shift-controlled DC-DC converters. The proposed technique utilizes two identical full bridge converters and inverters in conjunction with a new control logic for gate-driving signals to facilitate both Zero Current Switching (ZCS) and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) in a single phase-shift-controlled DC-DC converter. The additional ZCS is designed for light load conditions at which the minimum load current cannot be attained. The bi-directional phase-shift-controlled DC-DC converter can implement the function of synchronous rectification. Its fast dynamic response allows for quick energy recovery during the regenerative braking of traction systems in electrified trains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 4551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nonlinearity in Input Filter on the Dynamic Behavior of an Interleaved Boost PFC Converter

by Yitao Liu, Shan Yin, Xuewei Pan, Huaizhi Wang, Guibin Wang and Jianchun Peng

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101530 - 2 Oct 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4294

Abstract

A power factor correction (PFC) converter with interleaved multi-channel topology is gaining increasing attention due to its ability in reducing input and output current ripples, but an Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) noise filter is still required for suppressing the large high-frequency switching noise that [...] Read more.

A power factor correction (PFC) converter with interleaved multi-channel topology is gaining increasing attention due to its ability in reducing input and output current ripples, but an Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) noise filter is still required for suppressing the large high-frequency switching noise that could potentially degrade the input power quality of the supplying grid and cause malfunctions to other grid-connected systems. In this paper, a magnetic modeling of an interleaved PFC converter with an input differential mode (DM) EMI filter has been successfully implemented, which considers the nonlinear behavior of the inductive component in the EMI filter. The Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model is applied to describe the filtering inductor whose core displays saturation and hysteresis. The simulation results are verified with the experimental test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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14 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feature Selection for Partial Discharge Severity Assessment in Gas-Insulated Switchgear Based on Minimum Redundancy and Maximum Relevance

by Ju Tang, Miao Jin, Fuping Zeng, Siyuan Zhou, Xiaoxing Zhang, Yi Yang and Yan Ma

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101516 - 1 Oct 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5496

Abstract

Scientific evaluation of partial discharge (PD) severity in gas-insulation switchgear (GIS) can assist in mastering the insulation condition of in-service GIS. Limited theoretical research on the laws of PD deterioration leads to a finite number of evaluation features extracted and subjective features selected [...] Read more.

Scientific evaluation of partial discharge (PD) severity in gas-insulation switchgear (GIS) can assist in mastering the insulation condition of in-service GIS. Limited theoretical research on the laws of PD deterioration leads to a finite number of evaluation features extracted and subjective features selected for PD severity assessment. Therefore, this study proposes a minimum-redundancy maximum-relevance (mRMR) algorithm-based feature optimization selection method to realize the scientific and reasonable choice of PD severity features. PD ultra-high frequency data of varying severities are produced by simulating four typical insulation defects in GIS, which are then collected in the lab. A 16-dimension feature set describing PD original characteristics is abstracted in phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) mode, and the more informative evaluation feature set characterizing PD severity is further excavated by the mRMR method. Finally, a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm is employed as the classifier for intelligent evaluation to compare the evaluation effects of PD severity between the feature set selected by mRMR and the feature set is composed of discharge times, amplitude value, and time intervals obtained traditionally based on discharge change theory. The proposed comparison test showed the effectiveness of the mRMR method in informative feature selection and the accuracy of PD severity assessment for all defined defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 3774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Commutation Prediction Algorithm to Mitigate Commutation Failure in High Voltage Direct Current

by Xinnian Li, Fengqi Li, Shuyong Chen, Yanan Li, Qiang Zou, Ziping Wu and Shaobo Lin

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101481 - 25 Sep 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4910

Abstract

Commutation failure is a common fault for line-commutated converters in the inverter. To reduce the possibility of commutation failure, many prediction algorithms based on alternating current (AC) voltage detection have already been implemented in high voltage direct current (HVDC) control and protection systems. [...] Read more.

Commutation failure is a common fault for line-commutated converters in the inverter. To reduce the possibility of commutation failure, many prediction algorithms based on alternating current (AC) voltage detection have already been implemented in high voltage direct current (HVDC) control and protection systems. Nevertheless, there are currently no effective methods to prevent commutation failure due to transformer excitation surge current. In this paper, an improved commutation failure prediction algorithm based on the harmonic characteristics of the converter bus voltage during transformer charging is proposed. Meanwhile, a sliding-window iterative algorithm of discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) is developed for detecting the voltage harmonic in real time. This method is proved to be an effective solution, which prevents commutation failure in cases of excitation surge current, through experimental analysis. This method is already implemented into TianShan-ZhongZhou (TianZhong) ± 800 kV ultra high voltage direct current (UHVDC) system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 9045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Static Analysis of Primary Consequent-Pole Tubular Transverse-Flux Flux-Reversal Linear Machine

by Dingfeng Dong, Wenxin Huang, Feifei Bu, Qi Wang, Wen Jiang and Xiaogang Lin

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101479 - 24 Sep 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4764

Abstract

A novel primary consequent-pole tubular transverse-flux flux-reversal linear machine (TTFFRLM) is proposed in this paper. The permanent magnets (PMs) of the machine are located on the inner surface of the short teeth of the primary iron cores for reducing the amount of PM [...] Read more.

A novel primary consequent-pole tubular transverse-flux flux-reversal linear machine (TTFFRLM) is proposed in this paper. The permanent magnets (PMs) of the machine are located on the inner surface of the short teeth of the primary iron cores for reducing the amount of PM in long stroke drive systems, and the primary is easily manufactured. The structure and principle of this machine are analyzed in detail. Based on the unit machine, a no-load equivalent magnetic circuit model is established by using the magnetic circuit method. Then, the equations of the no-load back electromotive force (back-EMF) and the electromagnetic thrust force are deduced. The simulation models of the unit machine are established by equivalent 2D finite element method (FEM) for saving computation time, and the static characteristics, including the flux field, the no-load back-EMF, and the electromagnetic thrust force, are analyzed. Detailed simulation and experimental results of a three-phase 4-poles 12-slots machine are given. The results verify the correctness and effectiveness of topology, model, and analysis method of the proposed TTFFRLM. Compared with the conventional TTFFRLM, the proposed prototype has the advantages of a lower cost and smaller electromagnetic thrust force ripple. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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26 pages, 3032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Tower Aided Coal-Fired Power Generation System

by Yong Zhu, Rongrong Zhai, Yongping Yang and Miguel Angel Reyes-Belmonte

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091392 - 14 Sep 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5646

Abstract

In this paper, we conduct a techno-economic analysis of a 1000 MWe solar tower aided coal-fired power generation system for the whole life cycle. Firstly, the power output (from coal and solar thermal energy) under variable direct normal irradiance and grid demand are [...] Read more.

In this paper, we conduct a techno-economic analysis of a 1000 MWe solar tower aided coal-fired power generation system for the whole life cycle. Firstly, the power output (from coal and solar thermal energy) under variable direct normal irradiance and grid demand are studied. Secondly, a financial assessment is performed, including profits and losses of the plant project. Thirdly, sensitivity analysis is taken on some external factors that can affect the cost or profits and losses of the plant project. The results indicate that the project has high profits with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 8.7%. In addition, the effects of solar tower field cost, power purchase agreement (PPA) price of solar thermal electricity, coal price, and the interest rate of debt on the main criteria decrease gradually. Therefore, it is better to improve solar tower technology first, and then look for low-interest debts from banks to cope with the reduction of PPA price of solar thermal electricity and the increase of coal price. Despite the introduction of solar tower field increasing levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), it contributes to the reduction of CO₂ capture cost compared to the case of standard coal-fired power plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proportional-Type Performance Recovery DC-Link Voltage Tracking Algorithm for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

by Seok-Kyoon Kim

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091387 - 12 Sep 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4646

Abstract

This study proposes a disturbance observer-based proportional-type DC-link voltage tracking algorithm for permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). The proposed technique feedbacks the only proportional term of the tracking errors, and it contains the nominal static and dynamic feed-forward compensators coming from the first-order [...] Read more.

This study proposes a disturbance observer-based proportional-type DC-link voltage tracking algorithm for permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). The proposed technique feedbacks the only proportional term of the tracking errors, and it contains the nominal static and dynamic feed-forward compensators coming from the first-order disturbance observers. It is rigorously proved that the proposed method ensures the performance recovery and offset-free properties without the use of the integrators of the tracking errors. A wind power generation system has been simulated to verify the efficacy of the proposed method using the PSIM (PowerSIM) software with the DLL (Dynamic Link Library) block. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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11 pages, 3917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Reactive Current Detection Method of SVG

by Xueliang Wei, Guorong Zhu, Jianghua Lu, Wenjing Li and And Erjie Qi

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091374 - 10 Sep 2017

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4298

Abstract

The static VAR generator (SVG) is an important device in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) for the development of smart grids. Based on the basis principle of SVG and instantaneous reactive power theory, the conventional i_p–i_q and dq methods have [...] Read more.

The static VAR generator (SVG) is an important device in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) for the development of smart grids. Based on the basis principle of SVG and instantaneous reactive power theory, the conventional i_p–i_q and dq methods have a certain error when the three phase voltages are unbalanced. In this paper, the current detection algorithm is improved in cases of three-phase power asymmetry by using the fundamental positive-sequence reactive current instead of the voltage as the input of phase locked loop (PLL). So the problems caused by unbalanced three-phase voltages could be avoided. In addition, a moving average filter is designed to improve the performance of the detection accuracy and dynamic response. Experiments verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 3115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Analysis of the Common Mode Voltage in a Cascaded H-Bridge Electronic Power Transformer

by Yun Yang, Chengxiong Mao, Dan Wang, Jie Tian and Ming Yang

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091357 - 8 Sep 2017

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5795

Abstract

Electronic power transformers (EPTs) have been identified as emerging intelligent electronic devices in the future smart grid, e.g., the Energy Internet, especially in the application of renewable energy conversion and management. Considering that the EPT is directly connected to the medium-voltage grid, e.g., [...] Read more.

Electronic power transformers (EPTs) have been identified as emerging intelligent electronic devices in the future smart grid, e.g., the Energy Internet, especially in the application of renewable energy conversion and management. Considering that the EPT is directly connected to the medium-voltage grid, e.g., a10 kV distribution system, and its cascaded H-bridges structure, the common mode voltage (CMV) issue will be more complex and severe. The CMV will threaten the insulation of the entire EPT device and even produce common mode current. This paper investigates the generated mechanism and characteristics of the CMV in a cascaded H-bridge EPT (CHB-EPT) under both balanced and fault grid conditions. First, the CHB-EPT system is introduced. Then, a three-phase simplified circuit model of the high-voltage side of the EPT system is presented. Combined with a unipolar modulation strategy and carrier phase shifting technology by rigorous mathematical analysis and derivation, the EPT internal CMV and its characteristics are obtained. Moreover, the influence of the sinusoidal pulse width modulation dead time is considered and discussed based on analytical calculation. Finally, the simulation results are provided to verify the validity of the aforementioned model and the analysis results. The proposed theoretical analysis method is also suitable for other similar cascaded converters and can provide a useful theoretical guide for structural design and power density optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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29 pages, 6639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Design Method for Making an LCC Compensation Two-Coil Wireless Power Transfer System More Energy Efficient Than an SS Counterpart

by Xu Liu, Lindsay Clare, Xibo Yuan, Chonglin Wang and Jianhua Liu

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091346 - 6 Sep 2017

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 8578

Abstract

A new design approach is presented in this paper to show that under certain conditions, in a two-coil wireless power transfer system, the double-sided inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) compensated wireless power transfer (LCC-WPT) system can be more energy efficient than the series-series (SS) compensated wireless [...] Read more.

A new design approach is presented in this paper to show that under certain conditions, in a two-coil wireless power transfer system, the double-sided inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) compensated wireless power transfer (LCC-WPT) system can be more energy efficient than the series-series (SS) compensated wireless power transfer (SS-WPT) system for the same load power, with special attention being paid to the effect that the parasitic coil and capacitor resistances have on the system efficiency. To make a fair comparison between the SS and LCC WPT systems, the direct current (DC) link voltage was adjusted to set equal load power for the two systems whilst using identical transmit and receive coils, coil-to-coil distance and load resistance. The system performance in terms of the system efficiency, the voltage stresses on the components, and the losses in the power devices were analysed for a practical system, comparing the LCC-WPT system and the SS-WPT system with respect to the load resistance. The effect of coil misalignment on the transferred power and efficiency for the two systems was compared. The theoretical proof and the conditions for meeting the objective are derived and practically verified in a two-coil WPT practical prototype, showing good agreement between analysis and experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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12 pages, 4796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety Analysis of Grounding Resistance with Depth of Water for Floating PVs

by Jae Woo Ko, Hae Lim Cha, David Kwang-Soon Kim, Jong Rok Lim, Gyu Gwang Kim, Byeong Gwan Bhang, Chang Sub Won, Han Sang Jung, Dong Hyung Kang and Hyung Keun Ahn

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091304 - 1 Sep 2017

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5514

Abstract

Underwater grounding methods could be applied in deep water for grounding a floating PV (photovoltaic) system. However, the depth at which the electrodes should be located is a controversial subject. In this study, grounding resistance was measured for the first time by analyzing [...] Read more.

Underwater grounding methods could be applied in deep water for grounding a floating PV (photovoltaic) system. However, the depth at which the electrodes should be located is a controversial subject. In this study, grounding resistance was measured for the first time by analyzing the water temperature at different water depths in an area where a floating PV system is installed. The theoretical calculation of the grounding resistance has a maximum error range of 8% compared to the experimentally measured data. In order to meet the electrical safety standards of a floating PV system, a number of electrodes were connected in parallel. In addition, the distance between electrodes and number of electrodes were considered in the test to obtain a formula for the grounding resistance. In addition, the coefficient of corrosion was obtained from an electrode installed underwater a year ago, and it was added to the formula. Through this analysis, it is possible to predict the grounding resistance prior to installing the floating PV system. Furthermore, the electrical safety of the floating PV system could be achieved by considering the seasonal changes in water temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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13 pages, 6286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extended Kalman Filter-Based State of Charge and State of Power Estimation Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Li-Po Battery Packs

by Sunghun Jung and Heon Jeong

Energies 2017, 10(8), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081237 - 21 Aug 2017

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5294

Abstract

Customer requirements for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with long flight times are increasing exponentially in the personal, commercial, and military use areas. Due to their limited payload, large numbers of on-board battery packs cannot be used and this is the main reason behind [...] Read more.

Customer requirements for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with long flight times are increasing exponentially in the personal, commercial, and military use areas. Due to their limited payload, large numbers of on-board battery packs cannot be used and this is the main reason behind the need for battery management software (BMS) packages with state of charge (SOC) estimation functions to increase the flight time. At the same time, as the UAV application range has extended widely, the size of UAVs has increased and heavy-duty UAVs are slowly appearing. As a result, the system operating power of the UAVs has been increased tremendously and their safe system power operation has become an issue. This is the main reason for the need of BMS having state of power (SOP) estimation functions. In this work a 6 S Li-Po battery pack is simulated with two ladder equivalent circuit models (ECMs) considering an impedance effect whose parameters are found using hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) current patterns with parameter determination using the table-based linear interpolation (TBLI) method. Two state estimation methods, including the current integration method and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method are developed and the estimation accuracies of SOC and SOP are compared. Results show that the most accurate SOC estimation turns out to be 0.1477% (indoor test with HPPC), 0.1324% (outdoor test with 0 kg payload), and 0.2021% (outdoor test with 10 kg payload). Also, the most accurate SOP estimation error turns out to be 1.2% (indoor test with HPPC), 3.6% (outdoor test with 0 kg payload), and 4.2% (outdoor test with 10 kg payload). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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16 pages, 14892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Back-EMF Estimation Error Compensation Method for Accurate Rotor Position Estimation of Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

by Tae-Uk Jung, Jung-Hoon Jang and Chang-Seok Park

Energies 2017, 10(8), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081160 - 7 Aug 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6745

Abstract

This paper proposes a back electromotive force estimation error compensation method for accurate rotor position estimation of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors. When estimating the rotor position of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor sensorless drives, a direct current offset error component [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a back electromotive force estimation error compensation method for accurate rotor position estimation of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors. When estimating the rotor position of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor sensorless drives, a direct current offset error component occurs in the voltage sensor. As a result, the rotor position is distorted and the sensorless control in surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor is degraded. In addition, the dq-axis voltages in the synchronous reference frame have the direct current offset error component, ripples compared with the motor frequency under the distorted rotor position. In this paper, the effects of the direct current offset errors are analyzed based on the synchronous reference frame phase locked loop. To remove this direct current offset error component, a d-axis voltage is converted into a synchronous reference frame again to compensate. In other words, it is a dual synchronous coordinate conversion compensation method. The compensator utilizes a proportional-integral controller that compensates by estimating the direct current offset error component. The proposed method is useful for the improvement of surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor sensorless control and operating performance. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified through PSIM simulation and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 4384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Study of Hybrid Magnetic Coupler Based on Magneto Thermal Coupled Analysis

by Shuang Wang, Yongcun Guo, Gang Cheng and Deyong Li

Energies 2017, 10(8), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081148 - 4 Aug 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4824

Abstract

Specific to a problem of large vibro-impact aris ing from the cutting unit of the hard rock tunnel boring machine (TBM), a hybrid magnetic coupler based on soft start was proposed in this paper. The mathematical model for total eddy current losses of [...] Read more.

Specific to a problem of large vibro-impact aris ing from the cutting unit of the hard rock tunnel boring machine (TBM), a hybrid magnetic coupler based on soft start was proposed in this paper. The mathematical model for total eddy current losses of such a coupler was established by field-circuit method. Then, magnetic-thermal coupling simulation was performed by virtue of three-dimensional finite element software. In addition, an experimental prototype was independently designed; by comparing the model with experimental data, validity of the above mathematical model was verified. The relevant research results indicated that calculated values were consistent with experimental values, and the magneto thermal coupling method could be applied to accurately analyze temperature distribution of the hybrid magnetic coupler. By contrast to the existing magnetic coupling of the same dimension, output efficiency of the hybrid magnetic coupler was improved by 1.2%. Therefore, this research technique can provide references for designing the cutting unit of hard rock TBM with a high start impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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21 pages, 1726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Synchronous Generator Based Auxiliary Damping Control Design for the Power System with Renewable Generation

by Bingtuan Gao, Chaopeng Xia, Ning Chen, Khalid Mehmood Cheema, Libin Yang and Chunlai Li

Energies 2017, 10(8), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081146 - 4 Aug 2017

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7988

Abstract

Aiming for large-scale renewable energy sources (RES) integrated to power systems with power electronic devices, the technology of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has been developed and studied in recent years. It is necessary to analyze the damping characteristics of the power system with [...] Read more.

Aiming for large-scale renewable energy sources (RES) integrated to power systems with power electronic devices, the technology of virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has been developed and studied in recent years. It is necessary to analyze the damping characteristics of the power system with RES generation based on VSG and develop its corresponding damping controller to suppress the possible low frequency oscillation. Firstly, the mathematical model of VSG in a per unit (p.u) system is presented. Based on the single-machine infinite bus system integrated with an RES power plant, the influence of VSG on the damping characteristics of the power system is studied qualitatively by damping torque analysis. Furthermore, the small-signal model of the considered system is established and the damping ratio of the system is studied quantitatively by eigenvalue analysis, which concluded that adjusting the key control parameters has limited impacts on the damping ratio of the system. Consequently, referring to the configuration of traditional power system stabilizer (PSS), an auxiliary damping controller (ADC) for VSG is designed to suppress the low frequency oscillation of the power system. Finally, simulations were performed to verify the validity of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of designed ADC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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25 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Polar Fuzzy Control Scheme for Hybrid Power System Using Vehicle-To-Grid Technique

by Mohammed Elsayed Lotfy, Tomonobu Senjyu, Mohammed Abdel-Fattah Farahat, Amal Farouq Abdel-Gawad and Hidehito Matayoshi

Energies 2017, 10(8), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081083 - 25 Jul 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5660

Abstract

A novel polar fuzzy (PF) control approach for a hybrid power system is proposed in this research. The proposed control scheme remedies the issues of system frequency and the continuity of demand supply caused by renewable sources’ uncertainties. The hybrid power system consists [...] Read more.

A novel polar fuzzy (PF) control approach for a hybrid power system is proposed in this research. The proposed control scheme remedies the issues of system frequency and the continuity of demand supply caused by renewable sources’ uncertainties. The hybrid power system consists of a wind turbine generator (WTG), solar photovoltaics (PV), a solar thermal power generator (STPG), a diesel engine generator (DEG), an aqua-electrolyzer (AE), an ultra-capacitor (UC), a fuel-cell (FC), and a flywheel (FW). Furthermore, due to the high cost of the battery energy storage system (BESS), a new idea of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control is applied to use the battery of the electric vehicle (EV) as equivalent to large-scale energy storage units instead of small batteries to improve the frequency stability of the system. In addition, EV customers’ convenience is taken into account. A minimal-order observer is used to estimate the supply error. Then, the area control error (ACE) signal is calculated in terms of the estimated supply error and the frequency deviation. ACE is considered in the frequency domain. Two PF approaches are utilized in the intended system. The mission of each controller is to mitigate one frequency component of ACE. The responsibility for ACE compensation is shared among all parts of the system according to their speed of response. The performance of the proposed control scheme is compared to the conventional fuzzy logic control (FLC). The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control technique are verified by numerical simulations under various scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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15 pages, 3700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Configuration Synthesis of Novel Series-Parallel Hybrid Transmission Systems with Eight-Bar Mechanisms

by Ngoc-Tan Hoang and Hong-Sen Yan

Energies 2017, 10(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10071044 - 20 Jul 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6814

Abstract

This paper presents a design approach for the configuration synthesis of series-parallel hybrid transmissions with eight-bar mechanisms. The final design consists of 54 mechanisms with eight members and twelve joints including a simple planetary gear train (PGT) and a double planet PGT. Then, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a design approach for the configuration synthesis of series-parallel hybrid transmissions with eight-bar mechanisms. The final design consists of 54 mechanisms with eight members and twelve joints including a simple planetary gear train (PGT) and a double planet PGT. Then, by using the techniques of power and clutch arrangements, new series-parallel hybrid transmissions are synthesized. The power arrangement process generates 97 clutchless hybrid systems. The clutch arrangement process generates 100 corresponding series-parallel transmissions. To demonstrate the feasibility of the synthesized configurations, a new hybrid transmission is selected as an example to analyze the working principle with operation modes and power flow paths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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17 pages, 7272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Loss Characteristics of 6.5 kV RC-IGBT Applied to a Traction Converter

by Xianjin Huang, Chao Ling, Dengwei Chang, Xiaojie You and Trillion Q. Zheng

Energies 2017, 10(7), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070891 - 1 Jul 2017

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7145

Abstract

6.5 kV level IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) modules are widely applied in megawatt locomotive (MCUs) traction converters, to achieve an upper 3.5 kV DC link, which is beneficial for decreasing power losses and increasing the power density. Reverse Conducting IGBT (RC-IGBT) constructs [...] Read more.

6.5 kV level IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) modules are widely applied in megawatt locomotive (MCUs) traction converters, to achieve an upper 3.5 kV DC link, which is beneficial for decreasing power losses and increasing the power density. Reverse Conducting IGBT (RC-IGBT) constructs the conventional IGBT function and freewheel diode function in a single chip, which has a greater flow ability in the same package volume. In the same cooling conditions, RC-IGBT allows for a higher operating temperature. In this paper, a mathematic model is developed, referring to the datasheets and measurement data, to study the 6.5 kV/1000 A RC-IGBT switching features. The relationship among the gate desaturated pulse, conducting losses, and recovery losses is discussed. Simulations and tests were carried out to consider the influence of total losses on the different amplitudes and durations of the desaturated pulse. The RC-IGBT traction converter system with gate pulse desaturated control is built, and the simulation and measurements show that the total losses of RC-IGBT with desaturated control decreased comparing to the RC-IGBT without desaturated control or conventional IGBT. Finally, a proportional small power platform is developed, and the test results prove the correction of the theory analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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Review

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27 pages, 1790 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of AC Microgrid Controls with Inverter-Interfaced Generations

by Md Alamgir Hossain, Hemanshu Roy Pota, Walid Issa and Md Jahangir Hossain

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091300 - 30 Aug 2017

Cited by 158 | Viewed by 15380

Abstract

Distributed generation (DG) is one of the key components of the emerging microgrid concept that enables renewable energy integration in a distribution network. In DG unit operation, inverters play a vital role in interfacing energy sources with the grid utility. An effective interfacing [...] Read more.

Distributed generation (DG) is one of the key components of the emerging microgrid concept that enables renewable energy integration in a distribution network. In DG unit operation, inverters play a vital role in interfacing energy sources with the grid utility. An effective interfacing can successfully be accomplished by operating inverters with effective control techniques. This paper reviews and categorises different control methods (voltage and primary) for improving microgrid power quality, stability and power sharing approaches. In addition, the specific characteristics of microgrids are summarised to distinguish from distribution network control. Moreover, various control approaches including inner-loop controls and primary controls are compared according to their relative advantages and disadvantages. Finally, future research trends for microgrid control are discussed pointing out the research opportunities. This review paper will be a good basis for researchers working in microgrids and for industry to implement the ongoing research improvement in real systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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29 pages, 6130 KiB

Open AccessReview

Frequency Regulation Strategies in Grid Integrated Offshore Wind Turbines via VSC-HVDC Technology: A Review

by Jafar Jallad, Saad Mekhilef and Hazlie Mokhlis

Energies 2017, 10(9), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091244 - 23 Aug 2017

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8058

Abstract

The inclusion of wind energy in a power system network is currently seeing a significant increase. However, this inclusion has resulted in degradation of the inertia response, which in turn seriously affects the stability of the power system’s frequency. This problem can be [...] Read more.

The inclusion of wind energy in a power system network is currently seeing a significant increase. However, this inclusion has resulted in degradation of the inertia response, which in turn seriously affects the stability of the power system’s frequency. This problem can be solved by using an active power reserve to stabilize the frequency within an allowable limit in the event of a sudden load increment or the loss of generators. Active power reserves can be utilized via three approaches: (1) de-loading method (pitching or over-speeding) by a variable speed wind turbine (VSWT); (2) stored energy in the capacitors of voltage source converter-high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission; and (3) coordination of frequency regulation between the offshore wind farms and the VSC-HVDC transmission. This paper reviews the solutions that can be used to overcome problems related to the frequency stability of grid- integrated offshore wind turbines. It also details the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with full-scale back to back (B2B) converters, its corresponding control strategies, and a typical VSC-HVDC system with an associated control system. The control methods, both on the levels of a wind turbine and the VSC-HVDC system that participate in a system’s primary frequency control and emulation inertia, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

11 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessLetter

Modeling and Experimentation of New Thermoelectric Cooler–Thermoelectric Generator Module

by Khaled Teffah, Youtong Zhang and Xiao-long Mou

Energies 2018, 11(3), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030576 - 7 Mar 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 10798

Abstract

In this work, a modeling and experimental study of a new thermoelectric cooler–thermoelectric generator (TEC-TEG) module is investigated. The studied module is composed of TEC, TEG and total system heatsink, all connected thermally in series. An input voltage (1–5 V) passes through the [...] Read more.

In this work, a modeling and experimental study of a new thermoelectric cooler–thermoelectric generator (TEC-TEG) module is investigated. The studied module is composed of TEC, TEG and total system heatsink, all connected thermally in series. An input voltage (1–5 V) passes through the TEC where the electrons by means of Peltier effect entrain the heat from the upper side of the module to the lower one creating temperature difference; TEG plays the role of a partial heatsink for the TEC by transferring this waste heat to the total system heatsink and converting an amount of this heat into electricity by a phenomenon called Seebeck effect, of the thermoelectric modules. The performance of the TEG as partial heatsink of TEC at different input voltages is demonstrated theoretically using the modeling software COMSOL Multiphysics. Moreover, the experiment validates the simulation result which smooths the path for a new manufacturing thermoelectric cascade model for the cooling and the immediate electric power generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Power Electronics Technologies for Power Systems and Machine Drives)

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