Synaptic crosstalk is an important biological phenomenon that widely exists in neural networks. The crosstalk can influence the ability of neurons to control the synaptic weights, thereby causing rich dynamics of neural networks. Based on the crossta...
Complement and coagulation are both key systems that defend the body from harm. They share multiple features and are similarly activated. They each play individual roles in the systemic circulation in physiology and pathophysiology, with significant...
In continuous neural modeling, memristor coupling has been investigated widely. Yet, there is little research on discrete neural networks in the field. Discrete models with synaptic crosstalk are even less common. In this paper, two locally active di...
In a biological nervous system, neurons are connected to each other via synapses to transmit information. Synaptic crosstalk is the phenomenon of mutual interference or interaction of neighboring synapses between neurons. This phenomenon is prevalent...
Excitatory synapses in the brain are often surrounded by nanoscopic astroglial processes that express high-affinity glutamate transporters at a high surface density. This ensures that the bulk of glutamate leaving the synaptic cleft is taken up for i...
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates metabolic and environmental signals to regulate cell growth and survival. In the central nervous system, mTOR plays a pivotal role in neuronal development, plastici...
Synaptic plasticity is the key mechanism underlying learning and memory. Neurexins are pre-synaptic molecules that play a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity, interacting with many different post-synaptic molecules in the formation of neural circuits...
‘Dysbiosis’ of the adult gut microbiota, in response to challenges such as infection, altered diet, stress, and antibiotics treatment has been recently linked to pathological alteration of brain function and behavior. Moreover, gut microbiota composi...
In recent years, functional interconnections emerged between synaptic transmission, inflammatory/immune mediators, and central nervous system (CNS) (patho)-physiology. Such interconnections rose up to a level that involves synaptic plasticity, both c...
Astrocytes have critical functions throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and have emerged as regulators of synaptic development and function. With their highly complex morphologies, they are able to interact with thousands of synapses via perip...
NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus consists of two opposing forces: long-term potentiation (LTP), which strengthens synapses and long-term depression (LTD), which weakens synapses. LTP and LTD are associated with memory formation...
Dopamine (DA) and glutamate interact, influencing neural excitability and promoting synaptic plasticity. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk. Since perturbation of DA-AMPA receptor interaction might s...
Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential for normal brain functions. In particular, Zn and Cu are released to synaptic clefts during neuronal excitation. Synaptic Zn and Cu regulate neuronal excitability, maintain calcium (Ca) homeostasis, and play ce...
Myelination is required for fast and efficient synaptic transmission in vertebrates. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes are responsible for creating myelin sheaths that isolate and protect axons, even throughout adulthood. However, when...
Fbp2 (muscle isozyme of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase) is a glyconeogenesis-regulating enzyme and a multifunctional protein indispensable for long-term potentiation (LTP) formation in the hippocampus. Here, we present evidence that expression of Fbp2 i...
In this study, we have investigated a possible mechanism that enables CB1/M3 receptor cross-talk, using SH-SY5Y cells as a model system. Our results show that M3 receptor activation initiates signaling that rapidly upregulates the CNR1 gene, resultin...
The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) plays a major role in fast inhibitory synaptic transmission and is highly regulated by the neuromodulator dopamine. In this aspect, most of the attention has been focused on the classical intracellular...
Mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling is increasingly recognized as a key integrator of synaptic activity, metabolism, and redox balance within the tripartite synapse. At excitatory synapses, Ca2+ influx through ionotropic glutamate receptors and voltage-gate...
The aggregation of Tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is associated with cognitive decline. Recent studies have revealed that neuronal cytoskeletal instability drives early AD pathogenesis....
Over the last decade knowledge of the role of astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammatory diseases has changed dramatically. Rather than playing a merely passive role in response to damage it is clear that astrocytes actively maintai...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tau tangles, synaptic dysfunction, and progressive cognitive decline. AD is increasingly recognize...
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional molecule that exerts pleiotropic effects in inflammatory responses and contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous immune-mediated diseases. Although Gal-3 has been known for more than five decades, it remains...
The hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis orchestrates reproductive functions through intricate neuroendocrine crosstalk. Here, we integrated single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) to decode the cel...
Exposure to methamphetamine (Meth) has been classically associated with damage to neuronal terminals. However, it is now becoming clear that addiction may also result from the interplay between glial cells and neurons. Recently, we demonstrated that...
Synaptic neurotransmission is necessary but does not sufficiently explain superior cognitive faculties. Growing evidence has shown that neuron–astroglial chemical crosstalk plays a critical role in the processing of information, computation, an...
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a lipid cell signaling system involved in the physiology and homeostasis of the brain and peripheral tissues. Synaptic plasticity, neuroendocrine functions, reproduction, and immune response among others all requir...
Recent findings highlight that Reelin, a glycoprotein involved in neural development, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation, plays some specific roles in neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging, such as age-related macular degeneration...
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that guarantee immune surveillance and exert also a modulating role on neuronal synaptic development and function. Upon injury, microglia get activated and modify their morphology...
Cognitive deficits are core symptoms of schizophrenia but remain poorly addressed by dopamine-based antipsychotic medications. Glutamate abnormalities are implicated in schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits. While the role of the NMDA receptor has...
Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major environmental risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. Malignancy is largely driven by variations within the virulence factor CagA, with East Asian lineages exhibiting higher oncogenic...
Childhood adversity is a major risk factor for the development of numerous psychiatric and medical disorders later in life. Individuals exposed to early adversity also tend to experience more severe, treatment-resistant, and highly comorbid condition...
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most complex structure in the body, consisting of multiple cell types with distinct morphology and function. Development of the neuronal circuit and its function rely on a continuous crosstalk between neurons a...
The hypothalamus orchestrates systemic homeostasis by integrating neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune–metabolic functions. In this review, we synthesize evidence that hypothalamic microglia act as dual hubs along a periphery–central&nda...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder predominantly affecting the elderly, characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and functional impairment. While hallmark pathological features include extracellular amy...
Recent discoveries on the neurobiology of the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, have been recognized as a growing field of investigation on the interactions between the brain and the immune system. Several environm...
Astrocytes are important for maintaining cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and neurotransmission. Indeed, inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration contribute to the altered morphology, gene expression, and function of astrocytes. Astrocyt...
One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is microglia-mediated and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. Althoug...
The link between neurodevelopment in infants exposed to maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and fetal DNA methylation remains unexplored. We conducted this hypothesis-generating study to investigate the association between fetal DNA methylat...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by irreversible cognitive decline and synaptic dysfunction and represents the most prevalent etiology of dementia, accounting for an estimated 60–70% of al...
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to...
Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is highly abundant in the brain and exhibits broad substrate specificity, thereby it is thought to participate in the regulation of neuronal death and survival. Nitric oxide (NO), produced by...
Recovery of mimic function after facial nerve transection is poor. The successful regrowth of regenerating motor nerve fibers to reinnervate their targets is compromised by (i) poor axonal navigation and excessive collateral branching, (ii) abnormal...
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a glutamate-gated ion channel involved in excitatory synaptic transmission. Outside the nervous system, the NMDAR is expressed in a variety of tissues and in cancers, notably in the highly invasive and met...
Schizophrenia is a complex heterogenous disorder thought to be caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The theories developed to explain the etiology of schizophrenia have focused largely on the dysfunction of neurotransmitt...
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are one of the most abundant cell types in the colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment (TME). CRC cell-derived exosomes support macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype, which leads to tumor growt...
Imaging and postmortem studies have revealed disturbed oligodendroglia-related processes in patients with schizophrenia and provided much evidence for disturbed myelination, irregular gene expression, and altered numbers of oligodendrocytes in the br...
Several studies explored the effects of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in dementia, suggesting a role in slowing down cognitive decline. Nevertheless, in 2003 a systematic review concluded there was insufficient evidence to recommend a clinical use, althou...
How millions of axons navigate accurately toward synaptic targets during development is a long-standing question. Over decades, multiple studies have enriched our understanding of axonal pathfinding with discoveries of guidance molecules and morphoge...
Stem cell therapy improves memory loss and cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer’s disease. The underlying mechanism remains to be determined, but it may involve the interaction of stem cells with hippocampal cells. The transplantation o...
The engagement of B cells with surface-tethered antigens triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where the local secretion of lysosomes can facilitate antigen uptake. Lysosomes intersect with other intracellular processes, such as Toll-like...
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