3,3-Bis (azide methyl) oxy-butyl ring (BAMO)-tetrahydrofuran (THF) copolyethers (PBT) are some of the most promising energetic binders. In this paper, the methods of synthesis of PBT binders are reviewed, and the research progress in PBT binders and...
This study investigates the influence of selected combustion rate catalysts on the ballistic, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of non-isocyanate heterogeneous solid rocket propellants. Methods for curing prepolymers and modifying hydroxyl-t...
The growing importance of sustainable technologies and environmental safety is promoting the implementation of green chemistry principles in the field of energetic materials. Traditionally, nitrocellulose-based propellants are plasticized with dibuty...
Background/Objectives: Triboelectrification in fluid systems, and specifically in hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-based propellants, used in pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) remains understudied despite its impact on aerosol behaviour and does deliv...
The effects of different types of nano-sized metal particles, such as aluminum (nAl), zirconium (nZr), titanium (nTi), and nickel (nNi), on the properties of a variety of solid rocket propellants (composite, fuel-rich, and composite modified double b...
Thermal damage due to microstructure changes will occur in propellants under thermal stimulation. It can significantly affect the sensitization, combustion, and other properties of the propellant, which, in turn, affects the impact safety of the soli...
The application of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) as an oxidizer in solid propellants aligns with the pursuit of high-energy materials. However, the phase transformation behavior and high impact sensitivity of HNIW are its limitations. Due to t...
Low-vulnerability propellants are propellants designed to resist unintended stimuli to increase safety during transport, storage and handling. The substitution of usual nitrocellulose-based gun propellants with these new materials allows maintaining...
In this study, fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) was prepared from dialcohol-terminated perfluoropolyether as a soft segment; isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as a curing agent; 1,2,4-butanetriol (BT) as a crosslinker; and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as a chain...
Investigating the constitutive relationship and the damage failure mechanism of solid propellants is of significance for improving the safety, storage period and use efficiency of solid rocket motors. This paper focuses on the complex mechanical resp...
The ionic liquid–hydrogen peroxide propellant system has emerged as a promising green propellant candidate, synergistically combining the unique advantages of ionic liquids (such as negligible vapor pressure, low melting points, high thermal st...
The geometric burning law of gun propellants is widely used in computer codes used for the simulations of the internal ballistics of guns. However, the results of closed vessel tests prove that the burning process of some propellants deviates from th...
This study mainly explored the characteristics of NC/HTPB-based high-energy gun propellants with RDX, CL-20 or TKX-50 by experimental method. Three series of test samples were prepared referring to the formulation of M1 single-base gun propellant (M1...
This paper presents the method of determining the burning rate of fine-grained propellants based on the results of closed vessel tests. It is shown that in the case of fine-grained propellants, the standard methods of determining the burning rate fai...
Energy density, which is an important indicator of the performance of solid propellants, is known to increase with the addition of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). However, it remains unclear how CL-20 affects the d...
A new method for determining the burning rate of a solid propellant, called the Impulse Method, is proposed in this paper. It is based on the proportional relationship between the impulse generated and the mass of the burned propellant. The pressure&...
The reliability of solid rocket motors depends primarily on the structural integrity of their propellants. Internal cavity defects in the widely used hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant, formed during manufacturing and service, signif...
In a high-temperature test of the gas generator with a free-loading composite propellant, an abnormal jitter appeared in the latter part of the internal ballistic curve, whereas no such abnormality was observed in the low-temperature and normal-tempe...
The process of solid propellant production, which is the most widely used high-energy material, has garnered significant attention from researchers. However, there have been relatively few studies on its processing, due to the unique nature of the ca...
Aluminum powder is the most commonly used metal fuel in the industry of explosives and propellants. The research progress in preparation technology, reactivity and application of nano-aluminum in explosives and propellants is systematically reviewed...
Challenges in the traditional cast-and-cure manufacturing of composite solid propellants, such as the use of mandrels and the toxicity of curing agents, are being addressed through new propellant formulations and additive manufacturing techniques. Wi...
As a hot research topic, nano-scale energetic materials have recently attracted much attention in the fields of propellants and explosives. The preparation of different types of nano-sized energetic materials were carried out, and the effects of nano...
High-energy solid propellants are multiphase engineering materials, whose mechanical behavior is predominantly governed by the characteristics of embedded crystalline particles. While microstructural influences have been extensively examined, quantit...
Aluminum hydride (AlH3) has attracted wide attention due to its high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen capacity. AlH3 can easily release hydrogen when heated at relatively low temperature. Such high hydrogen density and low dehydrogenation temperat...
To further explore the quasi-static mechanical characteristics of composite solid propellants at low strain rates, an investigation was conducted on the mechanical behavior and damage mechanisms of a four-component hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (H...
Composite solid propellants, which serve as the core energetic materials in aerospace and military propulsion systems, necessitate tailored enhancement of their mechanical properties to ensure operational safety and stability. A critical challenge in...
Hypergolic propellants have long been central to spacecraft propulsion because of their storability, reliability and rapid ignition. Conventional systems such as hydrazine derivatives paired with oxidisers like nitrogen tetroxide deliver ignition del...
The casting−curing process is a common technology for manufacturing the Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether (NEPE) propellants. The curing process involves a coupled thermal-chemical reaction of the adhesive systems of propellant, which influen...
To enhance both the mechanical properties of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder and the combustion efficiency of aluminized propellants, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol (OFHD) was employed as a chain extender to impart mechanic...
Solid rocket motors are prone to combustion instabilities, which may lead to various problems for the rockets, from unexpected oscillations, precision decreasing, to explosion. The unsteady combustion dynamics of the propellants play a crucial role i...
Many factors and their mutual interaction between catalysts and AP/HTPB composite solid propellant induce the complexity in the combustion. Among them, we prepared two Fe-based MOFs as catalysts and investigated their catalytic effects and mechanism...
As a typical viscoelastic material, solid propellants have a large difference in mechanical properties under static and dynamic loading. This variability is manifested in the difference in values of the relaxation modulus and dynamic modulus, which s...
In order to reduce the ignition temperature and improve the combustion efficiency of aluminum powder, three aluminum-based alloy fuels, Al–Mg, Al–Zn, and Al–Si–Mg, were prepared by the atomization method. The oxidation, igniti...
In rocketry today, conventional hypergolic propellant combinations typically use hydrazine-derived fuels and oxidizers based on nitrogen tetroxide. Due to their high toxicity and consequently expensive handling, safer alternatives, so-called “g...
Titanate-based bonding agents are a class of efficient bonding agents for improving the mechanical properties of composite solid propellants, a kind of special composite material. However, high solid contents often deteriorate the rheological propert...
Detailed knowledge regarding the thermophysical properties and electrical conductivity of the combustion products derived from solid propellants is essential for the optimized design and operation of solid-fuel rocket engines employing magnetohydrody...
Aluminum powder has the advantages of high calorific value, high density and convenient source, and is a commonly used metal fuel in the explosives and propellants industry. Nanometer aluminum powder (nAl) has higher reactivity and higher reaction co...
This study investigates the constitutive model and relaxation modulus master curve of composite modified double-base (CMDB) propellants through uniaxial constant-rate tensile tests and stress relaxation tests. The experimental observations demonstrat...
The unsteady combustion of solid propellants under oscillating environments is the key to understanding the combustion instability inside solid rocket motors. The discontinuous Galerkin–finite element method (DG-FEM) is introduced to provide an...
Hydroxyl-terminated polyether (HTPE) propellants are attractive in the weapons materials and equipment industry for their insensitive properties. Storage, combustion, and explosion of solid propellants are affected by their mechanical properties, so...
Condensed combustion products (CCPs) generated during the combustion of aluminized propellants can reflect invaluable information about the combustion mechanisms of propellants. CCPs of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/ammonium perchlorate/aluminum...
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is a new green oxidant, which is a kind of high-energy ionic liquid and has been widely used in the field of liquid propulsion. When it is used in laser plasma propulsion, its poor absorption coefficient significantly limit...
The Hybrid Contra Rotating Propeller is a developing propulsion system that combines a conventional single-shaft propeller with a POD propeller to achieve high energy-saving performance through a Contra Rotating Propeller. In this paper, a new towing...
Novel polyurethane-based binders, specifically designed for environmentally responsible rocket propellant composites, were obtained by employing the polyester-polyols that resulted from the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate waste. A new class...
The effect of the process aid “OPS” on the rheological properties of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant was investigated by formulating different components of high-solid-content slurry, and the change in slurry viscosity with shear rate, s...
The environmental impact and availability of ingredients are vital for the new generation of rocket propellants. In this context, several novel composite propellants were prepared based on the “greener” oxidizer phase-stabilized ammonium ...
N-butylnitroxyethylnitramine (BuNENA) is a high-energy plasticizer with high plasticizing ability, low sensitivity, and high energy. It has broad application prospects in HTPE propellants. Nevertheless, as an energetic plasticizer, it requires treatm...
The importance of propeller effects and power contribution to the aerodynamics of small aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is indispensable. The aerodynamic analysis of wings in flight varies from rigid wing analysis due to wing deflection...
Kestrel simulation tools are used to investigate the mutual interference between the propeller and wing of C130J aircraft. Only the wing, nacelles, and propeller geometries are considered. The propulsion system modelled is a Dowty six-bladed R391 pro...
Stern-first operation under severe ice conditions (ridges) is one of the most effective modes to increase the operating efficiency of icebreakers and ice ships. However, when a ship overcomes the ridge astern, the propellers continuously interact wit...
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