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  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,912 Views
23 Pages

Recent Advances in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyester

  • Hong Wang,
  • Hongpeng Li,
  • Chee Keong Lee,
  • Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan and
  • Guan Seng Tay

22 November 2022

Polyester is a kind of polymer composed of ester bond-linked polybasic acids and polyol. This type of polymer has a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, furniture, coatings, packaging, and biomedical. The traditional...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
7,459 Views
11 Pages

Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Thermosensitive Polyester with Pendent Ketoprofen

  • Wan-Xia Wu,
  • Hai-Yang Wang,
  • Na Wang,
  • Wei-Wei Zhang,
  • Han Lai and
  • Xiao-Qi Yu

23 September 2013

Three linear polyesters with pendant ketoprofen were synthesized by copolymerization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with malic acid (thiomalic acid or aspartic acid) using lipase B acrylic resin from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) at 90 °C respectively. Th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,222 Views
19 Pages

Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Flavor Esters and Polyesters: A Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach

  • Filippo Fabbri,
  • Federico A. Bertolini,
  • Georg M. Guebitz and
  • Alessandro Pellis

In the present work, different hydrolases were adsorbed onto polypropylene beads to investigate their activity both in short-esters and polyesters synthesis. The software MODDE® Pro 13 (Sartorius) was used to develop a full-factorial design of experi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,415 Views
12 Pages

Efficient Physisorption of Candida Antarctica Lipase B on Polypropylene Beads and Application for Polyester Synthesis

  • Simone Weinberger,
  • Alessandro Pellis,
  • James W. Comerford,
  • Thomas J. Farmer and
  • Georg M. Guebitz

31 August 2018

In the present work, Candida antarctica lipase B (CaLB) was adsorbed onto polypropylene beads using different reaction conditions, in order to investigate their influence on the immobilization process and the enzyme activity of the preparations in po...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
6,758 Views
14 Pages

Use of Dicyclopentadiene and Methyl Dicyclopentadiene for the Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester Resins

  • Alexandre Perrot,
  • Jan Hyršl,
  • Jan Bandžuch,
  • Simona Waňousová,
  • Jiří Hájek,
  • Jan Jenčík and
  • Tomáš Herink

16 September 2021

Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) modified unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are mostly used for hulls, decks, and bathroom facilities. Main advantages of these polymers over orthophthalic or isophthalic polyesters are their relatively low shrinking, reduce...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
6,001 Views
15 Pages

Synthesis and Characterization of Unsaturated Succinic Acid Biobased Polyester Resins

  • Lazaros Papadopoulos,
  • Lamprini Malletzidou,
  • Dimitra Patsiaoura,
  • Andreas Magaziotis,
  • Eleni Psochia,
  • Zoi Terzopoulou,
  • Konstantinos Chrissafis,
  • Charles Markessini,
  • Electra Papadopoulou and
  • Dimitrios N. Bikiaris

20 January 2021

Polymers from renewable feedstocks are receiving increasing attention as the awareness about environmental issues derived from petroleum exploitation and waste accumulation is growing. With unsaturated polyester resins being one of the most used clas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,970 Views
13 Pages

Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester Resins for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing

  • Ines Cazin,
  • Martin Ocepek,
  • Janez Kecelj,
  • Aleš Stanislav Stražar and
  • Sandra Schlögl

19 April 2024

Driven by environmental considerations, the scientific community has directed great effort towards the synthesis of new materials derived from renewable resources. However, for photocurable resins, most commercially available building blocks still re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
105 Citations
16,141 Views
21 Pages

Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester Resins from Various Bio-Derived Platform Molecules

  • Thomas J. Farmer,
  • Rachael L. Castle,
  • James H. Clark and
  • Duncan J. Macquarrie

2 July 2015

Utilisation of bio-derived platform molecules in polymer synthesis has advantages which are, broadly, twofold; to digress from crude oil dependence of the polymer industry and secondly to reduce the environmental impact of the polymer synthesis throu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,292 Views
15 Pages

Functionalisation of Lignin-Derived Diols for the Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes and Polyester Resins

  • Rachele N. Carafa,
  • Justin J. S. Kosalka,
  • Brigida V. Fernandes,
  • Unnati Desai,
  • Daniel A. Foucher and
  • Guerino G. Sacripante

16 June 2025

The functionalisation of lignin-derived phenolics (guaiacol, 4-propylguaiacol, eugenol, isoeugenol, phenol, m-cresol, catechol, syringol, syringaldehyde, and vanillin) for the synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethanes (PUs) and polyester (PE) resins i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,008 Views
14 Pages

Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Polyester Polyureas via a Non-Isocyanate Route with Good Combined Properties

  • Liuchun Zheng,
  • Qiqi Xie,
  • Guangjun Hu,
  • Bing Wang,
  • Danqing Song,
  • Yunchuan Zhang and
  • Yi Liu

4 April 2024

Polyureas have been widely applied in many fields, such as coatings, fibers, foams and dielectric materials. Traditionally, polyureas are prepared from isocyanates, which are highly toxic and harmful to humans and the environment. Synthesis of polyur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
9,735 Views
12 Pages

Highly Branched Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyesters by Enzymatic Polymerization

  • Hiep Dinh Nguyen,
  • David Löf,
  • Søren Hvilsted and
  • Anders Egede Daugaard

14 October 2016

A one-pot, enzyme-catalyzed bulk polymerization method for direct production of highly branched polyesters has been developed as an alternative to currently used industrial procedures. Bio-based feed components in the form of glycerol, pentaerythrito...

  • Review
  • Open Access
56 Citations
10,594 Views
15 Pages

Nature Inspired Solutions for Polymers: Will Cutinase Enzymes Make Polyesters and Polyamides Greener?

  • Valerio Ferrario,
  • Alessandro Pellis,
  • Marco Cespugli,
  • Georg M. Guebitz and
  • Lucia Gardossi

13 December 2016

The polymer and plastic sectors are under the urge of mitigating their environmental impact. The need for novel and more benign catalysts for polyester synthesis or targeted functionalization led, in recent years, to an increasing interest towards cu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
3,696 Views
15 Pages

Synthesis of Jatropha-Oil-Based Polyester Polyol as Sustainable Biobased Material for Waterborne Polyurethane Dispersion

  • Murni Sundang,
  • Nur Sjanrah Nurdin,
  • Sariah Saalah,
  • Yamunah Jaibalah Singam,
  • Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus,
  • Noor Maizura Ismail,
  • Coswald Stephen Sipaut and
  • Luqman Chuah Abdullah

6 September 2022

The utilization of vegetable oil in the production of polymeric material has gained interest due to its proven ability to replace nonrenewable petroleum sources, as it is readily modified via chemical reaction to produce polyol and subsequently for p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,583 Views
8 Pages

9 October 2018

The preparation of renewable polyesters with good barrier properties is highly desirable for the packaging industry. Herein we report the synthesis of high molecular weight polyesters via an innovative use of an in situ drying agent approach and the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
6,425 Views
10 Pages

21 January 2016

The present work describes the synthesis of a series of four novel biologically active 2-amino-5-arylazothiazole disperse dyes containing the sulfa drug nucleus. The structures of the synthesized thiazole derivatives are confirmed using UV-spectropho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,772 Views
14 Pages

8 March 2021

Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and the enzymatic degradation of the amphiphilic miktoarm star-shaped polymers is reported herein. First, star-shaped macroinitiators, based on N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and glycerol di...

  • Review
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,345 Views
23 Pages

21 April 2022

Organic reactions utilizing the microwave strategy have become able to conduct in shorter times, with higher yields, and are compatible with green chemistry protocols. In recent years, microwave technologies as an effective agent in organic synthesis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,644 Views
16 Pages

Shaping in the Third Direction; Synthesis of Patterned Colloidal Crystals by Polyester Fabric-Guided Self-Assembly

  • Ion Sandu,
  • Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
  • Florian Dumitrache,
  • Bogdan Alexandru Sava,
  • Iuliana Urzica,
  • Iulia Antohe,
  • Simona Brajnicov and
  • Marius Dumitru

24 November 2021

A polyester fabric with rectangular openings was used as a sacrificial template for the guiding of a sub-micron sphere (polystyrene (PS) and silica) aqueous colloid self-assembly process during evaporation as a patterned colloidal crystal (PCC). This...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,161 Views
9 Pages

Thermal Upgrade of Enzymatically Synthesized Aliphatic and Aromatic Oligoesters

  • James W. Comerford,
  • Fergal P. Byrne,
  • Simone Weinberger,
  • Thomas J. Farmer,
  • Georg M. Guebitz,
  • Lucia Gardossi and
  • Alessandro Pellis

13 January 2020

The enzymatic synthesis of polyesters in solventless systems is an environmentally friendly and sustainable method for synthetizing bio-derived materials. Despite the greenness of the technique, in most cases only short oligoesters are obtained, with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,567 Views
14 Pages

6 August 2021

Reasonably simple, efficient, and possessing aspects of generality, the methodology for the synthesis of new, water-soluble, dendrimeric polyesters with great potential applications as antiviral drugs in their own right is described. The essential as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
6,422 Views
17 Pages

Effectiveness of Esterification Catalysts in the Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate)

  • Eleftheria Xanthopoulou,
  • Alexandra Zamboulis,
  • Zoi Terzopoulou,
  • Margaritis Kostoglou,
  • Dimitrios N. Bikiaris and
  • George Z. Papageorgiou

6 July 2021

Over the last few decades, bio-based polymers have attracted considerable attention from both academic and industrial fields regarding the minimization of the environmental impact arising from the excessive use of petrochemically-based polymeric mate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,688 Views
20 Pages

Antimicrobial Properties of the Triclosan-Loaded Polymeric Composite Based on Unsaturated Polyester Resin: Synthesis, Characterization and Activity

  • Zhandos Tauanov,
  • Olzhas Zakiruly,
  • Zhuldyz Baimenova,
  • Alzhan Baimenov,
  • Nuraly S. Akimbekov and
  • Dmitriy Berillo

10 February 2022

The manufacturing of sanitary and household furniture on a large scale with inherently antimicrobial properties is an essential field of research. This work focuses on the synthesis of polymer composites based on the unsaturated polyester of resin lo...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
10,353 Views
11 Pages

Enzymatic Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrophilic Sugar Based Polyesters and Their Modification with Stearic Acid

  • Muhammad Humayun Bilal,
  • Marko Prehm,
  • Andrew Efraim Njau,
  • Muhammad Haris Samiullah,
  • Annette Meister and
  • Jörg Kressler

16 March 2016

Biodegradable and hydrophilic functional polyesters were synthesized enzymatically using xylitol or d-sorbitol together with divinyl adipate and lipase B from Candida antartica (CAL-B). The resulting polyesters had pendant OH-groups from their sugar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
4,068 Views
12 Pages

11 December 2020

The paper investigates the synthesis of green composites and their properties before and after the laboratory accelerated aging tests. Materials were made of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,761 Views
17 Pages

27 October 2021

Enzymatic synthesis of aromatic biobased polyesters is a recent and rapidly expanding research field. However, the direct lipase-catalyzed synthesis of polyesters from ferulic acid has not yet been reported. In this work, various ferulic-based monome...

  • Review
  • Open Access
77 Citations
10,082 Views
28 Pages

A Middle-Aged Enzyme Still in Its Prime: Recent Advances in the Field of Cutinases

  • Efstratios Nikolaivits,
  • Maria Kanelli,
  • Maria Dimarogona and
  • Evangelos Topakas

3 December 2018

Cutinases are α/β hydrolases, and their role in nature is the degradation of cutin. Such enzymes are usually produced by phytopathogenic microorganisms in order to penetrate their hosts. The first focused studies on cutinases started aroun...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
60 Citations
7,068 Views
19 Pages

Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Based Polyesters: Poly(2-methyl-1,3-propylene-2,5-furanoate), Poly(isosorbide-2,5-furanoate), Poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene-2,5-furanoate)

  • Zoi Terzopoulou,
  • Nejib Kasmi,
  • Vasilios Tsanaktsis,
  • Nikolaos Doulakas,
  • Dimitrios N. Bikiaris,
  • Dimitris S. Achilias and
  • George Z. Papageorgiou

14 July 2017

In the present study, three new biobased furanoate polyesters with potential use in food packaging applications, named poly(isosorbide furanoate) (PIsF), poly(methyl-propylene furanoate) (PMePF) and poly(1,4-cyclohexane-dimethylene 2,5-furanoate) (PC...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
7,866 Views
10 Pages

25 July 2012

A series of novel azo-disperse dyes containing alkylhydrazonopyridinone structures were synthesized. 4-Methyl-2,6-dioxo-1-propyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (8) is synthesized by one-pot synthesis using ethyl cyanoacetate, propylamine,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,552 Views
23 Pages

21 October 2025

A versatile, sustainable feedstock pathway to bio-based polymeric materials was developed utilizing lignin biomass and the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclic anhydrides and epoxides to synthesize functional, lignin-derived, fully bio-bas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
47 Citations
10,716 Views
11 Pages

Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Polyester Prodrugs of Norfloxacin

  • Marcin Sobczak,
  • Ewa Witkowska,
  • Ewa Olędzka and
  • Waclaw Kolodziejski

18 January 2008

Two-, three- and four-arm, star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) andpoly(D,L-lactide) homopolymers, and copolymers of ε-caprolactone with D,L-lactide weresynthesized via ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters in the presence of glycerol,penthaerythr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,176 Views
18 Pages

A Hyperbranched Polyol Process for Designing and Manufacturing Nontoxic Cobalt Nanocomposite

  • Anastasia Burmatova,
  • Artur Khannanov,
  • Alexander Gerasimov,
  • Klara Ignateva,
  • Elena Khaldeeva,
  • Arina Gorovaia,
  • Airat Kiiamov,
  • Vladimir Evtugyn and
  • Marianna Kutyreva

30 July 2023

A method for the design and synthesis of a metallopolymer composite (CoNP) based on cobalt nanoparticles using the hyperbranched polyol process was developed. It was shown that hyperbranched polyester polyols in a melted state can be both a reducing...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,901 Views
17 Pages

24 January 2024

The recent developments of the synthesis of bio-based long-chain aliphatic polyesters by the acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of α,ω-dienes, derived from plant oils and bio-based chemicals, like bis(10-undecenoate) with iso...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,280 Views
22 Pages

5 October 2024

Furanoate polyesters are an extremely promising new class of materials for packaging applications, particularly furanoate-based nanocomposites, which have gained a high interest level in research and development in both academia and industries. The m...

  • Review
  • Open Access
76 Citations
12,819 Views
58 Pages

Polyglycerol Hyperbranched Polyesters: Synthesis, Properties and Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications

  • Alexandra Zamboulis,
  • Eirini A. Nakiou,
  • Evi Christodoulou,
  • Dimitrios N. Bikiaris,
  • Eleana Kontonasaki,
  • Liliana Liverani and
  • Aldo R. Boccaccini

9 December 2019

In a century when environmental pollution is a major issue, polymers issued from bio-based monomers have gained important interest, as they are expected to be environment-friendly, and biocompatible, with non-toxic degradation products. In parallel,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
51 Citations
10,773 Views
7 Pages

The goal of this study was to utilize carrier for accelerating the rate of dyeing not only to enhance dyeing of polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes 3a,b, but also to save energy. Both the color strength expressed as dye uptake and the fastness...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
5,902 Views
17 Pages

Nanoclays for Lipase Immobilization: Biocatalyst Characterization and Activity in Polyester Synthesis

  • Hale Öztürk,
  • Eric Pollet,
  • Vincent Phalip,
  • Yüksel Güvenilir and
  • Luc Avérous

1 December 2016

The immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was performed by physical adsorption on both neat and organo-modified forms of sepiolite and montmorillonite. The influence of different parameters, e.g., solvent, enzyme loading, cross-linking...

  • Review
  • Open Access
40 Citations
10,501 Views
23 Pages

23 December 2014

Biodegradable or bioresorbable polymers are commonly used in various pharmaceutical fields (e.g., as drug delivery systems, therapeutic systems or macromolecular drug conjugates). Polyesters are an important class of polymers widely utilized in pharm...

  • Article
  • Open Access
37 Citations
6,458 Views
27 Pages

Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Decomposition Mechanism of Poly(Ethylene Vanillate) Polyester

  • Alexandra Zamboulis,
  • Lazaros Papadopoulos,
  • Zoi Terzopoulou,
  • Dimitrios N. Bikiaris,
  • Dimitra Patsiaoura,
  • Konstantinos Chrissafis,
  • Massimo Gazzano,
  • Nadia Lotti and
  • George Z. Papageorgiou

14 October 2019

Plastics are perceived as modern and versatile materials, but their use is linked to numerous environmental issues as their production is based on finite raw materials (petroleum or natural gas). Additionally, their low biodegradability results in th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
8,362 Views
19 Pages

19 June 2012

Novel polyester-type thermoplastic elastomers based on poly(alkylene succinate)s were synthesized by the lipase-catalyzed copolymerization of cyclic diol/succinate oligomer and cyclic diol/alkylthiosuccinate oligomer. These copolymers exhibited biode...

  • Review
  • Open Access
231 Citations
27,552 Views
60 Pages

25 April 2014

Poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s constitute a family of biodegradable polymers with increasing interest for both commodity and speciality applications. Most of these polymers can be prepared from biobased diols and dicarboxylic acids such as 1,4-butane...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
8,193 Views
12 Pages

Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Containing Bio-Based Polyester Polyol and Their Fiber Property

  • Jiyeon Oh,
  • Young Kwang Kim,
  • Sung-Ho Hwang,
  • Hyun-Chul Kim,
  • Jae-Hun Jung,
  • Cho-Hyun Jeon,
  • Jongwon Kim and
  • Sang Kyoo Lim

16 May 2022

Among the starting materials of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), it was confirmed that succinic acid-based polyester biopolyols having different molecular weights (Mn = 1000, 2000, and 4000) affect the physicochemical properties of the final polym...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
5,934 Views
18 Pages

3 August 2020

The hydrophilic copolyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (ENCDP-X) was successfully synthesized by chemical modification consisting of copolymerization and blending and the comonomers, including sodium isophthalate-5-sulfonate (SIPE), polyethylen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,470 Views
19 Pages

Synthesis of Bio-Based Polyester from Microbial Lipidic Residue Intended for Biomedical Application

  • Ana P. Capêto,
  • João Azevedo-Silva,
  • Sérgio Sousa,
  • Manuela Pintado,
  • Ana S. Guimarães and
  • Ana L. S. Oliveira

23 February 2023

In the last decade, selectively tuned bio-based polyesters have been increasingly used for their clinical potential in several biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. With a biomedical application in min...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,640 Views
16 Pages

4 December 2021

Organic–inorganic xerogel networks were synthesized from bacterial poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) for potential biomedical applications. Since silane-based networks usually demonstrate increased biocompatibility and mechanical properties, silox...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
8,677 Views
15 Pages

15 March 2019

A one pot-two step procedure for the synthesis of diethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DEFDC) starting from mucic acid without isolation of the intermediate furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was studied. Then, the production of three different kinds of fura...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
7,310 Views
14 Pages

Synthesis of New Phosphorus-Containing (Co)Polyesters Using Solid-Liquid Phase Transfer Catalysis and Product Characterization

  • Smaranda Iliescu,
  • Maite-Gyl Augusti,
  • Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma,
  • Nicoleta Plesu,
  • Gheorghe Fagadar-Cosma,
  • Lavinia Macarie,
  • Adriana Popa and
  • Gheorghe Ilia

31 July 2012

This paper is directed towards the development of safe, and thermally stable solid polymer electrolytes. Linear phosphorus-containing (co)polyesters are described, including their synthesis, thermal analysis, conductivity, and non-flammability. Polyc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,670 Views
14 Pages

29 November 2019

A flame retardant aluminum 2-carboxyethyl-phenyl-phosphinate (CPA-Al) was synthesized through the salification reaction. The molecular structure of CPA-Al and thermal stability were characterized by solid nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
2,480 Views
15 Pages

Chelating hyperbranched polyester (CHPE) nanoparticles have become an attractive new material family for developing high-capacity nanoscale chelating agents with highly branched structures and many functional groups in the main chains and end groups...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,611 Views
12 Pages

27 September 2012

A as textile dyes and the fastness properties of the dyed samples were measured. Most of the dyed fabrics tested displayed very good washing and perspiration fastness and series of 2-hydroxy- and 2-amino-6-substituted-5-arylazonicotinate monoazo comp...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,080 Views
16 Pages

Synthesis of Biodegradable Polyester–Polyether with Enhanced Hydrophilicity, Thermal Stability, Toughness, and Degradation Rate

  • Xuedong Lv,
  • Haitao Lin,
  • Zhengxiang Wang,
  • Ruixue Niu,
  • Yi Liu,
  • Yen Wei and
  • Liuchun Zheng

13 November 2022

Novel poly(butylene succinate-butylene furandicarboxylate/polyethylene glycol succinate) (PBSF-PEG) was synthesized using two-step transesterification and polycondensation in the melt. There are characterized by intrinsic viscosity, GPC, 1H NMR, DSC,...

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