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  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,180 Views
35 Pages

Landscape Design and Sustainable Tourism at the Wuyistar Chinese Tea Garden, a World Heritage Site in Fujian, China

  • Lei Huang,
  • Liang Zheng,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Junming Chen,
  • Yile Chen,
  • Jiaying Fang,
  • Ruyi Zheng and
  • Haoran Liu

29 March 2025

Wuyi Mountain in China is listed on the World Natural and Cultural Heritage List. With the vigorous development of urban cultural tourism, the sustainable development of heritage sites has become the focus of academic and industry circles, among whic...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Promoting the Social Sustainability of Urban Neighbourhoods)
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
9,294 Views
20 Pages

12 December 2019

The renewal of historic gardens, landscapes, and sites has grown to be a current issue in Central and Eastern Europe. Based on scientific research, the Department of Garden Art of the Szent István University, Faculty of Landscape Architecture...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 6th Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Adapting to Expanding and Contracting Cities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,782 Views
27 Pages

3 December 2024

This paper deals with the landscape design strategy that was followed in the proposal that was submitted to the International Architecture Competition of the New Archaeological Museum of Cyprus. The aim of this document is to analyze how landscape an...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Urban Design and Landscape Architecture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
4,712 Views
19 Pages

12 July 2023

This study examines the microclimate pattern and related spatial perception of urban green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) and the stormwater management landscape, using rain gardens as a case study. It investigates the relationship between different...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Technologies in Landscape and Urban Planning Response to Climate Change)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,172 Views
27 Pages

20 September 2023

The rapid urbanization and the increasing need for sustainable development have led to the emergence of green roof landscapes in ocean cities. These rooftop gardens provide numerous environmental benefits and contribute to the overall well-being of u...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants and Urban Gardening)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
784 Views
34 Pages

AI for Garden Design Visualization: Development and Validation of the GardenDiff Model

  • Xiaolong Sun,
  • Xi Chen,
  • Chao Zhou,
  • Shengsha Wu,
  • Hongbo Zhao and
  • Kun Li

The rapid advancement of AI-driven generative design brings new opportunities, but its application in landscape garden design remains limited by two gaps: (1) semantic misalignment between generated images and the designer’s intent, and (2) low...

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,645 Views
29 Pages

Regenerating and Developing a National Botanical Garden (NBG) in Khartoum, Sudan: Effect on Urban Landscape and Environmental Sustainability

  • Safa Fadelelseed,
  • Dawei Xu,
  • Lianying Li,
  • Ducthien Tran,
  • Xi Chen,
  • Abdulfattah Alwah,
  • He Bai and
  • Zoheir Farah

9 September 2024

This research focuses on the National Botanic Garden in Khartoum, Sudan, proposing tools and methods to assess botanical garden quality from multiple perspectives. It explores the related concepts between national botanical gardens and landscapes, re...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Open) Innovation Paths towards Society 5.0: the Role of Sustainability in Business Strategy and Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
662 Views
36 Pages

1 July 2026

Therapeutic gardens are increasingly integrated into healthcare planning and design, supported by evidence showing that exposure to nature promotes health and well-being. As urbanisation and densification intensify, rooftop gardens offer a sustainabl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Peri-Urban Environment: Searching for Sustainable Planning, Design and Management Solutions)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,974 Views
25 Pages

11 October 2022

Although community gardens provide numerous economic, environmental, and social benefits, some have been lost to other land uses due to the lack of organized and effective public support. Knowledge about people’s attitudes and perceptions towar...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Cityscape—Structure, Aesthetics, Perception)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,518 Views
20 Pages

27 July 2023

Public gardens in urban areas play an important role in the development of physical and mental health of the people. These spaces are also social spaces, where people meet to interact, exchange, and organize collective activities. They create a uniqu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste Water Used for Green Production in Cities)
  • Project Report
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,405 Views
29 Pages

17 January 2026

This article presents a case study from a Social and Health Care School in Denmark, where a rooftop garden was designed to promote student health and support nature-based teaching across subject areas. A novel aspect of the project is the formal inte...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonizing Nature and Mind: Biophilic and Neuroarchitecture Synergies for Intelligent Buildings Enhancing Human Well-Being)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,238 Views
25 Pages

Could Purposefully Engineered Native Grassland Gardens Enhance Urban Insect Biodiversity?

  • Christina A. Breed,
  • Agata Morelli,
  • Christian W. W. Pirk,
  • Catherine L. Sole,
  • Marié J. Du Toit and
  • Sarel S. Cilliers

27 July 2022

Progress is required in response to how cities can support greater biodiversity. This calls for more research on how landscape designers can actively shape urban ecologies to deliver context-specific empirical bases for green space intervention decis...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Architecture: Design for Urban Transformation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
11,506 Views
30 Pages

Landscape architecture and urban design disciplines could benefit from soundscape thinking in order to enhance experiential qualities in their projects, though the available tools are not yet fully developed nor tested. The present research aims to s...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Healthy and Supportive Acoustic Environments: Going beyond the Quietness)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,734 Views
14 Pages

The First Botanical Garden: A Technical Design for a Sustainable City in Arequipa, Peru

  • María Elizabeth Bejarano Meza,
  • Gianela Milagros Paz Cahuina,
  • Paola Fabiana Vásquez Macedo and
  • Andrea Marieta Chanove Manrique

Arequipa, situated in the arid Atacama Desert, is experiencing significant biodiversity loss due to unchecked urban growth. This study presents the design of a Botanical Garden to address this issue by serving as a conservation center for native flor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
794 Views
18 Pages

Hospital gardens are increasingly recognized as therapeutic environments; however, many Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) studies remain limited to perception-based assessments without explicitly linking spatial characteristics to user experience. This...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonizing Nature and Mind: Biophilic and Neuroarchitecture Synergies for Intelligent Buildings Enhancing Human Well-Being)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,734 Views
23 Pages

Space Compositional Aspects Regarding the Importance of Trees in the Urban Landscape

  • László Zoltán Nádasy,
  • István Valánszki and
  • Máté Sárospataki

7 July 2023

Individual trees and tree compositions provide a wide range of cultural ecosystem services, including playing a key role in defining urban character. In Hungary, urban landscape protection tools have recently been expanded, bringing the topic into th...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants and Urban Gardening)
  • Article
  • Open Access
684 Views
44 Pages

18 May 2026

This manuscript addresses the challenge of designing low-carbon and climate-neutral landscapes. While gardens and green spaces are commonly perceived as environmentally beneficial, they may generate significant greenhouse gas emissions throughout the...

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Built Environment, 2nd Volume)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,754 Views
18 Pages

Baroque Gardens in Transylvania: A Historic Overview

  • Albert Fekete and
  • Máté Sárospataki

20 June 2022

For over more than 20 years, Transylvanian ensembles, gardens and parks have been investigated, described and analysed by a research group from Hungary, led by Albert Fekete. The goal of this study of Transylvanian ensembles is to get background info...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Current Challenges for Landscapes and Cultural Heritage)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,484 Views
15 Pages

Evaluation of Military Service Member Preferences of Landscape Design Elements in Therapeutic Gardens

  • Alicia Thomas,
  • Muntazar Monsur,
  • Carol S. Lindquist,
  • Thayne Montague and
  • Catherine R. Simpson

11 May 2024

Military service members (MSVMs) suffer from mental and physical health ailments upon returning home from enlistment. Due to the enormity of these different and complex ailments, many unique therapeutic methods, like therapeutic gardens, have been ut...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
13,171 Views
25 Pages

20 August 2020

Examining the history of garden art since ancient times, we find many examples of linear tree layouts supporting orientation or being used for the purpose of composition. Allées gained special significance during the Baroque as dynamic and grandiose...

(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,924 Views
37 Pages

Landscaping with Fruits: Citizens’ Perceptions toward Urban Horticulture and Design of Urban Gardens

  • Tijana Narandžić,
  • Sanja Ružičić,
  • Milica Grubač,
  • Magdalena Pušić,
  • Jovana Ostojić,
  • Veljko Šarac and
  • Mirjana Ljubojević

Urban horticulture represents a sustainable way of dealing with the challenges of modern cities, including urbanization processes, population growth tendencies, a lack of green areas, environmental pollution and food insecurity. This study aimed to (...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticulturalization of the 21st Century Cities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
13,394 Views
18 Pages

18 January 2022

Climate emergency, landscape connectivity and rapid urbanization are among the major challenges of the 21st century. This paper discusses ways in which cities can respond to the changing climate and put in place a sustainable vision. It uses the gard...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Urban Design and Landscape Architecture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,931 Views
24 Pages

Quality and Yield of Edible Vegetables from Landscape Design

  • Ana-Maria-Roxana Istrate,
  • Mirela Cojocariu,
  • Gabriel-Ciprian Teliban,
  • Alexandru Cojocaru and
  • Vasile Stoleru

This study evaluated the effects of raised beds on crop production and quality in home gardens. The crops were grown using optimal management techniques and crop rotation principles based on organic farming. Three experimental versions were compared:...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticulturalization of the 21st Century Cities)
  • Feature Paper
  • Essay
  • Open Access
91 Citations
19,599 Views
14 Pages

Designing Urban Green Blue Infrastructure for Mental Health and Elderly Wellbeing

  • Maria Beatrice Andreucci,
  • Alessio Russo and
  • Agnieszka Olszewska-Guizzo

15 November 2019

The main objective of this essay is to illustrate the state-of-the-art on ‘mental health-sensitive’ open space design in the built environment. Urban Green Blue Infrastructure can contribute to urbanites’ mental health and wellbeing...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Interdisciplinarity: Human-Nature Relations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,306 Views
21 Pages

In recent years, designers have increasingly emphasized sustainability in landscape design, but they have focused more on the “human-nature” relationship while neglecting the relationship between people. As a result, problems such as inco...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)
  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
6,363 Views
27 Pages

Historical Public Parks: Investigating Contemporary Visitor Needs

  • Angeliki Paraskevopoulou,
  • Andreas Klados and
  • Chrysovalantis Malesios

29 November 2020

Worldwide, several large-scale historical gardens have been adapted to social needs and became public parks. Historical parks, designed in a different era and often subjected to pressures for development, raise concerns in meeting contemporary visito...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,082 Views
25 Pages

Sustainability in Early Modern China through the Evolution of the Jesuit Accommodation Method

  • Inmaculada Rodriguez-Cunill,
  • Miguel Gutierrez-Villarrubia,
  • Francisco Salguero-Andujar and
  • Joseph Cabeza-Lainez

23 October 2021

This article clarifies the often overlooked facts attributed to European missionaries in Asia, especially Jesuits, who acted as catalysts of a kind of nuanced acculturation named Accommodatio (adaptation). To a great extent, they became harbingers of...

(This article belongs to the Topic Architectures, Materials and Urban Design)
  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
9,365 Views
21 Pages

Sustainable Co-Design with Older People: The Case of a Public Restorative Garden in Milan (Italy)

  • Natalia Fumagalli,
  • Elisabetta Fermani,
  • Giulio Senes,
  • Marco Boffi,
  • Linda Pola and
  • Paolo Inghilleri

14 April 2020

The demographic aging and the evolution of lifestyles require new strategies to promote the well-being and active aging of elderly. Active aging depends on many factors: some of these are related to objective data such as physical environment, others...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Cities, Green-Blue Design and Regenerative Sustainability)
  • Article
  • Open Access
86 Citations
16,340 Views
18 Pages

The Role of Soundscape in Nature-Based Rehabilitation: A Patient Perspective

  • Gunnar Cerwén,
  • Eja Pedersen and
  • Anna-María Pálsdóttir

Nature-based rehabilitation (NBR) has convincing support in research, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study sought to increase understanding of the role of soundscapes in NBR, an aspect paid little attention thus f...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscapes and Human Health)
  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
5,703 Views
13 Pages

Autonomous Mower Management Systems Efficiency Improvement: Analysis of Greenspace Features and Planning Suggestions

  • Mino Sportelli,
  • Luisa Martelloni,
  • Aura Orlandi,
  • Michel Pirchio,
  • Marco Fontanelli,
  • Christian Frasconi,
  • Michele Raffaelli,
  • Andrea Peruzzi,
  • Salvatore Brunello Consorti and
  • Paolo Vernieri

Autonomous mowers are battery-powered machines designed to mow turfgrass autonomously and continuously improving turfgrass quality and helping the person who takes care of the turf to save time and energy. However, autonomous mowers work in a way tha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,147 Views
33 Pages

This research takes the Suzhou Gardens, a World Cultural Heritage Site, as the object of study and investigates a rapid scheme generation approach for garden restoration and expansion projects, assisting designers in making scientific decisions. Cons...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practice and Application of Artificial Intelligence in Urban Decision-Making)
  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,836 Views
18 Pages

Design of Robot-Inclusive Vertical Green Landscape

  • Matthew S. K. Yeo,
  • S. M. Bhagya P. Samarakoon,
  • Qi Boon Ng,
  • M. A. Viraj J. Muthugala and
  • Mohan Rajesh Elara

Vertical gardens have emerged alongside the increase in urban density and land scarcity to reintegrate greenery in the built environment. Existing maintenance for vertical gardens is labour-intensive, time-consuming and is being increasingly compleme...

  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
7,010 Views
22 Pages

How Informed Design Can Make a Difference: Supporting Insect Pollinators in Cities

  • Sheila K. Schueller,
  • Zhelin Li,
  • Zoe Bliss,
  • Rachelle Roake and
  • Beth Weiler

26 June 2023

Pollinators are responsible for the reproduction of many plant and crop species and provide important diversity for food webs and cultural value. Despite the critical ecosystem services provided by pollinators, rapid pollinator declines are occurring...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services IV)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,909 Views
23 Pages

Spatial Indices for Convivial Greenstreets

  • Emmy Kriehn,
  • Kenneth Tamminga and
  • Travis Flohr

13 December 2023

Streetside gardening is an informal, resident-initiated activity undertaken in dense urban areas worldwide. Yardless urban areas with a high incidence of informal streetside gardening are called Convivial Greenstreets (CG). Site investigations in Eur...

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,242 Views
17 Pages

31 October 2024

Xishu Gardens embodies the essence of traditional Chinese landscape design, boasting unique cultural heritage and local charm. However, research on it is often limited to the aesthetic aspects of gardens, lacking the scientific analysis of garden spa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,678 Views
16 Pages

18 March 2023

Despite the growing interest in Chinese gardens, there is a lack of research on Changsha Gardens. Through document retrieval, review, and map analysis, we reconstructed the Changsha Gardens during the Ming Dynasty. Our findings reveal that gardening...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Historical Landscape Evolution)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,471 Views
18 Pages

23 July 2025

Perforated windows are essential landscape elements in Chinese classical gardens that combine artistic design with multiple functions. This study examines the Ho family Garden, a representative Yangzhou salt merchant garden, to classify perforated wi...

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,619 Views
18 Pages

27 April 2023

The aim of this article is to find, scientifically define, and locate the most frequent occurrences of the gardens of Transylvania in the Late Renaissance period (17–18th centuries), and to collect and prepare a comprehensive plant list of thes...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants and Urban Gardening)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,706 Views
22 Pages

Characterizing Garden Greenspace in a Medieval European City: Added Values of Spatial Resolution and Multi-Temporal Stereo Imagery

  • Jingli Yan,
  • Stijn Van der Linden,
  • Yunyu Tian,
  • Jo Van Valckenborgh,
  • Veerle Strosse and
  • Ben Somers

26 February 2022

Domestic gardens provide residents with immediate access to landscape amenities and numerous ecological provisions. These ecological provisions have been proven to be largely determined by greenspace composition and landscape, but the fragmentation a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Belgian Earth Observation Research for the Environment)
  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
9,954 Views
18 Pages

30 June 2021

This study examines the sustainable landscapes displayed in traditional Korean houses of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) by investigating urban agricultural practices implemented in the palace, private houses, and an imaginary garden (Uiwon). Currentl...

(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)
  • Technical Note
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,953 Views
7 Pages

Development and Evaluation of a Web Application for Attracting Bees to Your Garden

  • Sandra Wilson,
  • Heather Kalaman,
  • Rachel Mallinger,
  • Jennifer Marvin,
  • Claire Lewis and
  • Esen Momol

An online application called BeeGardens was developed for users to quickly access over 85 bee-friendly plants that attract 12 primary bee groups and ways to incorporate these into different landscape designs. The functionality and usefulness of the a...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Outreach, Extension, and Education to Disseminate Horticultural Advances)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,804 Views
17 Pages

29 December 2021

From where can we draw inspiration to cultivate an intimate sensibility into the spiritual nature of landscape, the foundation for designing gardens for meditation and healing? Through various spiritual lenses, this inquiry penetrates fundamental gro...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sacred Spaces: Designing for the Transcendental)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,875 Views
19 Pages

20 January 2024

Specialized gardens, as integral components of botanical gardens, bear multiple functions, encompassing plant collection and conservation, scientific research, and public education, as well as serving aesthetic and recreational purposes. Their qualit...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landsenses in Green Spaces)
  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
9,967 Views
29 Pages

Socio-Cultural Appropriateness of the Use of Historic Persian Gardens for Modern Urban Edible Gardens

  • Majid Amani-Beni,
  • Gaodi Xie,
  • Qingjuan Yang,
  • Alessio Russo and
  • Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad

27 December 2021

Historic gardens have the ability to provide several ecosystem services in cities, including provisioning services (i.e., food production). The historic gardens in Iran (known as “Persian Gardens”) have never been considered as places tha...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services III)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,464 Views
19 Pages

Future Role of Exotic Tree Species in Hungarian Built Heritage Environments

  • Máté Sárospataki,
  • Patrícia Szabó and
  • Albert Fekete

28 June 2022

Although some exotic tree species, new to the country at the time, had already been introduced at the turn of the 18th and 19th century in the Hungarian landscape gardens, using foreign tree species in the space composition became widely popular only...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Urban Design and Landscape Architecture)
  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
3,901 Views
21 Pages

21 August 2020

In this study, four types of urban gardens, namely modern commercial, cultural heritage, historical preservation, and natural and ecological areas, were comprehensively described and analyzed based on soundscape and landscape differences, and a multi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,711 Views
80 Pages

This paper takes the garden road system as the research object and proposes a method of generating paths for classical gardens based on parametric design. Firstly, by studying the distribution characteristics of roads, the data on the curvature, angl...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
264 Views
24 Pages

Historic Gardens as Neglected Heritage in a Rural Mediterranean Region (Basilicata, Italy): Multi-Source Assessments for Emerging Categories Across Landscape Units

  • Giulia Caneva,
  • Zohreh Hosseini,
  • Vincenzo Lacolla,
  • Nicolò Soldovieri,
  • Mariantonietta Pontrandolfi,
  • Angelino Mazza and
  • Flavia Bartoli

25 September 2026

Historic gardens represent an important part of the cultural heritage of a region. Gardens in rural areas, lacking some formal features and having characteristics strictly combined with the landscape, are often neglected. This contribution aims to gi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluating and Managing Historic Landscapes)
  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
5,074 Views
25 Pages

9 January 2025

Suzhou classical gardens, as a unique form of urban green space in China, not only embody rich historical and cultural heritage but also showcase distinctive natural landscapes, exerting a profound impact on modern mental health. This study employs t...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Services and Residents’ Perceptions: Integrating and Innovating Across Disciplinary Perspectives)
  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
6,072 Views
25 Pages

Human health is closely related to the environment; a relaxing and pleasant landscape environment can make people feel less stressed and more energetic. To investigate the restorative potential of landscape types and landscape elements in the post-ep...

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