Journal Description
Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens
Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the intersection of fauna and flora conservation, published quarterly online by MDPI. The World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) is affiliated with JZBG and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Biodiversity Conservation) / CiteScore - Q2 (Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous))
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Impact Factor:
2.1 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.2 (2023)
Latest Articles
Re-Assessing the Importance of Evidence-Based Inputs for Positive Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Outputs
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020032 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
The welfare of animals in zoos has come under increasing scrutiny as public awareness grows around the biological needs of captive species. It is also becoming clear that promoting positive welfare experiences upholds population management and conservation aims. This paper re-evaluates current welfare
[...] Read more.
The welfare of animals in zoos has come under increasing scrutiny as public awareness grows around the biological needs of captive species. It is also becoming clear that promoting positive welfare experiences upholds population management and conservation aims. This paper re-evaluates current welfare frameworks in zoological institutions, advocating for evidence-based practices, multi-dimensional welfare metrics, and greater emphasis on species-specific needs, as well as the importance of input-based approaches to assess the welfare of zoo animals. By evaluating the limitations of current welfare practices (e.g., a lack of species-specific assessment protocols or sound husbandry evidence to base measures on) and presenting potential areas for improvement, this paper identifies ways that sound baselines for meaningful zoo animal welfare outputs can be created. Although current welfare policies from large zoo membership organisations stipulate assessment of welfare outputs as key to improving animal welfare standards, such outputs can only be positive if inputs are species-specific and relevant to the animals being housed. Practices such as the use of environmental enrichment (for example) need to be further refined to ensure they provide meaningful outputs (for the individuals) from the inputs that create them. Understanding the animal’s needs to ensure that the goal of enrichment is clear benefits both the animal who is provided with the enrichment and the human caregivers as husbandry and management becomes easier. A focus on welfare outputs is commendable and (especially when considering emotional outputs) is indeed a gold standard to aim for, yet we must not lose sight of striving for improvements to housing, husbandry, and species-specific care. Without such fundamental support from correct inputs, outputs are unlikely to be truly (or meaningfully) positive. Therefore, consistent re-examination of inputs is required to make sure they uphold an individual’s attainment of good welfare.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Selected Papers of the 4th International Meeting on Zoo Research, Conservation and Biodiversity)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Cell Viability of Skin Tissue Collected from Postmortem Neotropical Deer: A Novel Perspective for Conservation Biotechnology
by
Luciana Diniz Rola, Iara Maluf Tomazella, Eluzai Dinai Pinto Sandoval, Jorge Alfonso Morales-Donoso, Carolina Heloisa de Souza Borges and José Maurício Barbanti Duarte
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020031 - 6 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Considering the taxonomic uncertainties of Neotropical deer species, as well as the threat status of many of them, new studies and strategies for their maintenance are urgently needed. Obtaining live cells is of great importance for the conservation of wild species in order
[...] Read more.
Considering the taxonomic uncertainties of Neotropical deer species, as well as the threat status of many of them, new studies and strategies for their maintenance are urgently needed. Obtaining live cells is of great importance for the conservation of wild species in order to allow cytogenetic and molecular studies to be carried out and for the construction of genomic resource banks. In order to increase the genetic diversity stored in these banks, the possibility of collecting skin fragments from dead animals (e.g., run over, hunted, deaths related to disease or natural causes) becomes a valuable source and a last alternative for obtaining material from these individuals. However, the interval between the death of the animal and the collection of tissue can directly interfere with the quality of the sample obtained and it is therefore essential to identify the maximum time during which viable cells are still found. Thus, this study sought to establish a protocol for the collection, storage, cryopreservation, and cultivation of skin obtained postmortem from individuals of the species Subulo gouazoubira (gray brocket deer) and Mazama rufa (red brocket deer). The collection of tissue fragments at different postmortem intervals (0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 7 h, 8 h, 9 h, 10 h, and 11 h) was evaluated. The tissues were analyzed for fibroblast cell viability immediately after collection. Their ability to undergo cryopreservation was evaluated based on techniques that can be directly applied to samples obtained in the field and their subsequent thawing and success of cell cultures was performed in the laboratory. Regarding the genetic integrity of the cells, the number of metaphases was observed by the mitotic index. The cell viability presented by the samples always remained above 60%. It was possible to establish cell cultures even with the tissues obtained 11 h after the death of the individuals; however, they required twice as many days to reach bottle confluence compared to the cultures performed with the tissues obtained 0 h after the death of the individuals. The results suggest that the best rates of cell viability, time to reach confluence, and number of metaphases per cell (mitotic index) are found in skin fragments collected up to 5 h after the death of individuals when their carcasses are kept at room temperature.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Floral Preferences of Butterflies Based on Plant Traits: A Case Study in the National Botanical Garden, Godawari, Nepal
by
Ujjawala KC, Shailendra Sharma, Asmit Subba, Naresh Pandey, Ankit Kumar Singh, Narayan Prasad Koju and Laxman Khanal
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020030 - 4 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Butterflies have nectar-feeding preferences based on various floral characteristics, including flower shape, size, color, fragrance, and nectar composition, which in turn affect their survival, reproduction, and roles in pollination. The National Botanical Garden (NBG) in Lalitpur, Nepal, holds a variety of flowering plants
[...] Read more.
Butterflies have nectar-feeding preferences based on various floral characteristics, including flower shape, size, color, fragrance, and nectar composition, which in turn affect their survival, reproduction, and roles in pollination. The National Botanical Garden (NBG) in Lalitpur, Nepal, holds a variety of flowering plants and butterfly populations, providing a suitable study site to test the hypotheses on floral preferences of butterflies. This study assessed the floral preferences of the butterfly community in the NBG based on flower color, the origin of flowering plants (native and alien), and the type of plants (herbs and shrubs). It also tested the association between butterfly proboscis lengths and corolla tube lengths of flowers. Data were collected from 10 blocks (each 5 × 5 m2) through direct observation during the spring and autumn seasons, from March to October 2022. A total of 24 species of butterflies were recorded during the study period, with the chocolate pansy (Junonia iphita) being the most abundant. The relative abundance of pink flowers was higher in the NBG, but the butterflies’ visitation frequency was significantly higher on yellow flowers (p < 0.05) than on other colors. The visitation frequencies of butterflies significantly varied with the flowers’ origin and types. Butterflies visited flowers of alien origin more frequently than native ones (p < 0.05) and those of herbs over shrubs (p < 0.05). Flowers from alien plants, such as Calluna vulgaris and Viola tricolor, were among the most frequently visited. The proboscis length of butterflies showed a significantly strong positive correlation with the corolla tube length of flowers (τ = 0.74, p < 0.001). These results can inform conservation practices and garden management strategies aimed at supporting butterfly diversity through the intentional selection of floral resources.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
How Will Zoo Exhibit Design Benefit from Using More Research Findings?
by
Jon Coe, James Edward Brereton and Eduardo Jose Fernandez
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020029 - 3 Jun 2025
Abstract
Zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary exhibit designers, both specialist “zoo architects”, and general practice architects, as well as landscape architects generally do not closely follow the evolving scientific literature on zoo biology, visitor experience, and managed animal welfare. Reportedly, this is because most zoo
[...] Read more.
Zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary exhibit designers, both specialist “zoo architects”, and general practice architects, as well as landscape architects generally do not closely follow the evolving scientific literature on zoo biology, visitor experience, and managed animal welfare. Reportedly, this is because most zoo and aquarium clients do not require these efforts. Detailed requirements are provided by clients as project programs or briefs, which vary widely in quality and currency. Many clients and designers copy or adapt popular enclosure models without regard to their scientific foundations. Research papers frequently focus on discrete subject areas, such as animal behavior and welfare, visitor experience, or education, using their own methods and vocabulary. Relatively few studies integrate findings in ways useful to designers in preparing widely integrated systems. Regulatory standards set minimum rather than ideal standards. Knowledge of in situ animal behavior is lacking for many managed species. How can zoo and aquarium managers and designers be encouraged to increase research within the design process? This review article suggests that the long-term benefits of greater and better science integration outweigh initially higher design costs, resulting in improved facility and management design, benefiting all zoo, aquarium, and sanctuary stakeholders, and providing factual evidence underpinning community support.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Selected Papers of the 4th International Meeting on Zoo Research, Conservation and Biodiversity)
Open AccessArticle
Genetic Identification of Parasitic Giardia enterica in Three Wild Rodent Species from a Zoological Institution: First Host Records in Brazilian Porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) and Naked Mole Rat (Heterocephalus glaber), and Detection in Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata)
by
Lorena Esteban-Sánchez, Marta Mateo-Barrientos, Manuel de la Riva-Fraga, Lino Pérez de Quadros, Juan José García Rodríguez and Francisco Ponce-Gordo
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020028 - 26 May 2025
Abstract
Flagellates of the genus Giardia are intestinal parasites with a broad host range. Several Giardia duodenalis variants (assemblages) recently elevated to species rank—G. duodenalis (assemblage A1), G. intestinalis (A2) and Giardia enterica (B) are human pathogens. Giardia enterica has been reported in
[...] Read more.
Flagellates of the genus Giardia are intestinal parasites with a broad host range. Several Giardia duodenalis variants (assemblages) recently elevated to species rank—G. duodenalis (assemblage A1), G. intestinalis (A2) and Giardia enterica (B) are human pathogens. Giardia enterica has been reported in some hystricomorph rodents such as wild crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata), but no data were previously available from Brazilian porcupines (Coendou prehensilis) and naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber). The aim of this study is to genetically identify the Giardia isolates from these three rodent species, all housed in a zoological institution. Fecal samples were processed using the Bailenger concentration method, and DNA was extracted from the sediments using commercial kits. Partial PCR amplification and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase, beta-giardin, and triose-phosphate isomerase genes revealed that all isolates belonged to G. enterica, showing 99–100% identity with sequences available in GenBank. Prevalences could not be reliably estimated due to small group sizes and the resulting proportions may be biased. To our knowledge, this is the first report identifying Giardia (G. enterica) in C. prehensilis and H. glaber, thus expanding the known host range of this parasite species and reinforcing the importance of surveillance in captive wild hosts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Long-Standing Problem of Parasitic Diseases in Zoo Animals: Current Challenges and Searching for Solutions)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Alien Plants in the Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK): Current and Future Threats to the Biodiversity of Sardinia, Italy
by
Lina Podda, Andrea Lallai, Giacomo Calvia, Francesco Mascia, Gianluca Iiriti and Gianluigi Bacchetta
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020027 - 16 May 2025
Abstract
Botanical gardens have historically introduced alien species for agronomic, medicinal, and ornamental purposes, but they also contribute to plant invasions. The Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK) is a historic botanical garden established in 1866, as an acclimatisation arboretum for tropical plants, by the University
[...] Read more.
Botanical gardens have historically introduced alien species for agronomic, medicinal, and ornamental purposes, but they also contribute to plant invasions. The Hortus Botanicus Karalitanus (HBK) is a historic botanical garden established in 1866, as an acclimatisation arboretum for tropical plants, by the University of Cagliari. This study inventoried alien vascular plants in the HBK that showed some degree of spontaneity, analysing their status, origin, life form, introduction pathways, reproductive strategies, and presence in Sardinian habitats. A focus on invasive species and their historical introduction based on their first records on the island and in the HBK was made. Field surveys from 2015 to 2024 allowed us to identify 146 alien taxa, primarily neophytes (83%), 45% of which were naturalised and 12% were invasive. Ornamental plants contributed to 70% of introductions, while accidental taxa (weeds and hitchhikers, 61%) were the most invasive. Seed reproduction was the most common way of propagation (41%). About the diffusion in Sardinia, 25% of taxa had no records in nature outside the HBK, 39% were found only in anthropogenic habitats, and 36% in natural habitats. Among them, 8% were invasive in both the HBK and Sardinia, with wetlands being the most affected (5%). However, only 3% of common invasive species were first recorded in the HBK. The results highlight the role of the HBK in alien species spread and early detection, aiding in invasion management and biodiversity conservation in Sardinia.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Species in Botanical and Zoological Gardens)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Ex Situ Conservation and Ornamental Evaluation of the Endangered Amberboa moschata (Asteraceae) in Armenia
by
Janna Akopian, Anahit Ghukasyan, Araksya Elbakyan, Lora Martirosyan and Zhanna Hovakimyan
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020026 - 13 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) is an endangered species, listed in the Red Book of Plants of the Republic of Armenia. The restricted extent of occurrence and habitat degradation necessitate conservation measures of this species, not only in the wild but also
[...] Read more.
Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) is an endangered species, listed in the Red Book of Plants of the Republic of Armenia. The restricted extent of occurrence and habitat degradation necessitate conservation measures of this species, not only in the wild but also through ex situ cultivation. This study examines the comprehensive morpho-phenological, karyological, palynological, eco-physiological, and ornamental characteristics of A. moschata in the context of ex situ conservation. A. moschata plants cultivated ex situ demonstrated high adaptive traits, undergoing a full development cycle and experiencing less water stress compared to wild populations. The diploid cytotype has been found for the species to be 2n = 32, the karyotype is asymmetric, with chromosomes, 0.77–1.91 µm in size. The average pollen fertility of A. moschata is high, 96.7–96.9% in both natural and cultivated samples. A scale of decorativeness was developed, which includes 15 characteristics of the plant, providing an objective means to assess its visual appeal. The scale can be useful for integrating A. moschata into various landscaping schemes. Under cultivation, the total ornamental period lasts approximately 98 days, with the peak ornamental effect observed during the flowering phase, which spans 68–70 days. The study recommends A. moschata for inclusion in living collections in botanical gardens and for use in ornamental gardening and landscaping as part of its ex situ conservation strategy. A map, original photographs, and tables illustrate the article.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Comparison of Food and Non-Food Enrichment with Zoo-Housed African Lions (Panthera leo)
by
Peggy Cremers, Max Norman, Sabrina Brando and Eduardo J. Fernandez
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020025 - 16 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Ongoing research on the effectiveness of enrichment at the species, group, and individual levels is beneficial to our growing understanding of animal welfare and behaviour for animals housed in human care. Diversifying the enrichment opportunities offered to animals in facilities such as zoos
[...] Read more.
Ongoing research on the effectiveness of enrichment at the species, group, and individual levels is beneficial to our growing understanding of animal welfare and behaviour for animals housed in human care. Diversifying the enrichment opportunities offered to animals in facilities such as zoos and aquariums helps to encourage a wide repertoire of species-typical, naturalistic, and rewarding behaviours. The present study aimed to examine the behavioural impact of novel food (ice blocks, gelatine, eggs) and non-food (lavender, clean sheets, mirrors) enrichment strategies on two zoo-housed prides of African lions (Panthera leo) housed in a rotation-based enclosure system at Orana Wildlife Park, New Zealand. The results of the study indicate that, while both forms of enrichment had a behavioural impact, the effects on behaviour varied with the type of enrichment used, both between and within the two categories. Different enrichment strategies varied in their impacts on resting behaviour, locomotion, and exploration levels in the lions. An increased focus on the specific behavioural outcomes of various novel enrichment strategies is essential to expand the efficacy of enrichment programs for future efforts to improve the wellbeing of zoo-housed animals.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Leveraging Virtual Reality Experiences to Shape Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions: The Mediating Roles of Enjoyment and Immersion
by
Sinh Hoang Nguyen
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020024 - 14 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) experiences influence tourists’ intentions to visit Da Lat, Vietnam, as a botanical destination, emphasizing the mediating roles of enjoyment and immersion. By integrating flow theory with the Information Systems Success model, this research develops a comprehensive
[...] Read more.
This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) experiences influence tourists’ intentions to visit Da Lat, Vietnam, as a botanical destination, emphasizing the mediating roles of enjoyment and immersion. By integrating flow theory with the Information Systems Success model, this research develops a comprehensive framework explaining how content quality, system quality, and VR vividness shape user engagement and travel intentions. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study analyzes survey data from 231 valid responses out of 240 participants. The findings reveal that content quality, system quality, and vividness significantly enhance enjoyment and immersion, which subsequently have a positive impact on travel intentions. The study contributes to the tourism and consumer experience literature by demonstrating how multisensory engagement in VR fosters decision-making. Theoretical implications include extending flow theory within virtual tourism and highlighting the joint influence of technological and perceptual factors on user behavior. Practically, these insights inform tourism marketers on optimizing VR environments to evoke emotional engagement and enhance destination appeal through immersive technology.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Behavioral and Spatial Analysis of a Symphalangus syndactylus Pair in a Controlled Environment
by
Chiara Carpino, Roberta Castiglioni, Elisa Sacchet, Arianna Milesi, Luca Marano, Francesco Luigi Leonetti, Viviana Romano, Gianni Giglio and Emilio Sperone
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020023 - 10 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
For the effective management of captive animals, monitoring their behavior and interactions within the exhibit is essential. This approach provides insights into their welfare and helps identify behavioral differences compared to conspecifics in the wild. This ex situ study aimed to provide more
[...] Read more.
For the effective management of captive animals, monitoring their behavior and interactions within the exhibit is essential. This approach provides insights into their welfare and helps identify behavioral differences compared to conspecifics in the wild. This ex situ study aimed to provide more insights about the behavior of a pair of siamangs residing at the Wildlife Park “Le Cornelle” in Valbrembo, Italy. The focus was on their behavior, and observations were conducted during two distinct periods (May–June 2021 and December 2021) to identify any seasonal differences. In both periods, the most frequent behaviors observed were resting, feeding, and allogrooming. Compared to conspecifics in the wild, allogrooming and singing occurred more frequently. Spatial analysis indicated a higher utilization of outdoor spaces than the tunnel and indoor areas, with statistically significant variations for both periods. The spatial analysis of singing behavior showed an equal use of outdoor and indoor areas during the first observation period. However, in the second observation period, a preference for indoor spaces was observed, likely due to lower recorded temperatures. More observations are needed to identify the factors influencing behavior, but it is clear that continuous monitoring plays a vital role in promptly addressing deviations or anomalies in animal behavior.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessCorrection
Correction: Norman, M.; Brando, S. The Concept of Agency, Animal Wellbeing, and the Practical Realities of Ex Situ Breeding Programs in Zoos and Aquariums. J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2024, 5, 563–578
by
Max Norman and Sabrina Brando
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020022 - 2 Apr 2025
Abstract
The authors have incorrectly cite reference 69 and the content of reference 69 has not correctly stated [...]
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Expanding the Cultural Reach of Zoos
by
Alexandra Vaccaro and Jill Korach
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020021 - 1 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
It is surprising that, despite focusing on delivering engaging and informative content to zoo and aquarium visitors nationwide, relatively few zoos or aquariums incorporate culture or the extensive species and place-based knowledge of local communities, also known as traditional ecological knowledge (or TEK).
[...] Read more.
It is surprising that, despite focusing on delivering engaging and informative content to zoo and aquarium visitors nationwide, relatively few zoos or aquariums incorporate culture or the extensive species and place-based knowledge of local communities, also known as traditional ecological knowledge (or TEK). In an exploratory study of educational programming at the Wildlife Conservation Society’s five zoo and aquarium institutions, we found that only 15% of onsite signage, webpages, and in-person animal programs used cultural or TEK elements to educate visitors. The TEK presented was primarily limited to a place or cultural group’s name only or an image of native communities who live in the region where a particular species originated. We found little to no focus on providing more detailed accounts of the knowledge of the many different communities contributing to conservation at a local level. We conclude there are many opportunities for further research and for informal education facilitates to readily incorporate culture and TEK into existing exhibits and programming. Extending relationships with local native community members and integrating indigenous perspectives, among other strategies, can extend a zoo’s reach in novel ways.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessCase Report
Rugopharynx australis (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) Infection in Captive Red Kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) in Bulgaria: A Case Report
by
Mariana Panayotova-Pencheva, Joanna Banasiewicz and Anna Maria Pyziel
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6020020 - 1 Apr 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Faecal parasitological examination of three red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) newly arrived at Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria, revealed infestation with nematode eggs. The animals were successfully treated with albendazole and ivermectin. Adult nematodes obtained after deworming the kangaroos were identified as gastric strongylids
[...] Read more.
Faecal parasitological examination of three red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus) newly arrived at Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria, revealed infestation with nematode eggs. The animals were successfully treated with albendazole and ivermectin. Adult nematodes obtained after deworming the kangaroos were identified as gastric strongylids of the species Rugopharynx australis (Mönnig, 1926). The initially collected faecal samples were used to follow the development of the parasites, in particular, the viability of the larvae hatching from the eggs. Morphometric and molecular data as well as some epidemiological observations of the species in the present materials are provided. The study provides the first morphological description of the free-living, infective third-stage larvae of the species. It is also the first record of R. australis in captive-bred kangaroos on the European continent.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessOpinion
Improving Zoo Exhibit Design: Why We Need Temporary Exhibit Design
by
James Edward Brereton, Jon Coe and Eduardo J. Fernandez
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010019 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
Good enclosure design is central to the improvement of conditions for animals housed in zoos and aquaria, yet the study of a priori enclosure design or post hoc through Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is somewhat limited in the scientific literature. The concept of trialing
[...] Read more.
Good enclosure design is central to the improvement of conditions for animals housed in zoos and aquaria, yet the study of a priori enclosure design or post hoc through Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is somewhat limited in the scientific literature. The concept of trialing novel exhibit components before enclosure construction, through a process known as Temporary Exhibit Design (TED), was recently proposed as a strategy to prevent problems that often occur as a result of untested exhibit creation, with a view to ultimately improve welfare outcomes and reduce subsequent exhibit redevelopment. In this paper, we consider the potential input required from three key enclosure design stakeholders: the animal, the visitor, and zoo staff. We also consider the potential benefits for each of these stakeholders when participating in TED, alongside the wider zoo organizational benefits. TED has the potential to reduce construction costs and post-construction redevelopment, enhance animal welfare, and ensure that educational messages are effectively communicated.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
The First Botanical Garden: A Technical Design for a Sustainable City in Arequipa, Peru
by
María Elizabeth Bejarano Meza, Gianela Milagros Paz Cahuina, Paola Fabiana Vásquez Macedo and Andrea Marieta Chanove Manrique
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010018 - 8 Mar 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Arequipa, situated in the arid Atacama Desert, is experiencing significant biodiversity loss due to unchecked urban growth. This study presents the design of a Botanical Garden to address this issue by serving as a conservation center for native flora. A baseline assessment was
[...] Read more.
Arequipa, situated in the arid Atacama Desert, is experiencing significant biodiversity loss due to unchecked urban growth. This study presents the design of a Botanical Garden to address this issue by serving as a conservation center for native flora. A baseline assessment was conducted to evaluate meteorological conditions, soil properties, and the quality of treated wastewater from the “La Escalerilla” plant. The analysis revealed a semi-arid climate with low precipitation and suitable soil conditions. A total of 685 plant species were identified and proposed for conservation within the garden, with a high proportion of endemic species. To protect the future plant species, a living fence composed of 700 individuals was installed, considering resilient species such as Molle serrano (Schinus molle), Cantuta (Cantua buxifolia), and Huaranguillo (Tephrosia cinerea), which were installed at an average height of 50 cm and have grown to an average of 80 cm after 8 months. This study demonstrates the feasibility of establishing a botanical garden in Arequipa’s arid environment and serves as a model for future botanical garden projects in arid regions at the national and regional levels, providing a foundation for natural landscapes in urban areas.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Beyond the Glass: Can Aquarium Diving Foster Emotional Connections with Elasmobranchs and the Ocean and Inspire Environmental Care?
by
Francesca Milan, Serena Lucrezi and Freisha Patel
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010017 - 6 Mar 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Human activities significantly contribute to the biodiversity crisis, yet wildlife tourism can promote appreciation for animals and encourage conservation. This study assessed the impact of diving and snorkeling programs at Atlantis Dubai on tourists’ emotional connections with marine life and their conservation attitudes
[...] Read more.
Human activities significantly contribute to the biodiversity crisis, yet wildlife tourism can promote appreciation for animals and encourage conservation. This study assessed the impact of diving and snorkeling programs at Atlantis Dubai on tourists’ emotional connections with marine life and their conservation attitudes and pro-environmental behavioral intentions. In 2023 and 2024, 346 participants were surveyed before (n = 172) and after (n = 174) their experiences diving and snorkeling with elasmobranchs. Results indicated a notable increase in positive feelings toward sharks and rays, strengthening connections and respect for these creatures. The program positively influenced attitude toward sharks, making participants more inclined to support their protection and foster a deeper connection with the ocean. Although participants’ willingness to recycle improved, overall conservation attitudes and willingness to engage in broader pro-environmental behaviors showed minor change. However, the heightened positive emotions towards sharks resulted in improved perceptions of these animals, stronger conservation attitudes, and a commitment to environmental sustainability. A deeper connection with the ocean reduced fear of sharks. This research suggests that wildlife tourism can facilitate emotional connections with marine life, potentially inspiring conservation action and highlighting the need for targeted strategies to transform these emotional bonds into lasting pro-environmental behaviors.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
From Hatch to Fledge: Growth and Development of Sihek (Todiramphus cinnamominus) Chicks at Brookfield Zoo Chicago
by
Margaret Ramont, Cody Hickman, Tim Snyder, Sathya K. Chinnadurai and Lance J. Miller
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010016 - 5 Mar 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Until recently, the sihek (Guam kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus) has persisted entirely in managed care since a breeding program was established in the 1980s. Understanding the growth and developmental milestones of the sihek from hatch to fledging is critical to enhancing conservation efforts
[...] Read more.
Until recently, the sihek (Guam kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus) has persisted entirely in managed care since a breeding program was established in the 1980s. Understanding the growth and developmental milestones of the sihek from hatch to fledging is critical to enhancing conservation efforts and improving management practices that promote positive welfare. In this study, we summarized data collected on the growth patterns, developmental milestones, and rearing differences in sihek chicks raised at Brookfield Zoo Chicago from 1989 to 2023. We found that hand-reared chicks reached the fledging stage significantly earlier than parent-reared chicks that received supplemental feeding from staff. Additionally, we found that hatch weight was a significant predictor of survival to fledging, highlighting the importance of collecting weight data at all stages of life. These insights into sihek development in managed care provide important data for the development of welfare-focused management practices that improve the success of conservation efforts while also prioritizing the wellbeing of each individual chick.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Hedgehogs in Contact with Humans: Zoonotic and Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of Pathogens
by
Dražen Đuričić and Maja Lukač
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010015 - 3 Mar 2025
Abstract
Numerous previous studies indicate that both wild hedgehogs and those kept as pets pose a significant risk to human health. At the same time, humans can also transmit various pathogens to hedgehogs (e.g., human herpesvirus 1). The risk of human infection from hedgehogs
[...] Read more.
Numerous previous studies indicate that both wild hedgehogs and those kept as pets pose a significant risk to human health. At the same time, humans can also transmit various pathogens to hedgehogs (e.g., human herpesvirus 1). The risk of human infection from hedgehogs by various bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, and parasites, and of hedgehog infection from humans, arises from close contact with pet hedgehogs, wild hedgehogs, and/or the contaminated environment which they cohabit with humans. People can also come into close contact with hedgehogs in city parks, rescue and rehabilitation centers, gardens, suburbs, and zoos. Numerous zoos keep different species of hedgehogs, which are often used for education and interaction with visitors, especially children. In spite of certain preventive measures, periodic examinations, and disease controls being carried out, the possibility of the transmission of infectious diseases from hedgehogs to visitors and employees is not excluded. Close contact poses a risk, especially if biosecurity is not properly maintained. The anthropological effects of coexistence, habitat sharing, and frequent human intrusion into hedgehog habitats have disrupted the natural relationship between humans and animals, and have led to an increase in the prevalence of various pathogens. Although many different pathogens have been isolated in hedgehogs, there is a need to study some of them in more detail and to understand their interaction and transmission possibilities, as well as zoonotic and reverse zoonotic pathogens.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Changes in the Composition and Richness of Epiphytic Macrolichens Within Cluj-Napoca City (Romania) Between 2000 and 2024
by
Florin Crișan, Dan Gafta and Irina Goia
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010014 - 3 Mar 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The present study is based on a follow-up of a survey carried out in 2000, consisting in the revisitation of ten sites, with the scope of assessing changes in the composition and richness of epiphytic macrolichens within Cluj-Napoca city over the past 24
[...] Read more.
The present study is based on a follow-up of a survey carried out in 2000, consisting in the revisitation of ten sites, with the scope of assessing changes in the composition and richness of epiphytic macrolichens within Cluj-Napoca city over the past 24 years. Within this period most of the polluting factories from the city outskirts were closed but in turn, the number of registered cars increased almost six-fold. An increasing compositional homogenization by contribution of generalist, stress-tolerant species was detected over time while total lichen taxa richness declined, which is mostly imputable to the synergic effects of intense car traffic and warmer/drier summers. Most sites displayed a compositional change along a weak, mixed gradient of eutrophication and xerophitization. Only two sites (located on the windy, Someș valley bottom) experienced a compositional change from higher to lower trophicity levels. Other two sites (positioned on more sheltered hillsides) displayed unfavourable dynamics in terms of lost species. Unexpectedly, the number of epiphytic lichen taxa at site level has, on average, increased over time, but the main contributors were poleotolerant species. The warming trend, due to climate change and local heat sources, is expected to worsen the negative effects of air-borne pollutants on the composition of the epiphytic lichen species pool within the Cluj-Napoca urban area.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (Panthera Onca) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation
by
Murillo Daparé Kirnew, Matheus Folgearini Silveira, Roberto Andres Navarrete Ampuero, Ana Paula Rodrigues Simões, Felippe Azzolini, Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo, Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto, Sofia Regina Polizelle, Juliane Patrícia Sipp, Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto, Thyara Deco-Souza and Aparecido Antonio Camacho
J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2025, 6(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg6010013 - 13 Feb 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Jaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often have unclear etiopathogenies, underscoring the need for
[...] Read more.
Jaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often have unclear etiopathogenies, underscoring the need for research into novel hemodynamic parameters. This study evaluates the cardiovascular health of fifteen clinically healthy jaguars using conventional and Holter electrocardiography, non-invasive systemic blood pressure measurement, and echocardiography. Chemical restraint was achieved with medetomidine (0.08–0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg), with anesthesia reversed using atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg). The average heart rate was 72 ± 18 bpm, with sinus rhythm in ten animals and sinus arrhythmia in five. Six animals exhibited first and second-degree atrioventricular blocks, one had supraventricular complexes, and another had premature ventricular complexes. Non-invasive systolic blood pressure remained stable at 163 ± 29 mmHg during anesthesia. Echocardiographic examination revealed mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valve insufficiencies via color Doppler. The transmitral flow showed a normal E/A ratio and E` < A`, suggesting a pseudonormal ventricular filling pattern. No significant anesthetic complications were observed, affirming the protocol’s safety. This study provides valuable data, validating the anesthetic protocol and establishing reference cardiovascular values for jaguars, thus paving the way for future research in other veterinary species.
Full article

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
JZBG
The Selected Papers of the 4th International Meeting on Zoo Research, Conservation and Biodiversity
Guest Editor: Idu Azogu-SepeDeadline: 31 July 2025
Special Issue in
JZBG
Effects of the Presence of Zoo Visitors on Zoo-Housed Penguins
Guest Editor: Jingle JiangDeadline: 31 July 2025
Special Issue in
JZBG
The Management of Zoological Collections in Zoological Gardens and Museums
Guest Editors: Dimítri De Araújo Costa, Flavio de Almeida Alves Junior, Karina MasseiDeadline: 31 August 2025
Special Issue in
JZBG
A Legacy of Trees: Designing Arboretum for Conservation, Education, and Public Engagement
Guest Editor: Thaís Moreira Hidalgo de AlmeidaDeadline: 31 December 2025