Research-Based Design Approaches in Historic Garden Renovation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Work Methodology
- Identification of all potential gardens,
- Definition of the priority list of the gardens,
- Historical research of the gardens,
- General landscape assessment of the present conditions of the gardens and its environment,
- Survey and assessment of the nowadays area, the spatial layout, the composition, the visual links of the gardens and its surroundings.
2.1.1. Garden History Research
2.1.2. Site Survey
3. Results
3.1. Thesis No 1: The Castle, the Castle Garden, and the Surrounding Landscape Altogether Represent a Single Artistic and Compositional Unit
3.2. Thesis No 2: Visual Links Applied to Castle Gardens at a Landscape Scale may Be Divided into Two Main Categories: Eye-Catchers and Prospects
3.3. Thesis No 3: Eye-Catchers Are Predominantly Architectural Structures
- Sacred features/eye-catchers (church towers, burial monuments, tombs, memorial places, crypts, gloriettes, tempiettos, obelisks, etc.), altogether 51 (Figure 5);
- Ruins (of fortresses, castles, manor houses, churches, etc.), altogether 17;
- Garden structures and artworks (gazebos, pavilions, fountains, ornamental pools, cascades, grottos, garden cottages, flights of stairs, balustrades, sculptures, viaducts or other structures of staffage, and built garden features), altogether 48;
- Others, altogether 13.
3.4. Thesis No 4: Due to the Scarce Sources in Garden History, Garden Reconstruction Is Rarely a Feasible Option in Carpathian Basin. Other Types of Research-Based Design Approaches Have to Be Defined in Order to Ensure the Authentic and Value Preservation Oriented Historic Garden Renewals
- Garden renovation (revitalisation),
- Garden regeneration,
- Garden restoration.
4. Discussion
4.1. Garden Renovation (Revitalisation)
- Since the 2002 restitution of the manor, the original residential function is only partial (old castle);
- For long term economic sustainability, the estate must maintain an important new function (as tourist accommodation): several renovated buildings of the estate (former boiler room, stable, shed, powerhouse, Swiss house) and the new castle all provide touristic services;
- The terms of renovation grants have necessitated the provision of additional new functions (venue, cultural centre);
- Uses arising from the new functions result in increased seasonal and occasional (events) loads that the garden should be capable of coping with;
- Residential functions and hospitality services should also be spatially separated in the castle garden, which requires an appropriate structural and functional layout of the garden.
4.2. Garden Regeneration
- After the renovation, the use of the manor house and garden will be different from the original residential function;
- In the future, the function of the manor will be representative: partly as a cultural centre (a museum of the Transylvanian villages) and partly as a hotel;
- Uses arising from the new functions result in increased seasonal and occasional (events) loads, which the garden should be capable of coping with; the garden, as the first renewed Late Renaissance manor garden in Transylvania, should authentically recall the atmosphere of the 17th century Late Renaissance and serve as a good example for similar subsequent renovations.
4.3. Garden Restoration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | The authors plans realised. |
2 | Achille Duchene (1866–1947), was a master of French geometric gardens in the first decades of the 20th century. His works may be found worldwide. He designed formal landscape gardens with distant and framed views. Main sites of his projects include: The Wigwam Garden, Villa Ephrussi de Rotschild, The Carolands, Courances Garden, Vaux le Vicomte Garden, Champs sur Marne, Courances and others. Also, he was the one who made the restoration plan for the water parterres of Blenheim Palace in England. |
Hungarian (Romanian) Name of the Settlement | Name of the Owner Family | Hungarian (Romanian) Name of the Settlement | Name of the Owner Family |
---|---|---|---|
1. Abafája (Apalina, MS) | Huszár castle | 51. Maroskeresztúr (Cristuru M, MS) | Knöpfler castle |
2. Alsózsuk (Jucul de Jos, CJ) | Kemény castle | 52. Maroshévíz (Toplita, HR) | Urmánczy castle |
3. Alvinc (Vintul de Jos, AB) | Martinuzzi c | 53. Marosillye (Ilia, HD) | Bornemisza c |
4. Aranyosgerend (Luncani, CJ) | Kemény castle | 54. Marosnémeti (Mintia, HD) | Gyulay castle |
5. Árkos (Arcus, CV) | Szentkereszti c | 55. Marosugra (Ogra, MS) | Haller castle |
6. Árokalja (Arcalia, BN) | Bethlen castle | 56. Marosújvár (Ocna Mures, AB) | Teleki castle |
7. Bályok (Balc, BH) | Károlyi castle | 57. Marosvécs (Brancovenesti, MS) | Kemény castle |
8. Bethlen (Beclean, BN) | Bethlen castle | 58. Marosszentgyörgy (Sangeorgiu de Mures, MS) | Petki-Máriaffy castle |
9. Bethlenszentmiklós (Sanmiclaus, AB) | Bethlen castle | 59. Marosszentkirály (Sancraiu de Mures, AB) | Bánffy castle |
10. Bihardiószeg (Diosig, BH) | Zichy castle | 60. Mácsa (Macea, AR) | Csernovics castle |
11. Bonchida (Bontida, CJ) | Bánffy castle | 61. Mezőzáh (Zau de Campie, MS) | Ugron castle |
12. Bodola—1 (Budula, CV) | Béldy castle | 62. Mezőörményes (Urmenis, MS) | Rákóczi castle |
13. Bodola—2 (Budula, CV) | Mikes castle | 63. Nagyernye (Ernei, MS) | Bálintitt castle |
14. Bonyha (Bahnea, MS) | Bethlen castle | 64. Nagykároly (Carei, SM) | Károlyi castle |
15. Branyicska (Branisca, HD) | Jósika castle | 65. Nagykend (Chendu, MS) | Schell castle |
16. Cege—1 (Taga, CJ) | Wass Á castle | 66. Nagyteremi (Tirimia, MS) | Bethlen castle |
17. Cege—2 (Taga, CJ) | Wass J castle | 67. Nyárádszentbenedek (Murgesti, MS) | Toldalagi castle |
18. Csákigorbó (Garbau, SJ) | Haller-Jósika c | 68. Őraljaboldogfalva (Santamaria Orlea, HD) | Kendeffy castle |
19. Csombord (Ciumbrud, AB) | Kemény castle | 69. Piski (Simeria, HD) | Ocskay-Fáy c |
20. Dálnok (Dalnic, CV) | Gaál castle | 70. Pusztakamarás (Camarasu, CJ) | Kemény castle |
21. Drág (Dragu, SJ) | Wesselényi c | 71. Radnót (Iernut, MS) | Rákóczi castle |
22. Erdőszentgyörgy (Sang de Padure, MS) | Rédey castle | 72. Radnótfája (Iernuteni, MS) | Matskási castle |
23. Fiatfalva (Filias,, HR) | Ugron castle | 73. Sarmaság (Sarmasag, SJ) | Kemény castle |
24. Fugad (Ciuguzel, AB) | Bánffy castle | 74. Sáromberke (Dumbravioara, MS) | Teleki castle |
25. Gernyeszeg (Gornesti, MS) | Teleki castle | 75. Sárpatak (Glodeni, MS) | Teleki castle |
26. Görgényszentimre (Gurghiu, MS) | Rákóczi castle | 76. Sepsiköröspatak (Valea Cris, CV) | Kálnoky castle |
27. Gyalu (Gilau, CJ) | Barcsay castle | 77. Soborsin (Savarsin, AR) | Nádasdy-Forray c |
28. Gyeke (Geaca, CJ) | Béldy castle | 78. Szászfenes (Floresti, CJ) | Mikes castle |
29. Gyergyószárhegy (Lazarea, HR) | Lázár castle | 79. Székelyhíd (Sacueni, BH) | Stubenberg castle |
30. Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia, AB) | Episcopal castle | 80. Székelyszenterzsébet (Elisei, HR) | Kemény castle |
31. Hadad—1 (Hodod, SM) | Wesselényi c | 81. Szentbenedek (Manastirea, CJ) | Kornis castle |
32. Hadad—2 (Hodod, SM) | Degenfeld c. | 82. Szentdemeter—1 (Dumitreni, MS) | Balási castle |
33. Kelementelke—1 (Calimanesti, MS) | Simén castle | 83. Szentdemeter—2 (Dumitreni, MS) | Schell castle |
34. Kelementelke—2 (Calimanesti, MS) | Henter castle | 84. Szentgothárd (Sucutard, CJ) | Wass castle |
35. Kendilóna (Luna de Jos, CJ) | Teleki castle | 85. Szilágybagos (Boghis, SJ) | Bánffy castle |
36. Kerelőszentpál (Sanpaul, MS) | Haller castle | 86. Szilágynagyfalu—1 (Nusfalau, SJ) | Bánffy castle |
37. Keresd (Cris, MS) | Bethlen castle | 87. Szilágynagyfalu—2 (Nusfalau, SJ) | Bánffy castle |
38. Kerlés (Chirales, BN) | Bethlen castle | 88. Szilágysomlyó (Simleu Silvan, SJ) | Báthory castle |
39. Kisbún (Boiu, MS) | Bethlen castle | 89. Székelyudvarhely (Sambatesti—Odorheiu Secuiesc, HR) | Ugron castle |
40. Koltó (Coltau, MM) | Teleki castle | 90. Szurdok (Surduc, SJ) | Jósika castle |
41. Koronka (Corunca, MS) | Toldalagi c | 91. Tasnád (Tasnad, SJ) | Cserei castle |
42. Korpád (Corpadea, CJ) | Gaál castle | 92. Torockószentgyörgy (Trascau, AB) | Thoroczkay- castle |
43. Kővárhosszúfalu (Satulung, MM) | Teleki castle | 93. Vajdaszentivány (Voivodeni, MS) | Zichy-Horváth c |
44. Kraszna (Crasna, SJ) | Cserei castle | 94. Válaszút (Rascruci, CJ) | Bánffy castle |
45. Kutyfalva (Cuci, MS) | Degenfeld c | 95. Váralmás (Almasu, SJ) | Csáky castle |
46. Magyarbükkös (Bichis, MS) | Kemény castle | 96. Várfalva (Moldovenesti, CJ) | Jósika castle |
47. Magyarcsesztve (Cisteiu de Mures, AB) | Mikes castle | 97. Zabola (Zabala, CV) | Mikes castle |
48. Magyarfenes (Vlaha, CJ) | Jósika castle | 98. Zám (Zam, HD) | Nopcsa castle. |
49. Magyarózd (Ozd, MS) | Radák-Pekry c | 99. Zsibó—1 (Jibou, SJ) | Wesselényi castle |
50. Magyarpécska (Pecica, AR) | Klebelsberg c | 100. Zsibó—2 (Jibou, SJ) | Béldy castle |
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Fekete, A.; Kollányi, L. Research-Based Design Approaches in Historic Garden Renovation. Land 2019, 8, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120192
Fekete A, Kollányi L. Research-Based Design Approaches in Historic Garden Renovation. Land. 2019; 8(12):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120192
Chicago/Turabian StyleFekete, Albert, and László Kollányi. 2019. "Research-Based Design Approaches in Historic Garden Renovation" Land 8, no. 12: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120192
APA StyleFekete, A., & Kollányi, L. (2019). Research-Based Design Approaches in Historic Garden Renovation. Land, 8(12), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120192