The hemispherical ground electrode is a basic electrode whose analysis appears in many textbooks on electromagnetics in chapters dedicated to steady currents. Considering a soil with a given resistivity and an electrode with a given perimeter, the el...
The original ground electrode of the Madeira River HVDC transmission system, bipole 2, was discarded due to the risk of saturation of the transformers in the Converter Substation of Porto Velho, located 15 km away, during the monopolar operation with...
Aiming at the problem of a lack of positioning satellites and no available beacons in underground space, an injected ground electrode current field signal localization method is proposed. An extremely low-frequency current field signal is applied to...
The information transmission mechanism of the ground electrode current field uses a very low-frequency electrical signal, which is applied to the two electrodes driven into the soil layer or the collapsed body of the tunnel to form a current field in...
Aiming to solve the problems of communication interruption caused by the collapse of underground space, this study constructs a strong penetration information transmission system and proposes a centroid localization method based on the received signa...
Experimental work on grounding systems has shown that the characteristics of grounding systems under high impulse conditions are different than those obtained at steady-state conditions. Investigations on the grounding systems under high impulse cond...
This paper presents a numerical study of the thermal behavior of grounding electrodes subjected to fault currents, focusing on Joule heating within both the electrode and the surrounding soil. A one-dimensional transient model is developed, accountin...
An estimator of the grounding resistance of large extension electrodes from the total length and geometric properties of the electrode is proposed in this work. The approximation is valid for electrodes buried in a soil that can be assumed as homogen...
An optimal design method is proposed in this paper to improve the safety and price competitiveness of floating photovoltaic (PV) systems. From the standards for grounding by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60364, the Electrical Eq...
The calculation of the grounding resistance of electrodes built with partially oxidized non-perfect conductors is addressed in this paper. A model based on circuit analysis to account for internal resistance is used, while the oxidation or partial co...
The ability to manipulate a liquid meniscus using electrowetting has many applications. In any electrowetting design, at least two electrodes are required: one forms the field to change the contact angle and the other functions as a ground electrode....
This paper presents impulse tests results on a zinc oxide (ZnO) surge arrester connected to four ground electrodes, with its resistance values ranging from 17 Ω to 104 Ω. It has been noted that when in series with various ground resistance values, th...
The continuous current dissipation of direct current grounding electrodes generates intense Joule heat, causing severe soil moisture loss and localized thermal runaway. Traditional static models ignore the temperature-dependent nature of soil paramet...
The measurement of the grounding resistance of grounding grids in large installations as well as grounding electrodes in urban areas is addressed in this article. The resistance value is obtained using a three-pin array by measuring the fall-of-poten...
The current distribution of the grounding electrode in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system affects the state of power equipment in its vicinity, which depends on the soil resistivity and shape of the grounding electrode. In this...
This article is the authors’ last contribution to a trilogy of research papers submitted to Energies’ Special Issue on Electromagnetic Field Computation, aimed at the theoretical analysis and numerical computation of the frequency-depende...
During the long-term operation of the DC grounding electrode of the converter station, there are often hazards such as heating and aging of the coke layer, and burning and corrosion at the connection between the feed rod and the cable, resulting in b...
Metallic electrodes are widely used in many applications, the analysis of their frequency-domain behavior is an important subject, particularly in applications related to earthing/grounding systems, from dc up into the MHz range. In this paper, a num...
In this paper, an experimental setup was established to study the influence of potassium chloride (KCL) solution as the ground electrode on the nitrogen oxides (NOx) removal efficiency in non-thermal plasma (NTP) generated by dielectric barrier disch...
This paper investigates the steady-state resistance (RDC) of copper tape electrodes across eight configurations. The study evaluates both field measurements and simulations using CDEGS at two distinct sites with varying soil characteristics. It empha...
This paper presents a numerical investigation regarding the possibility of using electrically conductive concrete (ECON) combined with concrete-encased electrode (CEE) technology to develop new substation grounding systems (SGSs) called ECON-EE as a...
In order to improve the fault monitoring performance of grounding electrode lines in ultra-high voltage DC (UHVDC) transmission systems, a novel fault monitoring approach based on the high-frequency voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) is proposed in t...
Coal mine acid drainage is a type of industrial wastewater generated in the process of coal production and utilization that has a low pH and contains a small amount of organic matter and SO42−, which is harmful to the environment. The ·OH scavenger w...
It is very important to calculate the interference of high voltage direct current (HVDC) grounding current with pipelines accurately and take proper protective measures to ensure energy transmission safety. There is still a lack of systematic researc...
The paper presents a model to include the internal resistance of the grounding electrodes in the calculation of its electrical features. The semi-analytical expressions for the calculation of the grounding resistance arising from the model are used t...
Harvesting biomechanical energy for electricity as well as physiological monitoring is a major development trend for wearable devices. In this article, we report a wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with a ground-coupled electrode. It has a...
Inconel 601 is one material of choice for intermediate- to high-temperature protective coatings for spark plugs’ ground electrodes. Production of ground electrodes of spark plugs implies the following operations: the tamping of the copper core...
Microfluidic impedance cytometry (MIC) has emerged as a popular technique for single-cell analysis. Traditional MIC electrode designs consist of a pair of (or three) working electrodes, and their detection performance needs further improvements for m...
Starting from the need for emergency rescue information transmission in tunnel engineering accidents, this article focuses on researching and solving the technical problems of information transmission between rescue personnel and trapped personnel af...
This paper presents experimental results of high-current impulse tests on six ground electrode configurations. A high impulse current generator is employed to inject different magnitudes of current into these rod electrodes, under both positive and n...
Grounding systems are critical for ensuring electrical safety, fault current dissipation, and electromagnetic compatibility in power installations across different voltage levels. This research presents a comparative study on the optimization of grou...
The high soil resistivity in desert, Gobi, and barren land regions limits the lightning current dissipation capability of conventional needle-type grounding electrodes, thereby increasing the lightning-related risk to transmission lines. To address t...
One of the most important parameters of the performance of grounding systems is the soil resistivity. As generally known, the soil resistivity changes seasonally, hence the performance of grounding systems, at DC and under high impulse conditions. Th...
Due to the constant updating of regulatory standards on safety issues in electrical installations, limits are established for the maximum step potential that an installation can hold in a ground fault situation. In this paper, an upper bound to the m...
Ionisation can occur in the soil when high impulse currents are subjected to grounding systems. This occurrence is generated by a difference in the dielectric strength value between the soil and air voids. Several published works investigating the io...
Many studies have demonstrated that a reduction in ground impedance value occurs under high-impulse current magnitudes, due to the ionisation process in soil. The degree of the ionisation process was found to be influenced by several factors, such as...
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the accuracy of high-frequency (HF) earth meters in measuring the tower-footing ground resistance of transmission line structures, combining simulation and experimental results. The findings demonstra...
Due to the high mineral contents of additives and enhancement materials (EMs), EMs have become popular in treating soil, which expectedly improves the electrical characteristics of soil. Much of the published work on the effectiveness of EMs is based...
This communication reports an improvement of the quality of the electrical data obtained from the application of electrical resistivity tomography method on archaeological studies. The electrical contact between ground and electrode enhances signific...
In recent years, the electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) theory has been successfully applied for locating various sources of disturbances, such as short-circuit faults, in power systems. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the feasibility of a...
In the microchip electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection, the stray capacitance of the detector causes high background noise, which seriously affects the sensitivity and stability of the detection system. To reduc...
Grounding electrodes are used to ensure safe operation of electrical apparatus. The limited axial construction space for grounding electrodes is a significant constraining factor. Grounding performance will attenuate rapidly under the influence of th...
Polarity reversal changes not only the instantaneous electric field in a needle–plane air gap but also the subsequent field–particle coupling through the charged-particle distribution established before reversal. For a configuration in wh...
One of the requirements for the safe operation of customer premises equipment (CPE) is an adequate grounding system as a means to divert high fault currents to the ground. In this work we report on the results of an experimental study of the impulse...
A capacitive measurement of the biosignals is a very comfortable and unobtrusive way suitable for long-term and wearable monitoring of health conditions. This type of sensing is very susceptible to noise from the surroundings. One of the main noise s...
The influence of the irregular surface of a multi-layered soil on the estimation of the ground resistance of a complex electrode is studied. The electrode is placed in the first layer while the irregular surface is treated as the interface of an inho...
The distribution of renewable energy sources is geographically limited. In the process of long-distance transmission, the direct current flowing from a ground electrode into the ground will cause a higher step voltage, which will bring serious securi...
In this paper, in order to improve the fuel economy of the actual application of the engine under multi-operating conditions, an experimental study is carried out on a turbo-charged direct-injection engine based on different pre-chamber structures. T...
Most studies have observed that the impedance values of ground electrodes under high impulse conditions (Zimp) are lower than the resistance values under steady-state conditions (RDC). It has been suggested that this is due to the ionisation process...
Stray capacitance can seriously affect the behavior of high-voltage devices, including voltage dividers, insulator strings, modular power supplies, or measuring instruments, among others. Therefore its effects must be considered when designing high-v...
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