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High Voltage Engineering and Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2019) | Viewed by 58423

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ayman El-Hag

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univeristy of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Interests: high voltage; electrical insulation; condition monitoring; pulsed power
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High voltage engineering has become a crucial part of our modern society, from the different components in the power system grid, to the copy machines around us. Recently, different challenges have emerged in high voltage engineering that need special attention from researchers. For example, with the increased use of high voltage DC systems, the design of both outdoor insulators and underground cable insulation needs careful investigation under the new stress conditions. Another interesting area in high voltage engineering is the emerging of new class of materials called “nano dielectrics” that shows great potential for use in both solid and liquid insulation systems. Moreover, with the increasing number of aged assets in power systems, there is a need for smart, efficient and cost-effective condition monitoring techniques. This involves the use of new sensors, advanced signal processing and state of the art machine learning algorithms. Additionally, the industrial applications of high voltage are widespread like electrostatic precipitators, electrostatic paining and pulse power application. This Special Issue aims at encouraging researchers to address these important issues and other challenges in high voltage engineering.

Dr. Ayman El-Hag
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • solid, liquid and gas dielectric materials 
  • high voltage testing and measurement 
  • condition monitoring and diagnostics
  • partial discharge measurement 
  • electric stress control 
  • high voltage industrial applications

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4826 KiB  
Article
Surface Discharges and Flashover Modelling of Solid Insulators in Gases
by Mohammed El Amine Slama, Abderrahmane Beroual and Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad
Energies 2020, 13(3), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030591 - 28 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2981
Abstract
The aim of this paper is the presentation of an analytical model of insulator flashover and its application for air at atmospheric pressure and pressurized SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride). After a review of the main existing models in air and compressed gases, a [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is the presentation of an analytical model of insulator flashover and its application for air at atmospheric pressure and pressurized SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride). After a review of the main existing models in air and compressed gases, a relationship of flashover voltage based on an electrical equivalent circuit and the thermal properties of the discharge is developed. The model includes the discharge resistance, the insulator impedance and the gas interface impedance. The application of this model to a cylindrical resin-epoxy insulator in air medium and SF6 gas with different pressures gives results close to the experimental measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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13 pages, 3293 KiB  
Article
Partial Discharge Analysis under High-Frequency, Fast-Rise Square Wave Voltages in Silicone Gel: A Modeling Approach
by Moein Borghei and Mona Ghassemi
Energies 2019, 12(23), 4543; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234543 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3383
Abstract
Wide bandgap (WBG) power modules able to tolerate high voltages and currents are the most promising solution to reduce the size and weight of the power management and conversion systems. These systems are envisioned to be widely used in the power grid and [...] Read more.
Wide bandgap (WBG) power modules able to tolerate high voltages and currents are the most promising solution to reduce the size and weight of the power management and conversion systems. These systems are envisioned to be widely used in the power grid and the next generation of more (and possibly all) electric aircraft, ships, and vehicles. However, accelerated aging of silicone gel when being exposed to high frequency, fast rise-time voltage pulses that can offset or even be an obstacle for using WBG-based systems. Silicone gel is used to insulate conductor parts in the module and encapsulate the module. It has less electrical insulation strength than the substrate and is susceptible to partial discharges (PDs). PDs often occur in the cavities located close to high electric field regions around the sharp edges of metallization in the gel. The vulnerability of silicone gel to PDs occurred in the cavities under repetitive pulses with a high slew rate investigated in this paper. The objective mentioned above is achieved by developing a Finite-Element Analysis (FEA) PD model for fast, repetitive voltage pulses. This work has been done for the first time to the best of our knowledge. By using the model, the influence of frequency and slew rate on the magnitude and rate of PD events is studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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22 pages, 17949 KiB  
Article
Charge-Simulation-Based Electric Field Analysis and Electrical Tree Propagation Model with Defects in 10 kV XLPE Cable Joint
by Jiahong He, Kang He and Longfei Cui
Energies 2019, 12(23), 4519; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234519 - 27 Nov 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3171
Abstract
The most severe partial discharges and main insulation failures of 10 kV cross-linked polyethylene cables occur at the joint due to defects caused by various factors during the manufacturing and installation processes. The electric field distortion is analyzed as the indicator by the [...] Read more.
The most severe partial discharges and main insulation failures of 10 kV cross-linked polyethylene cables occur at the joint due to defects caused by various factors during the manufacturing and installation processes. The electric field distortion is analyzed as the indicator by the charge simulation method to identify four typical defects (air void, water film, metal debris, and metal needle). This charge simulation method is combined with random walk theory to describe the stochastic process of electrical tree growth around the defects with an analysis of the charge accumulation process. The results illustrate that the electrical trees around the metal debris and needle are more likely to approach the cable core and cause main insulation failure compared with other types of the defects because the vertical field vector to the cable core is significantly larger than the field vectors to other directions during the tree propagation process with conductive defects. The electric field was measured around the cable joint surface and compared with the simulation results to validate the calculation model and the measurement method. The air void and water film defects are difficult to detect when their sizes are less than 5 mm3 because the field distortions caused by the air void and water film are relatively small and might be concealed by interference. The proposed electric field analysis focuses on the electric field distortion in the cable joint, which is the original cause of the insulation material breakdown. This method identifies the defect and predicts the electrical tree growth in the cable joint simultaneously. It requires no directly attached or embedded sensors to impact the cable joint structure and maintains the power transmission during the detection process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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18 pages, 6369 KiB  
Article
A Novel Partial Discharge Detection Method Based on the Photoelectric Fusion Pattern in GIL
by Yiming Zang, Yong Qian, Wei Liu, Yongpeng Xu, Gehao Sheng and Xiuchen Jiang
Energies 2019, 12(21), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214120 - 28 Oct 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2389
Abstract
Optical detection and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) detection are two significant methods of partial discharge (PD) detection in the gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL), however, there is a phenomenon of signals loss when using two types of detections to monitor PD signals of different defects, [...] Read more.
Optical detection and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) detection are two significant methods of partial discharge (PD) detection in the gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL), however, there is a phenomenon of signals loss when using two types of detections to monitor PD signals of different defects, such as needle defect and free particle defect. This makes the optical and UHF signals not correspond strictly to the actual PD signals, and therefore the characteristic information of optical PD patterns and UHF PD patterns is incomplete which reduces the accuracy of the pattern recognition. Therefore, an image fusion algorithm based on improved non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) is proposed in this study. The optical pattern is fused with the UHF pattern to achieve the complementarity of the two detection methods, avoiding the PD signals loss of different defects. By constructing the experimental platform of optical-UHF integrated detection for GIL, phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns of three defects were obtained. After that, the image fusion algorithm based on the local entropy and the phase congruency was used to produce the photoelectric fusion PD pattern. Before the pattern recognition, 28 characteristic parameters are extracted from the photoelectric fusion pattern, and then the dimension of the feature space is reduced to eight by the principal component analysis. Finally, three kinds of classifiers, including the linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN), are used for the pattern recognition. The results show that the recognition rate of all the photoelectric fusion pattern under different classifiers is higher than that of optical and UHF patterns, up to the maximum of 95%. Moreover, the photoelectric fusion pattern not only greatly improves the recognition rate of the needle defect and the free particle defect, but the recognition accuracy of the floating defect is also slightly improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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13 pages, 5093 KiB  
Article
Calculation of Ion Flow Field of Monopolar Transmission Line in Corona Cage Including the Effect of Wind
by Zhenyu Li and Xuezeng Zhao
Energies 2019, 12(20), 3924; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203924 - 16 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1758
Abstract
In this work, the ion flow field of a monopolar transmission line inside the corona cage of a square cross-section is iteratively calculated concerning the effects of wind. The electric field distribution is solved analytically using the charge simulation method (CSM). Meanwhile, the [...] Read more.
In this work, the ion flow field of a monopolar transmission line inside the corona cage of a square cross-section is iteratively calculated concerning the effects of wind. The electric field distribution is solved analytically using the charge simulation method (CSM). Meanwhile, the upwind finite volume method (UFVM) with 2nd order accuracy is presented for the distribution of space charge density. Additionally, a dual mesh grid is established in the calculation domain, the interlaced geometric construction of the mesh assures a quick and effective convergence rate. In the final part, a reduced-scaled experiment is designed to examine the feasibility and accuracy of this approach, electric field and ion current density on the bottom side are measured by field mills and Wilson plates. The data numerically computed fits well with that acquired by measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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20 pages, 13737 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Dry Band Formation and Arcing Processes on the Polluted Composite Insulator Surface
by Jiahong He, Kang He and Bingtuan Gao
Energies 2019, 12(20), 3905; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203905 - 15 Oct 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3224
Abstract
This paper modeled the dry band formation and arcing processes on the composite insulator surface to investigate the mechanism of dry band arcing and optimize the insulator geometry. The model calculates the instantaneous electric and thermal fields before and after arc initialization by [...] Read more.
This paper modeled the dry band formation and arcing processes on the composite insulator surface to investigate the mechanism of dry band arcing and optimize the insulator geometry. The model calculates the instantaneous electric and thermal fields before and after arc initialization by a generalized finite difference time domain (GFDTD) method. This method improves the field calculation accuracy at a high precision requirement area and reduces the computational complexity at a low precision requirement area. Heat transfer on the insulator surface is evaluated by a thermal energy balance equation to simulate a dry band formation process. Flashover experiments were conducted under contaminated conditions to verify the theoretical model. Both simulation and experiments results show that dry bands were initially formed close to high voltage (HV) and ground electrodes because the electric field and leakage current density around electrode are higher when compared to other locations along the insulator creepage distance. Three geometry factors (creepage factor, shed angle, and alternative shed ratio) were optimized when the insulator creepage distances remained the same. Fifty percent flashover voltage and average duration time from dry band generation moment to flashover were calculated to evaluate the insulator performance under contaminated conditions. This model analyzes the dry band arcing process on the insulator surface and provides detailed information for engineers in composite insulator design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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16 pages, 2841 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Surface Degradation of Aged High Temperature Vulcanized (HTV) Silicone Rubber Insulators
by Mohamed Ghouse Shaik and Vijayarekha Karuppaiyan
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3769; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193769 - 3 Oct 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3198
Abstract
Polymeric composite insulators are subjected to varying work conditions like rain and heat, which create an impact on degradation during their long service period. Electrical tracking under the Alternating Current (AC) field plays a predominant role in surface degradation, which can be different [...] Read more.
Polymeric composite insulators are subjected to varying work conditions like rain and heat, which create an impact on degradation during their long service period. Electrical tracking under the Alternating Current (AC) field plays a predominant role in surface degradation, which can be different for fresh and aged insulations. The tracking studies on the fresh and aged polymeric insulation therefore become significant. Motivated by this, an indigenous low-cost electrical tracking setup was developed, and the tracking studies were carried out as per International Electro technical Commission standard (IEC) 60587 on fresh, thermal-aged and water-aged silicone rubber samples. Contact angles of samples were measured to analyse the effect of ageing on hydrophobicity. Further, to analyse the influence of ageing on insulation integrity, tracking tests were conducted and parameters like leakage current pattern and magnitudes, tracking length and loss of weight in the material due to tracking were examined. The physicochemical impacts of ageing on the surface degradation of the samples were also analysed using X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. The investigations added insight into the degradation mechanism of polymeric insulators in terms of their electrical performance and physicochemical changes in the material. Comparison of these changes showed that ageing could influence surface degradation of samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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20 pages, 4121 KiB  
Article
Mechanism of Saline Deposition and Surface Flashover on High-Voltage Insulators near Shoreline: Mathematical Models and Experimental Validations
by Muhammad Majid Hussain, Muhammad Akmal Chaudhary and Abdul Razaq
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3685; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193685 - 26 Sep 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3576
Abstract
This paper deals with sea salt transportation and deposition mechanisms and discusses the serious issue of degradation of outdoor insulators resulting from various environmental stresses and severe saline contaminant accumulation near the shoreline. The deterioration rate of outdoor insulators near the shoreline depends [...] Read more.
This paper deals with sea salt transportation and deposition mechanisms and discusses the serious issue of degradation of outdoor insulators resulting from various environmental stresses and severe saline contaminant accumulation near the shoreline. The deterioration rate of outdoor insulators near the shoreline depends on the concentration of saline in the atmosphere, the influence of wind speed on the production of saline water droplets, moisture diffusion and saline penetration on the insulator surface. This paper consists of three parts: first a model of saline transportation and deposition, as well as saline penetration and moisture diffusion on outdoor insulators, is presented; second, dry-band initiation and formation modelling and characterization under various types of contamination distribution are proposed; finally, modelling of dry-band arcing validated by experimental investigation was carried out. The tests were performed on a rectangular surface of silicone rubber specimens (12 cm × 4 cm × 8 cm). The visualization of the dry-band formation and arcing was performed by an infrared camera. The experimental results show that the surface strength and arc length mainly depend upon the leakage distance and contamination distribution. Therefore, the model can be used to investigate insulator flashover near coastal areas and for mitigating saline flashover incidents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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14 pages, 4756 KiB  
Article
Denoising of Radio Frequency Partial Discharge Signals Using Artificial Neural Network
by Amir Abbas Soltani and Ayman El-Hag
Energies 2019, 12(18), 3485; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12183485 - 10 Sep 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2961
Abstract
One of the most promising techniques for condition monitoring of high voltage equipment insulation is partial discharge (PD) measurement using radio frequency (RF) antenna. Nevertheless, the accuracy of monitoring, classification, localization, or lifetime estimation could be negatively affected due to the interferences and [...] Read more.
One of the most promising techniques for condition monitoring of high voltage equipment insulation is partial discharge (PD) measurement using radio frequency (RF) antenna. Nevertheless, the accuracy of monitoring, classification, localization, or lifetime estimation could be negatively affected due to the interferences and noises measured simultaneously and contaminate the RF signals. Therefore, to achieve high accuracy of PD assessment, exploiting the denoising algorithms is inevitable. Hence, this paper seeks to introduce a new technique to suppress white noise, the most prevalent type of noise, especially for RF signals. In the proposed method, the ability of artificial neural network (ANN) in curve fitting is applied to denoising of different types of measured RF signals emitted from PD sources including ‘crack’, ‘internal void’, in the insulator discs and ‘sharp points’ from external hardware. The processes of denoising for named signals with the proposed method are carried out, and the obtained results are compared with the outputs of a wavelet transform-based method named energy conversation-based thresholding. In all tested signals, the proposed technique showed superior denoising capability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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13 pages, 4483 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Partial Discharge Induced EM Waves Using FDTD Method—A Parametric Study
by Alaa Loubani, Noureddine Harid, Huw Griffiths and Braham Barkat
Energies 2019, 12(17), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173364 - 1 Sep 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2382
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a parametric study on the characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves propagated due to surface- and cavity-type partial discharges (PD) in materials using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. First, the EM waves emitted by such discharges in [...] Read more.
This paper reports the results of a parametric study on the characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves propagated due to surface- and cavity-type partial discharges (PD) in materials using the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method. First, the EM waves emitted by such discharges in material samples were measured using a broadband aperture antenna. The measurements showed that the frequency range of the measured signals lay within the ultra-high frequency (UHF) range, suggesting that by carefully choosing the UHF antenna characteristics and its location it might be possible to apply this method to characterize the PD-emitted waves; and hence, to potentially use it to detect and monitor PD defects. In this context, the FDTD simulations were used here to simulate the experimental set-up and examine the propagation characteristics of EM waves emitted by such discharges under uniform and non-uniform test electrode configurations. Using an approximation of the exciting PD current pulses, the electromagnetic field components and the voltage signals captured on a simulated monopole sensor were computed in the time domain at various locations. To explore the limits of the application of the UHF method for detecting these PD types, a parametric study was carried out to clarify how the captured signals are influenced by the PD intensity, the frequency content of the exciting PD pulse, the type of insulation material, the dimensions and the position of the UHF antenna. One of the challenges that needs further investigation is the accurate simulation of the actual PD current pulse produced by such discharges, and hence its frequency content, as there is limited or no measured data available. The results showed that while the amplitude of the captured EM signals increase with the PD intensity, no appreciable signal is detected when the PD pulse width is higher than about 4ns, which may not occur often in unbounded air insulated systems. Equally important is the location and orientation of the UHF sensor—the results showed improved sensitivity when the sensor is vertically polarized and placed in close proximity in the lateral direction with reference to the discharge path. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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22 pages, 8289 KiB  
Article
Thermal Effect of Different Laying Modes on Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Insulation and a New Estimation on Cable Ampacity
by WenWei Zhu, YiFeng Zhao, ZhuoZhan Han, XiangBing Wang, YanFeng Wang, Gang Liu, Yue Xie and NingXi Zhu
Energies 2019, 12(15), 2994; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152994 - 3 Aug 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3416
Abstract
This paper verifies the fluctuation on thermal parameters and ampacity of the high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables with different insulation conditions and describes the results of a thermal aging experiment on the XLPE insulation with different operating years in different laying modes guided [...] Read more.
This paper verifies the fluctuation on thermal parameters and ampacity of the high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables with different insulation conditions and describes the results of a thermal aging experiment on the XLPE insulation with different operating years in different laying modes guided by Comsol Multiphysics modeling software. The thermal parameters of the cables applied on the models are detected by thermal parameter detection control platform and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement to assure the effectivity of the simulation. Several diagnostic measurements including Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and breakdown field strength were conducted on the treated and untreated specimens in order to reveal the changes of properties and the relationship between the thermal effect and the cable ampacity. Moreover, a new estimation on cable ampacity from the perspective on XLPE insulation itself has been proposed in this paper, which is also a possible way to judge the insulation condition of the cable with specific aging degree in specific laying mode for a period of time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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13 pages, 1353 KiB  
Article
Application of Machine Learning in Transformer Health Index Prediction
by Alhaytham Alqudsi and Ayman El-Hag
Energies 2019, 12(14), 2694; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142694 - 14 Jul 2019
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5923
Abstract
The presented paper aims to establish a strong basis for utilizing machine learning (ML) towards the prediction of the overall insulation health condition of medium voltage distribution transformers based on their oil test results. To validate the presented approach, the ML algorithms were [...] Read more.
The presented paper aims to establish a strong basis for utilizing machine learning (ML) towards the prediction of the overall insulation health condition of medium voltage distribution transformers based on their oil test results. To validate the presented approach, the ML algorithms were tested on two databases of more than 1000 medium voltage transformer oil samples of ratings in the order of tens of MVA. The oil test results were acquired from in-service transformers (during oil sampling time) of two different utility companies in the gulf region. The illustrated procedure aimed to mimic a realistic scenario of how the utility would benefit from the use of different ML tools towards understanding the insulation health index of their transformers. This objective was achieved using two procedural steps. In the first step, three different data training and testing scenarios were used with several pattern recognition tools for classifying the transformer health condition based on the full set of input test features. In the second step, the same pattern recognition tools were used along with the three training/testing scenarios for a reduced number of test features. Also, a previously developed reduced model was the basis to reduce the needed number of tests for transformer health index calculations. It was found that reducing the number of tests did not influence the accuracy of the ML prediction models, which is considered as a significant advantage in terms of transformer asset management (TAM) cost reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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17 pages, 5621 KiB  
Article
DC Flashover Dynamic Model of Post Insulator under Non-Uniform Pollution between Windward and Leeward Sides
by Zhijin Zhang, Shenghuan Yang, Xingliang Jiang, Xinhan Qiao, Yingzhu Xiang and Dongdong Zhang
Energies 2019, 12(12), 2345; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122345 - 19 Jun 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3218
Abstract
Experience shows that under unidirectional wind or certain terrain, the surface of post insulators is non-uniformly polluted between windward and leeward sides, which affects the flashover characteristics. In this paper, a formulation of residual pollution layer resistance was proposed under this non-uniformity and [...] Read more.
Experience shows that under unidirectional wind or certain terrain, the surface of post insulators is non-uniformly polluted between windward and leeward sides, which affects the flashover characteristics. In this paper, a formulation of residual pollution layer resistance was proposed under this non-uniformity and a typical post insulator was taken as an example to analyze and calculate its residual resistance. The theoretical resistance was verified by numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics. The proposed resistance formulation was then implemented in a DC flashover dynamic model to determine the flashover voltage (Ucal), which was validated by artificial flashover tests. Then the factors affecting DC flashover voltage were analyzed. Research results indicate that: the residual resistance formulation agrees well with simulation results, especially when the arc length exceeds 70% of the leakage distance. The good concordance between theoretical and experimental flashover voltages with most relative error within ±10%, validates the flashover model and its residual resistance formulation. Ucal gets impaired under this non-uniformity. The degree of reduction is related to salt deposit density ratio (m) of windward to leeward side and leeward side area proportion (k). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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16 pages, 3372 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modeling of Space–Time Characteristics of Plasma Initialization in a Secondary Arc
by Jinsong Li, Hua Yu, Min Jiang, Hong Liu and Guanliang Li
Energies 2019, 12(11), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112128 - 3 Jun 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2371
Abstract
A numerical model based on the finite element simulation software COMSOL was developed to investigate the secondary arc that can limit the success of single-phase auto-reclosure solutions to the single-phase-to-ground fault. Partial differential equations accounting for variation of densities of charge particles (electrons, [...] Read more.
A numerical model based on the finite element simulation software COMSOL was developed to investigate the secondary arc that can limit the success of single-phase auto-reclosure solutions to the single-phase-to-ground fault. Partial differential equations accounting for variation of densities of charge particles (electrons, positive and negative ions) were coupled with Poisson’s equation to consider the effects of space and surface charges on the electric field. An experiment platform was established to verify the numerical model. The brightness distribution of the experimental short-circuit arc was basically consistent with the predicted distribution of electron density, demonstrating that the simulation was effective. Furthermore, the model was used to assess the particle density distribution, electric field variation, and time dependence of ion reactions during the short-circuit discharge. Results showed that the ion concentration was higher than the initial level after the short-circuit discharge, which is an important reason for inducing the subsequent secondary arc. The intensity of the spatial electric field was obviously affected by the high-voltage electrode at the end regions, and the intermediate region was mainly affected by the particle reaction. The time correspondence between the detachment reaction and the ion source generated in the short-circuit discharge process was basically consistent, and the detachment reactions were mainly concentrated in the middle area and near the negative electrode. The research elucidates the relevant plasma process of the secondary arc and will contribute to the suppression of it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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10 pages, 2214 KiB  
Article
A Physical Calibrator for Partial Discharge Meters
by Michal Krbal, Ludek Pelikan, Jaroslav Stepanek, Jaroslava Orsagova and Iraida Kolcunova
Energies 2019, 12(11), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112057 - 29 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2463
Abstract
This article offers an alternative method of calibrating partial discharge meters for research and teaching purposes. Most current modern calibrators are implemented as precise voltage pulse sources with a coupling capacitor. However, our calibrator is based on the physical principles of dielectric materials [...] Read more.
This article offers an alternative method of calibrating partial discharge meters for research and teaching purposes. Most current modern calibrators are implemented as precise voltage pulse sources with a coupling capacitor. However, our calibrator is based on the physical principles of dielectric materials distributed in a plane or space. Calibrator design is unique and there is an attempt to get closer to the behavior of the measured real objects. The calibration impulses are created by energy from a high voltage power supply at the specific or nominal value of the applied voltage. At the same time, it is possible to simulate the value and quantity of the discharges and their position in the object relative to the input electrodes. The calibrator creates conditions as a real measured object with adjustable parameters. This paper describes a design of this type of calibrator, its implementation, numerical simulation of discharge values and laboratory measurements with functional verification using the Tettex 9520 calibrator and galvanic measured system DDX 7000/8003 and DDX 9121b. All measurements are carried out using the CVVOZEPowerLab Research Infrastructure equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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15 pages, 3466 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Influences on the Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Systems for Tropical Countries
by Muhd Shahirad Reffin, Abdul Wali Abdul Ali, Normiza Mohamad Nor, Nurul Nadia Ahmad, Syarifah Amanina Syed Abdullah, Azwan Mahmud and Farhan Hanaffi
Energies 2019, 12(7), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071334 - 8 Apr 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2662
Abstract
One of the most important parameters of the performance of grounding systems is the soil resistivity. As generally known, the soil resistivity changes seasonally, hence the performance of grounding systems, at DC and under high impulse conditions. This paper presents the performance of [...] Read more.
One of the most important parameters of the performance of grounding systems is the soil resistivity. As generally known, the soil resistivity changes seasonally, hence the performance of grounding systems, at DC and under high impulse conditions. This paper presents the performance of grounding systems with two different configurations. Field experiments were set up to study the characteristics of the grounding systems seasonally at power frequency and under high impulse conditions. A review of field testing on practical grounding systems was also presented. It was found that the soil resistivity, RDC and impulse characteristics of grounding systems were improved over time, and the improvement was higher for electrodes that have more contact with the soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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18 pages, 5061 KiB  
Article
Investigations on the Performance of a New Grounding Device with Spike Rods under High Magnitude Current Conditions
by Abdul Wali Abdul Ali, Nurul Nadia Ahmad, Normiza Mohamad Nor, Muhd Shahirad Reffin and Syarifah Amanina Syed Abdullah
Energies 2019, 12(6), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061138 - 23 Mar 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3707
Abstract
In many publications, the characteristics of practical earthing systems were investigated under conditions involving fast-impulse currents of different magnitudes by field measurements. However, as generally known, in practice the transient current can normally reach several tens of kiloamperes. This paper therefore aimed to [...] Read more.
In many publications, the characteristics of practical earthing systems were investigated under conditions involving fast-impulse currents of different magnitudes by field measurements. However, as generally known, in practice the transient current can normally reach several tens of kiloamperes. This paper therefore aimed to investigate the characteristics of a new electrode for grounding systems under high current magnitude conditions, and compare it with steady-state test results. The earth electrodes were installed in low resistivity test media, so that high impulse current magnitudes can be achieved. The effects of impulse polarity and earth electrode’s geometry of a new earth electrode were also quantified under high impulse conditions, at high currents (up to 16 kA). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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18 pages, 6216 KiB  
Article
Space/Interface Charge Analysis of the Multi-Layer Oil Gap and Oil Impregnated Pressboard Under the Electrical-Thermal Combined Stress
by Runhao Zou, Jian Hao and Ruijin Liao
Energies 2019, 12(6), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061099 - 21 Mar 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2580
Abstract
In oil-paper insulation systems, it is easy to accumulate space/interface charge under a direct current (DC) electrical field. At present, direct measurement of space/interface charge for a thick multi-layer insulation system is not possible. It is necessary to study the multi-layer oil-paper insulation [...] Read more.
In oil-paper insulation systems, it is easy to accumulate space/interface charge under a direct current (DC) electrical field. At present, direct measurement of space/interface charge for a thick multi-layer insulation system is not possible. It is necessary to study the multi-layer oil-paper insulation system via simulation method. In this paper, the space/interface charge simulation based on the bipolar charge transport model and a simulation parameter using FEM for the multi-layer oil–paper insulation system was proposed. The influence of electrical field strength, temperature, and the combined influence of the electrical field strength and temperature on the space/interface charge behaviors were analyzed, respectively. A new method for calculating the space/interface charge density and the total charge quantity of the multi-layer oil-paper insulation under the combined action of electrical field strength and temperature was presented. Results show that the interface charge density absolute value and the total charge quantity at steady state both increases with the electrical field strength and temperature in an exponential way, respectively. Besides, temperature has a more significant influence on the charge density and the total charge quantity than the electrical field strength. The electrical field strength–temperature shifting factor αT’ was introduced for the translation of the charge density curves or the total charge quantity curves to construct the charge density main curve or the total charge quantity main curve under the combined action of electrical field strength and temperature. The equations for calculating the charge density or the total charge quantity of the multi-layer oil-paper insulation was provided, which could be used to calculate the charge density or the total charge quantity under the combined action of electrical field strength and temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Voltage Engineering and Applications)
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