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Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019)

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (11 November 2019) | Viewed by 112849

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eva M. Rubio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Juan del Rosal 12, E28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: machining; lightweight materials (magnesium alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys); metal forming technology and processing; sustainable manufacturing; industrial metrology; virtual reality; virtual labs; e-learning; innovation in distance teaching
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ana M. Camacho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Juan del Rosal 12, E28040 Madrid, Spain
Interests: metal forming (lightweight alloys, advanced high strength steels); additive manufacturing; fused deposition modeling; WAAM; finite element simulation; methodologies for materials selection in manufacturing; virtual labs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the success of the first Special Edition, and encouraged by the Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES), a new Special Edition called “The Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019)” is launched as a joint issue of the journals Materials and Applied Sciences.

The first edition collected 48 contributions on emerging methods and technologies, such as those related to additive manufacturing and 3D printing, advances and innovations in manufacturing processes in different areas (machining, forming, molding, welding, and nontraditional manufacturing processes), manufacturing systems (machines, equipment and tooling), metrology and quality in manufacturing, product lifecycle management (PLM) technologies, and risks in manufacturing engineering and society.

This second edition involves the aforementioned journals with the aim of covering the wide range of research lines developed by the members and collaborators of the MES and other researchers within the field of Manufacturing Engineering.

Similarly to the first one, the main objective of “The Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019” is to publish outstanding papers presenting cutting-edge advances in the field of Manufacturing Engineering, focusing on materials processing, as well as on experimental and theoretical results within applied sciences.

The Special Issue aims to explore the evolution of traditional manufacturing models towards the new requirements of the Manufacturing Industry 4.0 and how manufacturing professionals should face the resulting competitive challenges in the context of an ever-increasing use of digital information systems and communication technologies.

Contributions on emerging methods and technologies such as those related to additive manufacturing will have special relevance within this Special Issue, as well as those ones where sustainability and environmental issues play a fundamental role in manufacturing.

The main topics covered by this Special Issue are scientific contributions on the following manufacturing research topics:

  • Additive manufacturing and 3D printing
  • Advances and innovations in manufacturing processes
  • Sustainable and green manufacturing
  • Micro and nanomanufacturing
  • Manufacturing of new materials
  • Manufacturing systems: machines, equipment and tooling
  • Robotics, mechatronics and manufacturing automation
  • Metrology and quality in manufacturing
  • Industry 4.0
  • Product lifecycle management (PLM) technologies
  • Design, modeling, and simulation in manufacturing engineering
  • Production planning
  • Manufacturing engineering and society

The above list is not exhaustive, and papers on other topics associated with advances in manufacturing engineering are also welcome.

Excellent papers selected from the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2019 can also be part of this Special Issue, provided that the degree of novelty of the contribution is guaranteed and the paper has been not published elsewhere.

Especially welcome are all the works with a clear application to the manufacturing field related to processing of materials, including ceramics, glasses, polymers (plastics), semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials, silica and carbon materials, metals and metallic alloys, composites, coatings and films, and pigments; application of techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, and others to the analysis of manufacturing processes and systems; mechanics of materials; and tribology (friction, lubrication and wear).

It is our pleasure to invite professionals from industry, academic institutions, and research centers from around the world to submit their contributions to this Special Issue.

We hope this second edition of the Special Issue is as successful as the first one.

text

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Applied Sciences.

Prof. Eva M. Rubio
Prof. Ana M. Camacho
Guest Editors

  • Members of the Manufacturing Engineering Society will benefit from a 15% discount (approx. 200 €) on the article processing charges. If you are not a member yet, please find more information on how to join the society (here). Regular individual member fee 75 €/year, student fee 35 €/year.

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 3D printing
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Assembly processes
  • Coatings and films
  • Digital manufacturing
  • Forming
  • Friction
  • Green manufacturing
  • Industry 4.0
  • Joining
  • Machining
  • Manufacturing automation
  • Manufacturing systems
  • Mechatronics
  • Metrology
  • Micro-manufacturing
  • Modeling and simulation
  • Molding
  • Nanomanufacturing
  • Nontraditional manufacturing processes
  • Processing of materials
  • Product lifecycle management
  • Quality in manufacturing
  • Robotics
  • Safety and risks
  • Smart manufacturing
  • Sustainable manufacturing
  • Technological and Industrial Heritage
  • Tribology
  • Virtual manufacturing
  • Wear
  • Welding

Published Papers (30 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 209 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019)
by Eva María Rubio and Ana María Camacho
Materials 2020, 13(9), 2133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092133 - 05 May 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1838
Abstract
The Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019) has been launched as a joint issue of the journals “Materials” and “Applied Sciences”. The 29 contributions published in this Special Issue of Materials present cutting-edge advances in the field of manufacturing engineering [...] Read more.
The Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019) has been launched as a joint issue of the journals “Materials” and “Applied Sciences”. The 29 contributions published in this Special Issue of Materials present cutting-edge advances in the field of manufacturing engineering focusing on additive manufacturing and 3D printing, advances and innovations in manufacturing processes, sustainable and green manufacturing, manufacturing of new materials, metrology and quality in manufacturing, industry 4.0, design, modeling, and simulation in manufacturing engineering and manufacturing engineering and society. Among them, these contributions highlight that the topic “additive manufacturing and 3D printing” has collected a large number of contributions in this journal because its huge potential has attracted the attention of numerous researchers over the last years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 2856 KiB  
Article
Study of Drilling Process by Cooling Compressed Air in Reinforced Polyether-Ether-Ketone
by Rosario Domingo, Beatriz de Agustina and Marta María Marín
Materials 2020, 13(8), 1965; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081965 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2123
Abstract
This study is focused on the application of a cooling compressed air system in drilling processes; this environmentally friendly technique allows removing material at very low temperatures, approximately up to −22 °C in the cutting area. The main goals are to find the [...] Read more.
This study is focused on the application of a cooling compressed air system in drilling processes; this environmentally friendly technique allows removing material at very low temperatures, approximately up to −22 °C in the cutting area. The main goals are to find the most improve cutting conditions with less energy consumption, for the drilling of reinforced polyether-ether-ketone with glass fiber at 30% (PEEK-GF30) with cooling compressed air by a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, and to find a balance between environmental conditions and adequate process performance. Drilling tests were carried out on plates of PEEK-GF30 to analyze the influence of cutting parameters and environmental temperature (–22, 0 and 22 °C) on variables such as thrust forces, energy and material removed rate by the use of statistical methods; analysis of variance, analysis of means, response surface, and desirability function were employed to identify the optimum region that provides the most improved values of the aforementioned variables. Drill bit diameter was also analyzed to determine the quality of drilled holes. During the drilling processes, force signals were detected by a piezoelectric dynamometer connected to multichannel amplifier and a pyrometer was used to control the temperature. The diameters of the drilled holes were measured by a coordinate measuring machine. Cooling compressed air can be considered an adequate technique to improve the results from an environmental and efficient perspective; in particular, the maximum desirability function was found at a spindle speed of 7000 rpm, a feedrate of 1 mm/rev and a temperature close to −22 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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24 pages, 12306 KiB  
Article
On the Machinability of an Al-63%SiC Metal Matrix Composite
by David Repeto, Severo Raul Fernández-Vidal, Pedro F. Mayuet, Jorge Salguero and Moisés Batista
Materials 2020, 13(5), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051186 - 06 Mar 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
This paper presents a preliminary study of aluminium matrix composite materials during machining, with a special focus on their behavior under conventional processes. This work will expand the knowledge of these materials, which is considered to be strategic for some industrial sectors, such [...] Read more.
This paper presents a preliminary study of aluminium matrix composite materials during machining, with a special focus on their behavior under conventional processes. This work will expand the knowledge of these materials, which is considered to be strategic for some industrial sectors, such as the aeronautics, electronics, and automotive sectors. Finding a machining model will allow us to define the necessary parameters when applying the materials to industry. As a previous step of the material and its machining, an experimental state-of-the-art review has been carried out, revealing a lack of studies about the composition and material properties, processes, tools, and recommended parameters. The results obtained and reflected in this paper are as follows; SiC is present in metallic matrix composite (MMC) materials in a very wide variety of sizes. A metallographic study of the material confirms the high percentage of reinforcement and very high microhardness values registered. During the machining process, tools present a very high level of wear in a very short amount of time, where chips are generated and arcs are segmented, revealing the high microhardness of the material, which is given by its high concentration of SiC. The chip shape is the same among other materials with a similar microhardness, such as Ti or its alloys. The forces registered in the machining process are quite different from conventional alloys and are more similar to the values of harder alloys, which is also the case for chip generation. The results coincide, in part, with previous studies and also give new insight into the behavior of this material, which does not conform to the assumptions for standard metallic materials, where the hypothesis of Shaffer is not directly applicable. On the other hand, here, cutting forces do not behave in accordance with the traditional model. This paper will contribute to improve the knowledge of the Al-63%SiC MMC itself and the machining behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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13 pages, 7243 KiB  
Article
Investigation of a Short Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polyamide and Comparison of Two Manufacturing Processes: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Polymer Injection Moulding (PIM)
by Elena Verdejo de Toro, Juana Coello Sobrino, Alberto Martínez Martínez, Valentín Miguel Eguía and Jorge Ayllón Pérez
Materials 2020, 13(3), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030672 - 03 Feb 2020
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5661
Abstract
New technologies are offering progressively more effective alternatives to traditional ones. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining importance in fields related to design, manufacturing, engineering and medicine, especially in applications which require complex geometries. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is framed within AM as a [...] Read more.
New technologies are offering progressively more effective alternatives to traditional ones. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is gaining importance in fields related to design, manufacturing, engineering and medicine, especially in applications which require complex geometries. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is framed within AM as a technology in which, due to their layer-by-layer deposition, thermoplastic polymers are used for manufacturing parts with a high degree of accuracy and minimum material waste during the process. The traditional technology corresponding to FDM is Polymer Injection Moulding, in which polymeric pellets are injected by pressure into a mould using the required geometry. The increasing use of PA6 in Additive Manufacturing makes it necessary to study the possibility of replacing certain parts manufactured by injection moulding with those created using FDM. In this work, PA6 was selected due to its higher mechanical properties in comparison with PA12. Moreover, its higher melting point has been a limitation for 3D printing technology, and a further study of composites made of PA6 using 3D printing processes is needed. Nevertheless, analysis of the mechanical response of standardised samples and the influence of the manufacturing process on the polyamide’s mechanical properties needs to be carried out. In this work, a comparative study between the two processes was conducted, and conclusions were drawn from an engineering perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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22 pages, 3460 KiB  
Article
Repairing Hybrid Mg–Al–Mg Components Using Sustainable Cooling Systems
by David Blanco, Eva María Rubio, Marta María Marín and Joao Paulo Davim
Materials 2020, 13(2), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020393 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2253
Abstract
This paper focused on the maintenance or repair of holes made using hybrid Mg–Al–Mg components by drilling, using two sustainable cooling techniques (dry machining and cold compressed air) and taking surface roughness on the inside of the holes as the response variable. The [...] Read more.
This paper focused on the maintenance or repair of holes made using hybrid Mg–Al–Mg components by drilling, using two sustainable cooling techniques (dry machining and cold compressed air) and taking surface roughness on the inside of the holes as the response variable. The novelty of the work is in proving that the repair operations of the multi-material components (magnesium–aluminum–magnesium) and the parts made of aluminum and magnesium (separately) but assembled to form a higher component can be done simultaneously, thus reducing the time and cost of the assembly and disassembly of this type of component. The study is based on a design of experiments (DOE) defined as a product of a full factorial 23 and a block of two factors (3 × 2). Based on our findings, we propose that the analyzed operations are feasible under sustainable conditions and, in particular, under dry machining. Also, the results depend on the machining order. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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21 pages, 1419 KiB  
Article
An Approach to Sustainable Metrics Definition and Evaluation for Green Manufacturing in Material Removal Processes
by César Ayabaca and Carlos Vila
Materials 2020, 13(2), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020373 - 14 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3032
Abstract
Material removal technologies should be thoroughly analyzed not only to optimize operations but also to minimize the different waste emissions and obtain cleaner production centers. The study of environmental sustainability in manufacturing processes, which is rapidly gaining importance, requires activity modeling with material [...] Read more.
Material removal technologies should be thoroughly analyzed not only to optimize operations but also to minimize the different waste emissions and obtain cleaner production centers. The study of environmental sustainability in manufacturing processes, which is rapidly gaining importance, requires activity modeling with material and resource inputs and outputs and, most importantly, the definition of a balanced scorecard with suitable indicators for different levels, including the operational level. This paper proposes a metrics deployment approach for the different stages of the product life cycle, including a conceptual framework of high-level indicators and the definition of machining process indicators from different perspectives. This set of metrics enables methodological measurement and analysis and integrates the results into aggregated indicators that can be considered for continuous improvement strategies. This approach was validated by five case studies of experimental testing of the sustainability indicators in material removal operations. The results helped to confirm or modify the approach and to adjust the parameter definitions to optimize the initial sustainability objectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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13 pages, 5238 KiB  
Article
Configuration Optimisation of Laser Tracker Location on Verification Process
by Sergio Aguado, Pablo Pérez, José Antonio Albajez, Jorge Santolaria and Jesús Velázquez
Materials 2020, 13(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020331 - 10 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2748
Abstract
Machine tools are verified and compensated periodically to improve accuracy. The main aim of machine tool verification is to reduce the influence of quasi-static errors, especially geometric errors. As these errors show systematic behavior, their influence can be compensated. However, verification itself is [...] Read more.
Machine tools are verified and compensated periodically to improve accuracy. The main aim of machine tool verification is to reduce the influence of quasi-static errors, especially geometric errors. As these errors show systematic behavior, their influence can be compensated. However, verification itself is influenced by random uncertainty sources that are usually not considered but affect the results. Within these uncertainty sources, laser tracker measurement noise is a random error that should not be ignored and can be reduced through adequate location of the equipment. This paper presents an algorithm able to analyse the influence of laser tracker location based on nonlinear optimisation, taking into consideration its specifications and machine tool characteristics. The developed algorithm uses the Monte Carlo method to provide a zone around the machine tool where the measurement system should be located in order to improve verification results. To achieve this aim, different parameters were defined, such as the number of tests carried out, and the number and distribution of points, and their influence on the error due to the laser tracker location analysed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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15 pages, 5805 KiB  
Article
Advances in Orthotic and Prosthetic Manufacturing: A Technology Review
by Jorge Barrios-Muriel, Francisco Romero-Sánchez, Francisco Javier Alonso-Sánchez and David Rodríguez Salgado
Materials 2020, 13(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020295 - 09 Jan 2020
Cited by 110 | Viewed by 18016
Abstract
In this work, the recent advances for rapid prototyping in the orthoprosthetic industry are presented. Specifically, the manufacturing process of orthoprosthetic aids are analysed, as thier use is widely extended in orthopedic surgery. These devices are devoted to either correct posture or movement [...] Read more.
In this work, the recent advances for rapid prototyping in the orthoprosthetic industry are presented. Specifically, the manufacturing process of orthoprosthetic aids are analysed, as thier use is widely extended in orthopedic surgery. These devices are devoted to either correct posture or movement (orthosis) or to substitute a body segment (prosthesis) while maintaining functionality. The manufacturing process is traditionally mainly hand-crafted: The subject’s morphology is taken by means of plaster molds, and the manufacture is performed individually, by adjusting the prototype over the subject. This industry has incorporated computer aided design (CAD), computed aided engineering (CAE) and computed aided manufacturing (CAM) tools; however, the true revolution is the result of the application of rapid prototyping technologies (RPT). Techniques such as fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and 3D printing (3DP) are some examples of the available methodologies in the manufacturing industry that, step by step, are being included in the rehabilitation engineering market—an engineering field with growth and prospects in the coming years. In this work we analyse different methodologies for additive manufacturing along with the principal methods for collecting 3D body shapes and their application in the manufacturing of functional devices for rehabilitation purposes such as splints, ankle-foot orthoses, or arm prostheses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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11 pages, 2301 KiB  
Article
Estimation of an Upper Bound to the Value of the Step Potentials in Two-Layered Soils from Grounding Resistance Measurements
by Jorge Moreno, Pascual Simon, Eduardo Faleiro, Gabriel Asensio and Jose Antonio Fernandez
Materials 2020, 13(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020290 - 08 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
Due to the constant updating of regulatory standards on safety issues in electrical installations, limits are established for the maximum step potential that an installation can hold in a ground fault situation. In this paper, an upper bound to the maximum value of [...] Read more.
Due to the constant updating of regulatory standards on safety issues in electrical installations, limits are established for the maximum step potential that an installation can hold in a ground fault situation. In this paper, an upper bound to the maximum value of the step potentials arising in the soil surface when a fault takes place in a grounded electrical installation is estimated by means of a simple procedure. The direct measurement of the grounding electrode resistance together with some information about the soil resistivity and the knowledge of characteristic parameters of the electrode are used for the calculation of that upper bound. The procedure is tested at numerical simulation level by using different electrodes in several different scenarios corresponding to two-layered soils with different resistivity ratios. The dependency of the calculated upper bound with the electrode burial depth is also studied. Finally, a real case study is presented, and the results of the field measurements are shown as an example of the validity of the procedure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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18 pages, 12217 KiB  
Article
Considerations on the Applicability of Test Methods for Mechanical Characterization of Materials Manufactured by FDM
by Amabel García-Domínguez, Juan Claver, Ana María Camacho and Miguel A. Sebastián
Materials 2020, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010028 - 19 Dec 2019
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4870
Abstract
The lack of specific standards for characterization of materials manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) makes the assessment of the applicability of the test methods available and the analysis of their limitations necessary; depending on the definition of the most appropriate specimens on [...] Read more.
The lack of specific standards for characterization of materials manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) makes the assessment of the applicability of the test methods available and the analysis of their limitations necessary; depending on the definition of the most appropriate specimens on the kind of part we want to produce or the purpose of the data we want to obtain from the tests. In this work, the Spanish standard UNE 116005:2012 and international standard ASTM D638–14:2014 have been used to characterize mechanically FDM samples with solid infill considering two build orientations. Tests performed according to the specific standard for additive manufacturing UNE 116005:2012 present a much better repeatability than the ones according to the general test standard ASTM D638–14, which makes the standard UNE more appropriate for comparison of different materials. Orientation on-edge provides higher strength to the parts obtained by FDM, which is coherent with the arrangement of the filaments in each layer for each orientation. Comparison with non-solid specimens shows that the increase of strength due to the infill is not in the same proportion to the percentage of infill. The values of strain to break for the samples with solid infill presents a much higher deformation before fracture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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24 pages, 24268 KiB  
Article
Elastic Asymmetry of PLA Material in FDM-Printed Parts: Considerations Concerning Experimental Characterisation for Use in Numerical Simulations
by Ma-Magdalena Pastor-Artigues, Francesc Roure-Fernández, Xavier Ayneto-Gubert, Jordi Bonada-Bo, Elsa Pérez-Guindal and Irene Buj-Corral
Materials 2020, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010015 - 18 Dec 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6913
Abstract
The objective of this research is to characterise the material poly lactic acid (PLA), printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, under three loading conditions—tension, compression and bending—in order to get data that will allow to simulate structural components. In the absence of [...] Read more.
The objective of this research is to characterise the material poly lactic acid (PLA), printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, under three loading conditions—tension, compression and bending—in order to get data that will allow to simulate structural components. In the absence of specific standards for materials manufactured in FDM technology, characterisation is carried out based on ASTM International standards D638, D695 and D790, respectively. Samples manufactured with the same printing parameters have been built and tested; and the tensile, compressive and flexural properties have been determined. The influences of the cross-sectional shape and the specimen length on the strength and elastic modulus of compression are addressed. By analysing the mechanical properties obtained in this way, the conclusion is that they are different, are not coherent with each other, and do not reflect the bimodular nature (different behaviour of material in tension and compression) of this material. A finite element (FE) model is used to verify these differences, including geometric non-linearity, to realistically reproduce conditions during physical tests. The main conclusion is that the test methods currently used do not guarantee a coherent set of mechanical properties useful for numerical simulation, which highlights the need to define new characterisation methods better adapted to the behaviour of FDM-printed PLA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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14 pages, 6392 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Positioning Algorithm Using a Single Image in an LCD-Camera System by Mesh Elements’ Recalculation and Angle Error Orientation
by Óscar de Francisco Ortiz, Manuel Estrems Amestoy, Horacio T. Sánchez Reinoso and Julio Carrero-Blanco Martínez-Hombre
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244216 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
In this article, we present a method to position the tool in a micromachine system based on a camera-LCD screen positioning system that also provides information about angular deviations of the tool axis during its running. Both position and angular deviations are obtained [...] Read more.
In this article, we present a method to position the tool in a micromachine system based on a camera-LCD screen positioning system that also provides information about angular deviations of the tool axis during its running. Both position and angular deviations are obtained by reducing a matrix of LEDs in the image to a single rectangle in the conical perspective that is treated by a photogrammetry method. This method computes the coordinates and orientation of the camera with respect to the fixed screen coordinate system. The used image consists of 5 × 5 lit LEDs, which are analyzed by the algorithm to determine a rectangle with known dimensions. The coordinates of the vertices of the rectangle in space are obtained by an inverse perspective computation from the image. The method presents a good approximation of the central point of the rectangle and provides the inclination of the workpiece with respect to the LCD screen reference system of coordinates. A test of the method is designed with the assistance of a Coordinate Measurement Machine (CMM) to check the accuracy of the positioning method. The performed test delivers a good accuracy in the position measurement of the designed method. A high dispersion in the angular deviation is detected, although the orientation of the inclination is appropriate in almost every case. This is due to the small values of the angles that makes the trigonometric function approximations very erratic. This method is a good starting point for the compensation of angular deviation in vision based micromachine tools, which is the principal source of errors in these operations and represents the main volume in the cost of machine elements’ parts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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17 pages, 4609 KiB  
Article
Kerf Taper Defect Minimization Based on Abrasive Waterjet Machining of Low Thickness Thermoplastic Carbon Fiber Composites C/TPU
by Alejandro Sambruno, Fermin Bañon, Jorge Salguero, Bartolome Simonet and Moises Batista
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244192 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2999
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) are materials of great interest in industry. Like thermosets composite materials, they have an excellent weight/mechanical properties ratio and a high degree of automation in their manufacture and recyclability. However, these materials present difficulties in their machining due to [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) are materials of great interest in industry. Like thermosets composite materials, they have an excellent weight/mechanical properties ratio and a high degree of automation in their manufacture and recyclability. However, these materials present difficulties in their machining due to their nature. Their anisotropy, together with their low glass transition temperature, can produce important defects in their machining. A process able to machine these materials correctly by producing very small thermal defects is abrasive waterjet machining. However, the dispersion of the waterjet produces a reduction in kinetic energy, which decreases its cutting capacity. This results in an inherent defect called a kerf taper. Also, machining these materials with reduced thicknesses can increase this defect due to the formation of a damage zone at the beginning of cut due to the abrasive particles. This paper studies the influence of cutting parameters on the kerf taper generated during waterjet machining of a thin-walled thermoplastic composite material (carbon/polyurethane, C/TPU). This influence was studied by means of an ANOVA statistical analysis, and a mathematical model was obtained by means of a response surface methodology (RSM). Kerf taper defect was evaluated using a new image processing methodology, where the initial and final damage zone was separated from the kerf taper defect. Finally, a combination of a hydraulic pressure of 3400 bar with a feed rate of 100 mm/min and an abrasive mass flow of 170 g/min produces the minimum kerf taper angle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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14 pages, 5706 KiB  
Article
2D–3D Digital Image Correlation Comparative Analysis for Indentation Process
by Carolina Bermudo Gamboa, Sergio Martín-Béjar, F. Javier Trujillo Vilches, G. Castillo López and Lorenzo Sevilla Hurtado
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244156 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2579
Abstract
Nowadays, localized forming operations, such as incremental forming processes, are being developed as an alternative to conventional machining or forming techniques. An indentation process is the main action that takes places in these forming activities, allowing small, localized deformations. It is essential to [...] Read more.
Nowadays, localized forming operations, such as incremental forming processes, are being developed as an alternative to conventional machining or forming techniques. An indentation process is the main action that takes places in these forming activities, allowing small, localized deformations. It is essential to have the knowledge of the material behavior under the punch and the transmitted forces to achieve correct control of the entire procedure. This paper presents the work carried out with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique applied to the study of the material flow that takes place under an indentation process. The material flow analysis is performed under 2D and 3D conditions, establishing the methodology for the calibration and implementation for each alternative. Two-dimensional DIC has been proven to be a satisfactory technique compared with the 3D method, showing results in good agreement with experimental tests and models developed by the finite element method. Notwithstanding, part of the indented material flows under the punch, emerging on the front surface and generating a dead zone that can only be addressed with a 3D technique. So, the main objective is to carry out a comparison between the 2D and 3D techniques to identify if the 3D application could be mandatory for this type of process. Also, a 2D–3D mix analysis is proposed for study cases in which it is necessary to know the material flow in that specific area of the workpiece. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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28 pages, 9088 KiB  
Article
Industrial Calibration Procedure for Confocal Microscopes
by Alberto Mínguez Martínez and Jesús de Vicente y Oliva
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244137 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3196
Abstract
Coordinate metrology techniques are widely used in industry to carry out dimensional measurements. For applications involving measurements in the submillimeter range, the use of optical, non-contact instruments with suitable traceability is usually advisable. One of the most used instruments to perform measurements of [...] Read more.
Coordinate metrology techniques are widely used in industry to carry out dimensional measurements. For applications involving measurements in the submillimeter range, the use of optical, non-contact instruments with suitable traceability is usually advisable. One of the most used instruments to perform measurements of this type is the confocal microscope. In this paper, the authors present a complete calibration procedure for confocal microscopes designed to be implemented preferably in workshops or industrial environments rather than in research and development departments. Therefore, it has been designed to be as simple as possible. The procedure was designed without forgetting any of the key aspects that need to be taken into account and is based on classical reference material standards. These standards can be easily found in industrial dimensional laboratories and easily calibrated in accredited calibration laboratories. The procedure described in this paper can be easily adapted to calibrate other optical instruments (e.g., focus variation microscopes) that perform 3D dimensional measurements in the submillimeter range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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18 pages, 2353 KiB  
Article
Shipbuilding 4.0 Index Approaching Supply Chain
by Magdalena Ramirez-Peña, Francisco J. Abad Fraga, Alejandro J. Sánchez Sotano and Moises Batista
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244129 - 10 Dec 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3719
Abstract
The shipbuilding industry shows a special interest in adapting to the changes proposed by the industry 4.0. This article bets on the development of an index that indicates the current situation considering that supply chain is a key factor in any type of [...] Read more.
The shipbuilding industry shows a special interest in adapting to the changes proposed by the industry 4.0. This article bets on the development of an index that indicates the current situation considering that supply chain is a key factor in any type of change, and at the same time it serves as a control tool in the implementation of improvements. The proposed indices provide a first definition of the paradigm or paradigms that best fit the supply chain in order to improve its sustainability and a second definition, regarding the key enabling technologies for Industry 4.0. The values obtained put shipbuilding on the road to industry 4.0 while suggesting categorized planning of technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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17 pages, 10295 KiB  
Article
Parametric Analysis of the Mandrel Geometrical Data in a Cold Expansion Process of Small Holes Drilled in Thick Plates
by Jose Calaf-Chica, Marta María Marín, Eva María Rubio, Roberto Teti and Tiziana Segreto
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244105 - 08 Dec 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
Cold expansion technology is a cold-forming process widely used in aeronautics to extend the fatigue life of riveted and bolted holes. During this process, an oversized mandrel is pushed through the hole in order to yield it and generate compressive residual stresses contributing [...] Read more.
Cold expansion technology is a cold-forming process widely used in aeronautics to extend the fatigue life of riveted and bolted holes. During this process, an oversized mandrel is pushed through the hole in order to yield it and generate compressive residual stresses contributing to the fatigue life extension of the hole. In this paper, a parametric analysis of the mandrel geometrical data (inlet angle straight zone length and diametric interference) and their influence on the residual stresses was carried out using a finite element method (FEM). The obtained results were compared with the conclusions presented in a previous parametric FEM analysis on the influence of the swage geometry in a swaging cold-forming process of gun barrels. This process could be considered, in a simplified way, as a scale-up of the cold expansion process of small holes, and this investigation demonstrated the influence of the diameter ratio (K) on the relation between the mandrel or swage geometry and the residual stresses obtained after the cold-forming process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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19 pages, 6965 KiB  
Article
An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Compression of Bimetallic Cylinders
by Ana María Camacho, Álvaro Rodríguez-Prieto, José Manuel Herrero, Ana María Aragón, Claudio Bernal, Cinta Lorenzo-Martin, Ángel Yanguas-Gil and Paulo A. F. Martins
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244094 - 07 Dec 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
This paper investigates the upsetting of bimetallic cylinders with an aluminum alloy center and a brass ring. The influence of the center-ring shape factor and type of assembly fit (interference and clearance), and the effect of friction on the compression force and ductile [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the upsetting of bimetallic cylinders with an aluminum alloy center and a brass ring. The influence of the center-ring shape factor and type of assembly fit (interference and clearance), and the effect of friction on the compression force and ductile damage are comprehensively analyzed by means of a combined numerical-experimental approach. Results showed that the higher the shape factor, the lower the forces required, whereas the effect of friction is especially important for cylinders with the lowest shape factors. The type of assembly fit does not influence the compression force. The accumulated ductile damage in the compression of bimetallic cylinders is higher than in single-material cylinders, and the higher the shape factor, the lower the damage for the same amount of stroke. The highest values of damaged were found to occur at the middle plane, and typically in the ring. Results also showed that an interference fit was more favorable for preventing fracture of the ring than a clearance fit. Microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed a good agreement with the finite element predicted distribution of ductile damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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15 pages, 4721 KiB  
Article
Defect Analysis and Detection of Cutting Regions in CFRP Machining Using AWJM
by Pedro F. Mayuet Ares, Franck Girot Mata, Moisés Batista Ponce and Jorge Salguero Gómez
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244055 - 05 Dec 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2352
Abstract
The use of composite materials with a polymeric matrix, concretely carbon fiber reinforced polymer, is undergoing further development owing to the maturity reached by the forming processes and their excellent relationship in terms of specific properties. This means that they can be implemented [...] Read more.
The use of composite materials with a polymeric matrix, concretely carbon fiber reinforced polymer, is undergoing further development owing to the maturity reached by the forming processes and their excellent relationship in terms of specific properties. This means that they can be implemented more easily in different industrial sectors at a lower cost. However, when the components manufactured demand high dimensional and geometric requirements, they must be subjected to machining processes that cause damage to the material. As a result, alternative methods to conventional machining are increasingly being proposed. In this article, the abrasive waterjet machining process is proposed because of its advantages in terms of high production rates, absence of thermal damage and respect for the environment. In this way, it was possible to select parameters (stand-off distance, traverse feed rate, and abrasive mass flow rate) that minimize the characteristic defects of the process such as taper angle or the identification of different surface quality regions in order to eliminate striations caused by jet deviation. For this purpose, taper angle and roughness evaluations were carried out in three different zones: initial or jet inlet, intermediate, and final or jet outlet. In this way, it was possible to characterize different cutting regions with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and to distinguish the statistical significance of the parameters and their effects on the cut through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). This analysis has made it possible to distinguish the optimal parameters for the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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12 pages, 3476 KiB  
Article
Study of the Degree of Cure through Thermal Analysis and Raman Spectroscopy in Composite-Forming Processes
by Juan A. García-Manrique, Bernabé Marí, Amparo Ribes-Greus, Llúcia Monreal, Roberto Teruel, Llanos Gascón, Juan A. Sans and Julia Marí-Guaita
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3991; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233991 - 02 Dec 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3472
Abstract
The curing of composite materials is one of the parameters that most affects their mechanical behavior. The inspection methods used do not always allow a correct characterization of the curing state of the thermosetting resins. In this work, Raman spectroscopy technology is used [...] Read more.
The curing of composite materials is one of the parameters that most affects their mechanical behavior. The inspection methods used do not always allow a correct characterization of the curing state of the thermosetting resins. In this work, Raman spectroscopy technology is used for measuring the degree of cure. The results are compared with conventional thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Carbon fiber specimens manufactured with technologies out of autoclave (OoA) have been used, with an epoxy system Prepreg System, SE 84LV. The results obtained with Raman technology show that it is possible to verify the degree of polymerization, and the information is complementary from classical thermal characterization techniques such as TGA and DSC; thus, it is possible to have greater control in curing and improving the quality of the manufactured parts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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16 pages, 3623 KiB  
Article
Build Time Estimation for Fused Filament Fabrication via Average Printing Speed
by Gustavo Medina-Sanchez, Rubén Dorado-Vicente, Eloísa Torres-Jiménez and Rafael López-García
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3982; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233982 - 01 Dec 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2594
Abstract
Build time is a key issue in additive manufacturing, but even nowadays, its accurate estimation is challenging. This work proposes a build time estimation method for fused filament fabrication (FFF) based on an average printing speed model. It captures the printer kinematics by [...] Read more.
Build time is a key issue in additive manufacturing, but even nowadays, its accurate estimation is challenging. This work proposes a build time estimation method for fused filament fabrication (FFF) based on an average printing speed model. It captures the printer kinematics by fitting printing speed measurements for different interpolation segment lengths and changes of direction along the printing path. Unlike analytical approaches, printer users do not need to know the printer kinematics parameters such as maximum speed and acceleration or how the printer movement is programmed to obtain an accurate estimation. To build the proposed model, few measurements are needed. Two approaches are proposed: a fitting procedure via linear and power approximations, and a Coons patch. The procedure was applied to three desktop FFF printers, and different infill patterns and part shapes were tested. The proposed method provides a robust and accurate estimation with a maximum relative error below 8.5%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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11 pages, 5567 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Calibration Gauge for Length Measurement Systems
by Francisco Javier Brosed, Raquel Acero Cacho, Sergio Aguado, Marta Herrer, Juan José Aguilar and Jorge Santolaria Mazo
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233960 - 29 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2224
Abstract
Due to accuracy requirements, robots and machine-tools need to be periodically verified and calibrated through associated verification systems that sometimes use extensible guidance systems. This work presents the development of a reference artefact to evaluate the performance characteristics of different extensible precision guidance [...] Read more.
Due to accuracy requirements, robots and machine-tools need to be periodically verified and calibrated through associated verification systems that sometimes use extensible guidance systems. This work presents the development of a reference artefact to evaluate the performance characteristics of different extensible precision guidance systems applicable to robot and machine tool verification. To this end, we present the design, modeling, manufacture and experimental validation of a reference artefact to evaluate the behavior of these extensible guidance systems. The system should be compatible with customized designed guides, as well as with commercial and existing telescopic guidance systems. Different design proposals are evaluated with finite element analysis, and two final prototypes are experimentally tested assuring that the design performs the expected function. An estimation of the uncertainty of the reference artefact is evaluated with a Monte Carlo simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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24 pages, 4472 KiB  
Article
Dimensional and Geometrical Quality Enhancement in Additively Manufactured Parts: Systematic Framework and A Case Study
by Natalia Beltrán, David Blanco, Braulio José Álvarez, Álvaro Noriega and Pedro Fernández
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3937; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233937 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2049
Abstract
In order to compete with traditional manufacturing processes, Additive Manufacturing (AM) should be capable of producing medium to large batches at industrial-degree quality and competitive cost-per-unit. This paper proposes a systematic framework approach to the problem of fulfilling dimensional and geometric requirements for [...] Read more.
In order to compete with traditional manufacturing processes, Additive Manufacturing (AM) should be capable of producing medium to large batches at industrial-degree quality and competitive cost-per-unit. This paper proposes a systematic framework approach to the problem of fulfilling dimensional and geometric requirements for medium batch sizes of AM parts, which has been structured as a three-step optimization methodology. Firstly, specific work characteristics are analyzed so that information is arranged according to an Operation Space (factors that could have an influence upon quality) and a Verification Space (formed by quality indicators and requirements). Standard process configuration leads to characterization of the standard achievable quality. Secondly, controllable factors are analyzed to determine their relative influence upon quality indicators and the optimal process configuration. Thirdly, optimization of part dimensional and/or geometric definition at the design level is performed in order to improve part quality and meet quality requirements. To evaluate the usefulness of the proposed framework under quasi-industrial condition, a case study is presented here which is focused on the dimensional and geometric optimization of surgical-steel tibia resection guides manufactured by Laser-Power Bed Fusion (L-PBF). The results show that the proposed approach allows for part quality improvement to a degree that matches the initial requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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13 pages, 3155 KiB  
Article
Deformation-Assisted Joining of Sheets to Tubes by Annular Sheet Squeezing
by Luis M. Alves, Rafael M. Afonso, Frederico L.R. Silva and Paulo A.F. Martins
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233909 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
This paper is built upon the deformation-assisted joining of sheets to tubes, away from the tube ends, by means of a new process developed by the authors. The process is based on mechanical joining by means of form-fit joints that are obtained by [...] Read more.
This paper is built upon the deformation-assisted joining of sheets to tubes, away from the tube ends, by means of a new process developed by the authors. The process is based on mechanical joining by means of form-fit joints that are obtained by annular squeezing (compression) of the sheet surfaces adjacent to the tubes. The concept is different from the fixing of sheets to tubes by applying direct loading on the tubes, as is currently done in existing deformation-assisted joining solutions. The process is carried out at room temperature and its development is a contribution towards ecological and sustainable manufacturing practices due to savings in material and energy consumption and to easier end-of-life disassembly and recycling when compared to alternative processes based on fastening, riveting, welding and adhesive bonding. The paper is focused on the main process parameters and special emphasis is put on sheet thickness, squeezing depth, and cross-section recess length of the punches. The presentation is supported by experimentation and finite element modelling, and results show that appropriate process parameters should ensure a compromise between the geometry of the mechanical interlocking and the pull-out strength of the new sheet–tube connections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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10 pages, 1419 KiB  
Article
Reusing Discarded Ballast Waste in Ecological Cements
by Santiago Yagüe García and Cristina González Gaya
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3887; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233887 - 25 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2947
Abstract
Numerous waste streams can be employed in different cement production processes, and the inclusion of pozzolans will, moreover, permit the manufacture of concrete with improved hydraulic properties. Pozzolanic materials can be added to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in the range of 10%–20% by [...] Read more.
Numerous waste streams can be employed in different cement production processes, and the inclusion of pozzolans will, moreover, permit the manufacture of concrete with improved hydraulic properties. Pozzolanic materials can be added to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in the range of 10%–20% by mass of cement. One such example is the phyllosilicate kaolinite (K), and its calcined derivative metakaolin (MK), incorporated in international cement manufacturing standards, due to its high reactivity and utility as a pozzolan. In the present paper, discarded ballast classed as Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW) is reused as a pozzolanic material. Various techniques are used to characterize its chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties, alongside its mechanical properties, such as compressive and flexural strength. Discarded ballast in substitution of cement at levels of 10% and 20% produced type II or IV pozzolanic cements that yielded satisfactory test results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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20 pages, 9417 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printing Polylactic Acid Parts subjected to Bending Stress and Fatigue Testing
by J. Antonio Travieso-Rodriguez, Ramon Jerez-Mesa, Jordi Llumà, Oriol Traver-Ramos, Giovanni Gomez-Gras and Joan Josep Roa Rovira
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233859 - 22 Nov 2019
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 5631
Abstract
This paper aims to analyse the mechanical properties response of polylactic acid (PLA) parts manufactured through fused filament fabrication. The influence of six manufacturing factors (layer height, filament width, fill density, layer orientation, printing velocity, and infill pattern) on the flexural resistance of [...] Read more.
This paper aims to analyse the mechanical properties response of polylactic acid (PLA) parts manufactured through fused filament fabrication. The influence of six manufacturing factors (layer height, filament width, fill density, layer orientation, printing velocity, and infill pattern) on the flexural resistance of PLA specimens is studied through an L27 Taguchi experimental array. Different geometries were tested on a four-point bending machine and on a rotating bending machine. From the first experimental phase, an optimal set of parameters deriving in the highest flexural resistance was determined. The results show that layer orientation is the most influential parameter, followed by layer height, filament width, and printing velocity, whereas the fill density and infill pattern show no significant influence. Finally, the fatigue fracture behaviour is evaluated and compared with that of previous studies’ results, in order to present a comprehensive study of the mechanical properties of the material under different kind of solicitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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12 pages, 3662 KiB  
Article
On The Influence of Rotary Dresser Geometry on Wear Evolution and Grinding Process
by Leire Godino, Jorge Alvarez, Arkaitz Muñoz and Iñigo Pombo
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3855; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233855 - 22 Nov 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2314
Abstract
Dressing is a critical issue for optimizing the grinding process. Dresser tool and dresser parameters must be designed according to the grinding wheel material, shape, or even the dimensional and geometrical tolerances of the workpiece and its surface roughness. Likewise, one of the [...] Read more.
Dressing is a critical issue for optimizing the grinding process. Dresser tool and dresser parameters must be designed according to the grinding wheel material, shape, or even the dimensional and geometrical tolerances of the workpiece and its surface roughness. Likewise, one of the problematic issues of dressers is the wear that they suffer. In order to tackle this issue, the present work characterized the wear of two rotary dressers by analysing the wear behaviour depending on the pit radius of the dressers while studying the influence of the wear on ground surfaces. This work showed that the rotary dresser with a higher pit radius presents wear that is approximately 28% higher than the dresser with a half pit radius. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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15 pages, 3115 KiB  
Article
Influence of Print Orientation on Surface Roughness in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Processes
by Irene Buj-Corral, Alejandro Domínguez-Fernández and Ramón Durán-Llucià
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233834 - 21 Nov 2019
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 4348
Abstract
In the present paper, we address the influence of print orientation angle on surface roughness obtained in lateral walls in fused deposition modelling (FDM) processes. A geometrical model is defined that considers the shape of the filaments after deposition, in order to define [...] Read more.
In the present paper, we address the influence of print orientation angle on surface roughness obtained in lateral walls in fused deposition modelling (FDM) processes. A geometrical model is defined that considers the shape of the filaments after deposition, in order to define a theoretical roughness profile, for a certain print orientation angle. Different angles were considered between 5° and 85°. Simulated arithmetical mean height of the roughness profile, Ra values, were calculated from the simulated profiles. The Ra simulated results were compared to the experimental results, which were carried out with cylindrical PLA (polylactic acid) samples. The simulated Ra values were similar to the experimental values, except for high angles above 80°, where experimental roughness decreased while simulated roughness was still high. Low print orientation angles show regular profiles with rounded peaks and sharp values. At a print orientation angle of 85°, the shape of the profile changes with respect to lower angles, showing a gap between adjacent peaks. At 90°, both simulated and experimental roughness values would be close to zero, because the measurement direction is parallel to the layer orientation. Other roughness parameters were also measured: maximum height of profile, Rz, kurtosis, Rku, skewness, Rsk, and mean width of the profile elements, Rsm. At high print orientation angles, Rz decreases, Rku shifts to positive, Rsk slightly increases, and Rsk decreases, showing the change in the shape of the roughness profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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32 pages, 11976 KiB  
Article
New Risk Methodology Based on Control Charts to Assess Occupational Risks in Manufacturing Processes
by Martin Folch-Calvo, Francisco Brocal and Miguel A. Sebastián
Materials 2019, 12(22), 3722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223722 - 11 Nov 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5516
Abstract
The accident rate in the EU-28 region of the European Union showed a value of 2 fatal accidents per 100,000 people in 2019 that mainly affect construction (24%), manufacturing (19%) and logistics (19%). To manage situations that affect occupational risk at work, a [...] Read more.
The accident rate in the EU-28 region of the European Union showed a value of 2 fatal accidents per 100,000 people in 2019 that mainly affect construction (24%), manufacturing (19%) and logistics (19%). To manage situations that affect occupational risk at work, a review of existing tools is first carried out taking into account three prevention, simultaneity and immediacy characteristics. As a result, a new dynamic methodology called Statistical Risk Control (SRC) based on Bayesian inference, control charts and analysis of the hidden Markov chain is presented. The objective is to detect a situation outside the limits early enough to allow corrective actions to reduce the risk before an accident occurs. A case is developed in a medium-density fiberboard (MDF) manufacturing plant, in which five inference models based on Poisson, exponential and Weibull distributions and risk parameters following gamma and normal distributions have been tested. The results show that the methodology offers all three characteristics, together with a better understanding of the evolution of the operators in the plant and the safety barriers in the scenario under study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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Review

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22 pages, 806 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Lubrication Methods for the Machining of Titanium Alloys: An Overview
by Enrique García-Martínez, Valentín Miguel, Alberto Martínez-Martínez, María Carmen Manjabacas and Juana Coello
Materials 2019, 12(23), 3852; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12233852 - 22 Nov 2019
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 3956
Abstract
Titanium is one of the most interesting materials in modern manufacturing thanks to its good mechanical properties and light weight. These features make it very attractive for use in the aeronautical and aerospace industries. Important alloys, such as Ti6Al4V, are extensively used. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.
Titanium is one of the most interesting materials in modern manufacturing thanks to its good mechanical properties and light weight. These features make it very attractive for use in the aeronautical and aerospace industries. Important alloys, such as Ti6Al4V, are extensively used. Nevertheless, titanium alloys present several problems in machining processes. Their machinability is poor, affected by low thermal conductivity, which generates very high cutting temperatures and thermal gradients in the cutting tool. Lubricants and cutting fluids have traditionally been used to solve this problem. However, this option is unsustainable as such lubricants represent a risk to the environment and to the health of the operator due to their different chemical components. Therefore, novel, sustainable and green lubrication techniques are necessary. Dry machining is the most sustainable option. Nevertheless, difficult-to-machine materials like titanium alloys cannot be machined under these conditions, leading to very high cutting temperatures and excessive tool wear. This study is intended to describe, analyse and review the non-traditional lubrication techniques developed in turning, drilling and milling processes since 2015, including minimum quantity of lubricant, cryogenic lubrication, minimum quantity of cooling lubrication or high-pressure coolant. The aim is to provide a general overview of the recent advances in each technique for the main machining processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue of the Manufacturing Engineering Society 2019 (SIMES-2019))
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