There are three main types of forest fires: surface fires, tree crown fires, and underground fires. The frequency of surface fires and tree crown fires accounts for more than 90% of the overall frequency of forest fires. In order to construct an imme...
The popular simulation process that uses traditional cellular automata with a fixed time step to simulate forest fire spread may be limited in its ability to reflect the characteristics of actual fire development. This study combines cellular automat...
Large-scale fires mainly due to the ignition of thermal insulation materials in the ceiling of piloti-type structures are becoming frequent. However, the fire spread in these cases is not well understood. Herein we performed small-scale and real-scal...
With the development of computer technology, forest fire spread simulation using computers has gradually developed. According to the existing research on forest fire spread, the models established in various countries have typical regional characteri...
The simulation of forest fire spread is a key problem for the management of fire, and Cellular Automata (CA) has been used to simulate the complex mechanism of the fire spread for a long time. The simulation of CA is driven by the rate of fire spread...
Wildfires are complex phenomena, both in time and space, in ecosystems. The ability to understand wildfire dynamics and to predict the behaviour of the propagating fire is essential and at the same time a challenging practice. A common approach to in...
Pool fires cause immense damage to fuel storage tank farms. Reduced fire escalation risk in tank farms improves fire safety. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has proven effective in assessing escalation of fire-related domino effects and is being u...
Analyzing wildfire behavior is crucial due to its significant environmental repercussions. Among the various influencing factors, terrain slope and wind velocity are pivotal in governing fire spread characteristics. In the present study, we investiga...
The modern Chinese architectural heritage combines sturdy Western materials with delicate Chinese styling, mainly adopting brick-timber structural systems that are highly vulnerable to fire damage. The study assesses the fire spread characteristics o...
This paper investigates the impact of window partition walls on the spread of fire on building facades under the impact of environmental wind through Fire Dynamics Simulator simulation experiments. A four-story building model was constructed using a...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate and evaluate the ship engine room fire spreading characteristics based on the effect of firefighting interventions. The large eddy simulation (LES) and theoretical models are employed to simulate a fire sce...
In order to study the influence of wind direction on fire spread on building facades, a three-dimensional model of a high-rise building was built with PyroSim software. Numerical simulations were conducted with five wind directions (0°, 45°,...
Conventional wildfire assessment products emphasize regional-scale ignition likelihood and potential spread derived from fuels and weather. While useful for broad planning, they do not directly support boundary-aware, scenario-specific decision-makin...
Recent studies have shown that vertical greenery systems (VGS) carry a significant fire threat when not properly looked after. Building on this, the fire hazard of VGS was compared to two other thermally efficient building façade systems (TEBF...
Fires are complex multi-physics problems that span wide spatial scale ranges. Capturing this complexity in computationally affordable numerical simulations for process studies and “outer-loop” techniques (e.g., optimization and uncertainty quantifica...
In order to study the characteristics of fire smoke spread and temperature distribution of a large indoor pedestrian street under different heat release rates and smoke exhaust modes, this paper focuses on the analysis of fire smoke spread, visibilit...
Flame retardant cables were investigated using thermo-gravimetric analysis to measure the reference temperature and reference rate required for a fire spread simulation using a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Sensitivity analysis was also performed to...
Forest fires can result in loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and adverse environmental impacts. This study showcases an integrated approach for conducting high-detail fire risk assessment and supporting strategic planning and management of fire...
Understanding fire characteristics under sprinkler spray is valuable for performance-based safety design. However, fire characteristics during fire suppression by sprinkler spray has seldom been studied in detail. In order to present a fire suppressi...
In view of the spread and distribution of high-temperature toxic smoke on the working face during belt conveyor fires, the FDS was used to carry out numerical simulation, establish a belt conveyor fire simulation model, set up a variety of working co...
The behavior of a grassland fire propagating downstream of a forest canopy has been simulated numerically using the fully physics-based wildfire model FIRESTAR3D. This configuration reproduces quite accurately the situation encountered when a wildfir...
While geostationary satellites can provide continuous near-real-time observations, their low spatial resolution makes it difficult to detect small wildfires. Conversely, polar-orbiting satellites are capable of observing small wildfires at high spati...
Wildfires increasingly threaten human life, ecosystems, and infrastructure, with events like the 2025 Palisades and Eaton fires in Los Angeles County underscoring the urgent need for more advanced prediction frameworks. Existing physics-based and dee...
Extreme spread events (ESEs), often characterized by high intensity and rapid rates of spread, can overwhelm fire suppression and emergency response capacity, threaten responder and public safety, damage landscapes and communities, and result in high...
Discrete event system specification (DEVS) has been widely used in event-driven simulations for sensor-driven Internet of things (IoT) applications, such as monitoring the spread of fire disaster. Event-driven models for IoT sensor nodes and their co...
The wind and slope are deemed to be the determinant factors driving the extreme or erratic spread behavior of wildfire, which, however, has not been fully investigated, especially to elaborate the mechanism of fire spread associated with heat transfe...
Predicting wildland fire spread requires numerical schemes that can resolve sharp gradients at the fireline while remaining stable and efficient on practical grids. We develop a compact high-order finite-difference scheme for Hamilton–Jacobi le...
A general procedure is described to generate material parameter sets to simulate fire propagation in horizontal cable tray installations. Cone Calorimeter test data are processed in an inverse modelling approach. Here, parameter sets are generated pr...
10 August 2022
The impacts of wildfires have been increasing in the Mediterranean Basin, and Portugal recently experienced some of the most extreme fire seasons on record. It is urgent to shift wildfire management goals by re-balancing wildfire suppression and miti...
Large conflagrations of informal settlements occur regularly, leaving thousands of people homeless daily and taking tens of thousands of lives annually. Over the past few years, a large amount of data has been collected from a number of full-scale in...
An increase in the frequency of severe fire events, as well as a growing interest in wildfire mitigation strategies, has created a demand for skilled managers of landscape fire and a better community understanding of fire behaviour. While on-ground e...
High-temperature smoke generated by tunnel fires is the most important factor causing casualties. To explore the influence of natural wind on fire smoke movement in an extra-long highway tunnel based on the Taihang Mountain Tunnel, the distribution l...
The quantitative simulation of forest fire spread is of great significance for designing rapid risk management approaches and implementing effective fire fighting strategies. A cellular automaton (CA) is well suited to the dynamic simulation of the s...
Current methods of predicting fire spread in Canadian forests are suited to large wildfires that spread through natural forests. Recently, the use of mechanical and thinning treatments of forests in the wildland-urban interface of Canada has increase...
This study develops, implements, and evaluates the Firebrand Spotting parameterization within the WRF-Fire coupled fire–atmosphere modeling system. Fire spotting is an important mechanism characterizing fire spread in wind-driven events. It can...
With the increasing frequency of global forest fires, research on the spread of forest fires has become one of the important directions in fire research. In order to improve the accuracy of surface fire spread simulation, based on relevant forest res...
Accurate wildfire spread modeling critically depends on the representation of wind dynamics, which vary with terrain, land cover characteristics, and height above ground. Many fire spread models are often coupled with coarse atmospheric grids that ca...
Fire spread between buildings is the primary cause of extensive fire damage in traditional village timber structure clusters. Accurately assessing fire spread risk is crucial for the preservation of these architectural ensembles. During the developme...
As fire frequency and severity grow throughout the world, scientists working across a range of disciplines will increasingly need to incorporate wildfire models into their research. However, fire simulators tend to be highly complex, time-consuming t...
The present study investigates the effect of climatic parameters, such as air relative humidity and wind speed, on fire spread propagation indexes in the Malekroud Forest, Iran using the FARSITE simulator based on Rothermel’s original fire spre...
On 8 August 2023, a grass fire that started in the city of Lahaina, Hawai’i, grew into the deadliest wildfire in the United States since 1918. This wildfire offers a unique opportunity to explore the impact of high heat output on an atmospheric...
The Wan’an Bridge, the longest wooden lounge bridge in China with a history of more than 900 years, was devastated by a catastrophic fire in 2022. This tragic event underscores the susceptibility of historical wooden structures to fire damage....
Extreme, downslope mountain winds often generate dangerous wildfire conditions. We used the wildfire spread model Fire Area Simulator (FARSITE) to simulate two wildfires influenced by strong wind events in Santa Barbara, CA. High spatial-resolution i...
A numerical investigation has been conducted to analyse the effect of wind on the vertical spread of fire through a front opening in a building’s external walls. The study utilises a building geometry established from previous experimental work...
A fire in an enclosed space, such as a room in a building, is generally called a compartment fire. To prevent the compartment fire, a sprinkler for first-aid fire-fighting is installed in rooms. However, it is difficult to determine the degree to whi...
Fire accidents have been reported frequently in Chinese townships over the past few years, where people’s lives and properties have been subjected to huge losses. As a result, a considerable number of traditional villages have disappeared. In t...
Most current surface fire simulators rely upon Rothermel’s model, which considers the local properties of fuel, topography, and meteorology to estimate the rate of spread, and utilises the concept of elliptical growth to predict the evolution o...
The spread of fires on the facades of high-rise buildings is highly influenced by atmospheric wind conditions, particularly in strong wind environments. A strong wind environment refers to the situation where the wind speed reaches level 6 or above,...
PROPAGATOR is a stochastic cellular automaton model for forest fire spread simulation, conceived as a rapid method for fire risk assessment. The model uses high-resolution information such as topography and vegetation cover considering different type...
Wildfire suppression is often represented in fire spread simulators as static barriers that completely stop fire propagation and are placed at the start of the simulation. Recent works have begun to simulate barriers introduced at different time fram...
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