An efficient mode of evaluation for eye movements is the use of objective eye tracking systems combined with subjective tests (NSUCO or DEM), which are easily applicable across all age groups and in eye care clinical settings. The objective of this s...
3 August 2022
A crucial factor, route familiarity, can affect traffic safety. Nevertheless, focus on the influence of route familiarity on drivers’ eye fixations at urban intersections has received less attention. Identifying the real-world effect of route f...
Individuals’ preferences for urban forest scenes are an essential factor in the design process. This study explores the connection between landscape design intensity, visual preferences, and eye fixations in urban forest scenes. Five pictures r...
Contingency analyses of eye movements may reveal variables that are relevant to the stimulus control of observing behavior. The present research tracked the eye movements of four adults exposed to a simultaneous discrimination among four stimuli, two...
Gaze data of 31 participants of a memory recall experiment was analyzed and the I-DT dispersion based algorithm of Salvucci and Goldberg (2000) was used to identify fixations. It was found that individuals differ considerably with regard to the stabi...
The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study analyzed fixation stability in 280 school-age children, ranging in age from 7 to 12...
Fixational eye movements comprise of fast microsaccades alternating with slow intersaccadic drifts. These physiologic eye movements play an important role in visual perception. Amblyopic patients are known to have fixation instability, particularly o...
Amblyopia, a neurodevelopmental disorder, is commonly assessed through amblyopic eye visual acuity (VA) deficits, but recent studies also highlight abnormalities in the fellow eye. This study quantified binocular and fellow/dominant eye VA in individ...
Herein, we investigated changes in fixation stability between the right and left eyes during binocular and monocular viewing in young adults without strabismic binocular vision disorders. Fixation stability was assessed using the bivariate contour el...
Across a wide variety of research environments, the recording of microsaccades and other fixational eye movements has provided insight and solutions into practical problems. Here we review the literature on fixational eye movements—especially microsa...
21 February 2014
Eye movement recordings and their analysis constitute an effective way to examine visual perception. There is a special need for the design of computer software for the performance of data analysis. The present study describes the development of a ne...
The present study evaluates the quality of gaze data produced by a low-cost eye tracker (The Eye Tribe©, The Eye Tribe, Copenhagen, Denmark) in order to verify its suitability for the performance of scientific research. An integrated methodologi...
Learning is a complex phenomenon and education researchers are increasingly focussing on processes that go into it. Eye tracking has become an important tool in such research. In this paper, we focus on one of the most commonly used metrics in eye tr...
Wearable eye-tracking devices are primarily used for eye movement analysis in real-world environments. Owing to their increasing availability and ability to provide measurements with high ecological validity, it is important to determine whether they...
28 August 2016
Visual capacity generally declines as people age, yet its impact on the visual search patterns along sections of different road during actual driving still remains undocumented. This on-road driving study simultaneously recorded 30 older drivers’ eye...
The Eye Fixation Related Potential (EFRP) estimation is the average of EEG signals across epochs at ocular fixation onset. Its main limitation is the overlapping issue. Inter Fixation Intervals (IFI) - typically around 300 ms in the case of unrestric...
Fixation identification is an essential task in the extraction of relevant information from gaze patterns; various algorithms are used in the identification process. However, the thresholds used in the algorithms greatly affect their sensitivity. Mor...
Fixational eye movements are important for holding the central visual field on a target for a specific period of time. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively assess fixational disparities using binocular eye tracking in children with strabismus (b...
Distractions external to a vehicle contribute to visual attention diversion that may cause traffic accidents. As a low-cost and efficient advertising solution, billboards are widely installed on side of the road, especially the motorway. However, the...
11 December 2015
This article compares the accuracy and precision of the low-cost Eye Tribe tracker and a well-established comparable eye tracker: SMI RED 250. Participants were instructed to fixate on predefined point locations on a screen. The accuracy is measured...
Inter-saccadic times or eye fixation durations (EFDs) are relatively stable at around 250 ms, equivalent to four saccades per second. However, the mean and standard deviation are not sufficient to describe the frequency histogram distribution of EFD....
Fixation instability (FI) and vergence instability (VI) in amblyopia and strabismus are associated with disrupted physiologic fixation eye movements (FEMs). This study examined how viewing conditions affect FEM patterns in strabismic subjects with an...
In mobile eye-tracking research, the automatic annotation of fixation points is an important yet difficult task, especially in varied and dynamic environments such as outdoor urban landscapes. This complexity is increased by the constant movement and...
Background/Objectives: Deficits in emotion recognition abilities have been described as risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. However, much of this research is based on self-reports or instruments that present limited psychom...
Driver monitoring systems benefit from fixation-related eye-tracking features, yet dedicated eye-tracking hardware is costly and difficult to integrate at scale. This study presents a practical software pipeline that extracts fixation-related feature...
Searching familiar faces in the crowd may involve stimulus-driven attention by emotional significance, together with goal-directed attention due to task-relevant needs. The present study investigated the effect of familiarity on attentional processes...
During visual fixation, the eyes make small and fast movements known as microsaccades (MSs). The effects of MSs on neural activity in the visual cortex are not well understood. Utilizing voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we imaged the spatiotemporal pat...
It is uncertain to what extent the duration of eye fixations reflects the use of landmarks during navigation. Therefore, a study was conducted in which eye tracking data and route descriptions were collected of 23 participants who were highly familia...
The present review is addressed to researchers in the field of reading and psycholinguistics who are both familiar with and new to co-registration research of eye movements (EMs) and fixation related-potentials (FRPs) in reading. At the outset, we co...
Within the framework of brand communication, several companies choose to use bistable logos. These types of logos fall within the mechanisms inherent to bistable perception, where the interpretation of the two possible percepts involved may depend on...
Eye-fixation-related potential (EFRP)—an event-related potential that is time-locked to the saccade offset (SO)—can be measured without synchronizing with time when external stimuli occur. Such an advantage in measurement enables the mean...
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in fixation stability over time during binocular and monocular viewing in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Seventeen patients with AMD and 17 controls were enrolled. Using an EyeLi...
This study examined how regressive fixations relate to temporal anticipation and unfolding temporal dynamics during music sight-reading. Eye-movement, performance, and respiratory data were recorded from 28 flutists performing three scores differing...
The ability to sight-read traditional staff notation is an important skill for all classically trained musicians. Up until now, however, most research has focused on pianists, by comparing experts and novices. Eye movement studies are a niche area of...
Children with dyslexia have previously been demonstrated to perform more corrective saccades in sequential non-reading saccade tasks, having trouble with maintaining a stable fixation, as well as reduced performance in smooth pursuit tasks. The curre...
The current meta-analysis was conducted on 12 studies comparing the eye movements of expert versus non-expert musicians and attempted to determine which eye movement measures are expertise dependent during music reading. The total dataset of 61 compa...
While many studies have characterized the eye movements during visual fixation, including microsaccades, in most cases only horizontal and vertical components have been recorded and analyzed. Thus, little is known about the torsional component of mic...
The purpose of this study is to determine if there is any correlation between the characteristics of the user’s eye movements (EMs) and the preference of the user when wearing different Progressive power lenses (PPLs) distributions. An eye-tracker sy...
Eye movement data were collected and analyzed from 16 participants while they read text from a computer screen. Several text presentation formats were compared, including sentences as part of a full paragraph, sentences presented one by one, sentence...
Due to the lack of sensitivity of visual acuity (VA) measurement to quantify differences in visual performance between progressive power lenses (PPLs), in this study, we propose and evaluate an eye-tracking-based method to assess visual performance w...
This study investigates reading performances and eye movements in individuals with eccentric fixation due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Overall, 17 individuals with bilateral AMD (7 males; mean age 77.47 ± 5.96 years) and 17 controls (10...
The first part of the paper contains a short review of the image processing in early vision is static, when the eyes and the stimulus are stable, and in dynamics, when the eyes participate in fixation eye movements. In the second part, we give an int...
Previous research shows that playing action video games seems to modify the behavior of eye movements such as eye fixations and saccades. The aim of the current work was to determine the effect of playing action video games on eye movements behavior...
Eye movement research is a highly active and productive research field. Here we focus on how the embodied nature of eye movements can act as a window to the brain and the mind. In particular, we discuss how conscious perception depends on the traject...
Eye movement of a species reflects the visual behavior strategy that it has adapted to during its evolution. What are eye movements of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) like? Investigations of dog eye movements per se have not been done, despite...
Human eyes are in constant motion. Even when we fix our gaze on a certain point, our eyes continue to move. When looking at a point, scientists have distinguished three different fixational eye movements (FEM)—microsaccades, drift and tremor. T...
Integrating eye gaze data with chest X-ray images in deep learning (DL) has led to contradictory conclusions in the literature. Some authors assert that eye gaze data can enhance prediction accuracy, while others consider eye tracking irrelevant for...
In reading, binocular eye movements are required for optimal visual processing and thus, in case of asthenopia or reading problems, standard orthoptic and optometric routines check individual binocular vision by a variety of tests. The present study...
Typically, the position error of an eye-tracking device is measured as the distance of the eye-position from the target position in two-dimensional space (angular offset). Accuracy is the mean angular offset. The mean is a highly interpretable measur...
Previous research indicates that dance expertise affects eye-movement behaviour—dance experts tend to have faster saccades and more tightly clustered fixations than novices when observing dance, suggesting that experts are able to predict movements a...
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