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313 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,566 Views
12 Pages

Dual-Message QR Codes

  • Kuo-Chien Chou and
  • Ran-Zan Wang

11 May 2024

A novel dual-message QR code is proposed for carrying two individual messages that can be read by standard QR code readers: one from a close range and the other from a large distance. By exploring the module value determining the rule of typical QR c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,400 Views
16 Pages

A Study on the Simple Encryption of QR Codes Using Random Numbers

  • Iori Okubo,
  • Seiya Ono,
  • Hyun-Woo Kim,
  • Myungjin Cho and
  • Min-Chul Lee

Recently, with the widespread adoption of quick response (QR) code payments, there have been incidents of unauthorized use of QR codes presented at the time of payment, due to theft or duplication. As a countermeasure, conventional QR code payment sy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
67 Citations
20,045 Views
15 Pages

Evaluating the Use of QR Codes on Food Products

  • Konstantinos Rotsios,
  • Aggeliki Konstantoglou,
  • Dimitris Folinas,
  • Thomas Fotiadis,
  • Leonidas Hatzithomas and
  • Christina Boutsouki

8 April 2022

Today, consumers consider food packaging to be as equally important as a product brand. In addition, the increase in smartphone usage by consumers has led marketers to design new forms of packaging. Among the latest marketing trends, smart packaging...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,090 Views
12 Pages

This paper describes a new steganographic method for QR codes. Unlike most information-hiding techniques in this field, it does not rely on the error correction property. Instead, it uses the segmentation feature of QR codes. Encoding of data in a QR...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,504 Views
15 Pages

A Lossless-Recovery Secret Distribution Scheme Based on QR Codes

  • Jeng-Shyang Pan,
  • Tao Liu,
  • Bin Yan ,
  • Hong-Mei Yang  and
  • Shu-Chuan Chu

13 April 2023

The visual cryptography scheme (VCS) distributes a secret to several images that can enhance the secure transmission of that secret. Quick response (QR) codes are widespread. VCS can be used to improve their secure transmission. Some schemes recover...

  • Abstract
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,502 Views
3 Pages

The Application of Back-Compatible Color QR Codes to Colorimetric Sensors

  • Ismael Benito-Altamirano,
  • Ferran Crugeira,
  • Míriam Marchena and
  • J. Daniel Prades

We present the application of QR Codes as carriers for colorimetric dyes, whereby this refined version of machine-readable patterns applied to colorimetric sensing also allows us to maintain the data from the QR Code standard in a back-compatible way...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,169 Views
23 Pages

22 August 2025

Secret image sharing (SIS) is an image protection technique based on cryptography. However, traditional SIS schemes have limited noise resistance, making it difficult to ensure reconstructed image quality. To address this issue, this paper proposes a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
7,292 Views
13 Pages

Cooperative Secret Sharing Using QR Codes and Symmetric Keys

  • Yang-Wai Chow,
  • Willy Susilo,
  • Joseph Tonien,
  • Elena Vlahu-Gjorgievska and
  • Guomin Yang

4 April 2018

Secret sharing is an information security technique where a dealer divides a secret into a collection of shares and distributes these to members of a group. The secret will only be revealed when a predefined number of group members cooperate to recov...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,978 Views
16 Pages

Color QR Codes for Smartphone-Based Analysis of Free Chlorine in Drinking Water

  • María González-Gómez,
  • Ismael Benito-Altamirano,
  • Hanna Lizarzaburu-Aguilar,
  • David Martínez-Carpena,
  • Joan Daniel Prades and
  • Cristian Fàbrega

22 May 2025

Free chlorine (FC) plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of drinking water by effectively inactivating pathogenic microorganisms. However, traditional methods for measuring FC levels often require specialized equipment and laboratory settings,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
10,005 Views
16 Pages

4 November 2020

QR (Quick Response) codes are one of the most famous types of two-dimensional (2D) matrix barcodes, which are the descendants of well-known 1D barcodes. The mobile robots which move in certain operational space can use information and landmarks from...

  • Article
  • Open Access

23 January 2026

Visual secret sharing (VSS) schemes can enhance the security of image transmission over networks. Conventional VSS schemes often generate meaningless shares, which can raise suspicion among potential attackers. To address this issue, this paper propo...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,005 Views
35 Pages

29 March 2024

The ongoing expansion of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has led to a diversification of drone applications. Among them, this paper focuses on the critical technology required for load management using drones. Generally, when using autonomous drones...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,828 Views
11 Pages

Reading Dye-Based Colorimetric Inks: Achieving Color Consistency Using Color QR Codes

  • Ismael Benito-Altamirano,
  • Laura Engel,
  • Ferran Crugeira,
  • Miriam Marchena,
  • Jürgen Wöllenstein,
  • Joan Daniel Prades and
  • Cristian Fàbrega

Color consistency when reading colorimetric sensors is a key factor for this technology. Here, we demonstrate how the usage of machine-readable patterns, like QR codes, can be used to solve the problem. We present our approach of using back-compatibl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,704 Views
7 Pages

Using ELEFIGHT® QR Codes for Quick Access to Information on Influenza Burden and Prevention: A Pilot Study in Lyon University Hospital

  • Nagham Khanafer,
  • Sylvain Oudot,
  • Catherine Planckaert,
  • Nathalie Paquin,
  • Camille Mena,
  • Nadège Trehet Mandel,
  • Roland Chapurlat,
  • Catherine Lombard,
  • Géraldine Martin-Gaujard and
  • Philippe Vanhems
  • + 8 authors

22 September 2022

(1) Background: The Vaccine Coverage Rate of influenza remains low and omnichannel efforts are required to improve it. The objective was to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of a QR Code nudging system in outpatient departments. (2) Methods: The...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,282 Views
34 Pages

1 April 2022

The paper gives a detailed review of the approaches adopted for embedding information into/onto additively manufactured parts. The primary purpose of this paper is to review all the techniques adopted for embedding information, highlight notable tren...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,435 Views
17 Pages

1 April 2023

The climate crisis is one of the most significant challenges of the twenty-first century. The primary cause of high carbon emissions is industrial production that relies on carbon-based energy sources such as fuel oil, paraffin, coal, and natural gas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
6,345 Views
12 Pages

18 December 2021

A multi-purpose image-based QR code is designed in this paper. There are four purposes for the generated image-based QR code. In the first purpose, the basic image-based QR code with the look of a host image is with an ingenious layout to be identifi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
14,835 Views
25 Pages

A Texture-Hidden Anti-Counterfeiting QR Code and Authentication Method

  • Tianyu Wang,
  • Hong Zheng,
  • Changhui You and
  • Jianping Ju

10 January 2023

This paper designs a texture-hidden QR code to prevent the illegal copying of a QR code due to its lack of anti-counterfeiting ability. Combining random texture patterns and a refined QR code, the code is not only capable of regular coding but also h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,082 Views
17 Pages

Generating Photomosaics with QR Code Capability

  • Chin-Lin Li,
  • Yangcong Su and
  • Ran-Zan Wang

18 September 2020

A photomosaic is an image with two layers of visual information, including an overarching image that can be seen from a distance and a matrix of individual tile images when examined closely. This paper presents a method for generating photomosaics wi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
5,663 Views
10 Pages

This study aims to establish a first reference didactic and methodological framework for the operational and effective integration of Quick Response (QR) codes in the training of Social Sciences teachers in Primary Education, paying special attention...

  • Brief Report
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,690 Views
10 Pages

A Confidential QR Code Approach with Higher Information Privacy

  • Pei-Yu Lin,
  • Wen-Shao Lan,
  • Yi-Hui Chen and
  • Wen-Chuan Wu

16 February 2022

In present times, barcode decoders on mobile phones can extract the data content of QR codes. However, this convenience raises concerns about security issues when using QR codes to transmit confidential information, such as e-tickets, coupons, and ot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,357 Views
7 Pages

The Usefulness of the QR Code in Orthotic Applications after Orthopedic Surgery

  • Jaeho Cho,
  • Gi-Won Seo,
  • Jeong Seok Lee,
  • Hyung Ki Cho,
  • Eun Myeong Kang,
  • Jahyung Kim,
  • Dong-Il Chun,
  • Young Yi and
  • Sung Hun Won

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of QR (quick response) codes in explaining the proper method for orthotic use after orthopedic surgery. A questionnaire survey was adopted to evaluate patient satisfaction with education and traini...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,143 Views
16 Pages

A Novel Aesthetic QR Code Algorithm Based on Hybrid Basis Vector Matrices

  • Jianfeng Lu,
  • Weiling Cheng,
  • Shanqing Zhang,
  • Li Li,
  • Zaorang Yang and
  • Chin-Chen Chang

25 October 2018

Recently, more and more research has focused on the beautification technology of QR (Quick Response) codes. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on the XOR (exclusive OR) mechanism of hybrid basis vector matrices and a background image synthetic st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
333 Views
22 Pages

31 December 2025

Ensuring online safety and security is critical as personal data grow increasingly valuable, necessitating robust authentication to protect users from potential threats. The use of current authentication mechanisms often fails to balance user conveni...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
18,212 Views
19 Pages

QR (quick response) Codes are one of the most popular types of two-dimensional (2D) matrix codes currently used in a wide variety of fields. Two-dimensional matrix codes, compared to 1D bar codes, can encode significantly more data in the same area....

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,679 Views
16 Pages

27 April 2022

A Quick Response Code (QR Code) aims to provide accurate and traceable information to consumers wanting to verify the quality of agri-food products. This study aimed to investigate the experiences and intentions of scanning QR Code in traditional mar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,883 Views
14 Pages

A Puzzle-Based Data Sharing Approach with Cheating Prevention Using QR Code

  • Chwei-Shyong Tsai,
  • Hsin-Liang Chen,
  • Hsien-Chu Wu and
  • Josh Jia-Ching Ying

8 October 2021

The information technique has developed rapidly. The technique of QR codes is widely applied in our daily life, and the mechanism is suitable to share data. A QR code uses symmetric encryption to store and retrieve data efficiently. However, the secu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
8,573 Views
15 Pages

Performance of QR Code Detectors near Nyquist Limits

  • Przemysław Skurowski,
  • Karolina Nurzyńska,
  • Magdalena Pawlyta and
  • Krzysztof A. Cyran

23 September 2022

For the interacting with real world, augmented reality devices need lightweight yet reliable methods for recognition and identification of physical objects. In that regard, promising possibilities are offered by supporting computer vision with 2D bar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
11,473 Views
15 Pages

Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Fast Automatic Sorting in Warehouse Systems

  • Rongjun Chen,
  • Yongxing Yu,
  • Xiansheng Xu,
  • Leijun Wang,
  • Huimin Zhao and
  • Hong-Zhou Tan

11 December 2019

As the fundamental element of the Internet of Things, the QR code has become increasingly crucial for connecting online and offline services. Concerning e-commerce and logistics, we mainly focus on how to identify QR codes quickly and accurately. An...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,332 Views
9 Pages

Comparison of 3D Bone Position Estimation Using QR Code and Metal Bead Markers

  • Akira Ikumi,
  • Yuichi Yoshii,
  • Yuta Iwahashi,
  • Satoshi Sashida,
  • Pragyan Shrestha,
  • Chun Xie,
  • Itaru Kitahara and
  • Tomoo Ishii

To improve the accuracy of a 3D bone position estimation system that displays 3D images in response to changes in the position of fluoroscopic images, modified markers using quick response (QR) codes were developed. The aims of this study were to ass...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,293 Views
20 Pages

Providing position and orientation estimations from a two-dimensional (2D) image is challenging, as such images lack depth information between the target and the automation system. This paper proposes a numerical-based monocular positioning method to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
6,178 Views
8 Pages

12 December 2021

The augmented reality (AR) system requires markers to recognize and locate virtual objects on the screens of mobile devices. However, both markers and objects must be registered via the online platform in advance. In addition, an AR marker can only p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,496 Views
17 Pages

A Fast Adaptive Binarization Method for QR Code Images Based on Dynamic Illumination Equalization

  • Rongjun Chen,
  • Yue Huang,
  • Kailin Lan,
  • Jiawen Li,
  • Yongqi Ren,
  • Xianglei Hu,
  • Leijun Wang,
  • Huimin Zhao and
  • Xu Lu

4 October 2023

The advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) has enhanced the extensive usage of QR code images in various computer vision applications. Nonetheless, this has also brought forth several technical challenges. In particular, the logistics sorting system...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,423 Views
15 Pages

Fast Adaptive Binarization of QR Code Images for Automatic Sorting in Logistics Systems

  • Rongjun Chen,
  • Weijie Li,
  • Kailin Lan,
  • Jinghui Xiao,
  • Leijun Wang and
  • Xu Lu

With the development of technology, QR codes play an important role in information exchange. In order to work out the problem of uneven illumination in automatic sorting in logistics systems, an adaptive method in binarization is presented. The propo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
9,876 Views
22 Pages

14 March 2023

QR codes (short for Quick Response codes) were originally developed for use in the automotive industry to track factory inventories and logistics, but their popularity has expanded significantly in the past few years due to the widespread application...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
6,464 Views
13 Pages

11 May 2021

Numerous studies on positioning technology are ongoing for recognizing the positions of objects accurately. Vision-, sensor-, and signal-based technologies are combined for recognizing the positions of objects outdoors and indoors. While positioning...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,561 Views
19 Pages

EHFP-GAN: Edge-Enhanced Hierarchical Feature Pyramid Network for Damaged QR Code Reconstruction

  • Jianhua Zheng,
  • Ruolin Zhao,
  • Zhongju Lin,
  • Shuangyin Liu,
  • Rong Zhu,
  • Zihao Zhang,
  • Yusha Fu and
  • Junde Lu

19 October 2023

In practical usage, QR codes often become difficult to recognize due to damage. Traditional restoration methods exhibit a limited effectiveness for severely damaged or densely encoded QR codes, are time-consuming, and have limitations in addressing e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
62 Citations
17,913 Views
14 Pages

Innovative technologies have greatly changed people’s lives, including their travel experiences. This study investigates the antecedents and outcomes of the quick response (QR) code payment technology used in tourism to provide empirical evidence tha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
7,765 Views
13 Pages

Digital Forensics of Scanned QR Code Images for Printer Source Identification Using Bottleneck Residual Block

  • Zhongyuan Guo,
  • Hong Zheng,
  • Changhui You,
  • Xiaohang Xu,
  • Xiongbin Wu,
  • Zhaohui Zheng and
  • Jianping Ju

5 November 2020

With the rapid development of information technology and the widespread use of the Internet, QR codes are widely used in all walks of life and have a profound impact on people’s work and life. However, the QR code itself is likely to be printed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,535 Views
30 Pages

31 October 2023

SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) technology incorporating QR code navigation has been widely used in the mobile robotics industry. However, the particle kidnapping problem, positioning accuracy, and navigation time are still urgent issues...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,979 Views
8 Pages

A Note on the Design of Waste Management System Using QR Code for Radioactive Waste

  • Jin-Woo Lee,
  • Ji-Young Jeong,
  • Jong-Jin Kim,
  • Hee-Seoung Park and
  • San Chae

28 July 2022

Due to the effective management of radioactive waste in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and around the world as well as the introduction of radioactive waste certification programs, an integrated radioactive waste management system has been devel...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
502 Views
4 Pages

Microfabrication of an e-QR Code Sensor Display on a Flexible Substrate

  • Asha Elizabeth Raju,
  • Heinrich Edgar Arnold Laue and
  • Trudi-Heleen Joubert

19 September 2025

Electronic quick response (e-QR) codes provide access to real-time sensor data using smartphone readers and internet connectivity. Printed electronics and hybrid integration on flexible substrates is a promising solution for wide-scale and low-cost d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
825,737 Views
23 Pages

16 April 2020

The widespread use of smartphones is boosting the market take-up of dedicated applications and among them, barcode scanning applications. Several barcodes scanners are available but show security and privacy weaknesses. In this paper, we provide a co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
7,323 Views
17 Pages

Combating QR-Code-Based Compromised Accounts in Mobile Social Networks

  • Dong Guo,
  • Jian Cao,
  • Xiaoqi Wang,
  • Qiang Fu and
  • Qiang Li

20 September 2016

Cyber Physical Social Sensing makes mobile social networks (MSNs) popular with users. However, such attacks are rampant as malicious URLs are spread covertly through quick response (QR) codes to control compromised accounts in MSNs to propagate malic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
371 Views
32 Pages

Laser-Based QR Code Marking on Double Film-Coated Tablets: Balancing Marking Efficiency and Tablet Integrity—A Step Toward Safer Medicines

  • Hadi Shammout,
  • Béla Hopp,
  • Tamás Smausz,
  • János Bohus,
  • Orsolya Jójárt-Laczkovich,
  • Martin Cseh,
  • Judit Kopniczky,
  • Balázs Tari,
  • Ranim Saker and
  • Krisztina Ludasi
  • + 2 authors

Background/Objectives: Laser has a prominent place in pharmaceutical industry, especially in the marking of solid dosage forms (SDFs). To combat falsified medicines, this study evaluates QR code marking on the surface of tablets as a supplement to se...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,550 Views
24 Pages

BEC Defender: QR Code-Based Methodology for Prevention of Business Email Compromise (BEC) Attacks

  • Anastasios Papathanasiou,
  • George Liontos,
  • Georgios Paparis,
  • Vasiliki Liagkou and
  • Euripides Glavas

5 March 2024

In an era of ever-evolving and increasingly sophisticated cyber threats, protecting sensitive information from cyberattacks such as business email compromise (BEC) attacks has become a top priority for individuals and enterprises. Existing methods us...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
8,608 Views
16 Pages

13 February 2022

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems suffer from low SSVEP response intensity and visual fatigue, resulting in lower accuracy when operating the system for continuous commands, such as an electric...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,943 Views
14 Pages

12 May 2021

Construction safety accidents occur due to a combination of factors. Even a minor accident that could have been treated as a simple injury can lead to a serious accident or death, depending on when and where it occurred. Currently, methods for tracki...

  • Article
  • Open Access
53 Citations
20,591 Views
19 Pages

10 June 2022

Emerging technologies have made tremendous changes in people’s daily lives, and they have profoundly influenced their economic and consumption activities. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has also drastically increased individuals’ usage o...

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