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117 Results Found

  • Entry
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,927 Views
14 Pages

Some of the earliest known engravings are described, analyzed, and interpreted, following their microscopic examination. They are of significance in exploring the cognitive evolution of hominins several hundred thousand years ago and have not been de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
19,382 Views
20 Pages

24 August 2023

This paper examines the hypothesis that changes in hunting weapons during the Paleolithic were a direct response to a progressive decline in prey size. The study builds upon a unified hypothesis that explains Paleolithic human evolutionary and behavi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,095 Views
27 Pages

4 March 2025

Among the multiple zoomorphic and geometric images that dominate Upper Paleolithic decorated cave walls in Europe, some intriguing human hand stencils and finger flutings stand out. Dozens of these marks are attributed to toddlers and children aged 2...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
11,184 Views
15 Pages

17 March 2021

This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial using Paleolithic diet and exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that increased adherence to the Paleolithic diet was associated with greater effects on blood...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
5,280 Views
16 Pages

Is it possible that the origin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection was around 70,000 years before the common era? At that time Homo sapiens was just another primate species with discrete growth and a very low-density geographic occupation....

  • Review
  • Open Access
29 Citations
19,455 Views
21 Pages

The Effect of the Paleolithic Diet vs. Healthy Diets on Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

  • Małgorzata Jamka,
  • Bartosz Kulczyński,
  • Agata Juruć,
  • Anna Gramza-Michałowska,
  • Caroline S. Stokes and
  • Jarosław Walkowiak

21 January 2020

Recently, the Paleolithic diet became popular due to its possible health benefits. Several, albeit not all, studies suggested that the consumption of the Paleolithic diet might improve glucose tolerance, decrease insulin secretion, and increase insul...

  • Review
  • Open Access
42 Citations
21,258 Views
32 Pages

7 February 2019

The precise etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown but epidemiologic evidence suggests this immune-mediated, neurodegenerative condition is the result of a complex interaction between genes and lifetime environmental exposures. Diet choices a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,173 Views
19 Pages

On the Authenticity of Two Presumed Paleolithic Female Figurines from the Art Market

  • Sibylle Wolf,
  • Rainer-Maria Weiss,
  • Patrick Schmidt and
  • Flavia Venditti

11 March 2025

In March 2022, an auction house in Zurich sold two female figurines made from mammoth ivory, along with other prehistoric artefacts. This is a rare occurrence because the scarcity and value of Paleolithic figurines have limited their presence in the...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
15 Citations
17,849 Views
6 Pages

6 August 2016

(1) Background/Objectives: The Paleolithic diet has been receiving media coverage in Australia and claims to improve overall health. The diet removes grains and dairy, whilst encouraging consumption of fruits, vegetables, meat, eggs and nuts. Our aim...

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
31,640 Views
13 Pages

23 May 2016

(1) Background: The Paleolithic diet is popular in Australia, however, limited literature surrounds the dietary pattern. Our primary aim was to compare the Paleolithic diet with the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) in terms of anthropometric...

  • Review
  • Open Access
88 Citations
37,938 Views
28 Pages

8 February 2018

Proboscideans and humans have shared habitats across the Old and New Worlds for hundreds of thousands of years. Proboscideans were included in the human diet starting from the Lower Paleolithic period and until the final stages of the Pleistocene. Ho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,829 Views
16 Pages

An Aurignacian Assemblage from the Island of Lemnos (Greece): Some Aspects of the Beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in the Northeast Aegean

  • Paolo Biagi,
  • Elisabetta Starnini,
  • Yulia Agafonova,
  • Nikos Efstratiou,
  • Nicola Campomenosi and
  • Roberto Cabella

15 April 2025

The discovery of an Aurignacian lithic assemblage along the northern coast of the Island of Lemnos in the northeastern Aegean Sea has opened new perspectives on the study of the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in this region. The site is located s...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,070 Views
16 Pages

2 October 2020

In this article, we propose a methodology for the archaeological documentation of limestone plaquettes decorated with faint paintings and fine engravings. The plaquette number 16330 is presented, belonging to the portable art collection in Cova del P...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,561 Views
27 Pages

16 December 2024

This study examines the prevalent practice of recycling patinated flint tools (“double patina”) of 18 lithic assemblages from three Late Lower Paleolithic sites in Israel. Determined as recycled from ‘old’ patinated items usin...

  • Review
  • Open Access
27 Citations
27,547 Views
56 Pages

Paleolithic Diet—Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?

  • Barbara Frączek,
  • Aleksandra Pięta,
  • Adrian Burda,
  • Paulina Mazur-Kurach and
  • Florentyna Tyrała

21 March 2021

The aim of this meta-analysis was to review the impact of a Paleolithic diet (PD) on selected health indicators (body composition, lipid profile, blood pressure, and carbohydrate metabolism) in the short and long term of nutrition intervention in hea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,884 Views
28 Pages

Applying SLAM-Based LiDAR and UAS Technologies to Evaluate the Rock Slope Stability of the Grotta Paglicci Paleolithic Site (Italy)

  • Luisa Beltramone,
  • Vivien De Lucia,
  • Andrea Ermini,
  • Matteo Innocenti,
  • Daniele Silvestri,
  • Andrea Rindinella,
  • Annamaria Ronchitelli,
  • Stefano Ricci,
  • Francesco Boschin and
  • Riccardo Salvini

25 May 2024

This study focuses on slope stability and geological hazard analyses at the Italian Paleolithic site of Grotta Paglicci. The site is characterized by a cave that contains rich archaeological and anthropological finds, spanning various Paleolithic per...

  • Project Report
  • Open Access
2 Citations
21,079 Views
648 Pages

3 April 2018

The Rock Art Studies Bibliographic Database is an open access; online resource that fulfills the need for a searchable portal into the world’s rock art literature. Geared to the broadest interests of rock art researchers; students; cultural resource...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
8,058 Views
13 Pages

Eating Pattern and Nutritional Risks among People with Multiple Sclerosis Following a Modified Paleolithic Diet

  • Tyler J. Titcomb,
  • Babita Bisht,
  • David D. Moore,
  • Yashpal S. Chhonker,
  • Daryl J. Murry,
  • Linda G. Snetselaar and
  • Terry L. Wahls

20 June 2020

Preliminary studies suggest that a modified Paleolithic diet may benefit symptoms of fatigue in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). However, this diet restricts the consumption of eggs, dairy, and gluten-containing grains, which may increase the ris...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,468 Views
12 Pages

1 October 2023

Shaped stone balls (SSBs) were an integral part of human culture across the Old World for nearly 2 million years. They are one of the oldest implements made and used by humans. In this significant era, which was characterised by biological and cultur...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,621 Views
17 Pages

21 September 2020

The middle Yangtze Valley is an important region for studying the origin of rice agriculture. Archaeological remains of rice have been found in sites such as Pengtoushan and Bashidang as early as 8000 years ago. However, we know little about the adap...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
4,762 Views
25 Pages

ESR Dating Ungulate Teeth and Molluscs from the Paleolithic Site Marathousa 1, Megalopolis Basin, Greece

  • Bonnie A. B. Blackwell,
  • Neeraj Sakhrani,
  • Impreet K. Singh,
  • Kalyani K. Gopalkrishna,
  • Vangelis Tourloukis,
  • Eleni Panagopoulou,
  • Panagiotis Karkanas,
  • Joel I. B. Blickstein,
  • Anne R. Skinner and
  • Katerina Harvati
  • + 1 author

15 October 2018

At 37°24′ N 22°8′ E, the Megalopolis Basin lies in the central Peloponnese Peninsula, southwestern Greece. In the Megalopolis Basin at ~350 m amsl, the Paleolithic site, Marathousa 1, sits within a palustrine/lacustrine clastic pa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
426 Views
35 Pages

Cave of Altamira (Spain): UAV-Based SLAM Mapping, Digital Twin and Segmentation-Driven Crack Detection for Preventive Conservation in Paleolithic Rock-Art Environments

  • Jorge Angás,
  • Manuel Bea,
  • Carlos Valladares,
  • Cristian Iranzo,
  • Gonzalo Ruiz,
  • Pilar Fatás,
  • Carmen de las Heras,
  • Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Carro,
  • Viola Bruschi and
  • Lucía M. Díaz-González
  • + 1 author

22 January 2026

The Cave of Altamira (Spain), a UNESCO World Heritage site, contains one of the most fragile and inaccessible Paleolithic rock-art environments in Europe, where geomatics documentation is constrained not only by severe spatial, lighting and safety li...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,642 Views
24 Pages

On the Combination of Remote Sensing and Geophysical Methods for the Digitalization of the San Lázaro Middle Paleolithic Rock Shelter (Segovia, Central Iberia, Spain)

  • Miguel Ángel Maté-González,
  • Luis Javier Sánchez-Aparicio,
  • Cristina Sáez Blázquez,
  • Pedro Carrasco García,
  • David Álvarez-Alonso,
  • María de Andrés-Herrero,
  • Juan Carlos García-Davalillo,
  • Diego González-Aguilera,
  • Mario Hernández Ruiz and
  • Rocío Mora
  • + 2 authors

29 August 2019

This paper is focused on the Middle Paleolithic rock shelter called “Abrigo de San Lázaro”, placed in the Eresma River valley (Segovia, Spain). In this area, a multisource geomatic approach is used. On the one hand, the external en...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
13,045 Views
21 Pages

1 March 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that attacks the central nervous system. Evidence-based dietary guidelines do not exist for MS; the default advice is to follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). A modified Paleolithic Wahl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,158 Views
14 Pages

5 December 2024

A technique for characterizing the color of small ochre samples was proposed. The technique includes visual color determination with the aid of a stereomicroscope and a Munsell Soil Color Chart, conversion of Munsell values to CIE L*a*b* coordinates,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,478 Views
35 Pages

24 September 2025

A gypsum karst sinkhole at Westeregeln (north-central Germany) was filled during the Late Pleistocene, first by fluvial flooding, then by solifluctation, and finally with wind-transported loess. Pleistocene mollusks and bones of snakes, birds, micro-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
71 Citations
16,516 Views
20 Pages

3D Digital Surveying and Modelling of Cave Geometry: Application to Paleolithic Rock Art

  • Diego González-Aguilera,
  • Angel Muñoz-Nieto,
  • Javier Gómez-Lahoz,
  • Jesus Herrero-Pascual and
  • Gabriel Gutierrez-Alonso

20 February 2009

3D digital surveying and modelling of cave geometry represents a relevant approach for research, management and preservation of our cultural and geological legacy. In this paper, a multi-sensor approach based on a terrestrial laser scanner, a high-re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,299 Views
20 Pages

3 April 2023

Blades as a component of lithic assemblages hold significant importance to understanding the more recent part of human evolution, particularly with regard to the emergence and adaptations of Homo sapiens. The systematic production of elongated stone...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,638 Views
14 Pages

The Influence of Hand Dimensions on Finger Flexion during Lower Paleolithic Stone Tool Use in a Comfortable Grip

  • Annapaola Fedato,
  • María Silva-Gago,
  • Marcos Terradillos-Bernal,
  • Rodrigo Alonso-Alcalde and
  • Emiliano Bruner

29 June 2024

Considering the biomechanical and cognitive aspects involved in tool manipulation, hand size emerges as a critical factor. Males, on average, exhibit greater grip strength attributed to larger hand dimensions. Beyond mere physical factors, cognitive...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
13,183 Views
20 Pages

The Cave of Isturitz (West Pyrenees, France): One Century of Research in Paleolithic Parietal Art

  • Diego Garate,
  • Aude Labarge,
  • Olivia Rivero,
  • Christian Normand and
  • Joëlle Darricau

14 November 2013

The cave of Isturitz is one of the most important archaeological sites of the prehistory of Western Europe. Human occupations followed each other in the cavity from at least the Middle Paleolithic to the Roman age. In 1913, Passermard started archaeo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,536 Views
32 Pages

Hominid Alluvial Corridor (HAC) of the Guadalquivir and Guadaíra River Valleys (Southern Spain): Geoarchaeological Functionality of the Middle Paleolithic Assemblages during the Upper Pleistocene

  • Fernando Díaz del Olmo,
  • José A. Caro Gómez,
  • César Borja Barrera,
  • José M. Recio Espejo,
  • Rafael Cámara Artigas and
  • Aránzazu Martínez Aguirre

This research addresses the geomorphological connectivity existing amid the piedmont’s karstic fillings (Sierra de Esparteros) and the Guadaíra and Guadalquivir Rivers’ alluvial terraces (SW of Spain), spotted with vestiges of huma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,742 Views
36 Pages

Foxes in Retrospect—Unraveling Human-Fox Relationships through Fox Tooth Ornaments in the Swabian Jura

  • Flavia Venditti,
  • Madison J. McCartin,
  • Melanie-Larisa Ostermann,
  • Nicholas J. Conard and
  • Sibylle Wolf

21 September 2023

Personal ornaments play an important role in our understanding of human cultural and behavioral change during the Upper Paleolithic, providing insights into intangible aspects of human cultural behavior. Some ornament forms are better studied than ot...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,360 Views
12 Pages

29 June 2021

This article traces the genesis and composition of my poetic sequence, ‘When the Animals Came’ including as illustration of the poetic process a section from Part IV, ‘Spring’ with commentary. In order to understand the culture, art and religious bel...

  • Essay
  • Open Access
2 Citations
13,925 Views
16 Pages

2 May 2019

Rushton and Jensen argued that cognitive ability differs between human populations. But why are such differences expectable? Their answer: as modern humans spread out of Africa and into northern Eurasia, they entered colder and more seasonal climates...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,576 Views
22 Pages

27 January 2023

The geographic position, isolation, and the long and dynamic history of colonization created a human context in Sicily that allows for a particular anthropological study; information about “migratory flow” and “population influx&rdq...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,459 Views
14 Pages

19 November 2024

Climate change and geological shifts were pivotal in the survival and development of ancient human societies, especially in densely populated regions like the middle and lower Lishui River Basin. This study explored the dynamic interactions between a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3,519 Views
10 Pages

Diet-Induced Changes in Functional Disability among People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Secondary Pooled Analysis of Two Randomized Controlled Pilot Trials

  • Allison R. Groux,
  • Elizabeth S. Walker,
  • Farnoosh Shemirani,
  • Jennifer E. Lee,
  • Amanda K. Irish,
  • Linda M. Rubenstein,
  • Linda G. Snetselaar,
  • Warren G. Darling,
  • Terry L. Wahls and
  • Tyler J. Titcomb

4 July 2024

Emerging evidence links dietary interventions to favorable multiple sclerosis (MS) outcomes; however, evidence for the efficacy of dietary interventions on functional disability remains sparse. Data from two 12-week, randomized, controlled pilot tria...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,621 Views
24 Pages

Early Detection of Phototrophic Biofilms in the Polychrome Panel, El Castillo Cave, Spain

  • Valme Jurado,
  • Jose Luis Gonzalez-Pimentel,
  • Angel Fernandez-Cortes,
  • Tamara Martin-Pozas,
  • Roberto Ontañon,
  • Eduardo Palacio,
  • Bernardo Hermosin,
  • Sergio Sanchez-Moral and
  • Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez

European caves contain some of the world’s greatest Paleolithic paintings, and their conservation is at risk due to the use of artificial lighting. Both lighting and high CO2 promotes the growth of phototrophic organisms on walls, speleothems a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,292 Views
19 Pages

Sedimentary Dosimetry for the Saradj-Chuko Grotto: A Cave in a Lava Tube in the North-Central Caucasus, Russia

  • Bonnie A. B. Blackwell,
  • Mehak F. Kazi,
  • Clara L. C. Huang,
  • Ekaterina V. Doronicheva,
  • Liubov V. Golovanova,
  • Vladimir B. Doronichev,
  • Impreet K. C. Singh and
  • Joel I. B. Blickstein

26 February 2020

Karst caves host most European Paleolithic sites. Near the Eurasian-Arabian Plate convergence in the Caucasus’ Lower Chegem Formation, Saradj-Chuko Grotto (SCG), a lava tube, contains 16 geoarchaeologically distinct horizons yielding modern to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,786 Views
11 Pages

The Pyrogenic Archives of Anthropogenically Transformed Soils in Central Russia

  • Alexandra Golyeva,
  • Konstantin Gavrilov,
  • Asya Engovatova,
  • Nikita Mergelov and
  • Nailya Fazuldinova

Charred materials (anthracomass) stored within a soil constitute a major part of its pyrogenic archive and could provide evidence of past fire events, both natural and anthropogenic. However, the dynamics of man-made contributions to the total anthra...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
11,397 Views
31 Pages

18 September 2013

Rock-pecked images from the northern Mongolian Altai attest to the presence of human communities within the high valleys of that region during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. The material provides evidence that is hitherto largely missing fr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,432 Views
27 Pages

Complex Study of Settlements Dating from the Paleolithic to Medieval Period in the Ural Mountains on the Border of Europe and Asia

  • Valentina Prikhodko,
  • Nikita Savelev,
  • Vyacheslav Kotov,
  • Sergey Nikolaev,
  • Evgeny Ruslanov,
  • Mikhail Rumyantsev and
  • Elena Manakhova

Soil, geochemical, microbiological, and archeological studies were conducted at eight settlements dating from the Paleolithic to Late Medieval and Modern Ages near the southern Trans-Urals Mountains, Russia. The forest-steppe landscapes, rivers, and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,930 Views
24 Pages

The Lower Paleolithic site of Loreto (Venosa Basin, Basilicata, Southern Italy), discovered in 1929 and excavated from 1956 to 1961 and from 1974 to 1981, consists of three main archaeological layers showing evidence of human occupation. The bottom l...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
36,027 Views
21 Pages

19 February 2021

We hypothesize that megafauna extinctions throughout the Pleistocene, that led to a progressive decline in large prey availability, were a primary selecting agent in key evolutionary and cultural changes in human prehistory. The Pleistocene human pas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
8,406 Views
25 Pages

10 March 2023

The acquisition of large prey by hominins living during the Marine Isotope Stage 3, including Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans, had nutritional and bioenergetic implications: these contain high fat amounts, provide a high energy return, an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,542 Views
13 Pages

Ancient Evolutionary History of Human Papillomavirus Type 16, 18 and 58 Variants Prevalent Exclusively in Japan

  • Kohsei Tanaka,
  • Gota Kogure,
  • Mamiko Onuki,
  • Koji Matsumoto,
  • Takashi Iwata,
  • Daisuke Aoki and
  • Iwao Kukimoto

24 February 2022

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus with an approximately 8-kilo base DNA genome, which establishes long-term persistent infection in anogenital tissues. High levels of genetic variations, including viral genotypes and intra-ty...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,398 Views
13 Pages

Comparative Fuel Yield from Anaerobic Digestion of Emerging Waste in Food and Brewery Systems

  • Tess Herman,
  • Emily Nungesser,
  • Kimberley E. Miller and
  • Sarah C. Davis

19 February 2022

Food waste (FW), a major part of the US waste stream, causes greenhouse gases within landfills, but there is an opportunity to divert FW to anaerobic digestion (AD) facilities that produce biogas and digestate fertilizer. The composition of FW inputs...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
5,382 Views
13 Pages

Change in Micronutrient Intake among People with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Adapting the Swank and Wahls Diets: An Analysis of Weighed Food Records

  • Tyler J. Titcomb,
  • Lisa Brooks,
  • Karen L. Smith,
  • Patrick Ten Eyck,
  • Linda M. Rubenstein,
  • Terry L. Wahls and
  • Linda G. Snetselaar

5 October 2021

The low-saturated fat (Swank) and modified Paleolithic elimination (Wahls) diets have shown promise for MS symptoms; however, due to their restriction of specific foods, inadequate intake of micronutrients is concerning. Therefore, as part of a rando...

  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
9,494 Views
21 Pages

25 February 2023

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In the last few decades, prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Western world has reached e...

  • Review
  • Open Access
5,171 Views
27 Pages

The First Domesticated ‘Cheongju Sorori Rice’ Excavated in Korea

  • Yong-Gu Cho,
  • Me-Sun Kim,
  • Kwon Kyoo Kang,
  • Joong Hyoun Chin,
  • Ju-Kyung Yu,
  • Soowon Cho,
  • Chul-Won Lee,
  • Jun Hyun Cho,
  • Tae-Sik Park and
  • Yung-Jo Lee
  • + 4 authors

16 July 2024

Archaeological excavations led by Yung-jo Lee and Jong-yoon Woo were carried out twice at the Sorori paleolithic site, Cheongju, in the Republic of Korea, at the upper stream of the Geumgang river, the Miho riverside. A total of 127 rice seeds were e...

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