This study investigated the optimization of shading and organic fertilizer applications on vegetable fern growth and yield quality in order to develop guidelines for farmers interested in sustainable vegetable fern production. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design in RCBD with four replications. There were three main plots; no shading, 75% shading, and 96% shading. The five sub-plots consisted of no fertilizer application (control), chemical fertilizer at a rate of 92.80 kg N ha⁻¹, and cow manure at rates of 92.80, 185.60, and 278.40 kg N ha⁻¹. A comparison between different shading and fertilizer treatments, combined, demonstrated that 75% shading with the application of cow manure at the rate of 185.60 kg N ha⁻¹ was the most appropriate management for vegetable fern production, with the highest marketable yield recorded (1128.54 kg ha⁻¹ month⁻¹) and a 10-fold yield increase compared to the control (no shading and no fertilizer). This treatment also resulted in good yield quality (crunchy and tender), high concentrations of chlorophyll and vitamin C, and a safe amount of nitrate accumulation for consumers. Full article

Rind pattern is one of the most important appearance qualities of watermelon, and the mining of different genes controlling rind pattern can enrich the variety of consumer choices. In this study, a unique intermittent rind stripe was identified in the inbred watermelon line WT20. The WT20 was crossed with a green stripe inbred line, WCZ, to construct F₂ and BC₁ segregating populations and to analyze the genetic characterization of watermelon stripe. Genetic analysis showed that the intermittent stripe was a qualitative trait and controlled by a single dominant gene, ClIS. Fine mapping based on linkage analysis showed that the ClIS gene was located on the 160 Kb regions between 25.92 Mb and 26.08 Mb on watermelon chromosome 6. Furthermore, another inbred watermelon line with intermittent stripe, FG, was re-sequenced and aligned on the region of 160 Kb. Interestingly, only two SNP variants (T/C, A/T) were present in both WT20 and FG inbred lines at the same time. The two SNPs are located in 25,961,768 bp (T/C) and 25,961,773 bp (A/T) of watermelon chromosome 6, which is located in the promoter region of Cla019202. We speculate that Cla019202 is the candidate gene of ClIS which controls the intermittent stripe in watermelon. In a previous study, the candidate gene ClGS was proved to control dark green stripe in watermelon. According to the verification of the two genes ClIS and ClGS in 75 watermelon germplasm resources, we further speculate that the ClGS gene may regulate the color of watermelon stripe, while the ClIS gene regulates the continuity of watermelon stripe. The study provides a good entry point for studying the formation of watermelon rind patterns, as well as providing foundation insights into the breeding of special appearance quality in watermelon. Full article

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a highly nutritious winter-season pulse crop. It is used as food, feed, and fodder and offers nutritional security to low-income people in developing countries. Different graphical approaches like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Genotype + Genotype × Environment (GGE) biplots were used along with the conventional line × tester to identify efficient parents, combining ability effects and distinct heterotic groups in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The study used a line tester design (9 × 3) for seed yield and its associated traits. In the conventional analysis, lines Aman and HFP 715 and the tester GP02/1108, as well as crosses HFP 715 × GP02/1108, Aman × GP02/1108, and Pant P-243 × HFP 1426 showed the best GCA (General Combining Ability) and SCA (Specific Combining Ability) effects, respectively, for seed yield and its attributes. The ^σ2SCA > ^σ2GCA, and ^σ2D > ^σ2A in almost all the traits indicated control of non-additive gene effects. High manifestations of heterobeltiosis for seed yield were evidenced by the superiority of 24 out of 27 crosses over the better parent. The highest significant heterobeltiosis was observed in the cross HFP 715 × GP02/1108, followed by IPF 14-16 × GP02/1108, IPF 14-16 × HFP 1426, DDR-23 × HFP 1426, DDR-23 × GP02/1108, and Aman × GP02/1108 for yield and its attributes. The biplot techniques were used to analyze data and compare their results with conventional line × tester analysis. Overall, graphical analysis results were very similar to those of traditional analysis. Consequently, it can surely be assumed that these methods could be helpful in presenting data from field pea breeding experiments carried out with line × tester design. Full article

Low nitrogen stress severely impedes crop growth and productivity. There has been substantial research on root adaptation to low nitrogen conditions in many plant species. However, the mechanism underlying the morphological response of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) root to low-NO₃⁻ or low-NH₄⁺ stress remains poorly understood. Strawberry plants were hydroponically cultivated under 1 mM NO₃⁻, 1 mM NH₄⁺, and control (15 mM NO₃⁻) conditions to assess the physiological responses of their roots to low nitrogen stress. As a result, low nitrogen stresses increased the fresh weight of root, lateral root density, and root surface area, as well as enhanced the accumulation of indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid while significantly reducing salicylic acid in the roots. Correspondingly, low nitrogen stresses increased PM H⁺-ATPase activity. Low-NO₃⁻ stress enhanced the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, whereas low-NH₄⁺ treatment led to higher glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase activities. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that low nitrogen stresses enhance nitrogen uptake of strawberry roots by regulating hormones (indole-3-acetic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid) and thereby mediating PM H⁺-ATPase activity, while promoting nitrogen metabolism by upregulating the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. In conclusion, low nitrogen conditions may facilitate more efficient acquisition of available N from the soil by strawberry root system. Full article

Plant G protein γ subunits have multiple functions in growth and development processes and in abiotic stress responses. Few functions of Gγ in horticultural crops have been revealed thus far. In this study, the potential function of CsGG3.1-2, one of the two alternative splice variants of Gγ gene CsGG3.1 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), was investigated using transgenic plants overexpressing antisense CsGG3.1-2 under the control of the 35S promoter. The tolerance to chilling stress in transgenic plants was significantly decreased. Cold stress-related physiological parameters and the expression of CBFs and their downstream target genes were then measured. Compared with WT, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), antioxidative enzymes activities, soluble protein, and proline accumulation decreased significantly in transgenic plants treated with cold stress, whereas the malonaldehyde (MDA) content increased. However, the overexpression of antisense CsGG3.1-2 did not affect the induction of cold-inducible genes. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis showed the increased expression of CBF genes and their downstream target genes in transgenic plants, suggesting that CsGG3.1-2 affects cold responses via CBF-independent pathways in cucumber. At the same time, the sucrose and fructose contents decreased in transgenic plants under both normal and cold conditions. These findings suggest that soluble sugar deficiency is associated with chilling sensitivity in transgenic plants, and CsGG3.1-2 may have a role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber. Full article

Viticulture around the world is currently affected by climate change, which is causing an increasing scarcity of water resources necessary for the maintenance of vineyards. Despite the drought hardiness of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), this threat seriously compromises its cultivation in the near future, particularly in wine-growing areas with a semi-arid climate. Identifying varieties capable of producing suitable yields and good-quality grapes under drought conditions is integral to ensuring the sustainability of the wine sector. This study focuses on vines from both minority and widely grown varieties, which were supplied only with the water intended to ensure their survival. The carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, yield, and quality parameters were evaluated on the vines and musts during the period of 2018–2020. The results revealed that not all varieties responded equally well to drought. Albillo Real, Coloraillo, Macabeo, and Verdejo adapted well to drought conditions, simultaneously maintaining high yields and must quality. By contrast, Pedro Ximénez can be considered poorly adapted. This variety was the one that produced the lowest yield and had low acidity levels in the must. Full article

Bacterial canker of tomato is a systemic disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm), which poses a grave threat to tomato production worldwide. Towards the identification of genes underlying resistance to Cm infection, the transcriptome of the resistant inbred backcross line IBL2353 carrying the Rcm2.0 locus derived from Solanum habrochaites LA407 and the susceptible Solanum lycopersicum line Ohio88119 was comparatively analyzed after Cm inoculation, and the analysis focused on the genes with different expression patterns between resistant and susceptible lines. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that top terms of differentially expressed genes comprised ubiquitin protein ligases, transcription factors, and receptor kinases. Then we screened out some genes which are potentially associated with the defense response against Cm infection in IBL2353 including the wall-associated receptor kinase-like 20 (WAKL20), and virus-induced gene silencing showed it contributes resistance to Cm infection. In addition to Cm-induced genes related to resistance, the expression of eight homologs from six susceptibility (S) gene families was analyzed. These putative resistance and susceptibility genes are valuable resources for molecular resistance breeding and contribute to the development of new control methods in tomato. Full article

The effect of pre-application of structural auxin analogues TA-12 (1-[2-chloroethoxycarbonyl-methyl]-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid calcium salt) and TA-14 (1-[2-dimethylaminoethoxicarbonylmethyl] naphthalenechlormethylate) on biochemical parameters of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Jablo) plants subjected to low temperature (LT, −1 °C, for 24h) was studied. For the first time the effects of these auxin analogues, applied with or without LT were investigated on the endogenous polyamine (PA) content. The LT treatment increased free and bound putrescine (Put) and spermine (Spm), conjugated and bound spermidine (Spd), accompanied by a decrease in conjugated Put and Spm, and free Spd. Stress biomarkers hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as proline were augmented by LT treatment. The TAs application decreased conjugated polyamines (Put, Spm and Spd), free Spd, H₂O₂ and MDA but increased bound Spm and proline in pea plants. The application of TAs before LT lessened the alterations in PAs (mainly in free and bound fractions) and stress biomarkers content caused by LT, and enhanced conjugated Spd and phenolics, which contributed to increased plant cold tolerance. Full article

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV, family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is a whitefly-transmitted virus that causes widespread damage in Cucurbitaceae and Solaneceae crops worldwide. The Spanish strain, ToLCNDV-ES, affects mainly cucurbit crops and has spread through the Mediterranean basin since its first detection in 2013 in the south of Spain. The control of the virus has been based on the adoption of measures to control the vector, which have not been sufficient to reduce production losses. Therefore, the identification of key genes for ToLCNDV resistance is essential for the development of resistant plants. Regarding genetic control of resistance in cucurbit crops, one major locus on chromosome 11 and two additional regions in chromosomes 12 and 2 of C. melo linked to ToLCNDV resistance have been described recently. Concerning C. moschata, a major QTL was also identified on chromosome 8 that resulted in synteny with a QTL on chromosome 11 of C. melo. In this work, we investigated the molecular basis of ToLCNDV resistance in contrasting accessions of C. melo and C. moschata by transcriptional characterization of 10 different candidate genes controlling host factors related to proviral or antiviral mechanisms. Two proviral factor genes, ARP4 in C. melo and SYTA in C. moschata, showed clear differences in expression levels when the susceptible and resistant accessions were compared. The knowledge of proviral factors associated with resistance could be used to screen an active mutagenesis TILLING platform. This is the case of C. pepo, in which no ToLCNDV resistance has been described to date. The relationship between the regulation of the genes ARP4 and SYTA, as well as the genome position of the described loci related to ToLCNDV resistance, is also discussed. Full article

The nutritional quality and biomass of various sprouts can be enhanced by Zn and red-blue light, especially the Brassica sprouts. However, the combined effects of this two on sprouts are rarely reported. In this study, different Zn concentrations (0, 1.74, 3.48, 10.43 and 17.39 mM) were combined with two ratios of red-blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (R: B = 1:2, 1R2B; R: B = 2:1, 2R1B, at 70 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPFD, 14 h/10 h, light/dark) to investigate their mutual effects on the growth, mineral elements, and nutritional quality in flowering Chinese cabbage sprouts (FCCS). Fresh weight, dry weight, contents of organic Zn, soluble sugar, vitamin C, total flavonoids, total polyphenol, FRAP (ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power) and DPPH (radical inhibition percentage of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) were significantly increased by Zn supplement (10.43 and 17.39 mM) and 2R1B, while hypocotyl length and moisture content were decreased remarkably by Zn supplement. Total glucosinolates contents in the sprouts increased dramatically under 2R1B compared with 1R2B, while photosynthetic pigments contents decreased. Heat map and principal component analysis showed that 2R1B + 17.39 mM Zn was the optimal treatment for the accumulation of biomass and health-promoting compound in FCCS, suggesting that a suitable combination of light quality and Zn supplement might be beneficial to zinc-biofortified FCCS production. Full article

This study presents the effects of exogenous melatonin application at different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 μM) on the morphological, physiological, and antioxidant defense systems of the buttercup plant under salinity stress (4.5 and 5.5 dS·m⁻¹ EC). Expectedly, the salinity stress negatively affected the plant growth parameters, cell membrane stability, and POX enzyme activity of R. asiaticus compared to non-stressed plants. However, in a dose-dependent manner, exogenous melatonin foliar application decreased the salt stress-induced symptoms of retarded vegetative growth, physiological characteristics, and oxidative stress level. The results obtained, revealed the significant effectiveness of exogenous melatonin treatment at 200 μM concentration under salt stress conditions by enhancing the plant growth traits such as chlorophyll and carotenoids content, relative water content, proline content, peroxidase enzyme activity (POD), and by the decreased electrolyte leakage rate, and Na⁺ content, as well as delaying the emergence of flower buds under salinity stress. The salt tolerance index percentages (STI%) for all estimated characters are also calculated for all studied parameters. This study uncovered the beneficial effect of melatonin in reducing salt stress symptoms that can be used to reduce the salinity effect in ranunculus plant production. Full article

The herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), a perennial herbaceous flower, can grows continuously for approximately 10 years. However, a replanting problem can occur during division propagation which reduces the land use rate and restricts the development of the herbaceous peony industry. We investigated microbial community changes and soil chemical properties in herbaceous peony soils during different growing and replanting years. The results indicated that the flowering rate, plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area of replanted herbaceous peony were lower, and decreased gradually with increasing replanting years. Compared with the soil after replanting herbaceous peony for one year, soil pH, nutrient contents (AN, AP, AK, and OM), enzyme activities (Inv, Ure, Pho, and Cat), diversity and richness of fungal and bacterial communities decreased after replanting for five years. Long-term replanting increased the relative abundance of harmful soil microorganisms (e.g., Gibberella), and reduced that of beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Bacillus). Overall, after the long-term replanting of herbaceous peony, the soil environment deteriorated, and the soil microbial community structure changed, resulting in the imbalance of soil microecology, damaging the normal growth of herbaceous peony. Full article

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) operations must increase resource-use efficiency, yield, and phytonutrient concentrations to remain competitive. Carotenoids are phytonutrients of interest due to their purported health promoting effects. Their content is impacted by environmental controls, including lighting. Light-use efficiency increases with greater planting density, which is highest during seedling production. This creates the opportunity to raise light intensity during seedling production to improve growth characteristics and phytonutrient concentrations at harvest. Therefore, the objective of this research was to quantify the extent to which light intensity influences carotenoid accumulation in green butterhead lettuce seedlings, and if differences remain at harvest. Lettuce ‘Rex’ (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings were grown under fluorescent lighting with intensities of 60, 100, 200, 400, or 600 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ with a 24-h photoperiod. After 14 days, seedlings were transplanted into raft hydroponic systems in a common greenhouse environment and grown for 21 days. At transplant and final harvest, tissue samples were collected and stored at −80 °C for phytonutrient analysis. Carotenoids, β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin, and chlorophylls a and b were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We observed a 475% fresh mass enhancement in seedlings grown under 400 versus 60 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹, with a 174% improvement persisting to final harvest. Higher seedling light intensities also generally increased leaf numbers in seedlings and at final harvest, as well as seedling carotenoid concentrations. Final harvest carotenoid concentrations generally decreased with increasing light intensity. Thus, producers should be cognizant that seedling light intensity strongly influences seedling and finished production yield, morphology, and carotenoid content. Full article

Moringa oleifera is a relatively well-studied ethnobotanical species, but information is limited regarding its stem anatomy and the production potential of phytochemicals from bark tissue. Knowing that variation exists in the production of chemical defenses by plants with growing conditions and with developmental stages, M. oleifera was grown under controlled conditions to characterize stem tissues and to determine if stem bark contained the correct phytochemical compounds to be of value in medicinal treatments. We used microscopy to characterize the stem anatomy of M. oleifera and analyzed stem bark extracts using FTIR and GC to identify 4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate (moringin) and benzylamine (moringine) in tissue. We found the stems to be in transition between juvenile and mature stages of development at 4 months old under the growth conditions used. In 7-month-old stems, we found the presence of moringin in all bark samples and did not find any moringine. These results indicate that M. oleifera bark of 7-month-old trees grown in greenhouse conditions may be valuable for drug development. Full article

Postharvest ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation has been used to control pathogen incidence on fresh produce, but little attention has been paid to preharvest UV-B effect on strawberry fruit quality and storage. In this study, strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv Albion) plants grown in greenhouse were irradiated with UV-B lamps with an intensity of 0.7362 J/s m² for 1 and 2 h every day from 5–7 pm after flowering. Fruits were harvested at red stage for quality evaluation. The results indicated that the preharvest UV-B-treated fruits had lighter color (increased L*) than the control. Total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolics content (TPS) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) of UV-B-treated fruits were higher than for the control fruits. There were no significant differences in any of the quality traits between UV-B one-hour and two-hour treatments. We further evaluated the fruit quality when stored at 5 °C on day 7 and day 14. Compared to untreated control, UV-B-treated fruits retarded decrease in L*, TSS, TPS, TAC and firmness, and reduced fruit decay. Examination of expression of genes related to UV-B signaling indicated that HY5 was the major component of UV-B signaling during the green and white stages. However, anthocyanin genes were highly responsive to UV-B treatment during the red stage. Our results suggest that utilization of a low dose of UV-B radiation during the growth stage can improve strawberry fruit quality, and extend shelf life. This research facilitates the utilization of preharvest UV-B treatment for improving fruit quality in controlled environment agriculture. Full article

Soilless cultivation is one of the best examples of the sustainable intensification concept due to the high use efficiency of its inputs. Managing the nutrient solution through a closed cycle system represents a crucial objective to be pursued, but the recovery of the nutrient solution requires chemical correction and sanitization. The application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) in agriculture promotes the safety of the nutrient solution, decreasing the use of chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cold plasma on the nutrient depletion, yield, and qualitative traits of lettuce. A closed soilless system (nutrient film technique) was used to compare different NTP treatments: control, low ionization (LI), and high ionization (HI) in two successive lettuce cycles. No significant differences within the nutrient depletion trends were observed. The treated lettuce’s yield was 12% higher than that of the control, characterized by a higher total soluble solid content and a significantly higher electrical conductivity and titratable acidity than the control. The ion content was higher in HI plants, as were the contents of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. In HI plants, the leaf pigments were higher, but no significant changes were observed for the antioxidant content. Cold plasma is a promising strategy that brings benefits to the crop. Full article

In the current study, the effect of boiled chicken manure (BCM) doses by fertigation, bokashi, and mineral fertilization on the agronomic variables, bioactive compounds, and nitrate levels of two cultivars of lettuce (romaine and frisée types) and one cultivar of radicchio chicory was studied. Overall, higher agronomic variable values were found for the leafy plants in bokashi-fertilized plants. The BCM 5, 7.5, and 10% fertilization, in general, increased these variables in an apparent increasing trend. For chicory, bokashi presented higher means in comparison with BCM for TB, CB, and CI. For frisée lettuce, bokashi had the highest values for TB, CB, and PH. For romaine, bokashi presented the highest means for all the variables, except for PD. For bioactive compounds, each plant species responded differently when varying the fertilization source. For the nitrate content, higher values were observed in the bokashi and mineral treatments. Full article

Alternative splicing (AS) is an important way to generate notable regulatory and proteomic complexity in eukaryotes. However, accurate full-length splicing isoform discovery by second-generation sequencing (SGS) technologies is beset with the precise assembly of multiple isoforms from the same gene loci. In recent years, third-generation sequencing (TGS) technologies have been adopted to gain insight into different aspects of transcriptome complexity, such as complete sequences of mRNA, alternative splicing, fusion transcript, and alternative polyadenylation (APA). Here, we combined PacBio Iso-Seq and Illumina RNA-Seq technologies to decipher the full-length transcriptome of peach. In total, 40,477 nonredundant high-quality consensus transcript sequences were obtained from equally pooled libraries from 10 samples of 6 organs, including leaf, shoot, flower, fruit peel, fruit mesocarp, and fruit stone, of which 18,274 isoforms were novel isoforms of known genes and 546 isoforms were novel gene transcripts. We also discovered 148 fusion transcripts, 15,434 AS events, 508 potential lncRNAs, and 4368 genes with APA events. Of these AS events, the most abundant (62.48%) AS type was intron retention (IR). Moreover, the expression levels of different isoforms identified in this study were quantitatively evaluated, and highly tissue- or development stage-specific expression patterns were observed. The novel transcript isoforms and new characteristics of the peach transcriptome revealed by this study will facilitate the annotation of the peach genome and lay the foundations for functional research in the future. Full article

Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and baculovirus (BV) might be used jointly to provide effective control of the Spodoptera genus. The literature has mostly covered the safe compatibility between natural enemies and BV-based insecticides, but research on the potential dispersal of BV by natural enemies is lacking. Thus, the goal of this manuscript was to ascertain if H. didymator was able to disperse the broad host range of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) to Spodoptera littoralis and Spodoptera exigua in choice and non-choice conditions and whether the preference of the parasitoid by one of these noctuids could mediate this dispersion. It was previously needed to improve the rearing of the parasitoid in the laboratory, concerning the optimal host age and length of parasitization, parasitoid competition, and influence of parasitization on the longevity of females. The best rearing conditions for S. littoralis are collective parasitization of mature L3 larvae for 24 h, after at least one day of copulation. Hyposoter didymator transmits AcMNPV to both lepidopterans, but its efficiency is mediated by host preference and the pathogenicity of the BV in each host. In this particular case, H. didymator as well as AcMNPV showed a clear preference towards S. exigua. Full article

Nitrate accumulation is a major factor for the secondary salinization of greenhouse soil in China. Our previous study pointed out that a low ratio of red:far-red light (R:FR) can improve salt tolerance in pakchoi under excessive nitrate stress. However, the nitrogen metabolism mechanism is still unclear. To detect the effect of a low R:FR ratio on nitrogen metabolism of pakchoi under excessive nitrate stress, two extra additions of nitrogen of 80 mmol·L⁻¹ NO₃⁻ (H80) and 160 mmol·L⁻¹ NO₃⁻ (H160) with/without a low R:FR ratio (R:FR = 0.7) were set, and the growth index, chlorophyll content, key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism, nitrate and glutamic acid content and NRT gene expression level of pakchoi leaves were examined. The results indicated that a low ratio of R:FR could alleviate the reduction in growth and chlorophyll content in pakchoi under high-level nitrogen stress (H80 and H160). The activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamine synthetase (GOGAT) decreased under H80 and H160 conditions, except of NR with the H80 treatment. The activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) increased under H80 treatment, but decreased under H160 treatment. However, the activity of GDH decreased further by reducing the ratio of R:FR. Excessive nitrate stress increased the nitrate content, and a low R:FR ratio could inhibit nitrate accumulation. However, the change in glutamic acid content was significantly increased under a low R:FR ratio without stress. Under the high-nitrogen level treatment (H160), the use of a low ratio of R:FR increased NRT gene expression. Therefore, a low R:FR ratio (R:FR = 0.7) could effectively promote the growth of pakchoi and improve its nitrogen metabolism, thus alleviating the stress effect of a high level of nitrogen in pakchoi. Full article

Dynamic particulate matter (PM) behavior on leaves depends on rainfall events, leaf structural and physical properties, and individual tree crowns in urban forests. To address this dependency, we compared the observed relationships between PM wash-off ability and leaf traits on inner and outer crown-positioned leaves during rainfall events. Data showed significant differences in the PM wash-off ability between inner and outer crown-positioned leaves relative to rainfall events due to leaf macro- and micro-structure and geometric properties among tree species. Our results showed that PM wash-off effects on leaf surfaces were negatively associated with trichome density and size of leaf micro-scale during rainfall events. Specifically, Quercus acutissima with dense trichomes and micro-level surface roughness with narrow grooves on leaf surfaces showed lower total PM wash-off in both inner (−38%) and outer (105%) crowns during rainfall. Thus, their rough leaves in the inner crown might newly capture and/or retain more PM than smooth leaves even under rainfall conditions. More importantly, Euonymus japonicus, with a thin film-like wax coverage without trichome, led to higher total PM wash-off in both inner (368%) and outer (629%) crowns during rainfall. Furthermore, we studied the changes in PM wash-off during rainfall events by comparing particle size fractions, revealing a very significant association with macro-scale, micro-scale, and geometric features. Full article

Edible fungi are often used as an important selenium (Se) source to improve human daily Se intakes as food or Se supplements because of their strong ability to accumulate Se, in which Ganoderma lucidum was widely accepted in China. However, the existing Se speciation analysis methods such as protease K-based or trypsin-protease XIV-based, have low extraction rate and enzymatic hydrolysis rate (<30%) on the Se-enriched edible fungi, resulting that it is impossible to effectively evaluate Se transformation and safety of Se-enriched edible fungi. In order to improve the extraction rate and enzymatic hydrolysis rates, 12 extraction methods (combination of buffer solutions and enzymes) including 4 two-step extraction methods and 8 three-step extraction methods were applied to extract Se from high Se-enriched Ganoderma lucidum (Total Se content 245.7 μg/g in dry matter (DW)) in the present study. The results displayed that one three-step sequential extraction method as aqueous solution extraction-pepsin extraction-trypsin extraction performed the best, by which the total Se extraction rate could reach 65%, the total Se enzyme hydrolysis rate was 40%, and the Se speciation was revealed as Selenite (63.6%), SeCys₂ (20.1%), SeMeCys (14.8%) and SeMet (1.5%) in this high Se-enriched Ganoderma lucidum. This study offers a reliable and efficient method to evaluate the Se transformation and the Se safety in high Se-enriched edible fungi. Full article

Due to the restricted genetic diversity among current asparagus cultivars, wild relatives are of particular interest as a source of resistance. In this study, seventeen cultivars and wild relatives were tested for their resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in the seedling test. Two isolates differing in virulence (single spore lines with high and low virulence) were used for testing. Most of the tested genotypes showed high infestation, whereby Asparagus aethiopicus caused no browning of the roots or growth depression. This wild relative was evaluated for its defence response after infection with F. oxysporum. For comparison, the wild relative Asparagus densiflorus and Asparagus officinalis cv. Thielim were tested. Like A. densiflorus, A. aethiopicus showed accumulation of hydrogen peroxide as a defence mechanism, while Asparagus officinalis cv. Thielim showed no storage of hydrogen compounds. Full article

Tomatoes are one of the world’s greatest valuable vegetables and are regarded as the economic pillar of numerous countries. Nevertheless, these harvests remain susceptible to a variety of illnesses which can reduce and destroy the generation of healthy crops, making early and precise identification of these diseases critical. Therefore, in recent years, numerous studies have utilized deep learning (DL) models for automatic tomato leaf illness identification. However, many of these methods are based on a single DL architecture that needs a high computational ability to update these hyperparameters leading to a rise in the classification complexity. In addition, they extracted large dimensions from these networks which added to the classification complication. Therefore, this study proposes a pipeline for the automatic identification of tomato leaf diseases utilizing three compact convolutional neural networks (CNNs). It employs transfer learning to retrieve deep features out of the final fully connected layer of the CNNs for more condensed and high-level representation. Next, it merges features from the three CNNs to benefit from every CNN structure. Subsequently, it applies a hybrid feature selection approach to select and generate a comprehensive feature set of lower dimensions. Six classifiers are utilized in the tomato leaf illnesses identification procedure. The results indicate that the K-nearest neighbor and support vector machine have attained the highest accuracy of 99.92% and 99.90% using 22 and 24 features only. The experimental results of the proposed pipeline are also compared with previous research studies for tomato leaf diseases classification which verified its competing capacity. Full article

Purple heading Chinese cabbage has become popular in recent years due to its attractive color and health benefits. However, purple varieties remain rare, and the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in Chinese cabbage is still largely unknown. By introducing the purple color trait from Brassica juncea, a new purple heading Chinese cabbage cultivar (18M-245) was generated with deep purple leaves at both the seedling and adult stages. Anthocyanin accumulation in 18M-245 increased when grown at low temperatures. FISH and genotyping results showed that the purple trait was caused by an alien chromosome addition line derived from the Brassica B genome. The LDOX coding gene BjuB014115 from the addition line was highly expressed in 18M-245, consistent with the results of anthocyanin accumulation. Meanwhile, several MYB and bHLH transcriptional factors from the Brassica A genome were found to directly bind to the promoter of BjuB014115, suggesting that interactions between the Brassica A and B genomes are involved in the regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Our results provide new insights into the regulation mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple heading Chinese cabbage. Full article

During the summer of 2016, severe dieback was observed on young potted Prunus lusitanica (Portugal laurel) plants in a nursery in the Pistoia province (Tuscany, Italy). Cylindrocarpon-like isolates were consistently recovered from diseased plant tissues. The combination of morphological and molecular traits, including sequence data of histone 3 and β-tubulin genes (HIS3, TUB2) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS), allowed the identification of Dactylonectria macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) L. Lombard & Crous (asexual form Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum) as the causal agent of the disease. Pathogenicity tests reproduced disease symptoms observed in the nursery after six months fulfilling Koch’s postulates. D. macrodidyma is a soilborne plant pathogen and is to be considered of great economic importance on P. lusitanica, especially under favorable conditions such as stress and/or reduction of plant vitality. The increasingly frequent reports of the disease caused by the pathogen in various nurseries suggest that pot cultivation, together with prolonged drought periods, may play a role in favoring infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report worldwide of the occurrence of dieback on Prunus lusitanica caused by D. macrodidyma. Full article

Invasive tomato leaf miner, Phthorimaea absoluta causes serious damage and yield loss in tomato production in open-field and protected cultivation. Use of chemical pesticides is uneconomical and adversely affects humans and the environment. Host-plant resistance is an effective, economical and eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. In this study, four wild tomato accessions from the World Vegetable Center along with one susceptible check were evaluated for their antixenosis and antibiosis effects on P. absoluta. The accessions VI037241 (Solanum galapagense) and VI037240 (S. cheesmaniae) were highly resistant, leading to 85% larval mortality under no-choice conditions. Choice assay also showed less oviposition preference and reduced pupal weight. Both VI037241 and VI037240 showed the highest resistance under field conditions. The accessions of S. habrochaites (LA1777) and S. habrochaites var. glabratum (VI030462) demonstrated moderate resistance against P. absoluta. Wild accessions recorded significantly less eggs and leaf damage in field trials compared to the susceptible genotype, S. lycopersicum (CL5915). Trichome density, type and higher production of acylsugar contributed to the insect resistance. Acylsugar production in wild accessions was less during the rainy season but significantly higher than in susceptible genotype. These findings can be useful to develop P. absoluta-resistant tomato varieties in tropics. Full article

Radish is a root vegetable crop, and many F₁ cultivars have been developed by exploiting heterosis. Considerable time and resources are required to test the performance and combining ability of F₁ cultivars and parental lines; therefore, economical methods to identify them are needed before field tests. This study was conducted to determine the minimum number of markers needed to identify cultivars and elite lines. PCR-based markers were applied to radish cultivars and elite lines and selected based on chromosomal location, polymorphic information content, and allele frequency. The power of selected marker sets to detect genetically similar cultivars or elite lines was confirmed using cultivars with high genetic similarity and elite lines with the same parents. Eleven markers successfully identified not only all 105 radish cultivars tested but also cultivars with high genetic similarity reported in previous studies. Fourteen markers, including the nine among 11 markers for cultivar identification, also successfully distinguished all 115 elite lines tested, including ones with the same parents and separated at F₂–F₆ generations. The markers developed for the identification of radish cultivars and elite lines require only 11 and 14 markers, respectively, and simple PCR and gel electrophoresis instruments. This method is very simple and can be easily applied to other crops. Full article

Raspberry (Rosales: Rosaceae) production in the U.K. has moved rapidly in the last 10 years to under polythene, combined with a reduced availability of broad-spectrum fungicides. Hence, the incidence of previously less prevalent diseases, such as Cladosporium (Capnodiales: Cladosporiaceae), has largely increased. This study aimed to identify the predominant Cladosporium species on raspberry and to understand the nature of its infection on raspberry fruit. Raspberries were collected from farms across the U.K. and Spain and incubated; fungal isolates were then isolated from typical Cladosporium lesions and identified to the species level based on the sequences of the trans elongation factor α and actin genes. Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres) de Vries was confirmed as the predominant species responsible for infecting raspberry fruit close to harvest on fruit from the U.K. and Spain, being present on 41.5% of U.K. fruit and 84.6% of Spanish fruit. Raspberries were subsequently inoculated at different developmental stages with C. cladosporioides isolates to determine the susceptibility to Cladosporium skin lesions and stigmata infections in relation to the developmental stage. Only the ripening and ripe raspberries were susceptible to Cladosporium, resulting in skin lesions. Cladosporium can colonise the stigmata of raspberries earlier in fruit development and future research is required to determine if such stigmata infections could cause subsequent skin lesion infections. This study has provided the necessary epidemiological information to develop effective management measures against the Cladosporium species. Full article

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been regarded as the best artificial source of light for a plant factory. However, the effect of light quality on seedling production in such environments requires further study. On the basis of the practical application of light on cucumber seedlings (Ansha Company) in plant factories, the present investigation tracked and recorded the specific effects of red and blue light on the growth of the seedlings by analyzing the photo-biological mechanism involved. The growth parameters, as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings, were measured at different variations of light quality. The results showed that when the proportion of red light in the light source was higher than blue light, the height of the seedlings, leaf size, stem diameter, Dixon Quality Index (DQI), relative chlorophyll content, and the net photosynthetic rate were higher than those of the experimental group with a relatively high proportion of blue light. In the case of R7B3 (70% red light and 30% blue light), the stem diameter, DQI, and net photosynthetic rate of seedlings were 14%, 57%, and 22% higher than the minimum value, respectively. The present study analyzed the influence of red and blue light on plant growth characteristics during actual production and provides standardization for it. Full article

In horticulture and floriculture, plants are predominantly propagated vegetatively from stem cuttings. Consequently, the success of propagation depends on a plant’s capacity to form adventitious roots (AR) at the basal part of the cutting, and AR formation depends on the interaction between flavonoids and plant hormones in the basal part. In ornamental plants, flavonoid accumulation is important for flower color and can interact with plant hormone activity. In this study, we used an aeroponic system to culture two Campanula portenschlagiana genotypes contrasting in flower color to estimate cultivar differences in AR formation, flavonoid concentrations, and hormone composition. We found a greater accumulation of flavonols and flavones in petals in a blue-flowered genotype than in a white-flowered genotype. The blue-flowered genotype also accumulated more flavonols and flavones in the basal part of cuttings and showed better AR formation. The better AR formation in the blue-colored genotype was related to a greater accumulation of auxin and a lower accumulation of ABA in the basal part of the cuttings. In conclusion, higher flavonoid levels in the basal part of cuttings may interact with hormone action to affect excision-induced AR formation during the vegetative propagation of Campanula. Full article

Fusarium basal rot (FBR), caused by a soil-borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC), is a major disease hindering onion production worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the initial and the most advanced selected populations of seven open-pollinated short-day onion cultivars for FBR susceptibility, along with two check cultivars using the conidial inoculation of mature bulbs for two consecutive years. The artificial inoculation of mature bulbs was carried out by applying a virulent FOC isolate ‘CSC 515’ at a final concentration of 3.0 × 10⁴ spores mL⁻¹ to the transversely cut basal plates of onion bulbs. The basal plates of 20 arbitrarily chosen bulbs per plot were recut after 20 days of incubation and then were rated for FBR severity using a rating scale of 1 (no disease) to 9 (≥70% of the basal plate is infected). The bulbs with a rating of 1 were saved and then bulked to form the seeds for the next generation. The selected populations exhibited a variable response for FBR severity when evaluated over two years, with an improvement in the most advanced selections observed for a majority of the cultivars. For example, the advanced selections of ‘NuMex Sweetpak’ exceeded the partially resistant check ‘Serrana’ in their levels of resistance when both were evaluated in the second year. A conidial inoculation can be effective in the development of FBR-resistant cultivars. In addition, this inoculation method can accelerate breeding efforts by determining the genetic mechanism(s) responsible for FBR resistance, locating quantitative trait loci, and facilitating marker-assisted selection. Full article

Paeonia obovata and Paeonia oreogeton belong to the monotypic family Paeoniaceae. Both are popular as ornamental plants. P. obovata and P. oreogeton have been introduced into Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia) from Primorye (Far East). The aim of the study was to assess their adaptability as well as the effect of seasonal developmental stages on the accumulation of secondary metabolites and reserve substances in the leaves and rhizomes under the conditions of Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk, Russia). According to long-term data (15 years), P. obovata and P. oreogeton complete the entire growth cycle here, including flowering and fruiting. Both species exhibited abundant flowering, but in the first 3 years, P. oreogeton did not bloom; yet under the microclimatic conditions specifically selected for this species (a more shaded area), it started to bloom and fruit yearly. A biochemical analysis (by spectrometric method) of P. obovata and P. oreogeton grown in Akademgorodok showed that the leaves accumulate higher concentrations of flavonols (P. obovata: 1.77%), tannins (P. oreogeton: 16.42%), ascorbic acid (P. oreogeton: 155.2 mg/100 g), and sugars (P. obovata: 20.85%) as compared to the roots. Peony rhizomes contain higher concentrations of protopectins (P. oreogeton: 13.03%), saponins (P. obovata: 21.06%), and starch (P. obovata: 30.20%) than the leaves do. These data can help to increase the levels of these natural compounds in these species. Further investigation into the dynamics of accumulation of biologically active substances in the organs of peonies will help to identify introduced plant species having high biochemical potential for the pharmaceutical industry. Full article

Far-red light was excluded in photosynthetic photon flux; however, recent studies have shown that it increases photosynthetic capacity. In addition, there were few studies on the whole canopy photosynthetic rate and continuous changes of morphology on cucumber seedlings affected by far-red light. This study evaluated the effect of conventional white LEDs adding far-red light on cucumber seedlings using a semi-open chamber system for the measurement of the whole canopy gas exchange rate, and the Raspberry Pi-based imaging system for the analysis of a continuous image. In the image, through the imaging system, it was confirmed that far-red light promoted the germination rate of cucumber seedlings and enhanced early growth. However, the dry weight of the shoot and root did not increase. The measured net apparent CO₂ assimilation rate was improved by an increasing leaf area during the cultivation period. The conventional white LED light source with added far-red light increased the photosynthetic rate of cucumber seedlings’ whole canopy. However, at the early seedling stage, plant height and leaf area of the whole canopy was increased by far-red light, and it was revealed that the image data saturated faster. It was considered that the photosynthetic efficiency decreased due to a shading effect of the limited planting density of the cell tray. The results found that using appropriate far-red light, considering planting density, could increase the photosynthetic rate of the whole canopy of crops, thereby promoting crop growth, but it was judged that the use of far-red light in the early growth stage of cucumber seedlings should be considered carefully. Full article

The purpose of this study was to develop substrates with little or no peat by combining coir-based growing media with municipal compost and/or acacia biochar, two locally produced renewable resources, and to assess their effects on lettuce seedling emergence and growth, as well as their content in photosynthetic pigments and total phenols. Two experiments were carried out, the first with six mixes using compost and biochar blended with perlite, pine bark, and blonde peat to adjust some physicochemical characteristics. The mixes of coir: compost: pine bark: blonde peat (73:12:5:10, v/v) and coir: compost: biochar: blonde peat (73:12:10:5, v/v) had physicochemical characteristics closer to or within the normal range of the substrates. The presence of 12% compost and 10% biochar in the mixtures had no adverse effect on lettuce seed germination and cumulative seed emergence, which ranged from 90 to 99%. The seedling growth in those mixes was vigorous and higher than in other mixtures. Coir-based growing media with municipal solid waste compost and compost plus biochar can reduce the use of peat to a percentage of 5–10% v/v and the use of 17–22% v/v of locally produced renewable resources. In addition, mixtures affected the total phenol content in the lettuce leaves. Future research is needed to assess the behavior of seedlings after their transplantation. Full article

This study was conducted to examine the effect of plant growth regulators on the rooting and growth of Rhododendron micranthum Turcz., a rare plant in South Korea. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 150, 250, 350 mg·L⁻¹ and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 50, 150, 250 mg·L⁻¹ treatment groups were established and cutting was performed in a commercial growth medium in March 2021 with 3 replications of 10 plants per group. After 70 days, the longest initial root growth was observed under the NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ treatments. Moreover, the number of roots and percentage of rooting were slightly higher in NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹, indicating that these treatments were more effective in promoting plant growth. The above-ground part of plants treated with NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ had a taller plant height, longer and wider leaves, and a greater number of leaves compared to other groups. Accordingly, the survival rate of plants treated with NAA 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ was higher than 80%, suggesting well-established roots and excellent above-ground growth. Therefore, treatment with growth regulator NAA at 150 and 250 mg·L⁻¹ is considered beneficial for the cutting of R. micranthum Turcz. Full article

Off-season strawberry production may diversify the yield, thereby increasing costs, but the environmental conditions are a limiting factor. This experiment aimed to study the effects of vernalization on off-season flowering and gene expression in sub-tropical strawberry cv. Pharachatan 80. The factorial (2 × 2) + 1 in a completely randomized design was used in this study. Factor A was the vernalization temperatures: 2 °C and 4 °C. Factor B was the vernalization periods: 1 week and 2 weeks, compared with non-vernalization (control). The expression profile of genes was determined after vernalization treatments. The results revealed an interaction between the two factors on the number of days it took the plants to bloom, the percentage of flowering, the number of inflorescences, the number of flowers per inflorescence and the number of flowers per plant, whereas the number of first flower bloom days, inflorescence length and flower size were not affected by the interaction between the two factors. Strawberry plants vernalized for 1 and 2 weeks at 2 °C showed earlier flowering (21.4 and 23.1 days, respectively) than did those vernalized at 4 °C (24.9 and 25.7 days, respectively). On the other hand, non-vernalized strawberry plants took longer to bloom, at 62.2 days. Strawberry plants vernalized at 2 °C for 2 weeks had the highest percentage of flowering, number of inflorescences, number of flowers per inflorescence and number of flowers per plant. The analysis on gene expression showed that VRN5, SOC1 and FT genes were upregulated after vernalization at 2 °C for 2 weeks, whereas gene expression of the control treatment was not detected. This study demonstrates that vernalization treatment could induce off-season flowering in sub-tropical strawberry cv. Pharachatan 80 by activating flowering genes. Full article

Rhododendron liliiflorum H. Lév., with white outer edges and yellow inner edges of petals, is an ornamental flower that originated in China. In this study, we analysed the white (W) and yellow (Y) parts of R. liliiflorum flowers by RNA sequencing. Then, unigene assembly, unigene annotation, and classification of Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOGs) were performed. Gene ontology (GO) classification and pathway enrichment analysis for unigenes were also conducted. A total of 219,221 transcripts and 180,677 unigenes of R. liliiflorum were obtained from 48.52 Gb of clean reads. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis indicated that 2310 unigenes were upregulated and 3062 were downregulated in W vs. Y. Thirty-six of these DEGs were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and isoflavone biosynthesis. The expression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and chalcone synthase (CHS) may affect differences in R. liliiflorum flower colour. The findings on flavonoid biosynthesis and other related genes in this study will provide guidance for exploring the mechanism of flower colour formation in Rhododendron. Full article

Year-round demand for locally sourced specialty cut flowers continues to increase. However, due to low radiation intensities and temperatures, growers in northern latitudes must utilize greenhouses, but limited production information detailing manipulation of the radiation environment exists. Therefore, our objective is to quantify the influence of supplemental lighting (SL) quality on time to flower and harvest and stem quality of three long-day specialty cut flowers. Godetia ‘Grace Rose Pink’ (Clarkia amoena), snapdragon ‘Potomac Royal’ (Antirrhinum majus), and stock ‘Iron Rose’ (Matthiola incana) plugs are transplanted into bulb crates and placed in one of six greenhouse compartments with SL providing a total photon flux density of 120 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ from 0700 to 1900 HR. After four weeks, SL is extended to provide a 16 h photoperiod to induce flowering. SL treatments are provided by either high-pressure sodium (HPS) fixtures or various light-emitting diode (LED) fixtures. Treatments are defined by their 100 nm wavebands of blue (B; 400–500 nm), green (G; 500–600 nm), red (R; 600–700 nm), and far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) radiation (photon flux density in μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) as B₇G₆₀R₄₄FR₉ (HPS₁₂₀), B₂₀G₅₀R₄₅FR₅, B₂₀R₈₅FR₁₅, B₃₀G₂₅R₆₅, B₁₂₀, or R₁₂₀. Time to harvest (TTH) is up to 14, 15, and 10 d slower under R₁₂₀ SL for godetia, snapdragon, and stock, respectively, compared to the quickest treatments (HPS₁₂₀, B₁₂₀, and B₂₀R₈₅FR₁₅ SL). However, R₁₂₀ SL produces cut flowers up to 18% longer than those grown under the quickest treatments. Both broad-spectrum LED fixtures slightly delay TTH compared to the quickest treatments. Stem caliper is not commercially different between treatments for godetia or snapdragon, although stems are up to 14% thinner for stock grown under B₁₂₀ SL compared to the other treatments. Flower petal color is not commercially different between SL treatments. We recommend utilizing a SL fixture providing a spectrum similar to B₂₀R₈₅FR₁₅ SL or B₂₀G₅₀R₄₅FR₅, as they elicit desirable crop responses with minimal developmental, quality, and visibility tradeoffs. While HPS lamps perform similarly to the recommended fixtures, we recommend utilizing LEDs for their higher photon efficacy and potential energy savings. Full article

This study aims to evaluate the Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H-NMR)-based metabolomic profiles of monovarietal olive oils obtained from Arbequina and Koroneiki, which are typically present in the Mediterranean basin and grown in Spain and Greece, respectively. Micro-milled oils were obtained from olives harvested both in their cultivar home countries (Spain and Greece) and in Italy. Investigations by ¹H NMR metabolic profiling were carried out to develop a strategy for the correct interpretation of differences based on geographical origins. The NMR Spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) revealed significant differences in fatty acids profile as well as the unsaponifiable fraction, not only according to the cultivars but also to the specific geographical origin of the olives used. In particular, the oils from Spain were higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content than those from Italy. Conversely, the Italian oils of Koroneiki showed higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) than Greek oils. Regarding the Extra Virgin Olive Oils (EVOOs) minor fraction, for both cultivars, the olive oils obtained using olives harvested in Italy were characterized by higher relative content of phenolic compounds. It was found that each of the investigated cultivars (Arbequina and Koroneiki), very popular in super high density (SHD) planting systems, assumed a specific well-characterized metabolic EVOO profile when the olives are harvested in Italy. These results may contribute to extending and enforcing available literature data on ¹H NMR-based chemometric models as powerful tools for EVOOs geographical origin discrimination. Full article

Extending the range of Osmanthus species into more cold-hardy climates would open new opportunities for adoption and use of these species by growers, landscapers, and the public. Breeding improvement is hindered by few available cultivars and a lack of female or perfect flowers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate floral morphology and pollination biology of Osmanthus species available in the U.S. market. Thirty-three genotypes representing four species were evaluated in McMinnville, TN, USA for genome size, floral morphology, pollen viability, and self- and cross-compatibility. All genotypes were diploid with 2C genome sizes ranging from 2.89 to 3.21 pg. Perfect flowers were observed in all O. armatus and 82% of O. heterophyllus genotypes. All observed O. fortunei and O. fragrans genotypes had male-only flowers. Pollen viability based on staining and in vitro germination ranged from 8% to 98% and 6% to 53%, respectively. Pollen germination was observed on stigmas of 94.2% of O. armatus and O. heterophyllus flowers collected 24 hours after cross- or self-pollination. There was a significant association between cross type and percentage of flowers with pollen tubes reaching the ovaries; after 72 h, pollen tubes had reached the ovaries of in 67% of intraspecific crosses, 78% of interspecific crosses, and 0% of self crosses (χ² = 26.5, p < 0.001). This study provides evidence of a self-incompatibility system in O. armatus and O. heterophyllus and provides insights into opportunities and challenges for Osmanthus hybrid breeding. Full article

Forecast of tree fruit yield requires prediction of harvest time fruit size as well as fruit number. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit mass can be estimated from correlation to measurements of fruit length (L), width (W) and thickness (T). On-tree measurements of individually tagged fruit were undertaken using callipers at weekly intervals until the fruit were past commercial maturity, as judged using growing degree days (GDD), for mango cultivars ‘Honey Gold’, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Keitt’ at four locations in Australia and Brazil during the 2020/21 and 21/22 production seasons. Across all cultivars, the linear correlation of fruit mass to LWT was characterized by a R² of 0.99, RMSE of 29.9 g and slope of 0.5472 g/cm³, while the linear correlation of fruit mass to $L(\frac{\left(W+T\right)}{2}$)², mimicking what can be measured by machine vision of fruit on tree, was characterized by a R² of 0.97, RMSE of 25.0 g and slope of 0.5439 g/cm³. A procedure was established for the prediction of fruit size at harvest based on measurements made five and four or four and three weeks prior to harvest (approx. 514 and 422 GDD, before harvest, respectively). Linear regression models on weekly increase in fruit mass estimated from lineal measurements were characterized by an R² > 0.88 for all populations, with an average slope (rate of increase) of 19.6 ± 7.1 g/week, depending on cultivar, season and site. The mean absolute percentage error for predicted mass compared to harvested fruit weight for estimates based on measurements of the earlier and later intervals was 16.3 ± 1.3% and 4.5 ± 2.4%, respectively. Measurement at the later interval allowed better accuracy on prediction of fruit tray size distribution. A recommendation was made for forecast of fruit mass at harvest based on in-field measurements at approximately 400 to 450 GDD units before harvest GDD and one week later. Full article

Boron (B) is an essential trace nutrient element for citrus, but excessive B levels are frequently encountered in citrus production, potentially resulting in citrus toxicity. To better understand the tolerance and physiological responses of citrus rootstocks to excess B levels, Trifoliate orange, Ziyangxiangcheng, Carrizo citrange, and Red tangerine were treated with four B concentrations (0.05, 0.2, 0.8, and 3.2 mmol/L). High B concentrations resulted in leaf yellowing and shedding and eventual plant death. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity declined in response to high B concentrations, and relative leaf cell conductivity rose significantly. Trifoliate orange was the first to exhibit symptoms of B toxicity, with the highest levels of B-associated injury. As B concentrations rose, the height increment ratio declined, as did belowground and aboveground dry fresh weight. Soluble protein content initially rose and then fell, while proline content, SOD activity, and POD activity rose with B concentrations. B levels in these rootstocks also increased significantly, with the greatest increases in the leaves. Principal component analysis and subordinate function results revealed that the relative rank order for the B tolerance of citrus rootstocks was: Red tangerine > Carrizo citrange > Ziyangxiangcheng > Trifoliate orange. Full article

Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting factor for plant growth and vegetable production. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of N uptake, transport, and assimilation is key to improving N use efficiency in plants. Ammonium transporters (AMTs) play an important role in plant N metabolism. In this study, we isolated an important AMT1 subfamily member (BcAMT1;5) with a highly conserved signatural AMT1 subfamily motif from flowering Chinese cabbage. Based on functional complementation in yeast mutant 31019b and overexpression of BcAMT1;5 in Arabidopsis, BcAMT1;5 is a functional AMT. Tissue expression analysis showed that BcAMT1;5 was mainly expressed in roots and showed multiple N regime transcript patterns to respond to varying nutritional conditions. This was up-regulated by N-deficiency and down-regulated by supplying NH₄⁺. The glucuronidase (GUS) activities of BcAMT1;5_pro::GUS showed a similar change in response to different N conditions. Overexpression of BcAMT1;5 accelerated the growth of transgenic seedlings, increased NH₄⁺ net influxes, and enhanced the content and accumulation of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ at low N concentrations. Additionally, it increased the transcript levels of N assimilation-related genes in shoots. These results indicate that BcAMT1;5 may participate in N uptake and assimilation under various N conditions in flowering Chinese cabbage, but it was differed obviously from other AMT1s. Full article

To create novel tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) germplasm, a wild tomato relative, S. pimpinellifolium (a red-fruited LA1585 accession), was used as the male parent to cross with the yellow-fruited tomato mutant, e9292 (S. lycopersicum). Forty-four morphological characteristics were examined in the present study; 22 S. pimpinellifolium (LA1585) traits and six S. lycopersicum (e9292) traits were dominant in the hybrids (first generation, F₁); 10 were intermediate types, and the remaining six resulted in a nonmorphological difference. Ten representative lines were chosen from 1338 line of the second generation of the hybrid (e9292 × LA1585). The ascorbic acid content was higher in three F₂ hybrids than in LA1585, which had higher parental levels, as well as the lycopene content in two of the hybrid lines. The fructose and glucose contents were higher in five F₂ hybrids compared to e9292, and the sugar/acid value was higher in three hybrid lines. The broad-sense heritability values ranged from 75.06% for total soluble solids to 99.92% for ascorbic acid, and the average value was 92.66% for 15 quality traits. When seedlings were exposed to NaCl and mannitol, the tolerance of high salt concentrations and drought was enhanced in two hybrid lines (F₂-266 and F₂-299) compared with else tomatoes (e9292, LA1585, F₁ hybrids, and F₂-332). We created novel tomato germplasm resources with horticulturally desirable quality traits and abiotic stress tolerance, thus offering a methodology for novel tomato germplasm creation and evaluation. Full article

Vineyard mechanical winter pruning has been spreading worldwide, and the physiological basis ascribable to it has been consolidated throughout the years. Despite labor savings and reduction of costs having been proven, the demonstration of its economic viability might be challenging. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the vine performances and the costs of different degrees of the mechanization of winter pruning over a five-year trial (2011–2015). In a vineyard of cv. Trebbiano Romagnolo (Vitis vinifera L.) located in northern Italy, three pruning treatments were laid out as follows: (a) manual pruning (MAN); (b) mechanical pre-pruning and simultaneous manual follow-up (MP + F); (c) mechanical pruning without a manual follow-up (MP). The results showed a strong increase in the node number of MP. Nevertheless, the yield compensation factors (i.e., the shoot fruitfulness and cluster weight) limited the increase in productivity. Soluble solids did not differ between the pruning treatments, while titratable acidity resulted slightly higher only on the MP berries. The MP treatment was the most economically convenient, with a vineyard surface of 1.5 hectares, while mechanical pruning with manual finishing resulted more advantageous, compared to manual pruning when the vineyard surface was greater than 2.9 hectares. The agronomic and economic results obtained in this five-year trial suggest that mechanical pruning may be profitably applied also on grapevine varieties characterized by low basal bud fruitfulness, such as Trebbiano Romagnolo. Full article

A narrow window of optimal spring temperatures limits anemone (Anemone coronaria L.) cut flower production in the US Intermountain West, where fall plantings risk winter injury and spring plantings are limited by summer dormancy. Regional management recommendations are needed to improve anemone harvest timing and yield for growers in USDA hardiness zones 6 and below (average annual minimum temperatures below −18 °C). The aim of this research was to optimize flower timing, yield, quality, and profitability in high tunnel and field production systems by evaluating planting dates, winter insulation, tuber preparation, and cultivar selection. High tunnel and field trials were conducted from fall 2020 to spring 2022 in North Logan, UT (41.767° N, −111.811° W, 1405 m elevation, USDA hardiness zone 5). Tubers were pre-sprouted or directly planted into a high tunnel (left bare or covered with low tunnels) or field (left bare or covered with mulch, a low tunnel, or mulch and a low tunnel) from November to April. Harvest began as early as 2 March in the high tunnel and 9 April in the field, with overall average marketable yields (stems per m² ± SE) of 142 ± 7 in the high tunnel and 85 ± 4 in the field. Planting pre-sprouted tubers under low tunnels in the high tunnel in November delivered the earliest harvest (2 March), greatest marketable yield (280 stems per m² ± 73 SE), and greatest net returns ($38 per m²). For November field plantings, insulation improved emergence by 75% and marketable yield by 77 stems per m² ± 15 SE. Combining high tunnel and field production with the season advancement techniques of fall planting dates, low-cost insulation, and pre-sprouting resulted in high total yields in the Intermountain West compared to traditional industry recommendations. Full article

In this work, we have proposed a novel methodology for greenhouse tomato yield prediction, which is based on a hybrid of an explanatory biophysical model—the Tomgro model, and a machine learning model called CNN-RNN. The Tomgro and CNN-RNN models are calibrated/trained for predicting tomato yields while different fusion approaches (linear, Bayesian, neural network, random forest and gradient boosting) are exploited for fusing the prediction result of individual models for obtaining the final prediction results. The experimental results have shown that the model fusion approach achieves more accurate prediction results than the explanatory biophysical model or the machine learning model. Moreover, out of different model fusion approaches, the neural network one produced the most accurate tomato prediction results, with means and standard deviations of root mean square error (RMSE), r2-coefficient, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and percent bias (PBIAS) being 17.69 ± 3.47 g/m${}^2$, 0.9995 ± 0.0002, 0.9989 ± 0.0004 and 0.1791 ± 0.6837, respectively. Full article

Estimation of fruit size on-tree is useful for yield estimation, harvest timing and market planning. Automation of measurement of fruit size on-tree is possible using RGB-depth (RGB-D) cameras, if partly occluded fruit can be removed from consideration. An RGB-D Time of Flight camera was used in an imaging system that can be driven through an orchard. Three approaches were compared, being: (i) refined bounding box dimensions of a YOLO object detector; (ii) bounding box dimensions of an instance segmentation model (Mask R-CNN) applied to canopy images, and (iii) instance segmentation applied to extracted bounding boxes from a YOLO detection model. YOLO versions 3, 4 and 7 and their tiny variants were compared to an in-house variant, MangoYOLO, for this application, with YOLO v4-tiny adopted. Criteria developed to exclude occluded fruit by filtering based on depth, mask size, ellipse to mask area ratio and difference between refined bounding box height and ellipse major axis. The lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.7 mm and 5.1 mm on the lineal length dimensions of a population (n = 104) of Honey Gold and Keitt varieties of mango fruit, respectively, and the lowest fruit exclusion rate was achieved using method (ii), while the RMSE on estimated fruit weight was 113 g on a population weight range between 180 and 1130 g. An example use is provided, with the method applied to video of an orchard row to produce a weight frequency distribution related to packing tray size. Full article

The compatibility of mycorrhizal fungi with the early growth stage of orchids is essential for their growth. In this study, the compatibility and promotion effects of 14 Tulasnella strains from different hosts were studied by co-culturing them with the protocorms of Dendrobium crepidatum, which has high ornamental and economic value in China. The ITS–LSU–SSU–TEF combined sequence analysis divided the 14 strains into three clades belonging to Tulasnella calospora (clades A and B) and Tulasnella asymmetrica (clade C). All the strains were compatible with D. crepidatum protocorms within 90 d of the co-culture. Strain T12 in Clade A had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) effect on the biomass and morphology of D. crepidatum, and strain T13 in Clade C had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) effect than the other strains. Through morphological principal component analysis, we constructed a hierarchical cluster analysis tree, which was consistent with the phylogenetic tree of these 14 strains at the clade level. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed that these strains have an important effect on the plant height, root number, and length of D. crepidatum. The findings of this study will contribute to the identification of Tulasnella strains, conservation of D. crepidatum resources, and commercial utilization of mycorrhizal technology. Full article