Light Intensity during Green-Leaf Butterhead Lettuce Propagation Influences Yield and Carotenoids at Harvest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Production
2.2. Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Extraction
2.3. HPLC Analysis
2.4. Data Collection and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Seedlings
3.2. Harvest
4. Discussion
4.1. Yield at Transplant and Harvest Increases with DLI to A Point
4.2. DLI Alters Plant Morphology
4.3. Carotenoids Are Differentially Impacted at Transplant and Harvest
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Light Intensity (µmol·m−2·s−1) | DLI (mol·m−2·d−1) | |
---|---|---|
Target | Actual | |
60 | 62 ± 3 | 5.4 |
100 | 103 ± 4 | 8.9 |
200 | 196 ± 6 | 16.9 |
400 | 415 ± 7 | 35.9 |
600 | 610 ± 13 | 52.7 |
Rep. | Transplant Date | DLI (mol·m−2·d−1) | Air Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 19 December 2020 | 15.5 ± 1.2 | 21.8 ± 1.2 |
2 | 17 January 2021 | 18.3 ± 2.7 | 23.5 ± 0.8 |
3 | 16 February 2021 | 16.0 ± 1.6 | 23.1 ± 1.3 |
Parameter | a | b | c | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh mass (g) | 0.17 z | 1.32 × 10−3 | −2.55 × 10−6 | 0.752 | |
(0.02) y | (6.64 × 10−5) | (3.75 × 10−7) | |||
Dry mass (g) | 2.34 × 10−3 | 8.77 × 10−5 | −8.91 × 10−8 | 0.816 | |
(1.08 × 10−3) | (3.94 × 10−6) | (2.23 × 10−8) | |||
Dry mass conc. (g·kg−1) | 29.05 | 0.08 | −7.96 × 10−5 | 0.675 | |
(1.40) | (0.01) | (2.87 × 10−5) | |||
Stem diameter (mm) | 0.65 | 1.58 × 10−3 | (−2.11 × 10−6) | 0.607 | |
(0.04) | (1.43 × 10−4) | (8.04 × 10−7) | |||
Leaf number | 1.93 | 2.65 × 10−3 | −3.57 × 10−6 | 0.646 | |
(0.05) | (1.80 × 10−4) | (1.02 × 10−6) | |||
Height (cm) | 7.90 | −0.03 | 287.93 | 0.641 | |
(0.34) | (0.01) | (30.42) | |||
β–carotene conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | −226.24 | 6.52 | 214.10 | 0.464 | |
(−228.45) | (4.02) | (68.75) | |||
Neoxanthin conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 52.33 | 0.32 | −1.59 × 10−3 | 0.425 | |
(16.48) | (0.06) | (3.38 × 10−4) | |||
Violaxanthin conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 337.71 | 0.78 | −3.83 × 10−3 | 0.458 | |
(37.65) | (−0.14) | (7.73 × 10−4) | |||
Zeaxanthin conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 13.68 | 0.01 | 0.088 | ||
(1.39) | (0.00) | ||||
Chlorophyll b conc. (µg·g−1 DM) − | 4724.16 | −2.81 | 0.322 | ||
(210.51) | (0.62) | ||||
Total carotenoid conc. (µg·g−1 DM) − | −230.07 | 17.74 | 209.52 | 0.424 | |
(677.77) | (12.05) | (72.49) | |||
Lutein content (µg·plant−1) − | −7.94 | 0.15 | 369.09 | 0.709 | |
(3.29) | (0.04) | (63.22) | |||
Chlorophyll a content (µg·plant−1) − | −108.26 | 2.05 | 350.21 | 0.643 | |
(−51.03) | (0.62) | (67.93) | |||
Chlorophyll b content (µg·plant−1) − | −46.22 | 1.00 | 365.37 | 0.646 | |
(25.04) | (0.30) | (71.78) | |||
Total carotenoid content (µg·plant−1) − | −20.48 | 0.36 | 355.90 | 0.699 | |
(7.78) | (0.10) | (61.18) |
Parameter | a | b | c | R2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh mass (g) | −5.49 z | 1.14 | 294.89 | 0.859 | |
(7.26) y | (0.10) | (16.07) | |||
Dry mass (g) | 0.01 | 0.03 | 300.92 | 0.438 | |
(0.52) | (0.01) | (45.85) | |||
Leaf number | 15.37 | 0.13 | 326.91 | 0.720 | |
(1.32) | (0.02) | (27.89) | |||
Height (cm) | 13.14 | 4.65 × 10−3 | −1.63 × 10−5 | 0.166 | |
(0.24) | (8.60 × 10−4) | (4.83 × 10−6) | |||
Β-carotene conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 380.36 | −0.27 | 0.401 | ||
(17.50) | (0.05) | ||||
Lutein conc. (µg·g−1 DM) − | 405.37 | −0.22 | 0.309 | ||
(16.93) | (0.05) | ||||
Neoxanthin conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 91.84 | −0.15 | 0.356 | ||
(10.58) | (0.03) | ||||
Violaxanthin conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 409.19 | −0.43 | 0.376 | ||
(28.98) | (0.09) | ||||
Chlorophyll a conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 5315.26 | −4.35 | 0.265 | ||
(377.41) | (1.12) | ||||
Chlorophyll b conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 3037.61 | −1.35 | 0.240 | ||
(124.94) | (0.37) | ||||
Total carotenoid conc. (µg·g−1 DM) | 1299.29 | −1.08 | 0.431 | ||
(64.70) | (0.19) | ||||
Β-carotene content (µg·plant−1) | 527.74 | 0.64 | −3.54 × 10−3 | 0.217 | |
(54.85) | (0.21) | (1.16 × 10−3) | |||
Lutein content (µg·plant−1)− | 573.16 | 0.97 | −4.78 × 10−3 | 0.365 | |
(54.81) | (0.21) | (1.16 × 10−3) | |||
Neoxanthin content (µg·plant−1) | 107.90 | −0.12 | 0.135 | ||
(15.88) | (0.048) | ||||
Zeaxanthin content (µg·plant−1) | 16.92 | 0.03 | −1.56 × 10−4 | 0.371 | |
(1.84) | (0.01) | (3.88 × 10−5) | |||
Chlorophyll a content (µg·plant−1) | 7491.55 | 7.92 | −0.05 | 0.129 | |
(1007.04) | (3.86) | (0.02) | |||
Chlorophyll b content (µg·plant−1) | 4347.67 | 8.00 | −0.04 | 0.410 | |
(404.70) | (1.55) | (0.01) | |||
Total carotenoid content (µg·plant−1) | 1302.39 | 1.37 | −0.01 | 0.199 | |
(146.35) | (0.56) | (3.09 × 10−3) |
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Givens, S.R.; Del Moro, D.S.; Parker, S.E.; Renny, A.G.; Sams, C.E.; Walters, K.J. Light Intensity during Green-Leaf Butterhead Lettuce Propagation Influences Yield and Carotenoids at Harvest. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020223
Givens SR, Del Moro DS, Parker SE, Renny AG, Sams CE, Walters KJ. Light Intensity during Green-Leaf Butterhead Lettuce Propagation Influences Yield and Carotenoids at Harvest. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(2):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020223
Chicago/Turabian StyleGivens, Spencer R., Dustin S. Del Moro, Sarah E. Parker, Alexander G. Renny, Carl E. Sams, and Kellie J. Walters. 2023. "Light Intensity during Green-Leaf Butterhead Lettuce Propagation Influences Yield and Carotenoids at Harvest" Horticulturae 9, no. 2: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020223