Journal of Composites Science

17 pages, 16423 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Permeability and Infusion Simulation of Automatically Placed Dry Fiber Preforms

by Wei Du, Jun Liu, Hao Song, Minqiang Jiang, Bo Ning, Yang Yang, Weiping Liu, Keqing Han, Hui Zhang and Jianyong Yu

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050279 - 21 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1052

Abstract

To investigate the resin infusion molding process for novel dry fiber-reinforced epoxy composite wing skin, dry fiber preforms were fabricated via an automated fiber placement (AFP) system, and the out-of-plane permeability of the preforms at different lay-up speeds was measured using the ultrasonic [...] Read more.

To investigate the resin infusion molding process for novel dry fiber-reinforced epoxy composite wing skin, dry fiber preforms were fabricated via an automated fiber placement (AFP) system, and the out-of-plane permeability of the preforms at different lay-up speeds was measured using the ultrasonic transmission method to determine the optimal lay-up parameters. A scaled-down composite wing skin structure was modeled and meshed via numerical simulation, and different resin infusion schemes were simulated and analyzed using PAM-RTM software. The optimal infusion scheme was determined by comparing the infusion time, infusion pressure and defect formation during resin flow for different schemes, and the wing skin component was fabricated through the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process. Results indicate that the infusion time predicted by PAM-RTM simulation is 3883 s, while the actual measured value in the VARI process is 3611 s with an error of approximately 7% within a reasonable range. Both simulation and actual wing skin fabrication exhibited no significant defects, validating the accuracy of the three-dimensional permeability measurement of dry fiber preforms as well as the reliability of the simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)

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16 pages, 2021 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled Response of Internal Pneumatic Pressurization and External Mechanical Loading in Rhombic Composite Laminates

by Zefeng Xu, Linguo Liu, Yi Yang, Shi Liu, Xinran Guo, Tao Tao, Banghua Du, Jiaqiao Liang and Peiyu Liu

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050278 - 20 May 2026

Viewed by 440

Abstract

This study investigates the coupled quasi-static response and stable-state switching behavior of mechanically prestressed rhombic bistable composite laminates under internal pneumatic pressurization and external mechanical loading. A rhombic bistable composite laminate with embedded fluidic channels is proposed, where pneumatic pressurization is employed to [...] Read more.

This study investigates the coupled quasi-static response and stable-state switching behavior of mechanically prestressed rhombic bistable composite laminates under internal pneumatic pressurization and external mechanical loading. A rhombic bistable composite laminate with embedded fluidic channels is proposed, where pneumatic pressurization is employed to reconfigure the deformation state and modulate the coupling between the laminate morphology and external actuation loads. An efficient reduced-order analytical model is developed to capture the interactions among geometric configuration, prestrain distribution, internal pressure, and external mechanical loading, enabling the rapid prediction of the deformation evolution and load–deflection response under coupled loading conditions. The main innovation of this work is integrating rhombic geometric tailoring, intrinsic pneumatic actuation, and multimode external loading into a unified analytical framework. The results demonstrate that the interior angle, prestrain distribution, and loading mode can effectively regulate equilibrium morphology, snap-through energy, and actuation efficiency. Parametric analyses reveal that the rhombic geometry introduces pronounced shear–bending coupling, providing an additional geometric degree of freedom for tailoring bistable configurations and energy barriers. In particular, a smaller interior angle generally reduces the snap-through energy barrier, whereas front-side prestrain increases the energy required for stable-state switching by enhancing the initial curvature. Comparisons among different loading modes further show that transverse point loading provides the highest energy conversion efficiency, in-plane loading requires the largest input energy, and pressure-assisted actuation exhibits intermediate efficiency. These findings provide fundamental insights and practical design guidelines for programmable morphing and load-efficient stable-state switching for rhombic composite laminates operating under coupled internal–external loading environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

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31 pages, 6474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Analysis of Sandwich Plates with Auxetic Honeycomb Core and Laminated FG-CNTRC Facesheets Using a PB-2 Ritz Formulation

by Viet-Tam Tran, Thanh-Tung Pham, Minh-Tu Tran and Hoang-Nam Nguyen

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050277 - 20 May 2026

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Abstract

This paper analyzes the vibrational characteristics of a novel sandwich plate configuration composed of an auxetic honeycomb (AH) core and laminated functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) face sheets, hereafter referred to as the SD-AuCNT plate. Based on Reddy’s third-order shear deformation theory [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the vibrational characteristics of a novel sandwich plate configuration composed of an auxetic honeycomb (AH) core and laminated functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) face sheets, hereafter referred to as the SD-AuCNT plate. Based on Reddy’s third-order shear deformation theory (SDT), which accurately accounts for transverse shear effects without requiring shear correction factors, the equations of motion are derived using Hamilton’s principle and subsequently solved using a pb-2 Ritz formulation combined with the Newmark time integration scheme for dynamic response analysis. By combining an auxetic core with negative Poisson’s ratio characteristics and laminated FG-CNTRC face sheets featuring tailored CNT distribution patterns and orientations, the hybrid SD-AuCNT plate can improve structural stiffness, energy absorption, and dynamic performance; however, it has not been thoroughly investigated in the existing literature. After verifying the accuracy of the proposed computational procedure, the effects of auxetic core geometry, CNT distribution patterns, thickness ratios, and boundary conditions on the natural frequencies and transient responses of the plate are comprehensively investigated. The results provide new insights into the dynamic behavior of advanced sandwich plates and offer practical guidance for the design of high-performance lightweight structures in aerospace, marine, defense, and other engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

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22 pages, 2872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Load Capacity Evaluation of ECC and GFRP Strengthened RC Beams Under Combined Bending and Shear

by Jagadesh Kannan Selvan, Preethy Mary Arulanandam, Sherine Stanly and Madappa V. R. Sivasubramanian

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050276 - 19 May 2026

Viewed by 856

Abstract

This study presents a mechanics based analytical framework for predicting the flexural–shear capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) and a hybrid ECC–GFRP near surface mounted (NSM) system. Building upon previously reported experimental observations, the present work aims [...] Read more.

This study presents a mechanics based analytical framework for predicting the flexural–shear capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) and a hybrid ECC–GFRP near surface mounted (NSM) system. Building upon previously reported experimental observations, the present work aims to establish rational prediction models capable of capturing the interaction between flexural and shear mechanisms in strengthened beams. The analytical approach integrates sectional analysis for flexural capacity with a modified truss analogy for shear resistance, explicitly incorporating the strain hardening tensile contribution of ECC and the tensile and confinement effects of GFRP reinforcement. An interaction based failure criterion is subsequently employed to identify the governing failure mode under combined flexural shear actions. The proposed model is validated against experimental results obtained from twenty seven beam specimens with varying flexural and shear reinforcement ratios and strengthening configurations. The predicted ultimate loads show good agreement with experimental values, with an average deviation within ±10%. The analytical framework accurately captures the transition between flexural dominated, combined flexural–shear, and diagonal tension failures observed experimentally. Results demonstrate that ECC significantly enhances ductility and shear crack control, while the hybrid ECC–GFRP system provides substantial strength enhancement with a controlled shift in failure mode. Overall, the developed analytical models offer a reliable and computationally efficient tool for predicting the flexural–shear capacity and failure behavior of ECC and hybrid ECC–GFRP-strengthened RC beams, supporting performance based design and practical strengthening applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, 4th Edition)

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22 pages, 3251 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Steel-Reinforced Recycled Thermoplastic Composite for Wind Turbine Towers: Experimental and Full-Scale Validation

by Cihan Ciftci and Hasan Tolga Altikaya

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050275 - 19 May 2026

Viewed by 903

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and lightweight structural systems has motivated the development of alternative materials for wind turbine tower applications, where conventional steel structures are associated with high material consumption and environmental impact. In this study, a novel steel-reinforced recycled thermoplastic composite [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable and lightweight structural systems has motivated the development of alternative materials for wind turbine tower applications, where conventional steel structures are associated with high material consumption and environmental impact. In this study, a novel steel-reinforced recycled thermoplastic composite system is proposed as an alternative structural solution. To enable the design and practical application of such composite systems, the mechanical properties of the recycled thermoplastic matrix were experimentally characterized. Compression and tensile tests revealed average yield strengths of approximately 32 MPa in compression and 7.8 MPa in tension. To account for the environmental conditions encountered in field applications, the temperature-dependent mechanical behavior of the material was investigated. Since the critical mechanical response of the thermoplastic matrix in the composite system is governed by compression rather than tension, the study was limited to compression tests under elevated temperatures. The results show that the compressive yield strength decreases to approximately 31 MPa at 55 °C. An analytical model based on the transformed-section approach was also developed to predict the flexural behavior of the composite section and was validated through three-point bending tests, with an analytically predicted yield load of approximately 31.5 kN showing good agreement with experimental results. To assess structural applicability at a larger scale, a full-scale composite wind turbine tower was designed and manufactured, and its dynamic performance was evaluated through field measurements under natural wind loading conditions. The results indicate that the composite tower exhibits comparable dynamic behavior to a conventional steel tower, with a first natural frequency of approximately 3.08 Hz compared to 2.89 Hz for the steel tower, along with enhanced damping characteristics. These findings demonstrate that steel-reinforced recycled thermoplastic composites offer a promising and sustainable alternative for wind turbine tower applications, with potential for broader use in structural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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35 pages, 4801 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional Effects of Jackfruit Seed Residue on the Microstructure, Durability, and Internal Curing of Cementitious Composites

by Patrick S. Vieira, Delma D. G. Rocha, Bruno S. Teti, Emanoel Laurertan T. França, Nathan B. Lima, Esdras C. Costa, Erika P. Marinho, Patrícia M. A. Farias and Nathalia B. D. Lima

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050274 - 19 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1040

Abstract

The design of sustainable composite materials requires approaches that integrate performance, durability, and circularity. In this study, jackfruit seed residue (JSR), a starch-rich agro-industrial by-product, is explored as a multifunctional biopolymeric component in cement-based rendering composites within a Safe and Sustainable by Design [...] Read more.

The design of sustainable composite materials requires approaches that integrate performance, durability, and circularity. In this study, jackfruit seed residue (JSR), a starch-rich agro-industrial by-product, is explored as a multifunctional biopolymeric component in cement-based rendering composites within a Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) framework. Despite conventional strategies based on purified polymers or synthetic admixtures, JSR is incorporated in its unprocessed form, preserving its intrinsic chemical and structural heterogeneity and enabling complex physicochemical interactions within the composite matrix. Mortar formulations containing 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% JSR (by binder mass) were evaluated through fresh-state, mechanical, and durability tests, combined with multiscale characterization (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence). The incorporation of JSR enhanced workability and significantly reduced capillary water absorption (up to 25.83%), while maintaining mechanical performance within the typical range for rendering applications, with strength gains observed at 28 days. The observed behavior is attributed to synergistic mechanisms, including water retention, internal curing, and microfiller effects, as well as ionic contributions from the mineral fraction of the residue. Further, microstructural analysis revealed refinement of the interfacial transition zone and modification of the pore network, indicating reduced transport connectivity rather than a simple decrease in total porosity. These results demonstrate that unprocessed bio-residues can act as effective multifunctional components in cementitious composites, enabling the tuning of structure–property relationships and offering a scalable pathway toward low-impact composite materials aligned with circular economy principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Composite Construction Materials, 3rd Edition)

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23 pages, 6239 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional PVDF/BaFe₁₂O₁₉ Composite Membranes: Filler-Controlled β-Phase Evolution, Thermal Behavior, Optical, Dielectric, and Magnetic Properties

by Alina Rabadanova, Abdulatip Shuaibov, Asiyat Magomedova, Nariman Alikhanov, Shikhgasan Ramazanov, Akhmed Amirov, Dinara Sobola, Samer Daradkeh, Tomáš Trčka, Kamaludin Abdulvakhidov, Arseniy Khrustalev and Farid Orudzhev

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050273 - 19 May 2026

Viewed by 2136

Abstract

Multifunctional polymer–ferrite composites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and magnetic fillers are of increasing interest for applications requiring coupled electrical, dielectric, and magnetic responses. However, the relationship between magnetic filler concentration, PVDF phase composition, and the resulting multifunctional properties remains insufficiently understood. In [...] Read more.

Multifunctional polymer–ferrite composites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and magnetic fillers are of increasing interest for applications requiring coupled electrical, dielectric, and magnetic responses. However, the relationship between magnetic filler concentration, PVDF phase composition, and the resulting multifunctional properties remains insufficiently understood. In this work, PVDF/BaFe₁₂O₁₉ (PVDF/BaF) composite membranes containing 2–20 wt.% BaF were fabricated using a combined non-solvent and thermally induced phase-inversion (NIPS–TIPS) method. Structural evolution was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and quantitative FTIR spectroscopy, thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimetry, optical properties by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, dielectric response in the frequency range 10³–10⁶ Hz, and magnetic characteristics by vibrating sample magnetometry. At moderate filler concentrations (2–10 wt.%), BaFe₁₂O₁₉ nanoparticles acted as effective β-phase nucleating centers, leading to electroactive phase fractions of 97.7–99.9% and a maximum β-phase content of 86.7% for PVDF/BaF10. At higher loadings (15–20 wt.%), particle agglomeration and restricted chain mobility promoted a transition toward α-phase-dominated crystallization. Thermal analysis indicated competing nucleation and confined crystallization processes, while optical and dielectric measurements revealed nonmonotonic changes associated with interfacial interactions and Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization. Magnetic measurements showed a linear increase in saturation magnetization with filler concentration and a nonmonotonic coercivity dependence with a pronounced change near the critical agglomeration concentration. These results demonstrate that the multifunctional response of PVDF/BaFe₁₂O₁₉ membranes is governed by the interplay between β-phase nucleation, interfacial polarization, and magnetic particle interactions, with approximately 10 wt.% ferrite providing the most balanced electrical, dielectric, and magnetic characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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21 pages, 6455 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical and Experimental Investigation on Vibration of FG Beams Under Thermal Environment

by Chen Chen, Xiuxin Yang, Dan Yao, Chuan Zeng and Bokai Liu

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050272 - 18 May 2026

Viewed by 840

Abstract

The free vibration of functionally graded (FG) beams under thermal environments is fundamental to understanding forced vibration, flutter, and thermal buckling in high-temperature structures. However, current research primarily focuses on theoretical modeling and numerical solutions, with limited mechanistic insights into temperature-dependent frequency variations [...] Read more.

The free vibration of functionally graded (FG) beams under thermal environments is fundamental to understanding forced vibration, flutter, and thermal buckling in high-temperature structures. However, current research primarily focuses on theoretical modeling and numerical solutions, with limited mechanistic insights into temperature-dependent frequency variations and multi-factor effects. This study presents an analytical investigation coupled with experimental validation to characterize the vibration behavior of FG beams under thermal environments. First, governing equations for thermal vibration of FG beams are derived under uniform, linear, and nonlinear temperature fields based on the power-law assumption, the rule of mixtures, Timoshenko beam theory, and Hamilton’s principle. Subsequently, analytical expressions for natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained using the state-space method. Then, experimental validation is performed to verify the model’s accuracy. Finally, the combined effects of temperature field, power-law index, slenderness ratio, and boundary conditions on the natural frequencies are systematically analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials: Design, Implementation and Characterization)

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18 pages, 3447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Shrinkage Properties of Two-Dimensional Aligned Steel Fiber-Reinforced Micro-Expansive Concrete

by Longbang Qing, Jinxin Meng, Qifeng Gu and Mengdi Bi

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050271 - 17 May 2026

Viewed by 611

Abstract

In this study, the two-dimensional aligned steel fiber-reinforced micro-expansive concrete (2D) was prepared, aiming to address the inherent vulnerabilities of concrete, such as early-age shrinkage cracking and low tensile ductility. For this purpose, the steel fibers and expansive agent were utilized. Furthermore, the [...] Read more.

In this study, the two-dimensional aligned steel fiber-reinforced micro-expansive concrete (2D) was prepared, aiming to address the inherent vulnerabilities of concrete, such as early-age shrinkage cracking and low tensile ductility. For this purpose, the steel fibers and expansive agent were utilized. Furthermore, the planar rotating magnetic field was used to randomly distribute the steel fibers in a two-dimensional plane. In order to verify its superior mechanical and shrinkage properties, the compressive, fracture and drying shrinkage tests were carried out. The results demonstrate that the 2D alignment method enhances the fiber utilization efficiency. Compared with fiber-free groups, the compressive strength and fracture parameters of specimens incorporating steel fibers were improved. Furthermore, compared with randomly distributed steel fiber-reinforced micro-expansive concrete (RD), the 2D alignment method made the cubic compressive strength and fracture energy improve 8–14.2% and 19.4–110%, respectively. Additionally, the advantage of the fiber 2D alignment method was also reflected in the inhibition of drying shrinkage. Compared with normal concrete, the 180-day shrinkage strain of the 2D1.2 group was reduced to 200 με (only 19.5% of that of normal concrete, or 30.6% of that of micro-expansive concrete). Mechanistically, these superior performances are fundamentally governed by a coupling effect: chemical shrinkage compensation and physical alignment constraint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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22 pages, 10412 KB

Open AccessArticle

MgO Nanoparticles-Functionalized Palm Leaf Biochar for Efficient and Sustainable Congo Red Removal

by Basim Alfajri, Samah Daffalla, Hessah Alzouraiq, Salman Bin Maan, Ahmed Alfuzaya and Mohamed R. El-Aassar

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050270 - 17 May 2026

Viewed by 775

Abstract

A major challenge in wastewater treatment lies in developing cost-effective and sustainable adsorbent materials for efficient dye removal. In this study, a novel biochar functionalized with MgO nanoparticles derived from palm leaf waste (MgO/PLB nanoparticles) was synthesized and evaluated for the removal of [...] Read more.

A major challenge in wastewater treatment lies in developing cost-effective and sustainable adsorbent materials for efficient dye removal. In this study, a novel biochar functionalized with MgO nanoparticles derived from palm leaf waste (MgO/PLB nanoparticles) was synthesized and evaluated for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. FTIR, SEM, BET, and TGA investigations were used to thoroughly analyze the produced nanocomposite’s physicochemical properties. FTIR analysis verified the successful incorporation of MgO nanoparticles, as evidenced by the presence of characteristic Mg–O vibrations and noticeable changes in surface functional groups. SEM analysis revealed a transformation from a compact structure to a rough, particle-decorated morphology, indicating increased surface heterogeneity. BET analysis indicated the development of mesoporous structures, accompanied by a substantial increase in specific surface area from 2 to 178 m²/g. TGA results further confirmed enhanced thermal stability, indicating the formation of a structurally robust adsorbent. Batch adsorption tests showed that CR removal depends on pH, dosage, concentration, and contact time, with maximum efficiency (~99%) achieved at pH 4 using 0.03 g of adsorbent. The adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm, with a maximum capacity of 23.4 mg/g. The regenerated nanomaterial retained more than 89% of its adsorption capacity after four successive cycles, demonstrating good reusability and stability. The developed MgO/PLB nanoparticles exhibit efficient adsorption performance, combined with low-cost synthesis and the utilization of abundant agricultural waste, making it an affordable and long-lasting adsorbent for applications involving wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

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21 pages, 9383 KB

Open AccessArticle

Precise Defect Reconstruction of CPVs by Adaptive Ultrasonic Imaging

by Jie Ding, Jinming Cao, Jiancheng Cao, Jun Zhang, Jingli Yan and Hui Ding

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050269 - 15 May 2026

Viewed by 554

Abstract

Composite hydrogen storage vessels exhibit pronounced anisotropy, multilayered winding architectures, and strong ultrasonic attenuation, which severely degrade the focusing accuracy and defect visibility of the conventional isotropic total focusing method (TFM). To address these challenges, this study proposes an enhanced TFM framework for [...] Read more.

Composite hydrogen storage vessels exhibit pronounced anisotropy, multilayered winding architectures, and strong ultrasonic attenuation, which severely degrade the focusing accuracy and defect visibility of the conventional isotropic total focusing method (TFM). To address these challenges, this study proposes an enhanced TFM framework for defect inspection in composite hydrogen storage vessels by integrating anisotropic delay correction, Gray-code coded excitation, and coherence-weighted reconstruction. First, an anisotropic propagation delay model is established using forward ray tracing to compensate for beam deviation and focusing mismatch induced by the anisotropic winding structure. Then, Gray-code excitation and pulse compression are introduced to improve signal energy and echo detectability under high-attenuation conditions. Finally, coherence-weighted imaging is applied to suppress incoherent background noise and structural artifacts, thereby enhancing defect contrast and image readability. The proposed method is validated on hydrogen storage vessel specimens containing artificial defects, with CT results used as references. Experimental results show that, compared with conventional isotropic TFM, the proposed collaborative approach significantly improves defect imaging quality for defects of different sizes and depths. The signal-to-noise ratio is increased from 7.2, 12.8, 14.8, and 7.4 dB for isotropic TFM to 32.5, 29.9, 52.6, and 42.7 dB, respectively, for the combined anisotropic, coded-excitation, and coherence-weighted TFM. In addition, the defect depth estimation remains stable and agrees well with the CT references, yielding approximately 9.0–9.6 mm for shallow defects and 18.7–19.3 mm for deeper defects. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve defect detectability, image contrast, and depth characterization for embedded delamination-like artificial defects in composite hydrogen storage vessels, providing a promising ultrasonic imaging strategy for thick-walled anisotropic composite pressure structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

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17 pages, 5918 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermoresistive Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Yarn Monofilament Composites for Temperature Sensing

by Majed Alowaid, Tannaz Tayyarian, Iriana García Guerra, Maria Alexandra Erquiaga, Nader Alhabradi, Pythagore L. Kyabutwa, Abdulrahman S. Binfaris, Shouzhong Zou, Omar Rodríguez Uicab and Jandro L. Abot

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050268 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 1118

Abstract

Carbon nanotube yarn (CNTY) monofilament composites were investigated for integrated temperature sensing by embedding a single CNTY in a vinyl ester resin (VER) and measuring the electrical resistance change by tapping into the thermoresistive response of the CNTY. The effect of curing condition [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotube yarn (CNTY) monofilament composites were investigated for integrated temperature sensing by embedding a single CNTY in a vinyl ester resin (VER) and measuring the electrical resistance change by tapping into the thermoresistive response of the CNTY. The effect of curing condition on the thermoresistive response was evaluated using dwell tests and repeated heating–cooling cycles, comparing specimens cured at room temperature (RT) with those post-cured at 140 °C for 1 h. RT-cured CNTY/VER monofilament composites exhibited electrical resistance drift, with the resistance failing to return to its initial value after each thermal cycle, resulting in a residual resistance change of ~8.85%. In contrast, post-cured (PC) specimens showed a much smaller residual change (−0.08%) after cycle completion. Thermal cycling from RT (~25 °C) to 100 °C produced a nearly linear negative thermoresistive response. The average heating and cooling TCR values were −7.98 × 10⁻⁴ °C⁻¹ and −8.32 × 10⁻⁴ °C⁻¹ for CNTY/VER, and −7.93 × 10⁻⁴ °C⁻¹ and −7.13 × 10⁻⁴ °C⁻¹ for CNTY/VER-PC, respectively. The hysteresis decreased from 21.65% for RT-cured specimens to 12.49% after post-curing, accompanied by improved linearity. The influence of heating rate on TCR was also examined for both freestanding CNTYs and CNTY/VER monofilament composites. The observed response is attributed to coupled matrix–yarn effects (wetting, resin infiltration, and shrinkage) together with temperature-dependent electron transport across CNT junctions. Finally, CNTY/VER monofilament composites demonstrated the ability to estimate internal temperatures under various thermal programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2026)

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18 pages, 4794 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposites Through LDH Particle Sizes

by Tsung-Yen Tsai, Basharat Hussain, Hsu-Heng Chien and Naveen Bunekar

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050267 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 737

Abstract

This experimental study systematically explores the impact of particle size variation in Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) composites on the thermomechanical and optical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites. Utilizing a co-precipitation method, LDHs modified with cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB) were synthesized in three distinct [...] Read more.

This experimental study systematically explores the impact of particle size variation in Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) composites on the thermomechanical and optical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanocomposites. Utilizing a co-precipitation method, LDHs modified with cocamidopropyl betaine (CPB) were synthesized in three distinct sizes (small 80 nm, medium 130 nm, and large 280 nm) and then incorporated into a PMMA matrix through bulk polymerization using Benzoyl Peroxide as the initiator. Morphological analysis via electron microscopy confirmed the exfoliation of LDHs layers within the PMMA matrix, indicating effective dispersion. The medium-sized LDH/PMMA nanocomposite exhibited enhanced interlayer interactions, facilitating polymerization and increasing the thermal degradation onset temperature by 21.2 °C compared to pristine PMMA. In contrast, the small-sized LDH/PMMA nanocomposite demonstrated a significant improvement in mechanical performance, with a 62% increase in storage modulus, attributed to its higher aspect ratio and improved stress transfer. Additionally, the optical transmittance of the nanocomposites across a visible range of 550 nm exceeded 88%, suggesting a minimal impact on optical clarity despite varied particle sizes. Overall, the incorporation of size-specific LDHs modifications led to notable enhancements in both the thermal stability and mechanical performance of the PMMA nanocomposites, underlining the potential of tailored nanoparticle modifications in advanced polymer matrices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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19 pages, 10282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Performance of a Combination of Hydroxyapatite with a Collagen Membrane for Tissue Regeneration

by Victor Hugo Viera de Oliveira Araujo, Igor da Silva Brum, Carlos Nelson Elias, Lucio Frigo, Ana Lucia Rosa do Nascimento, Mario José dos Santos Pereira, Bianca Torres Ciambarella, Marco Antônio Alencar de Carvalho and Jorge José de Carvalho

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050266 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 874

Abstract

In medicine and dentistry, bone-loss treatment often uses hydroxyapatite combined with collagen membranes. The biocompatibility of these biomaterials depends on their composition and physical/mechanical properties. In this study, a graft composed of synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (Blue Bone^®) and a bovine type [...] Read more.

In medicine and dentistry, bone-loss treatment often uses hydroxyapatite combined with collagen membranes. The biocompatibility of these biomaterials depends on their composition and physical/mechanical properties. In this study, a graft composed of synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (Blue Bone^®) and a bovine type I collagen membrane (Green Membrane Perio^®) was developed compared with commercial Bio-Oss^® graft and Mucograft^® membrane. The materials were characterized by roughness, wettability, tensile testing, DSC, SEM, and TEM. In vivo, temporoparietal bone defects were created in 40 Wistar rats divided into five groups (n = 8): sham (no biomaterial); Bio-Oss^®; Bio-Oss^® + Mucograft^®; Blue-Bone^®; and Blue-Bone^® + Green Membrane Perio^®. Immunohistochemistry showed Green Membrane Perio^® was made of thin, well-organized type I collagen fibers and was free of contaminants. Immunohistochemistry, histology, and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that Blue Bone^® and Green Membrane Perio^® were biocompatible and supported tissue regeneration. The Blue Bone^® groups demonstrated higher collagen content than the Bio-Oss^® + Mucograft^® group. Quantitative and qualitative outcomes included morphological, thermal, mechanical, and surface property measurements, as well as cellular compatibility testing. The results showed comparable wettability and surface roughness, adequate membrane tensile strength, osteoconductive nanoparticle morphology, no adverse inflammatory reactions, and similar new bone formation metrics compared with controls. In conclusion, the combination of synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Blue Bone^®) and a bovine type I collagen membrane (Green Membrane Perio^®) showed good performance when compared to established products and was considered safe and biocompatible for bone repair applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

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18 pages, 8526 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Epoxy/Titanium Carbonitride (TiCN) Nanocomposites: Structural, Thermomechanical, and Dielectric Properties

by Nikolaos Ploumis, Georgios N. Mathioudakis, Anastasios C. Patsidis and Georgios C. Psarras

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050265 - 14 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

Nanocomposites consisting of titanium carbonitride nanoparticles (TiCN) and epoxy resin were fabricated and studied as the filler content was varied. Nanocomposites’ structural investigation was conducted via X-ray Diffraction technique (XRD), while their morphology was examined by employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Viscoelastic mechanical [...] Read more.

Nanocomposites consisting of titanium carbonitride nanoparticles (TiCN) and epoxy resin were fabricated and studied as the filler content was varied. Nanocomposites’ structural investigation was conducted via X-ray Diffraction technique (XRD), while their morphology was examined by employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Viscoelastic mechanical properties were assessed by Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA). Results revealed the reinforcing ability of TiCN nanoparticles. The dielectric characterization of the nanocomposites was carried out using Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) over a wide frequency and temperature range. Dielectric spectroscopy revealed two relaxation processes related to the polymer matrix: the α-relaxation, associated with the glass-to-rubber transition, and the β-relaxation, associated with the rearrangement of side polar groups. In addition, in the low-frequency–high-temperature region, interfacial polarization (IP) was observed. IP is related to the presence of nanoparticles and to the accumulation of unbound charges at the system’s interface and includes contributions from a dipolar process and charge migration (conductivity). Alternating current conductivity generally increases with filler content, though it is also affected by frequency and temperature. Conductivity could influence Electrode Polarization (EP), which often masks the dipolar process of IP. A simple method for removing the EP effect is formulated and tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

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17 pages, 4047 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Expanded Perlite on Pore Structure and Physical Properties of Lightweight Aggregates Derived from Red Clay

by Paniti Moolpradab, Montree Hankoy, Jianfeng Zhang, Nittaya Keawprak, Mettaya Kitiwan and Phacharaphon Tunthawiroon

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050264 - 14 May 2026

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

The utilization of locally sourced raw materials for lightweight aggregate (LWA) production has attracted increasing attention due to its potential for cost reduction and sustainable material development. This study investigates the effect of expanded perlite addition (10–40 wt%) on the physical, structural, and [...] Read more.

The utilization of locally sourced raw materials for lightweight aggregate (LWA) production has attracted increasing attention due to its potential for cost reduction and sustainable material development. This study investigates the effect of expanded perlite addition (10–40 wt%) on the physical, structural, and mechanical properties of LWAs derived from In Buri red clay, sintered at a relatively low temperature of 800 °C without a conventional high-temperature bloating process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that quartz remained the dominant phase after sintering, with minor albite and residual illite, indicating limited phase transformation. Thermal analysis showed that major mass loss occurred below 600 °C, confirming that 800 °C is sufficient for removing volatile components. SEM observations demonstrated that increasing perlite content led to the development of a more porous and interconnected microstructure. As the expanded perlite content increased, the bulk density decreased from 1.31 to 0.80 g/cm³, while the apparent porosity and water absorption increased to 48.5% and 60.8%, respectively. Conversely, crushing strength decreased due to increased porosity. These results demonstrate that expanded perlite is an effective additive for tailoring the microstructure and performance of LWAs at low sintering temperature. The developed materials show strong potential for horticultural applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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24 pages, 5968 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parametric Assessment of Composite Strengthening Efficiency in RC T-Beams Using Bonded Steel Wire Rope Systems

by Anggun Tri Atmajayanti, Yanuar Haryanto, Hsuan-Teh Hu, Fu-Pei Hsiao, Gathot Heri Sudibyo, Paulus Setyo Nugroho, Laurencius Nugroho and Nicolas Arya Baskara

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050263 - 13 May 2026

Viewed by 874

Abstract

This study involved a numerical parametric assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened with bonded steel wire ropes (SWRs), with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of this strengthening system in terms of improving flexural performance. Since extensive experimental investigations are costly and [...] Read more.

This study involved a numerical parametric assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened with bonded steel wire ropes (SWRs), with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of this strengthening system in terms of improving flexural performance. Since extensive experimental investigations are costly and time-consuming, a three-dimensional finite element model was constructed to represent the structural response of strengthened RC T-beams. This numerical model was verified using earlier experimental data to ensure its predictive capability for the flexural behavior of strengthened members. Following validation, the model was applied in a comprehensive parametric study to examine the effects of key design variables on structural performance. These variables included the SWR diameter, the compressive strength of the bonding mortar, and the strength of the bonding material. Their effects on load-carrying capacity, stiffness, deformation behavior, and energy absorption were systematically evaluated. The results indicated that SWR diameter was the dominant parameter, increasing ultimate load up to 1.93 times, with stiffness and energy absorption reaching 1.48 and 1.74 times those of the control beam, respectively. In contrast, higher concrete compressive strength provided moderate gains, with load capacity and stiffness increasing by up to 16% and 21%, while having a limited influence on ductility. Variations in bonding material strength showed minimal impact and negligible changes in stiffness. Strength and stiffness enhancements were accompanied by reduced ductility, indicating a trade-off between capacity and deformation. These findings confirmed that SWR efficiency was governed primarily by reinforcement size, while other parameters exhibited diminishing returns beyond threshold levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automated and Digital Construction of Low-Carbon and High-Performance Steel-Concrete Composite Systems)

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22 pages, 1816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability-Based Optimization of the Semi-Circular Bending Test for Asphalt Mixtures Using Cumulative Variability Trajectories

by Hind Fadhil Abbas, Hasanain Radhi Radeef, Salam Ridha Aletba and Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050262 - 13 May 2026

Viewed by 901

Abstract

The semi-circular bend (SCB) test is widely used to characterize asphalt mixture cracking resistance. However, the practical usefulness of the test depends on the reliability of the measured fracture parameters. This study investigates SCB testing from a reliability perspective, with the aim of [...] Read more.

The semi-circular bend (SCB) test is widely used to characterize asphalt mixture cracking resistance. However, the practical usefulness of the test depends on the reliability of the measured fracture parameters. This study investigates SCB testing from a reliability perspective, with the aim of identifying the specimen number required for dependable interpretation and the testing conditions that provide the most stable response. The analysis considered nominal maximum aggregate size, notch depth, binder type, aging condition, test temperature, and loading rate. Fracture energy, peak load, and flexibility index, together with their cumulative coefficients of variation, were tracked from n = 3 to n = 6, while six-specimen raw datasets were used for Weibull reliability analysis. The results show that notch depth had the clearest effect on response stabilization, with the 15 mm notch providing the most reliable configuration and reaching the adopted variability limits earlier than the other notch depths. The descriptive Weibull analysis further indicated that the SBS-modified mixture exhibited the highest fracture-energy consistency within the tested dataset, whereas long-term aging, testing at 0 °C, and loading at 50 mm/min were associated with the lowest fracture-energy consistency within the tested dataset. Overall, SCB interpretation should be guided by response reliability, not mean fracture parameters alone. On this basis, a reliability-based SCB framework is proposed to support more dependable mixture comparison and more rational specimen planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials: Design, Implementation and Characterization)

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20 pages, 4580 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Hematite-Reinforced LM6 Aluminum Alloy Composites

by Sanju Hanumantharayappa, Mahendramani Gonal, Siddeshkumar N. Gangadharaiah, Jayant Giri, Anupama Hiremath, Suhas K. and Mohammad Kanan

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050261 - 13 May 2026

Viewed by 1002

Abstract

Metal matrix composites based on aluminum are frequently utilized in sophisticated engineering applications because of their improved mechanical performance. This study used the stir-casting method to create hematite (Fe₂O₃)-reinforced LM6 aluminum alloy composites with reinforcement ranging from 0 to [...] Read more.

Metal matrix composites based on aluminum are frequently utilized in sophisticated engineering applications because of their improved mechanical performance. This study used the stir-casting method to create hematite (Fe₂O₃)-reinforced LM6 aluminum alloy composites with reinforcement ranging from 0 to 12 weight percent. At 3–6 weight percent reinforcement, microstructural examination showed uniform particle distribution and good interfacial bonding; at higher levels (9–12 weight percent), clustering and porosity were seen. While ductility declined with increasing hematite content, mechanical characteristics demonstrated a notable improvement in hardness and compressive strength, reaching maximum values at 12 weight percent reinforcement. At lesser amounts of reinforcing, heat treatment increased strength even more and partially recovered ductility. The range of 6–9 weight percent hematite was found to have the best balance between strength and ductility. These findings demonstrate the potential for enhanced structural performance of hematite-reinforced LM6 composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)

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22 pages, 2375 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure Formation Mechanisms in Wet and Dry Pellets of the “Clay Mineral–Iron Ore Concentrate” Composite System

by Yevhen Chuprinov, Kateryna Shmeltser, Inna Trus, Denis Miroshnichenko, Liudmyla Lysenko, Andriy Myronenko, Mariia Shved and Nataliia Hrudkina

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050260 - 11 May 2026

Viewed by 1370

Abstract

This article examines the interaction of clay minerals with iron ore concentrate in the context of the efficient use of composite mineral resources. The role of the adsorption properties of mineral additives in the formation of interparticle bonds in green pellets is analyzed. [...] Read more.

This article examines the interaction of clay minerals with iron ore concentrate in the context of the efficient use of composite mineral resources. The role of the adsorption properties of mineral additives in the formation of interparticle bonds in green pellets is analyzed. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy, the dehydration processes of Na- and Ca-montmorillonite were investigated, and the influence of the cation type on the minerals’ ability to retain water was established. The high thermal stability of the structural OH groups of montmorillonite from the IV-layer clay of the Cherkasy deposit was confirmed, which is an important factor during high-temperature processing of mineral raw materials. Electron microscopy results showed that the fourth-layer clay forms an optimal porous composite microstructure, which contributes to increased water-holding capacity and gas permeability of the pellets. A direct correlation between the adsorption capacity of mineral additives and the strength of raw and dried pellets was experimentally confirmed. Montmorillonite with palygorskite from Layer IV, characterized by high adsorption capacity and prolonged dehydration processes, was identified as the most effective composite binding additive. The results obtained deepen scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying pellet strength formation and have practical significance for the rational and resource-efficient use of mineral resources in the production of iron ore pellets. The results also demonstrate the potential for improving resource efficiency in pellet production through reduced consumption of traditional binder materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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14 pages, 2830 KB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Clay-Based Nanocomposites for Algal Toxin Remediation

by Rimma Tokinova, Artem Rozhin and Elvira Rozhina

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050259 - 10 May 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 977

Abstract

This review highlights recent advances in clay-based nanocomposites for the remediation of algal toxins in aquatic environments. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid materials derived from clay mineral nanoparticles with diverse morphologies that exhibit high efficiency in the adsorption and removal of cyanobacterial [...] Read more.

This review highlights recent advances in clay-based nanocomposites for the remediation of algal toxins in aquatic environments. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid materials derived from clay mineral nanoparticles with diverse morphologies that exhibit high efficiency in the adsorption and removal of cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins, anatoxins, and motuporin. Owing to their large specific surface area, structural versatility, and tunable surface chemistry, clay minerals provide an effective platform for the design of functional nanocomposites capable of enhancing toxin capture and degradation. Recent developments in clay-integrated treatment systems are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Clay-Based Nanocomposites: From Design to Sustainable Applications)

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13 pages, 7112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties of Non-Stoichiometric High-Entropy Carbide (Nb_0.2Ta_0.2Ti_0.2W_0.2Zr_0.2)C_x Powder

by Tong He, Shihao Zhu, Zhiyu Zhang, Zhongshan Ma, Bin He, Chao He and Wanxiu Hai

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050258 - 10 May 2026

Viewed by 1298

Abstract

Non-stoichiometric high-entropy carbides (Nb_0.2Ta_0.2Ti_0.2W_0.2Zr_0.2)C_x (x = 0.71–0.85) nanoscale powders were prepared using oxides and carbon as raw materials via carbothermal reduction. The (Nb_0.2Ta_0.2Ti_0.2W_0.2Zr_0.2 [...] Read more.

Non-stoichiometric high-entropy carbides (Nb_0.2Ta_0.2Ti_0.2W_0.2Zr_0.2)C_x (x = 0.71–0.85) nanoscale powders were prepared using oxides and carbon as raw materials via carbothermal reduction. The (Nb_0.2Ta_0.2Ti_0.2W_0.2Zr_0.2)C_0.73 synthesized at 1700 °C exhibited a grain size of approximately 400 nm, an oxygen content of 0.3 wt.%, and uniform nanoscale distribution of the five metal elements. After ball milling, (Nb_0.2Ta_0.2Ti_0.2W_0.2Zr_0.2)C_0.73 powder was sintered by spark plasma sintering to produce high-entropy ceramics with a relative density of 98.1% and an average particle size of about 5.3 μm. The Vickers hardness, nano-hardness, Young’s modulus, and fracture toughness were 17.6 GPa, 29.1 GPa, 514 GPa, and 5.3 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. The thermal conductivity of the ceramic at room-temperature was as low as 8.5 W/m·K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials and Design for Structural Safety and Sustainability)

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23 pages, 14177 KB

Open AccessArticle

One-Step Plasma–Solution Synthesis of Prussian Blue and Copper Hexacyanoferrate Composites for Selective Photocatalytic Dye Degradation

by Nikolay Sirotkin, Anna Khlyustova, Valeriya Aisina, Anton Kraev, Ruslan Kriukov, Alena Shkapina and Alexander Agafonov

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050257 - 9 May 2026

Viewed by 1286

Abstract

This work presents a novel one-step plasma–solution synthesis of Prussian Blue (PB) and copper hexacyanoferrate (Cu-PBA) nanoparticles via underwater pulsed DC discharge. For the first time, the direct plasma-assisted formation of these coordination polymers is reported. The obtained materials were examined by X-ray [...] Read more.

This work presents a novel one-step plasma–solution synthesis of Prussian Blue (PB) and copper hexacyanoferrate (Cu-PBA) nanoparticles via underwater pulsed DC discharge. For the first time, the direct plasma-assisted formation of these coordination polymers is reported. The obtained materials were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These analyses confirmed that the desired phases had formed, along with small amounts of oxide byproducts (α-Fe₂O₃, CuO) arising from the erosion of the electrodes. Photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of organic dyes (Reactive Red 6C, Rhodamine B, and Methylene Blue) under UV-light irradiation. Both catalysts achieved complete dye degradation within 90 min of UV irradiation (after an initial 30 min dark adsorption step, total experiment time 120 min). Notably, selective performance was observed: PB exhibited higher activity toward the cationic dye Methylene Blue, while Cu-PBA was more effective for the anionic dye Reactive Red 6C. This selectivity is attributed to the specific oxide impurities forming heterojunctions that facilitate charge separation and generate distinct reactive oxygen species. The plasma–liquid method offers a rapid and environmentally benign route to functional PBA-based composites, with potentially scalable characteristics pending further engineering optimization. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing synthesis-induced impurities to tailor photocatalytic selectivity for water purification applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite and Hybrid Materials for Photocatalytic and Functional Applications)

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15 pages, 4533 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Behavior of Repaired Multi-Layered Woven Lattice Sandwich Composites Using Acoustic Emission

by Wenfeng Hao, Jing Luo, Lei Wu, Yi Long, Changfeng Qi and Ben Wang

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050256 - 9 May 2026

Viewed by 674

Abstract

Acoustic emission (AE) was employed to characterize the mechanical behavior of repaired multi-layered woven lattice sandwich composite (MWLSC) in this paper. A patch repair strategy was adopted, in which damaged cores were reconstructed with polyurethane foam and fractured face sheets were restored using [...] Read more.

Acoustic emission (AE) was employed to characterize the mechanical behavior of repaired multi-layered woven lattice sandwich composite (MWLSC) in this paper. A patch repair strategy was adopted, in which damaged cores were reconstructed with polyurethane foam and fractured face sheets were restored using fiber fabric. Mechanical recovery was evaluated through mechanical testing, and AE monitoring was used to analyze damage evolution before and after repair. The repaired double-layered and triple-layered warp specimens recovered 123% and 104% of their original peak load, respectively, while the triple-layered weft specimen recovered 83%. Compared with pristine specimens, repaired MWLSC exhibited reduced cumulative AE counts and lower proportions of high-energy events. Continuous wavelet transform analysis revealed that the high-frequency components associated with interfacial delamination were significantly diminished after repair. These results indicate that repair modifies the dominant failure mechanism, shifting from delamination-dominated fracture toward core-related damage. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of AE techniques in capturing changes in damage evolution and mechanical response in repaired MWLSC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Mechanical Analysis of Composite Materials, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 6158 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Modification of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass with Cucurbit[n]urils (n = 6, 7, 8) on the Structural and Physicochemical Characteristics of Composite Biomaterials

by Gulstan Zhumabayeva, Arthur Ukhov, Shohreh Mashayekhan, Maxim Susid, Andrey Khlebnikov, Abdigali Bakibaev, Irina Kurzina, Roza Ryskaliyeva and Rakhmetulla Yerkassov

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050255 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

The surface functionalization of mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) is of critical importance for the development of advanced hybrid biomaterials with controlled interfacial and adsorption properties. Composite systems based on MBGs modified with cucurbit[n]urils (CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8]) were synthesized and systematically investigated to [...] Read more.

The surface functionalization of mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) is of critical importance for the development of advanced hybrid biomaterials with controlled interfacial and adsorption properties. Composite systems based on MBGs modified with cucurbit[n]urils (CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8]) were synthesized and systematically investigated to elucidate size-dependent interaction mechanisms and their influence on textural and physicochemical characteristics. Functionalization was achieved via aqueous deposition followed by controlled thermal treatment. Nitrogen sorption analysis revealed distinct pore modification behaviors: CB[6] reduced the specific surface area by 64% with partial pore occupation; CB[7] induced extensive mesopore occlusion (92.4% surface area reduction); whereas CB[8] produced a balanced decrease (71.2%) while largely preserving microporosity. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated comparable loading for CB[7] and CB[8], yet MBGs@CB[8] exhibited enhanced thermal stability, with the DTG maximum shifted to ~395 °C. Molecular modeling supported these findings, indicating the lowest adsorption energy for CB[8]. This combination of structural preservation and enhanced stability provides the most favorable balance between pore accessibility and structural modification, demonstrating strong potential as a versatile modifier for subsequent functionalization, including drug loading applications in bone-regenerative systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Composite Biomaterials)

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31 pages, 65897 KB

Open AccessReview

Tuning Photonic and Acoustic Jets Using Composite and Layered Scatterers

by Nikolay Mukhin

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050254 - 8 May 2026

Viewed by 1117

Abstract

Photonic and acoustic jets are subwavelength wave localization phenomena formed in the near field of dielectric or elastic scatterers, enabling spatial resolution beyond classical diffraction limits and motivating applications in sensing, imaging, and wave–matter interaction control. This review places photonic and acoustic jets [...] Read more.

Photonic and acoustic jets are subwavelength wave localization phenomena formed in the near field of dielectric or elastic scatterers, enabling spatial resolution beyond classical diffraction limits and motivating applications in sensing, imaging, and wave–matter interaction control. This review places photonic and acoustic jets in a unified wave-physics framework and focuses on how composite and layered elements can be used to tune their properties. In photonic systems, refractive index contrast, layer thickness, and optical losses play key roles, while in acoustic systems, acoustic impedance mismatch, dispersion, and viscoelastic damping are critical. Models and numerical approaches, and experimental realizations in both optical and acoustic regimes, are reviewed and summarized to describe jet formation and to analyze the influence of material parameters and geometry. The main findings show that layered and composite scatterers, such as core–shell particles, multilayer spheres and cylinders, and graded-parameter metamaterials, provide additional degrees of freedom for controlling jet intensity, length, focal position, and directionality compared to homogeneous elements. Composite jet-forming elements offer a versatile platform for advanced wave localization and hold promise for metastructures, high-resolution sensing, integration into photonic and acoustic devices, and lab-on-chip technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Structures and Metamaterials in Acoustic and Electromechanical Applications)

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21 pages, 506 KB

Open AccessReview

Basalt Fiber Composites: Structure, Properties, Sustainability, and Life Cycle Analysis

by Hebatullah H. Farghal and Tarek M. Madkour

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050253 - 7 May 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2437

Abstract

A review on the structure, properties, sustainability, and life cycle analysis of basalt fiber composites, emerging as a major sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibers. Basalt fibers (BFs) are high-performance mineral fibers derived from volcanic rock with [...] Read more.

A review on the structure, properties, sustainability, and life cycle analysis of basalt fiber composites, emerging as a major sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibers. Basalt fibers (BFs) are high-performance mineral fibers derived from volcanic rock with a high silica content. These fibers exhibit superior mechanical strength, excellent chemical resistance, and exceptional thermal stability across a broad temperature range. This review explores the multi-sectoral applications of basalt fibers, particularly within the energy and chemical industries. Specific focus is placed on their role as reinforcing agents in concrete and polymer matrix composites, where they provide enhanced durability and corrosion resistance. Central to this discussion is the environmental profile of basalt fibers. We evaluate recent life cycle assessments (LCAs) that compare the environmental gains of BF-reinforced structures. The analysis extends beyond environmental metrics to include the economic and social pillars of sustainability, highlighting basalt’s cost-effectiveness in corrosive environments and its safety as a non-carcinogenic material. This review concludes that basalt fibers offer a significant “green” advantage, encouraging wider industrial adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs)—Current Research Trends and Applications)

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26 pages, 6303 KB

Open AccessArticle

DFT Analysis of Frontier Orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) of Polylactic Acid Functionalized with N-Hydroxysuccinimide and N-Sulfosuccinimide for the Adsorption of the Heavy Metals Nickel, Arsenic, and Lead

by Yuly Maldonado-Morales, Rodrigo Ortega-Toro and Joaquin Hernandez-Fernandez

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050252 - 7 May 2026

Viewed by 1335

Abstract

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biopolymer made from starch that is both sustainable and low-cost. But its chemical inertness limits its application in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous environments. This study addresses the limitations by functionalizing PLA with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and [...] Read more.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biopolymer made from starch that is both sustainable and low-cost. But its chemical inertness limits its application in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous environments. This study addresses the limitations by functionalizing PLA with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N-sulfosuccinimide (S-NHS). It is hypothesized that introducing the sulfonate group using S-NHS increases the electron-donating capabilities of PLA, optimizing its adsorption capabilities for heavy metals. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of energy, optimization, frequencies and NBOs in Gaussian 16 (M05-2X/LanL2DZ) and Multiwfn 4.0 were used for the electronic properties of the pristine and functionalized polymer and their interactions with a simplified system of hexahydrated ions of nickel (Ni²⁺), arsenic (As³⁺), and lead (Pb²⁺) cations were analyzed. The results indicated that PLA-S-NHS has an energy gap (Egap) of 3.31 eV, being lower than that of PLA (5.51 eV) and PLA-NHS (4.42 eV), signaling an increase in its adsorption capabilities. Its total dipole moment (TDM) reached 196.16 Debye. The metal–polymer complexes exhibit high TDMs, such as 1104.78 Debye with Pb in PLA-S-NHS, confirming greater interactions. The NBO analysis shows that S-NHS functionalization strengthens the donor–acceptor interactions with the sulfonate group oxygens acting as a primary donor, enhancing the adsorption of heavy metals; this is shown by the adsorption energies (Eads), confirming that functionalization with S-NHS enhances the interaction with metal ions, with negative Eads values observed for all complexes, especially for Pb²⁺, indicating thermodynamically favorable adsorption. The functionalization with S-NHS optimizes the electronic properties of PLA for heavy-metal adsorption, thereby validating the hypothesis and providing a molecular basis for the rational design of advanced bioadsorbents. These results indicate the potential application of these functionalized PLA polymers, especially as membranes, for the selective extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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19 pages, 5389 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Reactive Powder Concrete Composite Performance Using Polypropylene and Waste Steel Fibers: A Comparative Study

by Awad Jadooe, Mushtaq Sadiq Radhi, Zainab M. R. Abdul Rasoul, Anmar Dulaimi, Hugo Alexandre Silva Pinto, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo and Vitor Manuel Pissarra Cavaleiro

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050251 - 6 May 2026

Viewed by 1111

Abstract

One definition of environmental sustainability is one that permits the maintenance of long-term environmental quality while preventing the depletion or degradation of natural resources. In the realm of concrete production, engineers are becoming more interested in sustainable development, which includes using locally available [...] Read more.

One definition of environmental sustainability is one that permits the maintenance of long-term environmental quality while preventing the depletion or degradation of natural resources. In the realm of concrete production, engineers are becoming more interested in sustainable development, which includes using locally available resources and repurposing industrial and agricultural waste in building construction as a potential remedy for economic and environmental problems. The purpose of the study is to determine how various ratios of waste steel and polypropylene fibers affect the compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and density of reactive powder concrete composite at different ages. According to the test results, Mix 6, which contains 100% waste steel fiber and 0% polypropylene fiber, improves the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete by 29% in compressive strength, 47% in tensile strength, 29% in flexural strength, and 6.1% in density when compared to the reference mix. Reactive powder concrete’s waste steel fiber content has been shown to effectively reduce cracking and increase splitting tensile strength. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey HSD confirmed that fiber type has a significant effect on the compressive strength of RPC, with mixes containing higher proportions of waste steel fibers demonstrating superior performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Composite Construction Materials, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 3425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Photocatalytic Efficiency of SnO₂-TiO₂ Nanocomposites Under UV and Solar Irradiations for Malachite Green Dye Pollutant Water Degradation

by Synthiya Senthilkumar, Thirugnanam Thilagavathi, Rethinavelu Renuka, Uthrakumar Ramamurthy, Kandhasamy Parasuraman, Shaik Ashmath, Seung Won Kim and Shaik Gouse Peera

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(5), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10050250 - 4 May 2026

Viewed by 1086

Abstract

The SnO₂-TiO₂ binary nanocomposites’ metal oxide was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and potentially utilized for wastewater treatment applications. The average crystallite size, dislocation density, and micro strain of the synthesized nanocomposites were calculated by the Debye–Scherrer, modified Debye–Scherrer, and [...] Read more.

The SnO₂-TiO₂ binary nanocomposites’ metal oxide was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and potentially utilized for wastewater treatment applications. The average crystallite size, dislocation density, and micro strain of the synthesized nanocomposites were calculated by the Debye–Scherrer, modified Debye–Scherrer, and W–H methods. The nanocomposites exhibit a tetragonal crystal structure with 62% crystallinity. The presence of Ti–O–Ti and Sn–O–Sn bonds was identified using the FTIR technique. The surface morphology was examined during SEM and EDAX analyses. The optical properties were interpreted with the help of UV–Vis and PL spectroscopy, and the bandgap energy was ascertained. From the CV and EIS studies, the behavior of the diffusive and capacitive natures was determined. Photocatalytic studies were carried out under sunlight and UV light by degrading (cationic) malachite dye at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 mg/L. When analyzed with seven kinetic models, it was inferred that a pseudo-second and first-order were followed under visible and UV light. The maximum degradation efficiency of 94% was achieved for the 20 mg/L dye concentration within 50 min under UV and 150 min under solar irradiation. Complete decolorization was observed for both 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L dye concentrations under both irradiations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites: Fabrication, Properties and Applications)

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