Journal of Composites Science

33 pages, 2657 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prevention of Biofouling Due to Water Absorption of Natural Fiber Composites in the Aquatic Environment: A Critical Review

by Cristiano Fragassa, Sara Mattiello, Martina Fronduti, Jo’ Del Gobbo, Radmila Gagic and Carlo Santulli

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(12), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120532 - 15 Dec 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7253

Abstract

Introducing lignocellulosic fibers as the matrix reinforcement in composites is an opportunity for weight reduction and also for the use of by-products and biomass waste from other systems, such as agriculture and textiles. In the case of nautical applications, biofouling, meaning damage during [...] Read more.

Introducing lignocellulosic fibers as the matrix reinforcement in composites is an opportunity for weight reduction and also for the use of by-products and biomass waste from other systems, such as agriculture and textiles. In the case of nautical applications, biofouling, meaning damage during service by marine organisms, represents a significant issue. To address this problem, a number of measures can be taken: these include the introduction of various types of fillers, mainly mineral, in composites, tailored treatment of fibers, and hybrid approaches, including a number of different modifications, such as matrix or fiber grafting. This review reports the state of the art in the various studies carried out to elucidate the performance of natural fiber composites and hybrids as regards water absorption and more specifically exposure to seawater for a prolonged time so as to simulate service conditions. The perspectives on the use of natural fiber composites (NFCs) in aquatic environments will be discussed with respect to the possible onset of degradation by biofouling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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39 pages, 1108 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in the Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Ultrasonic Techniques for Monitoring Concrete Structures: A Comprehensive Review

by Giovanni Angiulli, Pietro Burrascano, Marco Ricci and Mario Versaci

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(12), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120531 - 15 Dec 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3254

Abstract

This review examines the integration of advanced ultrasonic techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) for monitoring and analyzing concrete structures, focusing on detecting and classifying internal defects. Concrete structures are subject to damage over time due to environmental factors and dynamic loads, compromising their [...] Read more.

This review examines the integration of advanced ultrasonic techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) for monitoring and analyzing concrete structures, focusing on detecting and classifying internal defects. Concrete structures are subject to damage over time due to environmental factors and dynamic loads, compromising their integrity. Non-destructive techniques, such as ultrasonics, allow for identifying discontinuities and microcracks without altering structural functionality. This review addresses key scientific challenges, such as the complexity of managing the large volumes of data generated by high-resolution inspections and the importance of non-linear models, such as the Hammerstein model, for interpreting ultrasonic signals. Integrating AI with advanced analytical models enhances early defect diagnosis and enables the creation of detailed maps of internal discontinuities. Results reported in the literature show significant improvements in diagnostic sensitivity (up to 30% compared to traditional linear techniques), accuracy in defect localization (improvements of 25%), and reductions in predictive maintenance costs by 20–40%, thanks to advanced systems based on convolutional neural networks and fuzzy logic. These innovative approaches contribute to the sustainability and safety of infrastructure, with significant implications for monitoring and maintaining the built environment. The scientific significance of this review lies in offering a systematic overview of emerging technologies and their application to concrete structures, providing tools to address challenges related to infrastructure degradation and contributing to advancements in composite sciences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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20 pages, 3334 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Development of Graphene-Based Composites for Electronics, Energy Storage, and Biomedical Applications: A Review

by Felipe J. Elizalde-Herrera, Pablo A. Flores-Soto, Luis F. Mora-Cortes, Francisco J. González, Gustavo Soria-Arguello, Felipe Avalos-Belmontes, Rosa I. Narro-Céspedes and Mario Hoyos

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110481 - 19 Nov 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8508

Abstract

Nanomaterials are attractive materials for researchers because they have essential characteristics in terms of their properties. Carbon has an ample range of crystalline allotropes. Some, such as graphite and diamond, have been known since ancient times, while new forms of carbon with potential [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials are attractive materials for researchers because they have essential characteristics in terms of their properties. Carbon has an ample range of crystalline allotropes. Some, such as graphite and diamond, have been known since ancient times, while new forms of carbon with potential for various applications have been discovered in recent decades. Since the discovery of graphene 20 years ago, research has increased on composite materials that take advantage of carbon structures for their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties and their ability to be synthesized at the nanometer scale. Graphene has stood out above other nanomaterials due to its surprising properties and high impact on technological research, so its uses have diversified in different areas of science such as medicine, electronics, engineering, etc. This work aims to show some new and innovative applications of graphene, on which we can see its versatility as engineering material. It also seeks to show its potential in research and development processes for its use. These are key components of advanced graphene-based materials systems under active development, with an eye on the future of advanced materials science and technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Composites)

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91 pages, 36341 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Cryogenic Impact on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Hydrogen Storage Vessels

by Omar Dagdag and Hansang Kim

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110459 - 6 Nov 2024

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8907

Abstract

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EP) composites are attractive materials for hydrogen storage tanks due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding chemical resistance. However, cryogenic temperatures (CTs) have a substantial impact on the tensile strength and interfacial bonding of CF/EP materials, producing problems for [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CF/EP) composites are attractive materials for hydrogen storage tanks due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding chemical resistance. However, cryogenic temperatures (CTs) have a substantial impact on the tensile strength and interfacial bonding of CF/EP materials, producing problems for their long-term performance and safety in hydrogen storage tank applications. This review paper investigates how low temperatures affect the tensile strength, modulus, and fracture toughness of CF/EP materials, as well as the essential interfacial interactions between carbon fibers (CFs) and the epoxy matrix (EP) in cryogenic environments. Material toughening techniques have evolved significantly, including the incorporation of nano-fillers, hybrid fibers, and enhanced resin formulations, to improve the durability and performance of CF/EP materials in cryogenic conditions. This review also assesses the hydrogen barrier properties of various composites, emphasizing the importance of reducing hydrogen permeability in order to retain material integrity. This review concludes by highlighting the importance of optimizing CF/EP composite design and fabrication for long-term performance and safety in hydrogen storage systems. It examines the prospects for using CF/EP composites in hydrogen storage tanks, as well as future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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21 pages, 2811 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Innovations and Challenges in Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells: A Mini Review of Advancements Toward Sustainable Energy Solutions

by Xiangzhi Tan and Yuanzhe Li

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110458 - 6 Nov 2024

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6809

Abstract

Amid the shift away from fossil fuels, third-generation perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become pivotal due to their high efficiency and low production costs. This review concentrates on semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs), highlighting their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance [...] Read more.

Amid the shift away from fossil fuels, third-generation perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become pivotal due to their high efficiency and low production costs. This review concentrates on semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (ST-PSCs), highlighting their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT). We address strategies to optimize ST-PSC performance, tackling inherent challenges, such as optical losses from reflection, parasitic absorption, and thermalization loss, which impact the operational efficiency under variable environmental conditions. ST-PSCs are distinguished by their lightweight, flexible, and translucent properties, allowing for diverse applications in urban building integration, agricultural greenhouses, and wearable technology. These cells integrate seamlessly into various settings, enhancing energy harnessing without compromising on aesthetic or structural elements. However, the scalability of ST-PSCs involves challenges related to stability and efficiency in large-scale deployments. The tropical urban landscape of Singapore provides a unique case study for ST-PSC application, blending architectural aesthetics with high solar irradiance to optimize energy efficiency. While the potential for ST-PSCs to contribute to sustainable urban development is immense, significant technological hurdles must be overcome to realize their full potential. Continued advancements in material science and engineering are essential to address these challenges, ensuring the scalability and long-term deployment of ST-PSCs in global energy solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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23 pages, 10593 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical, Durability, and Microstructure Characterization of Pervious Concrete Incorporating Polypropylene Fibers and Fly Ash/Silica Fume

by Hassan Bilal, Xiaojian Gao, Liborio Cavaleri, Alamgir Khan and Miao Ren

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110456 - 3 Nov 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5213

Abstract

Pervious concrete, because of its high porosity, is a suitable material for reducing the effects of water precipitations and is primarily utilized in road pavements. In this study, the effects of binder-to-aggregate (B/A) ratios, as well as mineral admixtures with and without polypropylene [...] Read more.

Pervious concrete, because of its high porosity, is a suitable material for reducing the effects of water precipitations and is primarily utilized in road pavements. In this study, the effects of binder-to-aggregate (B/A) ratios, as well as mineral admixtures with and without polypropylene fibers (PPFs) (0.2% by volume), including fly ash (FA) or silica fume (SF) (10% by substitution of cement), on the mechanical properties and durability of pervious concrete were experimentally observed. The experimental campaign included the following tests: permeability, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength tests. The durability performance was evaluated by observing freeze–thaw cycles and abrasion resistance after 28 d curing. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to investigate the phase composition and microstructure. The results revealed that, for an assigned B/A ratio identified as optimal, the incorporation of mineral admixtures and fibers mutually compensated for their respective negative effects, resulting in the effective enhancement of both mechanical/microstructural characteristics and durability properties. In general, pervious concrete developed with fly ash or silica fume achieved higher compressive strength (>35 MPA) and permeability of 4 mm/s, whereas the binary combination of fly ash or silica fume with 0.2% PPFs yielded a flexural strength greater than 6 MPA and a permeability of 6 mm/s. Silica fume-based pervious concrete exhibited excellent performance in terms of freeze–thaw (F-T) cycling and abrasion resistance, followed by fiber-reinforced pervious concrete, except fly ash-based pervious concrete. Microstructural analysis showed that the inclusion of fly ash or silica fume reduced the harmful capillary pores and refined the pore enlargement caused by PPFs in the cement interface matrix through micro-filling and a pozzolanic reaction, leading to improved mechanical and durability characteristics of pervious concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, 3rd Edition)

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35 pages, 7036 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

UV-Curable Polymer Nanocomposites: Material Selection, Formulations, and Recent Advances

by Mohammad-Reza Azani and Azin Hassanpour

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(11), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8110441 - 25 Oct 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 12917

Abstract

This study addresses the development of UV-curable polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), mainly based on acrylate, emphasizing material selection and formulation strategies that achieve efficient dispersion of the nanofillers (NFs). We begin by exploring various types of UV-curing coatings and delve deeper into their key [...] Read more.

This study addresses the development of UV-curable polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), mainly based on acrylate, emphasizing material selection and formulation strategies that achieve efficient dispersion of the nanofillers (NFs). We begin by exploring various types of UV-curing coatings and delve deeper into their key components: monomers, oligomers, photoinitiators, fillers, and additives. Different types of components and examples are presented. Furthermore, this study delves into the critical importance of modifying NFs to tune the physical properties of the composite. It provides an overview of commonly used NFs and underscores the importance of surface modification (chemical and physical) as a pivotal technique for producing high-performance UV-curable PNCs. Additionally, various additives such as adhesion promoters, anti-foaming agents, and wetting and dispersing agents are discussed, emphasizing their functions within the formulation process. Different dispersion and blending methods are also discussed. The paper concludes by summarizing and presenting recent advancements in the formulation of UV-curable PNCs. This overview offers valuable insights to researchers and engineers working on the development of advanced materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

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21 pages, 13296 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on the Degradability and Mechanical–Rheological Correlations of PLA/Silk Composites

by Mohammadreza Mansourieh, Soheil Farshbaf Taghinezhad, Amin Abbasi, Yuanyuan Chen and Declan Devine

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100428 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2573

Abstract

High-strength biodegradable polymer composites have potential applications in a variety of biomedical applications. This study investigates the influence of silk fiber on the properties of the commonly used biodegradable polylactic acid-based composites, focusing on mechanical, rheological, morphological, and degradation characteristics. Mechanical tests revealed [...] Read more.

High-strength biodegradable polymer composites have potential applications in a variety of biomedical applications. This study investigates the influence of silk fiber on the properties of the commonly used biodegradable polylactic acid-based composites, focusing on mechanical, rheological, morphological, and degradation characteristics. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of 2.5 wt% silk fibers enhanced the ductility of PLA composites, increasing tensile strain at break from 7.39% for pure PLA to 11.51% for the composite. However, higher silk contents (≥10 wt%) resulted in lower elongation at breaks but higher moduli, indicating a trade-off between flexibility and the structural rigidity of the composite. Rheological tests demonstrated that the presence of silk fibers up to 7.5% improved the storage modulus, reflecting better network formation within the PLA matrix. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs illustrated improved fiber dispersion, while higher contents introduced voids and stress concentrations, adversely affecting mechanical properties. Degradation tests in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C showed that silk additions slowed PLA degradation, suggesting controlled degradation suitable for biomedical applications. The optimal silk fiber content for balancing mechanical integrity and flexibility was identified to be ca 7.5 wt%, providing insights into the design of PLA/silk composites for enhanced performance in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

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20 pages, 6849 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surface-Modified Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Natural Biopolymers for Magnetic Hyperthermia: Effect of Reducing Agents and Type of Biopolymers

by Abdollah Hajalilou, Liliana P. Ferreira, M. E. Melo Jorge, César P. Reis and Maria Margarida Cruz

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100425 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3004

Abstract

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia, a minimally invasive localized therapy that uses heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles under an AC magnetic field, is a complementary approach for cancer treatment that is excellent due to its advantages of being noninvasive and addressing only the affected region. [...] Read more.

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia, a minimally invasive localized therapy that uses heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles under an AC magnetic field, is a complementary approach for cancer treatment that is excellent due to its advantages of being noninvasive and addressing only the affected region. Still, its use as a stand-alone therapy is hindered by the simultaneous requirement of nanoparticle biocompatibility, good heating efficiency, and physiological safe dose. To overcome these limits, the biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles’ heating efficiency must be optimized. Iron oxide nanoparticles are accepted as the more biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles available. Therefore, in this work, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a low-cost coprecipitation method and modified with starch and gum to increase their heating efficiency and compatibility with living tissues. Two different reducing agents, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), were used to compare their influence. The X-ray diffraction results indicate the formation of a single magnetite/maghemite phase in all cases, with the particle size distribution depending on the coating and reducing agent. Citric acid functionalized water-based ferrofluids were also prepared to study the heating efficiency of the nanoparticles under a magnetic field with a 274 kHz frequency and a 14 kAm⁻¹ amplitude. The samples prepared with NaOH display a higher specific loss power (SLP) compared to the ones prepared with NH₄OH. The SLP value of 72 Wg⁻¹ for the magnetic nanoparticles coated with a combination of starch and gum arabic, corresponding to an intrinsic loss power (ILP) of 2.60 nWg⁻¹, indicates that they are potential materials for magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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31 pages, 4611 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Composite Panels from Wood Waste: A Detailed Review of Processes, Standards, and Applications

by Isuri Tamura Amarasinghe, Yi Qian, Tharaka Gunawardena, Priyan Mendis and Benoit Belleville

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100417 - 11 Oct 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 11692

Abstract

The global demand for sustainable building materials has fuelled research into composite panels from wood waste. Despite their potential, the widespread adoption of this practice is hindered by the absence of quality standards, inconsistent material properties, and uncertainties about durability and strength. This [...] Read more.

The global demand for sustainable building materials has fuelled research into composite panels from wood waste. Despite their potential, the widespread adoption of this practice is hindered by the absence of quality standards, inconsistent material properties, and uncertainties about durability and strength. This paper critically reviews existing standards, manufacturing processes, and the suitability of panels from wood waste. A systematic review is conducted to identify the influencing processes and parameters affecting panel performance, from waste collection to the finishing stages. The findings indicate that incorporating 10–30% of wood waste can enhance the mechanical and physical properties, with particularly improved hygroscopic properties and greater dimensional stability. By establishing comprehensive standards and optimizing manufacturing processes, wood waste-based panels can emerge as a viable and eco-friendly alternative. Furthermore, the potential for repeated recycling in a closed-loop process offers promising environmental benefits, though it necessitates balancing resource conservation with product quality. By addressing these challenges, wood waste-based panels can significantly contribute to environmental conservation and resource management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution)

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40 pages, 6085 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prediction of Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Particle-Reinforced Resin Composites

by K. Rooney, Y. Dong, A. K. Basak and A. Pramanik

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100416 - 10 Oct 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7950

Abstract

This review explores fundamental analytical modelling approaches using conventional composite theory and artificial intelligence (AI) to predict mechanical properties of 3D printed particle-reinforced resin composites via digital light processing (DLP). Their mechanisms, advancement, limitations, validity, drawbacks and feasibility are critically investigated. It has [...] Read more.

This review explores fundamental analytical modelling approaches using conventional composite theory and artificial intelligence (AI) to predict mechanical properties of 3D printed particle-reinforced resin composites via digital light processing (DLP). Their mechanisms, advancement, limitations, validity, drawbacks and feasibility are critically investigated. It has been found that conventional Halpin-Tsai model with a percolation threshold enables the capture of nonlinear effect of particle reinforcement to effectively predict mechanical properties of DLP-based resin composites reinforced with various particles. The paper further explores how AI techniques, such as machine learning and Bayesian neural networks (BNNs), enhance prediction accuracy by extracting patterns from extensive datasets and providing probabilistic predictions with confidence intervals. This review aims to advance a better understanding of material behaviour in additive manufacturing (AM). It demonstrates exciting potential for performance enhancement of 3D printed particle-reinforced resin composites, employing the optimisation of both material selection and processing parameters. It also demonstrates the benefit of combining empirical models with AI-driven analytics to optimise material selection and processing parameters, thereby advancing material behaviour understanding and performance enhancement in AM applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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43 pages, 8271 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Valorization of Eggshell as Renewable Materials for Sustainable Biocomposite Adsorbents—An Overview

by Bolanle M. Babalola and Lee D. Wilson

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100414 - 8 Oct 2024

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 21491

Abstract

The production and buildup of eggshell waste represents a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that uncontrolled disposal of generated eggshell waste relates to a sustainability concern for the environment. The opportunity relates to utilization of this biomass resource via recycling for [...] Read more.

The production and buildup of eggshell waste represents a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that uncontrolled disposal of generated eggshell waste relates to a sustainability concern for the environment. The opportunity relates to utilization of this biomass resource via recycling for waste valorization, cleaner production, and development of a circular economy. This review explores the development of eggshell powder (ESP) from eggshell waste and a coverage of various ESP composite sorbents with an emphasis on their potential utility as adsorbent materials for model pollutants in solid–liquid systems. An overview of literature since 2014 outlines the development of eggshell powder (ESP) and ESP composite adsorbents for solid–liquid adsorption processes. The isolation and treatment of ESP in its pristine or modified forms by various thermal or chemical treatments, along with the preparation of ESP biocomposites is described. An overview of the physico-chemical characterization of ESP and its biocomposites include an assessment of the adsorption properties with various model pollutants (cations, anions, and organic dyes). A coverage of equilibrium and kinetic adsorption isotherm models is provided, along with relevant thermodynamic parameters that govern the adsorption process for ESP-based adsorbents. This review reveals that ESP biocomposite adsorbents represent an emerging class of sustainable materials with tailored properties via modular synthetic strategies. This review will serve to encourage the recycling and utilization of eggshell biomass waste and its valorization as potential adsorbent systems. The impact of such ESP biosorbents cover a diverse range of adsorption-based applications from environmental remediation to slow-release fertilizer carrier systems in agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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30 pages, 5249 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polysaccharide-Based Bioplastics: Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Solutions for Packaging

by Ashoka Gamage, Punniamoorthy Thiviya, Anuradhi Liyanapathiranage, M. L. Dilini Wasana, Yasasvi Jayakodi, Amith Bandara, Asanga Manamperi, Rohan S. Dassanayake, Philippe Evon, Othmane Merah and Terrence Madhujith

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100413 - 8 Oct 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 13156

Abstract

Over the past few decades, synthetic petroleum-based packaging materials have increased, and the production of plastics has surpassed all other man-made materials due to their versatility. However, the excessive usage of synthetic packaging materials has led to severe environmental and health-related issues due [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, synthetic petroleum-based packaging materials have increased, and the production of plastics has surpassed all other man-made materials due to their versatility. However, the excessive usage of synthetic packaging materials has led to severe environmental and health-related issues due to their nonbiodegradability and their accumulation in the environment. Therefore, bio-based packages are considered alternatives to substitute synthetic petroleum-based packaging material. Furthermore, the choice of packing material in the food industry is a perplexing process as it depends on various factors, such as the type of food product, its sustainability, and environmental conditions. Interestingly, due to proven mechanical, gas, and water vapor barrier properties and biological activity, polysaccharide-based bioplastics show the potential to expand the trends in food packaging, including edible films or coatings and intelligent and active food packaging. Various chemical modifications, network designs, and processing techniques have transformed polysaccharide materials into valuable final products, particularly for large-scale or high-value applications. Transitioning from petroleum-based resources to abundant bio-based polysaccharides presents an opportunity to create a sustainable circular economy. The economic viability of polysaccharide-based bioplastics is determined by several factors, including raw material costs, production technologies, market demand, and scalability. Despite their potential advantages over traditional plastics, their economic feasibility is affected by continuous technological advancements and evolving market dynamics and regulations. This review discusses the structure, properties, and recent developments in polysaccharide-based bioplastics as green and sustainable food packaging materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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15 pages, 5002 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predicting Mechanical Properties from Microstructure Images in Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Using Convolutional Neural Networks

by Yixuan Sun, Imad Hanhan, Michael D. Sangid and Guang Lin

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100387 - 25 Sep 2024

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5262

Abstract

Evaluating the mechanical response of fiber-reinforced composites can be extremely time-consuming and expensive. Machine learning (ML) techniques offer a means for faster predictions via models trained on existing input–output pairs and have exhibited success in composite research. This paper explores a fully convolutional [...] Read more.

Evaluating the mechanical response of fiber-reinforced composites can be extremely time-consuming and expensive. Machine learning (ML) techniques offer a means for faster predictions via models trained on existing input–output pairs and have exhibited success in composite research. This paper explores a fully convolutional neural network modified from StressNet, which was originally used for linear elastic materials, and extended here for a non-linear finite element (FE) simulation to predict the stress field in 2D slices of segmented tomography images of a fiber-reinforced polymer specimen. The network was trained and evaluated on data generated from the FE simulations of the exact microstructure. The testing results show that the trained network accurately captures the characteristics of the stress distribution, especially on fibers, solely from the segmented microstructure images. The trained model can make predictions within seconds in a single forward pass on an ordinary laptop, given the input microstructure, compared to 92.5 h to run the full FE simulation on a high-performance computing cluster. These results show promise in using ML techniques to conduct fast structural analysis for fiber-reinforced composites and suggest a corollary that the trained model can be used to identify the location of potential damage sites in fiber-reinforced polymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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28 pages, 3366 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Towpreg—An Advanced Composite Material with a Potential for Pressurized Hydrogen Storage Vessels

by Anka Trajkovska Petkoska, Blagoja Samakoski, Bisera Samardjioska Azmanoska and Viktorija Velkovska

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090374 - 21 Sep 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6769

Abstract

Hydrogen is one of the critical components to address global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution and global warming. It is a renewable source of energy that has many advantages compared to other renewables. Even though it may not be a “silver [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is one of the critical components to address global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution and global warming. It is a renewable source of energy that has many advantages compared to other renewables. Even though it may not be a “silver bullet” solution for the polluted world, there is still a big expectation that it can solve some of the energy crisis and challenges in the transportation, domestic and industry sectors. This study reviews the latest advancements in materials science, especially in the composite materials used for energy storage/transportation tanks. Special attention is given to towpreg material structures as the most promising ones for hydrogen storage. Various types of storage vessels are reviewed with emphasis on the most advanced type IV and type V vessels for energy (hydrogen) storage. The manufacturing processes, mainly filament winding (FW) and automatic fiber placement (AFP), are reviewed with their pros and cons. The sustainability aspects for the most promising hydrogen technologies, limitations and future challenges are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials for Energy Management, Storage or Transportation)

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20 pages, 15194 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of High Fiber Content on Properties and Performance of CFRTP Composites

by Saeed Ziaee, Eric Kerr-Anderson, Aaron Johnson, David Eastep and Beckry Abdel-Magid

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090364 - 17 Sep 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4797

Abstract

Continuously reinforced thermoplastic composites are widely used in structural applications due to their toughness, light weight, and shorter process cycle. Moreover, they provide flexibility in design and material selection. Unlike thermoset composites, continuous fiber content to maximize mechanical properties in thermoplastic composites has [...] Read more.

Continuously reinforced thermoplastic composites are widely used in structural applications due to their toughness, light weight, and shorter process cycle. Moreover, they provide flexibility in design and material selection. Unlike thermoset composites, continuous fiber content to maximize mechanical properties in thermoplastic composites has not been well investigated. In this paper, three thermoplastic systems are investigated to study the optimum content of continuous fiber reinforcement. These systems include carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), glass fiber/PPS, and glass fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Tapes were made at several fiber contents, and samples were compression molded and tested using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile, 3-point flexure, and short-beam shear tests. Results revealed that higher fiber content led to an increase in the glass transition and melt transition temperatures of the polymer. Some mechanical properties increased with fiber content and then began to decrease upon further addition of fibers, while other properties, such as ductility and interfacial bond strength, decreased with more reinforcement. Furthermore, the optimum fiber contents to maximize mechanical properties are different for different properties and different materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites)

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21 pages, 15598 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimising Additive Manufacturing to Produce PLA Sandwich Structures by Varying Cell Type and Infill: Effect on Flexural Properties

by Gabriele Marabello, Mohamed Chairi and Guido Di Bella

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090360 - 14 Sep 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3357

Abstract

The objective of this research is to optimize additive manufacturing processes, specifically Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) techniques, to produce sandwich structures. Mono-material specimens made of polylactic acid (PLA) were produced, where both the skin and core were fabricated in a single print. To [...] Read more.

The objective of this research is to optimize additive manufacturing processes, specifically Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) techniques, to produce sandwich structures. Mono-material specimens made of polylactic acid (PLA) were produced, where both the skin and core were fabricated in a single print. To optimize the process, variations were made in both the base cell geometry of the core (Tri-Hexagon and Gyroid) and the core infill (5%, 25%, 50%, and 75%), evaluating their effects on static three-point bending behavior. Optical microscopy was employed to assess both the structure generated by additive manufacturing and the fracture modes. The findings reveal that increasing the infill, and thus the core density, enhances the mechanical properties of the structure, although the improvement is such that samples with 50% infill already demonstrate excellent performance. The difference between hexagonal and Gyroid structures is not significant. Based on microscopic analyses, it is believed that the evolution of 3D printers, from open to closed chamber designs, could significantly improve the deposition of the various layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites)

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26 pages, 6187 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biodegradable Alternatives to Plastic in Medical Equipment: Current State, Challenges, and the Future

by Elham Moshkbid, Duncan E. Cree, Lori Bradford and Wenjun Zhang

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090342 - 1 Sep 2024

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 25063

Abstract

The use of plastic products or components in medical equipment and supplies results in challenges in terms of environmental sustainability and waste management for disposable, non-recyclable, and non-biodegradable materials. Medical plastic waste includes items ranging from syringes, tubing, intravenous (IV) bags, packaging, and [...] Read more.

The use of plastic products or components in medical equipment and supplies results in challenges in terms of environmental sustainability and waste management for disposable, non-recyclable, and non-biodegradable materials. Medical plastic waste includes items ranging from syringes, tubing, intravenous (IV) bags, packaging, and more. Developing biodegradable replacements to petroleum-based plastics in medical equipment has not yet become an urgent priority, but it is an important endeavor. Examining alternatives involves several key themes, including material selection, testing, validation, and regulatory approval. To date, research includes studies on biodegradable polymers, composite materials, surface modifications, bacterial cellulose, three-dimensional (3D) printing with biodegradable materials, clinical trials and testing, collaboration with industry, regulatory considerations, sustainable packaging for medical devices, and life cycle analysis. The incorporation of bio-based and biodegradable plastics in the healthcare industry holds immense potential for reducing the environmental impact of medical plastic waste. The literature suggests that researchers and industry professionals are actively working towards finding sustainable alternatives that meet the stringent requirements of the medical industry. This paper reviews the efforts made so far to develop biodegradable and sustainable alternatives to plastic in medical equipment using a meta-analysis of resources, which include relevant papers published in English until June 2024. A total of 116 documents were found and screened by three reviewers for relevance. The literature reviewed indicated that various medical uses require plastics due to their unique properties, such as having strength and flexibility; being lightweight; and being able to prevent bacterial contamination. Among the alternatives, polycaprolactone (PCL), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), starch-based acid, and polybutyric acid (PBS) have demonstrated favourable outcomes in terms of biocompatibility, safety, and efficacy. Additionally, a set of approaches to overcome these barriers and strategies is discussed alongside potential future solutions. This review aims to catalyze discussions and actions toward a more environmentally sustainable future in the medical industry by providing a comprehensive analysis of the current state, challenges, and prospects of this domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Composites: Material Science and Corrosion Resistance Aspects, Volume II)

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28 pages, 9470 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advancement in the Modeling and Design of Composite Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage: A Comprehensive Review

by Lyazid Bouhala, Argyrios Karatrantos, Heiner Reinhardt, Norbert Schramm, Beril Akin, Alexander Rauscher, Anton Mauersberger, Senagül Tunca Taşkıran, Muhammed Erdal Ulaşlı, Engin Aktaş and Metin Tanoglu

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(9), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090339 - 29 Aug 2024

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 11094

Abstract

The industrial and technological sectors are pushing the boundaries to develop a new class of high-pressure vessels for hydrogen storage that aim to improve durability and and endure harsh operating conditions. This review serves as a strategic foundation for the integration of hydrogen [...] Read more.

The industrial and technological sectors are pushing the boundaries to develop a new class of high-pressure vessels for hydrogen storage that aim to improve durability and and endure harsh operating conditions. This review serves as a strategic foundation for the integration of hydrogen tanks into transport applications while also proposing innovative approaches to designing high-performance composite tanks. The goal is to offer optimized, safe, and cost-effective solutions for the next generation of high-pressure vessels, contributing significantly to energy security through technological advancements. Additionally, the review deepens our understanding of the relationship between microscopic failure mechanisms and the initial failure of reinforced composites. The investigation will focus on the behavior and damaging processes of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). Moreover, the review summarizes relevant simulation models in conjunction with experimental work to predict the burst pressure and to continuously monitor the degree of structural weakening and fatigue lifetime of COPVs. Simultaneously, understanding the adverse effects of in-service applications is vital for maintaining structural health during the operational life cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)

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32 pages, 6776 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on the Modelling of Aligned Discontinuous Fibre Composites

by Chantal Lewis, Burak Ogun Yavuz, Marco L. Longana, Jonathan P.-H. Belnoue, Karthik Ram Ramakrishnan, Carwyn Ward and Ian Hamerton

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080318 - 12 Aug 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6783

Abstract

Aligned discontinuous fibre-reinforced composites are becoming more popular because they have the potential to offer stiffness and strength comparable to their continuous counterparts along with better manufacturability. However, the modelling of highly aligned discontinuous fibre composites is still in its infancy. This paper [...] Read more.

Aligned discontinuous fibre-reinforced composites are becoming more popular because they have the potential to offer stiffness and strength comparable to their continuous counterparts along with better manufacturability. However, the modelling of highly aligned discontinuous fibre composites is still in its infancy. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature to understand how modelling techniques have developed and consider whether all aspects which could affect the performance of aligned discontinuous fibre composites have been addressed. Here, for the first time, a broad view of the advantages, perspectives, and limitations of current approaches to modelling the performance and behaviour of aligned discontinuous fibre composites during alignment, forming, and mechanical loading is provided in one place as a route to design optimisation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)

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23 pages, 911 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Concrete Compressive Strength Prediction Using Combined Non-Destructive Methods: A Calibration Procedure Using Preexisting Conversion Models Based on Gaussian Process Regression

by Giovanni Angiulli, Salvatore Calcagno, Fabio La Foresta and Mario Versaci

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080300 - 1 Aug 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2623

Abstract

Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are crucial in making informed decisions about reconstructing or repairing building structures. The SonReb method, a combination of the rebound hammer (RH) and the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, is widely used for this purpose. To evaluate the compressive [...] Read more.

Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are crucial in making informed decisions about reconstructing or repairing building structures. The SonReb method, a combination of the rebound hammer (RH) and the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests, is widely used for this purpose. To evaluate the compressive strength,

C S

, of the concrete under investigation, the ultrasonic pulse velocity

V_{p}

and the rebound index R must be mapped to the compressive strength

C S

using a suitable conversion model, the identification of which requires supplementing the NDT measurements with destructive-type measurements (DT) on a relatively large number of concrete cores. An approach notably indicated in all cases where the minimization of the number of cores is essential is to employ a pre-existing conversion model, i.e., a model derived from previous studies conducted in the literature, which must be appropriately calibrated. In this paper, we investigate the performance of Gaussian process regression (GPR) in calibrating the pre-existing SonReb conversion models, exploiting their ability to handle nonlinearity and uncertainties. The numerical results obtained using experimental data collected from the literature show that GPR calibration is very effective, outperforming, in most cases, the standard multiplicative and additive techniques used to calibrate the SonReb models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-destructive Characterization and Processing of Composite Materials, Volume II)

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12 pages, 2689 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy and Epoxy-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene Modification

by Tatjana Glaskova-Kuzmina, Sergejs Vidinejevs, Olegs Volodins, Jevgenijs Sevcenko, Andrey Aniskevich, Vladimir Špaček, Dalius Raškinis and Gediminas Vogonis

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080290 - 29 Jul 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

This research aims to develop fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) with enhanced fire resistance, which can be particularly useful for the transport industry (e.g., aviation, automotive, and train production). The fire retardation was achieved through epoxy matrix modification with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCTP). First, the fire-resistant and [...] Read more.

This research aims to develop fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) with enhanced fire resistance, which can be particularly useful for the transport industry (e.g., aviation, automotive, and train production). The fire retardation was achieved through epoxy matrix modification with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCTP). First, the fire-resistant and mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix filled with different HCTP contents (4.8, 7.2, and 9.5 wt.%) were studied to select the most effective HCTP content for the impregnation of FRC. Then, glass, basalt, and carbon fiber fabrics were impregnated with epoxy filled with 7.2 wt.% of HCTP, and the fire resistance, flexural, and interlaminar fracture properties were studied to select the most effective HCTP-modified type of fiber reinforcement based on the test results. It was concluded that basalt fiber impregnated with epoxy filled with HCTP could be selected as the most effective reinforcement type, allowing excellent mechanical and flame-retardant properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discontinuous Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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26 pages, 3403 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Trends in the Use of Biomass in the Manufacture of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: A Review

by Dorota Dukarska and Radosław Mirski

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080286 - 23 Jul 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4527

Abstract

This paper discusses methods of using biomass from the agriculture, forestry, food and aquaculture industries as potential raw materials for bio-polyols and as fillers in the production of rigid polyurethane (RPUR) foams. Various aspects of obtaining bio-polyols are discussed, as well as the [...] Read more.

This paper discusses methods of using biomass from the agriculture, forestry, food and aquaculture industries as potential raw materials for bio-polyols and as fillers in the production of rigid polyurethane (RPUR) foams. Various aspects of obtaining bio-polyols are discussed, as well as the impact of replacing petrochemical polyols with bio-polyols on the properties of foams. Special attention is paid to the conversion of vegetable oils and lignin. Another important aspect of the research is the use of biomass as foam fillers. Chemical and physical modifications are discussed, and important factors, such as the type and origin of biomass, particle size and amount, affecting the foaming process, microstructure and properties of RPUR foams are identified. The advantages and disadvantages of using biomass in foam production are described. It is found that bio-polyols can replace (at least partially) petrochemical polyols while maintaining the high insulation and strength of foams. In the case of the use of biomass as fillers, it is found that the shaping of their properties is largely dependent on the specific characteristics of the filler particles. This requires further research into process optimization but allows for the fine-tuning of RPUR foam properties to meet specific requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)

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19 pages, 2159 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Woven Fabrics for Composite Reinforcement: A Review

by Indraneel R. Chowdhury and John Summerscales

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070280 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 15164

Abstract

Fibres in different textile forms (woven, knitted, stitched, and non-crimp) are used to reinforce composites for multifaced applications, including automotive, aerospace, marine, rail, energy, construction, and defence sectors. Textile fabric-based fibre reinforcements for composites possess some outstanding features, such as good dimensional stability, [...] Read more.

Fibres in different textile forms (woven, knitted, stitched, and non-crimp) are used to reinforce composites for multifaced applications, including automotive, aerospace, marine, rail, energy, construction, and defence sectors. Textile fabric-based fibre reinforcements for composites possess some outstanding features, such as good dimensional stability, subtle conformability, deep draw moldability/processability, lightweightness, high strength and stiffness, and low cost. The greatest advantage of textile fibre-reinforced composites is the freedom to tailor their strength and stiffness properties for specific applications. Therefore, the design of composites involves defining the fabric geometry, stacking sequence, and orientation of fibres to optimise the system. Compared to knitted, stitched, and non-crimp fabrics, woven fabric-based fibre-reinforced composites are widely used in the industry. The properties of woven fabric-reinforced composites depend on several factors, such as types of fibre, compositions, polymeric matrices, and fibre/matrix interfacial strength. Some of the advantages are reduced preforming process steps, good impact and delamination resistance, and thermo-mechanical properties. This review has been written to provide detailed information and discussions, including the fabrication processes, relationship between fabric structure and composite properties, and morphological characteristics encompassing the current state-of-the-art in woven fabrics for composite reinforcement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials from Natural and Synthetic Sources: Fabrication, Characterization and Practical Application, Volume II)

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34 pages, 2035 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Biomedicine

by Hossein Omidian and Erma J. Gill

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070269 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5047

Abstract

This review explores the design, fabrication, and biomedical applications of nanofibrous scaffolds, emphasizing their impact on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Advanced techniques like electrospinning and 3D printing have enabled precise control over scaffold architecture, crucial for mimicking native tissue structures. Integrating bioactive [...] Read more.

This review explores the design, fabrication, and biomedical applications of nanofibrous scaffolds, emphasizing their impact on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Advanced techniques like electrospinning and 3D printing have enabled precise control over scaffold architecture, crucial for mimicking native tissue structures. Integrating bioactive materials has significantly enhanced cellular interactions, mechanical properties, and the controlled release of therapeutic agents. Applications span bone, cardiovascular, soft tissue, neural regeneration, wound healing, and advanced drug delivery. Despite these advancements, challenges such as scalability, biocompatibility, and long-term stability remain barriers to clinical translation. Future research should focus on developing smart scaffolds and utilizing AI-enhanced manufacturing for more personalized and effective regenerative therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Materials for Drug Development and Biomedical Applications, Volume II)

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13 pages, 2054 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Finite Element Analysis Study of Influence of Femoral Stem Material in Stress Shielding in a Model of Uncemented Total Hip Arthroplasty: Ti-6Al-4V versus Carbon Fibre-Reinforced PEEK Composite

by Mario Ceddia, Giuseppe Solarino, Giorgio Giannini, Giuseppe De Giosa, Maria Tucci and Bartolomeo Trentadue

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070254 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5600

Abstract

Total hip arthroplasty is one of the most common and successful orthopaedic operations. Occasionally, periprosthetic osteolysis associated with stress shielding occurs, resulting in a reduction of bone density where the femur is not properly loaded and the formation of denser bone where stresses [...] Read more.

Total hip arthroplasty is one of the most common and successful orthopaedic operations. Occasionally, periprosthetic osteolysis associated with stress shielding occurs, resulting in a reduction of bone density where the femur is not properly loaded and the formation of denser bone where stresses are confined. To enhance proximal load transfer and reduce stress shielding, approaches, including decreasing the stiffness of femoral stems, such as carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs), have been explored through novel modular prostheses. The purpose of the present study was to analyse, by the finite element analysis (FEA) method, the effect that the variation of material for the distal part of the femoral stem has on stress transmission between a modulable prosthesis and the adjacent bone. Methods: Through three-dimensional modelling and the use of commercially available FEA software Ansys R2023, the mechanical behaviour of the distal part of the femoral stem made of CFRPC or Ti-6Al-4V was obtained. A load was applied to the head of the femoral stem that simulates a complete walking cycle. Results: The results showed that the use of a material with mechanical characteristics close to the bone, like CFRPC, allowed for optimisation of the transmitted loads, promoting a better distribution of stress from the proximal to the distal part of the femur. This observation was also found in some clinical studies in literature, which reported not only an improved load transfer with the use of CFRPC but also a higher cell attachment than Ti-6Al-4V. Conclusions: The use of a material that has mechanical properties that are close to bone promotes load transfer from the proximal to the distal area. In particular, the use of CFRPC allows the material to be designed based on the patient’s actual bone characteristics. This provides a customised design with a lower risk of prosthesis loss due to stress shielding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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16 pages, 4325 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Processing and Mechanics of Aromatic Vitrimeric Composites at Elevated Temperatures and Healing Performance

by Tanaya Mandal, Unal Ozten, Louis Vaught, Jacob L. Meyer, Ahmad Amiri, Andreas Polycarpou and Mohammad Naraghi

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070252 - 1 Jul 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are renowned for their exceptional mechanical properties, with applications in industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical, civil, and beyond. Despite these merits, a significant challenge in CFRPs lies in their repairability and maintenance. This study, for the [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are renowned for their exceptional mechanical properties, with applications in industries such as automotive, aerospace, medical, civil, and beyond. Despite these merits, a significant challenge in CFRPs lies in their repairability and maintenance. This study, for the first time, delves into the processing and self-healing capability of aromatic thermosetting co-polyester vitrimer-based carbon fiber composites through mechanical testing. Vitrimers are an emerging class of thermosetting polymers, which, owing to their exchangeable covalent bonds, enable the re-formation of bonds across cracks. The specific vitrimer chosen for this study is an aromatic thermosetting co-polyester (ATSP). The mechanical properties of samples were analyzed initially through three-point bending (3PB) testing at room temperature before and after healing (by curing samples for 2 h at 280 °C). Samples were also 3PB tested at 100 °C to analyze their mechanical properties at an elevated temperature for comparison to the samples tested at room temperature. To investigate the fracture properties, optical microscopy images of samples were taken after 3PB tests, which were analyzed to observe crack initiation and crack growth behavior. Through load–displacement curves from double cantilever beam (DCB) mechanical testing, the Mode I crack initiation fracture toughness values of self-healed composites and control composites were calculated to evaluate healing efficiency in ATSP CFRP composites cured at 280 °C for 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a similar surface morphology of cracks before and after self-healing. Micro-computed tomography (CT) X-ray imaging confirmed that the healed samples closely resembled the as-fabricated ones, with the exception of some manufacturing voids, caused by outgassing in the initial healing cycle. This research demonstrated the ability for the in situ repair of ATSP CFRPs by restoring the fracture toughness to values comparable to the pristine composite (~289 J/m²). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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23 pages, 12323 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Correlation of Microstructural Features within Short Carbon Fiber/ABS Manufactured via Large-Area Additive- Manufacturing Beads

by Neshat Sayah and Douglas E. Smith

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070246 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2675

Abstract

Short carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are widely used in polymer extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), including large-area additive manufacturing (LAAM), due to their enhanced mechanical properties as compared to neat polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these composites depend on microstructural characteristics, including fibers [...] Read more.

Short carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are widely used in polymer extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), including large-area additive manufacturing (LAAM), due to their enhanced mechanical properties as compared to neat polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these composites depend on microstructural characteristics, including fibers and micro-voids, which are determined during processing. In this work, the correlation between fibers and micro-voids within the microstructure of LAAM polymer composites throughout various processing stages of short carbon fiber-reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (SCF/ABS) is investigated. The processing stages considered here include the incoming pellets, a single freely extruded strand, a single regularly deposited bead, and a single regularly deposited bead pressed by a mechanical roller. A high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) system is employed to characterize the microstructural features in terms of the fibers (volume fraction, fiber orientation tensor) and micro-voids (volume fraction, sphericity) in the SCF/ABS samples. The results indicate that micro-voids exist within the microstructure of the SCF/ABS composite in all four stages considered here and that the micro-void volume fraction and micro-void sphericity vary among the test samples. Moreover, the results show a considerable variation in fiber orientation and fiber volume fraction within the microstructure throughout all the stages considered; however, all the samples show the highest alignment in the extrusion/print direction. Furthermore, a correlation is identified between the fiber orientation and the micro-void volume fraction within samples from all four stages considered here. This finding suggests that fibers tend to align more in the extrusion/print direction in regions with less micro-void content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)

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16 pages, 11971 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed PLA/PHA/PHB/HA Composite Scaffolds for Enhanced Tissue-Engineering Applications

by Motahareh Sadat Raziyan, Arvydas Palevicius, Dariusz Perkowski, Sigita Urbaite and Giedrius Janusas

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060226 - 16 Jun 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5565

Abstract

Recently, tissue engineering has been revolutionised by the development of 3D-printed scaffolds, which allow one to construct a precise architecture with tailored properties. In this study, three different composite materials were synthesised using a combination of polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) [...] Read more.

Recently, tissue engineering has been revolutionised by the development of 3D-printed scaffolds, which allow one to construct a precise architecture with tailored properties. In this study, three different composite materials were synthesised using a combination of polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and hydroxyapatite (HA) in varying weight percentages. Morphological properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy showing a uniform distribution of HA particles throughout the matrix, indicating good compatibility between the materials. Furthermore, the printed scaffolds were tested under pressure using a load cell to examine mechanical strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed favorable dispersion, biological compatibility together with enhanced bioactivity within the PHB/PHA/PLA/HA composite matrixes. Thus, this paper demonstrates the successful design and implementation of these composite structures for tissue-engineering applications and highlights the effective development of biocompatible scaffold designs with improved functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)

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25 pages, 1639 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biochar Production and Its Potential Application for Biocomposite Materials: A Comprehensive Review

by Guillermina Feliz Florian, Mohamed Ragoubi, Nathalie Leblanc, Bechara Taouk and Lokmane Abdelouahed

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060220 - 9 Jun 2024

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 10117

Abstract

Biochar, an organic, porous, and carbon-rich material originating from biomass via pyrolysis, showcases compelling attributes and intrinsic performances. Its appeal as a reinforcement material for biocomposites, as well as its auspicious electrical properties, has gained more attention, and makes biochar a versatile candidate [...] Read more.

Biochar, an organic, porous, and carbon-rich material originating from biomass via pyrolysis, showcases compelling attributes and intrinsic performances. Its appeal as a reinforcement material for biocomposites, as well as its auspicious electrical properties, has gained more attention, and makes biochar a versatile candidate for applications ranging from energy storage to catalytic devices. This scientific review undertakes a comprehensive exploration of biochar, spanning production methodologies, physicochemical intricacies, and critical process parameters. The focus of this paper extends to optimization strategies for biochar properties tailored to specific applications, with a dedicated inquiry into diverse production methods and activation strategies. This review’s second phase delves into a meticulous analysis of key properties within biochar-based composites, emphasizing limitations and unique performance characteristics crucial for diverse applications. By synthesizing a substantial body of research, this review aims to catalyze future investigations by pinpointing areas that demand attention in upcoming experiments, ultimately emphasizing the profound potential of biochar-based materials across technical and scientific domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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28 pages, 5234 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mechanical Performance of Recycled 3D Printed Sustainable Polymer-Based Composites: A Literature Review

by Ioannis Filippos Kyriakidis, Nikolaos Kladovasilakis, Eleftheria Maria Pechlivani and Konstantinos Tsongas

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060215 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8554

Abstract

The development of efficient waste valorization strategies has emerged as an important field in the overall efforts for alignment with the environmental goals that have been set by the European Union (EU) Green Deal regarding the development of sustainable circular economy models. Additive [...] Read more.

The development of efficient waste valorization strategies has emerged as an important field in the overall efforts for alignment with the environmental goals that have been set by the European Union (EU) Green Deal regarding the development of sustainable circular economy models. Additive manufacturing has emerged as a sustainable method for secondary life product development with the main advantages of it being a form of net-zero waste production and having the ability to successfully transport complex design to actual products finding applications in the industry for rapid prototyping or for tailored products. The insertion of eco-friendly sustainable materials in these processes can lead to significant reduction in material footprints and lower energy demands for the manufacturing process, helping achieve Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG12) set by the EU for responsible production and consumption. The aim of this comprehensive review is to state the existing progress regarding the incorporation of sustainable polymeric composite materials in additive manufacturing (AM) processes and identify possible gaps for further research. In this context, a comprehensive presentation of the reacquired materials coming from urban and industrial waste valorization processes and that are used to produce sustainable composites is made. Then, an assessment of the printability and the mechanical response of the constructed composites is made, by taking into consideration some key thermal, rheological and mechanical properties (e.g., viscosity, melting and degradation temperature, tensile and impact strength). Finally, existing life cycle analysis results are presented regarding overall energy demands and environmental footprint during the waste-to-feedstock and the manufacturing processes. A lack of scientific research was observed, regarding the manifestation of novel evaluation techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis and impact testing. Assessing the dynamic response is vital for evaluating whether these types of composites are adequate for upscaling and use in real life applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Polymer Composites: Futuristic Sustainable Material)

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44 pages, 9217 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanisms of Component Degradation and Multi-Scale Strategies for Predicting Composite Durability: Present and Future Perspectives

by Paulo Ricardo Ferreira Rocha, Guilherme Fonseca Gonçalves, Guillaume dos Reis and Rui Miranda Guedes

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060204 - 30 May 2024

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6296

Abstract

Composite materials, valued for their adaptability, face challenges associated with degradation over time. Characterising their durability through traditional experimental methods has shown limitations, highlighting the need for accelerated testing and computational modelling to reduce time and costs. This study presents an overview of [...] Read more.

Composite materials, valued for their adaptability, face challenges associated with degradation over time. Characterising their durability through traditional experimental methods has shown limitations, highlighting the need for accelerated testing and computational modelling to reduce time and costs. This study presents an overview of the current landscape and future prospects of multi-scale modelling for predicting the long-term durability of composite materials under different environmental conditions. These models offer detailed insights into complex degradation phenomena, including hydrolytic, thermo-oxidative, and mechano-chemical processes. Recent research trends indicate a focus on hygromechanical models across various materials, with future directions aiming to explore less-studied environmental factors, integrate multiple stressors, investigate emerging materials, and advance computational techniques for improved predictive capabilities. The importance of the synergistic relationship between experimental testing and modelling is emphasised as essential for a comprehensive understanding of composite material behaviour in diverse environments. Ultimately, multi-scale modelling is seen as a vital contributor to accurate predictions of environmental effects on composite materials, offering valuable insights for sustainable development across industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Composite Materials Characterization—Manufacturing, Testing and Structural Integrity Analysis, Volume II)

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33 pages, 3395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhancing Hydrogels with Quantum Dots

by Hossein Omidian and Renae L. Wilson

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060203 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7688

Abstract

This manuscript explores the interdisciplinary integration of quantum dot–hydrogel composites and smart materials and their applications across a spectrum of fields, including biomedical engineering, environmental sensing, and energy harvesting. It covers the synthesis of novel materials like fluorescent hydrogel nanocomposites that display enhanced [...] Read more.

This manuscript explores the interdisciplinary integration of quantum dot–hydrogel composites and smart materials and their applications across a spectrum of fields, including biomedical engineering, environmental sensing, and energy harvesting. It covers the synthesis of novel materials like fluorescent hydrogel nanocomposites that display enhanced chemical stability, mechanical strength, and thermal resistance, highlighting their utility in environmental monitoring and catalysis. In the biomedical sector, innovations include hydrogel composites for targeted drug delivery and advanced therapies such as photothermal DNA hydrogels for tumor treatment. This review also discusses the application of these materials in imaging, diagnostics, and the development of smart sensors capable of detecting various biological and environmental changes. Its scope further extends to optoelectronics and the design of energy-efficient systems, underscoring the versatile functionalities of hydrogels in modern technological applications. Challenges remain in scaling up these technologies for commercial use and ensuring their long-term stability and safety, necessitating future research focused on sustainable, scalable solutions that can be integrated into existing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogel and Biomaterials)

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25 pages, 5926 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Embedded Sensor Technologies for Impact Monitoring in Composite Structures

by Lucas Braga Carani, Johnson Humphrey, Md Mostafizur Rahman and Okenwa I. Okoli

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060201 - 26 May 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7058

Abstract

Embedded sensor technologies have emerged as pivotal tools in redefining structural health monitoring (SHM) within composite materials, addressing a critical need in the composite structure industry. Composites, by their layered nature, are particularly vulnerable to internal delamination and micro-cracks from impacts, which can [...] Read more.

Embedded sensor technologies have emerged as pivotal tools in redefining structural health monitoring (SHM) within composite materials, addressing a critical need in the composite structure industry. Composites, by their layered nature, are particularly vulnerable to internal delamination and micro-cracks from impacts, which can propagate and lead to catastrophic failures. Traditional inspection methods often fail to detect internal damage and these undetected damages can lead to reduced performance and potential system failures. Embedded sensors offer a solution capable of detecting a spectrum of damages, from barely visible impact damages (BVID) and subtle low-energy impacts to pronounced impact-related deformations, all in real-time. Key sensors, such as Piezoelectric transducers (PZTs), Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), and other potential sensors, have been discussed as potential detection techniques in this review. This review discusses a comprehensive picture of the progress and current scenario of different embedded sensors for SHM of composite structures. The growth of embedded sensor technologies, current limitations, and future requirements focusing on sensor materials have been discussed in this review. Finally, challenges and opportunities for the development of a sustainable SHM system have been discussed in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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19 pages, 4809 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Performance and Life Cycle Assessment of Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers and End-of-Life Textiles

by Mina Arya, Mikael Skrifvars and Pooria Khalili

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060196 - 22 May 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6461

Abstract

The growing need for materials that are eco-friendly and sustainable in the industrial sector has shifted focus from synthetic fossil to natural fibers, alongside the utilization of recycled polymer textiles. This research introduces a novel method for using end-of-life textiles, such as polyester [...] Read more.

The growing need for materials that are eco-friendly and sustainable in the industrial sector has shifted focus from synthetic fossil to natural fibers, alongside the utilization of recycled polymer textiles. This research introduces a novel method for using end-of-life textiles, such as polyester and polyamide fabrics, in the production of composite materials, aiming to lessen textile waste and enhance material longevity. The mechanical attributes of flax fabric (FF), flax–recycled polyamide fabric (F/RPA), and flax–recycled polyester fabric (F/RPES) composite laminates are assessed through tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear, and Charpy impact tests. The study revealed that the addition of end-of-life synthetic fibers improves tensile strength, while the trend in modulus values suggests that flax provides a high degree of stiffness to the composites, which is moderated by the addition of synthetic fibers. This effect is consistent across both tensile and flexural testing, although the impact on stiffness is more significant in bending. The inclusion of polyester fibers in the composite laminate resulted in significant enhancements, with an 11.1% increase in interlaminar shear maximum force, a 17.4% improvement in interlaminar shear strength, and a 67.1% rise in un-notch impact energy, compared to composites made with only flax fiber (FF). The microscopic examination uncovered the internal structure and demonstrated a clear, strong bond between the polyester and polyamide fiber layers with the flax fibers. Additionally, the life cycle assessment revealed that the F/RPES composite had less environmental impact than FF and F/RPA in all 18 categories analyzed. This indicates that the environmental footprint of producing F/RPES is smaller than that of both FF and F/RPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)

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17 pages, 9700 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Experimental Study Incorporating Carbon Fiber Composite Bars and Wraps for Concrete Performance and Failure Insight

by Ali Akbarpour, Jeffery Volz and Shreya Vemuganti

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050174 - 9 May 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3072

Abstract

Corrosion of conventional steel reinforcement is responsible for numerous structurally deficient bridges, which is a multi-billion-dollar challenge that creates a vicious cycle of maintenance, repair, and replacement of infrastructure. Repair of existing structures with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has become widespread due to multiple [...] Read more.

Corrosion of conventional steel reinforcement is responsible for numerous structurally deficient bridges, which is a multi-billion-dollar challenge that creates a vicious cycle of maintenance, repair, and replacement of infrastructure. Repair of existing structures with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has become widespread due to multiple advantages. Carbon FRP’s superior tensile strength and stiffness make it particularly effective in shear and flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. This experimental study incorporates carbon fiber polymer composite bars and wraps to study and report on the flexural behavior of RC beams. By employing a combination of CFRP bar and wrap for strengthening RC beams, this study observed an approximate 95% improvement in flexural load capacity relative to control RC beams without strengthening. This substantial enhancement highlights the effectiveness of integrating CFRP in structural applications. Nevertheless, the key observation is the failure mode due to this combination providing significant insights into the changes facilitated by this combination approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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29 pages, 4009 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Biomass Wood Ash in Alkali-Activated Materials: Treatment, Application, and Outlook

by Yiying Du, Ina Pundienė, Jolanta Pranckevičienė, Modestas Kligys, Giedrius Girskas and Aleksandrs Korjakins

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050161 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7067

Abstract

The utilisation of Portland cement has aroused tremendous concerns owing to its production exerting a lot of pressure on the environment. Alternative eco-binders have been developed to replace it, among which alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have drawn great attention, especially due to the possibility [...] Read more.

The utilisation of Portland cement has aroused tremendous concerns owing to its production exerting a lot of pressure on the environment. Alternative eco-binders have been developed to replace it, among which alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have drawn great attention, especially due to the possibility of encompassing industrial and agricultural waste, which significantly improves the sustainability and cost-efficiency of the material. Biomass wood ash (BWA) is a by-product generated from power plants and, along with the advocation for biomass fuel as a renewable energy resource, there have been increasing applications of BWA in building and construction materials. This review examines the use of BWA as a precursor source in AAMs. Due to its low chemical and hydraulic reactivity, more active binary precursors are usually introduced to guarantee mechanical properties. Whereas the increment of BWA content can have a negative influence on material strength development, it is still a promising and feasible material, and new approaches should be developed to improve the effectiveness of its utilisation. Currently, study of BWA-based AAMs is still in the beginning stages and more research is needed to investigate the effects of BWA characteristics on the property evolution of AAMs, focusing on the durability and analysis of eco-efficiency. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the characterisation of BWA and its potential applications in AAMs, and meanwhile, based on the analysis of present research trends, proposes some prospective directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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12 pages, 8727 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Comprehensive Composite Mould Filling Pattern Dataset for Process Modelling and Prediction

by Boon Xian Chai, Jinze Wang, Thanh Kim Mai Dang, Mostafa Nikzad, Boris Eisenbart and Bronwyn Fox

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040153 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

The Resin Transfer Moulding process receives great attention from both academia and industry, owing to its superior manufacturing rate and product quality. Particularly, the progression of its mould filling stage is crucial to ensure a complete reinforcement saturation. Contemporary process simulation methods focus [...] Read more.

The Resin Transfer Moulding process receives great attention from both academia and industry, owing to its superior manufacturing rate and product quality. Particularly, the progression of its mould filling stage is crucial to ensure a complete reinforcement saturation. Contemporary process simulation methods focus primarily on physics-based approaches to model the complex resin permeation phenomenon, which are computationally expensive to solve. Thus, the application of machine learning and data-driven modelling approaches is of great interest to minimise the cost of process simulation. In this study, a comprehensive dataset consisting of mould filling patterns of the Resin Transfer Moulding process at different injection locations for a composite dashboard panel case study is presented. The problem description and significance of the dataset are outlined. The distribution of this comprehensive dataset aims to lower the barriers to entry for researching machine learning approaches in composite moulding applications, while concurrently providing a standardised baseline for evaluating newly developed algorithms and models in future research works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)

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27 pages, 5201 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Abrasive Wear of Aluminum Composites: Mechanisms and Influencing Factors

by Nima Valizade and Zoheir Farhat

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040149 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6460

Abstract

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) find extensive use across diverse industries such as automotive, aerospace, marine, and electronics, owing to their remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. However, their limited wear resistance poses a challenge for applications requiring high tribological performance. Abrasive [...] Read more.

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) find extensive use across diverse industries such as automotive, aerospace, marine, and electronics, owing to their remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. However, their limited wear resistance poses a challenge for applications requiring high tribological performance. Abrasive wear emerges as the predominant form of wear encountered by AMCs in various industrial settings, prompting significant research efforts aimed at enhancing their wear resistance. Over the past decades, extensive research has investigated the influence of various reinforcements on the abrasive wear behavior of AMCs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the impact of different variables on the wear and tribological response of aluminum composites. This review explores possible wear mechanisms across various tribosystems, providing examples drawn from the analysis of existing literature. Through detailed discussions on the effects of each variable, conclusions are drawn to offer insights into optimizing the wear performance of AMCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Particulate Aluminum Matrix Composites: From Fundamentals to Applications, Volume II)

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33 pages, 31416 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Three-Dimensional Printing of Composites: A Review of the Finite Element/Finite Volume Modelling of the Process

by Theodor Florian Zach and Mircea Cristian Dudescu

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040146 - 12 Apr 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6551

Abstract

Composite materials represent the evolution of material science and technology, maximizing the properties for high-end industry applications. The fields concerned include aerospace and defense, automotive, or naval industries. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are increasingly growing in market shares due to the elimination of [...] Read more.

Composite materials represent the evolution of material science and technology, maximizing the properties for high-end industry applications. The fields concerned include aerospace and defense, automotive, or naval industries. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are increasingly growing in market shares due to the elimination of shape barriers, a plethora of available materials, and the reduced costs. The AM technologies of composite materials combine the two growing trends in manufacturing, combining the advantages of both, with a specific enhancement being the elimination of the need for mold manufacturing for composites, or even post-curing treatments. The challenge of AM composites is to compete with their conventional counterparts. The aim of the current paper is to present the additive manufacturing process across different spectrums of finite element analyses (FEA). The first outcomes are building definition (support definition) and the optimization of deposition trajectories. In addition, the multi-physics of melting/solidification using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are performed to predict the fiber orientation and extrusion profiles. The process modelling continues with the displacement/temperature distribution, which influences porosity, warping, and residual stresses that influence characteristics of the component. This leads to the tuning of the technological parameters, thus improving the manufacturing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Composites)

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18 pages, 25030 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Obtaining and Characterizing New Types of Materials Based on Low-Density Polyethylene and Thermoplastic Starch

by Maria Daniela Stelescu, Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea, Ludmila Motelica, Anton Ficai, Roxana-Doina Trusca, Maria Sonmez, Mihaela Nituica and Mihai Georgescu

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040134 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3824

Abstract

Significant interest is devoted to the development of new polymer blends by using concepts of the circular economy. Such materials have predetermined properties, are easy to recycle, ecological, and have a low carbon footprint. This research presents obtaining and characterization of polymer blends [...] Read more.

Significant interest is devoted to the development of new polymer blends by using concepts of the circular economy. Such materials have predetermined properties, are easy to recycle, ecological, and have a low carbon footprint. This research presents obtaining and characterization of polymer blends based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and thermoplastic starch (TPS). In the first stage, TPS was obtained through the gelatinization process, and, in the second stage, mixtures of LDPE and TPS were obtained through a melt mixing process at 150 °C for 7 min. The physical–mechanical characteristics of the samples, like hardness, elongation at break, rebound resilience, and tensile strength, were determined. The sample containing maleic anhydride grafted low-density polyethylene (LDPE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer shows improvements in elongation at break and tensile strength (by 6.59% and 40.47%, respectively) compared to the test sample. The FTIR microscopy maps show that samples containing LDPE-g-MA are more homogeneous. The SEM micrographs indicate that TPS-s is homogeneously dispersed as droplets in the LDPE matrix. From the thermal analysis, it was observed that both the degree of crystallinity and the mass loss at high temperature are influenced by the composition of the samples. The melt flow index has adequate values, indicating good processability of the samples by specific methods (such as extrusion or injection). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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13 pages, 3938 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surface Quality Related to Face Milling Parameters in 3D Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PETG

by Mohamad El Mehtedi, Pasquale Buonadonna, Gabriela Loi, Rayane El Mohtadi, Mauro Carta and Francesco Aymerich

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040128 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3039

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing technology holds significant potential for enhancing the flexibility and cost-efficiency of producing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs). However, it faces limitations such as challenges in achieving high surface qualityand precise dimensional accuracy and managing the distinctive anisotropic mechanical properties that it [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional printing technology holds significant potential for enhancing the flexibility and cost-efficiency of producing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs). However, it faces limitations such as challenges in achieving high surface qualityand precise dimensional accuracy and managing the distinctive anisotropic mechanical properties that it demonstrates. This study aims to explore the machinability of 3D printed PETG infused with 20% short carbon fiber and to assess the resulting surface roughness and burr formation. Employing a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, three factors were considered: rotational speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. These factors were tested at varying levels—rotational speeds of 3000, 5500, and 8000 rpm; feed rates of 400, 600, and 800 mm/min; and depth of cut values of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm. The evaluation of machinability relied on two key response parameters: surface roughness (Sa) determined from the milled surface and burr height measured on both sides using a roughness meter. The findings revealed a significant influence of milling parameters on both roughness and burr formation. However, the ideal conditions for minimizing roughness and reducing burr formation did not align. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was conducted between these results and the machinability of PETG under similar conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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21 pages, 6810 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Machine Learning Approaches for Predicting the Ablation Performance of Ceramic Matrix Composites

by Jayanta Bhusan Deb, Jihua Gou, Haonan Song and Chiranjit Maiti

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030096 - 5 Mar 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6368

Abstract

Materials used in aircraft engines, gas turbines, nuclear reactors, re-entry vehicles, and hypersonic structures are subject to severe environmental conditions that present significant challenges. With their remarkable properties, such as high melting temperatures, strong resistance to oxidation, corrosion, and ablation, minimal creep, and [...] Read more.

Materials used in aircraft engines, gas turbines, nuclear reactors, re-entry vehicles, and hypersonic structures are subject to severe environmental conditions that present significant challenges. With their remarkable properties, such as high melting temperatures, strong resistance to oxidation, corrosion, and ablation, minimal creep, and advantageous thermal cycling behavior, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) show great promise as a material to meet the strict requirements in these kinds of environments. Furthermore, the addition of boron nitride nanoparticles with continuous fibers to the CMCs can offer thermal resistivity in harsh conditions, which will improve the composites’ strength and fracture toughness. Therefore, in extreme situations, it is crucial to understand the thermal resistivity period of composite materials. To forecast the ablation performance of composites, we developed six machine learning regression methods in this study: decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and adaptive boosting. When evaluating model performance using metrics including R2 score, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error, the gradient boosting and extreme gradient boosting machine learning regression models performed better than the others. The effectiveness of machine learning models as a useful tool for forecasting the ablation behavior of ceramic matrix composites was effectively explained by this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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23 pages, 12050 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stiffness Retention in Cyclic-Loaded CFRP Composites Produced via Novel Automatic Tape Laying

by Ashley Blythe, Bronwyn Fox, Mostafa Nikzad, Boris Eisenbart and Boon Xian Chai

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030092 - 3 Mar 2024

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 3187

Abstract

Sixteen-head automatic tape laying of non-crimped carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic is performed, and the fibre alignment is compared with that produced via hand laying. The effect of fibre alignment is tested via quasi-static and cyclic three-point bending tests. Using the Fill Multilayer (a 16-head tape-laying [...] Read more.

Sixteen-head automatic tape laying of non-crimped carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic is performed, and the fibre alignment is compared with that produced via hand laying. The effect of fibre alignment is tested via quasi-static and cyclic three-point bending tests. Using the Fill Multilayer (a 16-head tape-laying machine), precision fibre laying of unidirectional fabrics is performed with deliberate misalignment to examine the effect of fibre orientation and investigate the random effect on longitudinal misalignment. The automatic tape-layered coupons are compared with hand-layered carbon fibre tapes to investigate the relationship between the fibre alignment and the flexural strength. A 52% reduction in the fibre alignment scatter is achieved via the Fill Multilayer. Fibre orientation increases lead to a higher flexural strength of 16.08% for Fill Multilayer-made coupons compared with hand-layered samples. An investigation of the correlation between fibre alignment and flexural strength shows that shear-based failure increases exponentially as the alignment decreases. Fill Multilayer-made coupons have a higher void concentration due to ultrasonic welding, but also the highest modulus and flexural strength, as fibre misalignment is reduced to 1.68°, with a modulus degradation of 1.4%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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14 pages, 9395 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Highly Ultraviolet-Protective Polypropylene/TiO₂ Nonwoven Fiber

by Md. Abu Hanif, Hyokyeong Shin, Danbi Chun, Hong Gun Kim, Lee Ku Kwac, Sang-Won Han, Sung-Soo Kang and Young Soon Kim

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030086 - 25 Feb 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4640

Abstract

In recent decades, there has been a rise in public consciousness of the adverse effects of expanded skin contact with sunlight, particularly the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. UV radiation causes serious health problems like skin cancer, early aging, erythema, pigmentation, etc., due to contact [...] Read more.

In recent decades, there has been a rise in public consciousness of the adverse effects of expanded skin contact with sunlight, particularly the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. UV radiation causes serious health problems like skin cancer, early aging, erythema, pigmentation, etc., due to contact with the skin. Therefore, the highly efficient UV-protection materials were manufactured using polypropylene and TiO₂ (PPTO) through cost-effective and easy methods. The designated 7.5 PPTO and 15 PPTO were prepared, varying the amount of TiO₂, as well as without using TiO₂ (PPNF), which was also manufactured as a control material. All the as-synthesized nonwoven fibers were carefully characterized employing a variety of microscopic and spectroscopic methods, such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. In conclusion, 15 PPTO showed the highest UV-protection ability (87.5%) compared to 7.5 PPTO and PPNF. In addition, 15 PPTO exhibited 1.76 and 1.32 times higher protection than 7.5 PPTO and PPNF, respectively, when exposed to UB-B radiation. The enhanced activity may be due to the amount of TiO₂ because TiO₂ increased the product’s absorption and reflection capability. Overall, the PPTO nonwoven fibers can be applied to block harmful UV radiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, Volume II)

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17 pages, 882 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polylactic Acid Polymer Matrix (Pla) Biocomposites with Plant Fibers for Manufacturing 3D Printing Filaments: A Review

by Victor Hugo M. Almeida, Raildo M. Jesus, Gregório M. Santana and Thaís B. Pereira

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020067 - 9 Feb 2024

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7496

Abstract

The escalating global demand for polymer products and the consequent disposal challenge necessitate technological and sustainable solutions. Recent advances in the development of materials used in 3D printing equipment are described in this review, with a focus on new biocomposite materials. The investigation [...] Read more.

The escalating global demand for polymer products and the consequent disposal challenge necessitate technological and sustainable solutions. Recent advances in the development of materials used in 3D printing equipment are described in this review, with a focus on new biocomposite materials. The investigation delves into biocomposites comprising PLA and its blends with other polymers, reinforced by plant fibers, with a particular focus on research conducted over the last five years. The information related to the raw materials’ physical, chemical, and processing properties necessary for creating biocomposite filament and printed parts were summarized. The best results in terms of tensile and flexural strength were presented and discussed, signposting future research avenues and desirable objectives. The findings elucidate that the inclusion of plant fibers led to a reduction in mechanical strength relative to pure PLA; however, when smaller particle sizes of plant fibers were added in volumes below 10%, it resulted in improved performance. Moreover, physical and/or chemical pretreatment of fibers, along with the isolation of cellulose fibrils, emerged as pivotal strategies for bolstering mechanical strengths. Noteworthy are the promising prospects presented by the incorporation of additives, while the refinement of printing parameters is key to improving the tensile and flexural strength of printed components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Polymer Composites, Volume III)

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30 pages, 9183 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review on Conductive Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications

by Melkie Getnet Tadesse, Abdella Simegnaw Ahmmed and Jörn Felix Lübben

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020053 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 133 | Viewed by 16299

Abstract

The rising demand for energy storage systems with high power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and long cycle life has pushed extensive research into advanced materials for supercapacitor applications. There are several materials under investigation, and among these materials, conductive polymer composites have emerged [...] Read more.

The rising demand for energy storage systems with high power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and long cycle life has pushed extensive research into advanced materials for supercapacitor applications. There are several materials under investigation, and among these materials, conductive polymer composites have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, flexibility, and facile synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the development and application of conductive polymer composites for supercapacitor applications. The review begins with an overview of the fundamental principles governing electrical conductivity mechanism, applications of conductive polymers and the specific requirements for materials employed for these devices. Subsequently, it delves into the properties of conductive polymers and the challenges associated with their implementation for supercapacitors, highlighting the limitations of pristine conductive polymers and the strategies employed to overcome these drawbacks through composite formation. In this review, conductive polymer composites and their applications on supercapacitors are explored, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, the electromechanical properties of each conductive polymer composite are elaborated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospect and Current State-of-the-Art Progress in Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitors)

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17 pages, 4298 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Reducing Agent: Ceylon Olive (Elaeocarpus serratus): Characterization and Investigating Their Antimicrobial Properties

by Kumudu M. Fernando, Chamila A. Gunathilake, Chandi Yalegama, Upeka K. Samarakoon, Chacrawarthige A. N. Fernando, Gangani Weerasinghe, Geethi K. Pamunuwa, Ibrahim Soliman, Nomi Ghulamullah, Suranga M. Rajapaksha and Omar Fatani

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020043 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5186

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely recognized as a prominent antimicrobial agent and have found applications in the field of medicine. This study focuses on the synthesis of AgNPs utilizing the natural reducing agent of Ceylon olive (Elaeocarpus serratus), presenting an economically [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely recognized as a prominent antimicrobial agent and have found applications in the field of medicine. This study focuses on the synthesis of AgNPs utilizing the natural reducing agent of Ceylon olive (Elaeocarpus serratus), presenting an economically viable and ecologically friendly approach. For the first time, this research demonstrated the synthesis of AgNPs using phytochemicals extracted from Ceylon olive, serving as both natural reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized with UV–visible spectroscopy, a particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The UV–visible spectra primarily indicated the formation of the AgNPs by the surface plasmon resonance band around 434 nm. SEM analysis confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles within a size range of 50–110 nm, with an average size of approximately 70 nm. FTIR determined that proteins, phenols, and flavonoids may have acted as reducing and capping agents. Experimental parameters were optimized to improve the yield and size of the AgNPs and eventually evaluate their antibacterial properties. The well diffusion method exhibits a significantly larger zone of inhibition for Gram-negative bacterial strains (18.4 ± 0.55 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 14.4 ± 0.55 mm for Escherichia coli) compared to Gram-positive bacterial strains (11.6 ± 0.55 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 10.4 ± 0.55 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis) for 50 µg/mL AgNPs. These findings demonstrate that AgNPs synthesized with Ceylon olive have the potential to develop into novel materials for bacterial-mediated diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites, Volume II)

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24 pages, 1658 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Agro-Food Waste Valorization for Sustainable Bio-Based Packaging

by Luana de S. C. Carnaval, Amit K. Jaiswal and Swarna Jaiswal

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020041 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 13092

Abstract

In recent years, the increase in the generation of agro-food processing waste, coupled with uncontrolled disposal and inefficient recovery methods, has raised concerns among society, industries, and the research community. This issue is compounded by the accumulation of conventional synthetic packaging. Owing to [...] Read more.

In recent years, the increase in the generation of agro-food processing waste, coupled with uncontrolled disposal and inefficient recovery methods, has raised concerns among society, industries, and the research community. This issue is compounded by the accumulation of conventional synthetic packaging. Owing to their significant environmental and economic impacts, the development of sustainable, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials has become an urgent target. In this context, research efforts have been directed toward developing new packaging materials based on renewable sources, such as agro-food waste, contributing to the circular economy concept. However, despite significant advances, novel agro-food-waste-based packaging solutions still largely remain at a laboratory scale. This situation highlights the urgent need for further understanding and thorough investigation into how to upscale these products, thereby promoting engagement, investment, and awareness across various fields. This review aims to discuss the current advances in food packaging development using agro-food waste. It covers the main agro-food wastes and by-products currently recovered for sustainable packaging systems through various approaches, such as the extraction of valuable compounds or waste treatments for incorporation into packaging materials, techniques for their valorization, and recent applications of agro-food waste materials in films and coatings. It also addresses the toxicological and safety approaches, challenges, and future perspectives. After an extensive review, we conclude that current research faces challenges in transitioning novel findings to commercial scale, primarily due to safety factors, high production costs, performance deficits, legislative ambiguities, lack of consumer awareness, and inadequate governmental regulations. Consequently, significant investments in research and development appear to be mandatory in the coming years, aiming for optimized, safe, and cost-effective solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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10 pages, 1853 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Buckling Analysis for Carbon and Glass Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Composite Stiffened Panels

by Haoting Han and Chensong Dong

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8010034 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5060

Abstract

Composite laminated structural panels are widely used in various industries such as aerospace and machinery because of their light weight, large specific stiffness, and strong fatigue resistance. As a typical engineering structure, the composite stiffened plate is designed to enhance the bearing capacity [...] Read more.

Composite laminated structural panels are widely used in various industries such as aerospace and machinery because of their light weight, large specific stiffness, and strong fatigue resistance. As a typical engineering structure, the composite stiffened plate is designed to enhance the bearing capacity of the laminated plate. In this study, composite stiffened panels reinforced by carbon and/or E-glass fibres are modelled by finite element analysis (FEA) using Ansys. Nonlinear structural analysis is employed to find the critical buckling load. Three different skin layups, i.e., [45°/−45°/90°/0°]_S, [90°/0°/90°/0°]_S, and [60°/−30°/90°/0°]_S, are studied. For each ply angle combination, different ply material combinations are studied. The cost and weight of each combination formed by applying different ply materials to the skin and stiffeners are studied. The results show that hybrid reinforcement in the stiffened panels reduces costs and maintains high buckling loads. Carbon/epoxy composites as the outer layers also reduce costs and maintain acceptable buckling loads without compromising the overall performance. Customized composite designs in terms of cost and weight can be achieved while maintaining critical buckling loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)

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