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Drones, Volume 9, Issue 12

2025 December - 69 articles

Cover Story: This systematic review analyzes UAM development in Shenzhen, focusing on eVTOL drones’ technological challenges and low-altitude policies. It identifies multi-dimensional technical bottlenecks in eVTOL design, including aerodynamics, structure, energy, navigation, and safety redundancy. The study reveals how Shenzhen’s policy framework—characterized by efficient flight approvals, vertiport construction, and multi-level governance—creates a synergistic ecosystem to address these challenges. The paper concludes with targeted recommendations across technology R&D, infrastructure, industrial ecology, and regional coordination, offering a practical roadmap to support Shenzhen’s exploration toward becoming a potential benchmark for urban low-altitude mobility. View this paper
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Articles (69)

  • Article
  • Open Access
774 Views
22 Pages

Timescale-Separation-Based Source Seeking for USV

  • Chenxi Gong,
  • Hexuan Wang,
  • Chongqing Chen and
  • Zhenghong Jin

18 December 2025

The primary objective of this study is to enable an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) to autonomously approach the extremum of an unknown scalar field using only real-time field measurements. To this end, a source-seeking method based on timescale separ...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Coordination Control for Autonomous UUVs)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,461 Views
29 Pages

18 December 2025

Quadrotor UAVs benefit from control strategies that can deliver rapid convergence and strong robustness in order to fully exploit their high agility. Finite-time control based on terminal sliding modes has been recognized as an effective alternative...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Perception, Communications, and Control for Drones: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,668 Views
36 Pages

18 December 2025

Small multi-rotor UAVs face endurance limitations during long-range missions due to high rotor energy consumption and limited battery capacity. This paper proposes a folding-wing range extender integrating a sliding-rotating two-degree-of-freedom fol...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
983 Views
26 Pages

18 December 2025

Maize lodging poses a significant challenge to agricultural production, severely constraining yield improvement and mechanized harvesting efficiency. Under modern agricultural practices characterized by high-density planting and multi-variety intercr...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of UAVs in Modern Agriculture: Precision Spraying and Crop Health Analysis)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,619 Views
38 Pages

From Prompts to Paths: Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Planning in Unmanned Ground Vehicle Simulation

  • Kelvin Olaiya,
  • Giovanni Delnevo,
  • Chan-Tong Lam,
  • Giovanni Pau and
  • Paola Salomoni

18 December 2025

This paper explores the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform zero-shot planning through multimodal reasoning, with a particular emphasis on applications to Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned platforms in general. We present...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Guidance, Navigation, and Control)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,752 Views
18 Pages

A Lightweight Feature Enhancement Model for UAV Detection in Real-World Scenarios

  • Yanan Han,
  • Xufei Yan,
  • Yuan Li,
  • Danyang Li,
  • Xiaochao Liu,
  • Haishan Huang and
  • Dawei Bie

18 December 2025

Real-time Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) detection is a growing research field centered on advanced computer vision and deep learning algorithms. However, the rise of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has sparked numerous concerns due to their potential...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,453 Views
21 Pages

Seamless Quantification of Wet and Dry Riverscape Topography Using UAV Topo-Bathymetric LiDAR

  • Craig John MacDonell,
  • Richard David Williams,
  • Jon White and
  • Kenny Roberts

17 December 2025

Quantifying riverscape topography is challenging because riverscapes comprise of both wet and dry surfaces. Advances have been made in demonstrating the capability of mounting topo-bathymetric LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors on crewed, oc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,370 Views
35 Pages

A Method for UAV Path Planning Based on G-MAPONet Reinforcement Learning

  • Jian Deng,
  • Honghai Zhang,
  • Yuetan Zhang,
  • Mingzhuang Hua and
  • Yaru Sun

17 December 2025

To address the issues of efficiency and robustness in UAV trajectory planning under complex environments, this paper proposes a Graph Multi-Head Attention Policy Optimization Network (G-MAPONet) algorithm that integrates Graph Attention (GAT), Multi-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,813 Views
25 Pages

VLM-Guided and Spatially Consistent Cross-View Matching and Localization of UGVs in UAV-Stitched Map

  • Yusheng Yang,
  • Xinxu Ma,
  • Ziluan Jiang,
  • Pengfei Sun,
  • Xun Zhao,
  • Yangmin Xie and
  • Wei Qian

17 December 2025

In Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-denied urban environments, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) face significant difficulties in maintaining reliable localization due to occlusion and structural complexity. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), wi...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue UAV Detection, Classification, and Tracking)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,158 Views
28 Pages

16 December 2025

To address the inefficiency of collaborative scheduling of heterogeneous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles under resource constraints, particularly in large-scale multi-tasking scenarios, an improved Flexible Combinatorial Auction Algorithm is proposed, lever...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Control, Optimization, and Game of UAV Swarm Systems (2nd Edition))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,061 Views
21 Pages

16 December 2025

Urban UAV imagery presents challenges for reliable feature matching owing to complex 3D structures and depth discontinuities. Conventional 2D-based outlier rejection methods often fail to maintain geometric consistency under significant altitude vari...

  • Review
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,400 Views
25 Pages

16 December 2025

Efficient last-mile delivery remains a critical challenge for rural agricultural logistics, globally, particularly in cold-climate regions with dispersed agricultural operations. Truck–drone hybrids can reduce delivery times but face payload li...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,370 Views
18 Pages

16 December 2025

Reliable 3D multi-object tracking (MOT) using distributed drones remains challenging due to the lack of active sensing and the ambiguity in associating detections from different views. This paper presents a passive sensing framework that integrates m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,082 Views
21 Pages

Lithological Mapping from UAV Imagery Based on Lightweight Semantic Segmentation Methods

  • Jingzhi Liu,
  • Zhen Wei,
  • Xiangkuan Gong,
  • Minjia Sun,
  • Yuanfeng Cheng,
  • Yingying Zhang and
  • Zizhao Zhang

15 December 2025

Traditional geological mapping is often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and restricted by rugged terrain. This study addresses these challenges by proposing a novel methodology for automated lithological identification in the Ququleke area of the ea...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deep Learning for Drones and Its Applications: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,200 Views
24 Pages

15 December 2025

Soil salinization is an important negative factor that reduces the fertility of irrigated arable land. The fields in southern Kazakhstan are at high risk of salinization due to the dry arid climate. In some cases, even the top layer of soil has a sig...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of UAV in Precision Agriculture—2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,235 Views
25 Pages

Aeroacoustic Source Mechanisms of Fixed-Wing VTOL Configuration at Takeoff Hover

  • Paruchuri Chaitanya,
  • Thomas Corbishley,
  • Sergi Palleja-Cabre,
  • Minki Cho,
  • Amin Karimian,
  • Phillip Joseph,
  • Deepak C. Akiwate,
  • Oliver Westcott and
  • Swathi Krishna

15 December 2025

This paper presents an experimental and analytical investigation into the dominant noise generation mechanisms of unmanned Fixed-wing Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) propeller–wing configurations during takeoff. This paper reports the velo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,557 Views
28 Pages

Development and Validation of a Custom Stochastic Microscale Wind Model for Urban Air Mobility Applications

  • D S Nithya,
  • Francesca Monteleone,
  • Giuseppe Quaranta,
  • Man Liang and
  • Vincenzo Muscarello

15 December 2025

Urban air mobility operations, such as flying Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and small passenger aircraft in and around cities, will be inherently susceptible to the turbulent wind conditions in urban environments. Therefore, understanding UAM aircr...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Air Mobility Solutions: UAVs for Smarter Cities)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,225 Views
23 Pages

15 December 2025

The current study presents a holistic technology evaluation and integration methodology for enhancing the aerodynamic efficiency and performance of a tactical, fixed-wing Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) through the synergetic in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,395 Views
24 Pages

14 December 2025

Underwater optical docking is essential for enabling autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to maintain long-duration operations through standardized energy replenishment and data exchange. However, existing optical docking guidance still faces challe...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Autonomous Underwater Drones: 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,221 Views
17 Pages

SAUCF: A Framework for Secure, Natural-Language-Guided UAS Control

  • Nihar Shah,
  • Varun Aggarwal and
  • Dharmendra Saraswat

14 December 2025

Precision agriculture increasingly recognizes the transformative potential of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for crop monitoring and field assessment, yet research consistently highlights significant usability barriers as the main constraints to wide...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence in Drones (AID))
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,140 Views
18 Pages

13 December 2025

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are playing an increasingly crucial role in large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to their high mobility and flexible deployment capabilities. To enhance network sustainability and profitability, this paper p...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Communications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,154 Views
57 Pages

Conceptual Development of Terminal Airspace Integration Procedures of Large Uncrewed Aircraft Systems at Non-Towered Airports

  • Tim Felix Sievers,
  • Jordan Sakakeeny,
  • Husni Idris,
  • Niklas Peinecke,
  • Vishwanath Bulusu,
  • Enno Nagel and
  • Devin Jack

13 December 2025

Uncrewed aircraft systems are expected to revitalize traffic activities at under-utilized airports. These airports are often located in uncontrolled airspace and do not have an operating control tower to provide separation services for approaching ai...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,358 Views
32 Pages

13 December 2025

Accurate in situ wind measurements from rotorcraft uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be impacted by the disturbed flow generated by the rotors. However, the extent of this disturbance depends on flight mode, ambient wind, and vehicle configuration,...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
992 Views
19 Pages

13 December 2025

Securing the reintegration of outlier nodes in dynamic UAV networks is challenging. This challenge arises from the lack of time-sensitive access control in existing key management schemes. We propose the Salted Temporal Key scheme (STK), which combin...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Enabled UAV Networks for Secure Communication)
  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,839 Views
31 Pages

12 December 2025

Multi-UAV search missions for prioritized targets under constrained communications suffer from weak communication-decision integration, limited global perception synchronization, and delayed mission response. This paper formulates multi-UAV collabora...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of UAVs in Search and Rescue: Improving Safety and Effectiveness)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,393 Views
30 Pages

12 December 2025

The stability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) during propulsion failure remains a critical safety challenge. This study presents a center-of-mass (CoM) correction device, a compact, under-slung, and dual-axis prismatic stage, which can reposition...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Flight Dynamics and Decision-Making for UAV Operations)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,170 Views
20 Pages

Modeling, Control, and Validation of an Unmanned Gyroplane Based on Aerodynamic Identification

  • Yue Feng,
  • Xiaoqian Cheng,
  • Zonghua Sun,
  • Chuanhao Yu,
  • Weihan Wu,
  • Haitao Zhang and
  • Jun Yang

12 December 2025

The autonomous operation of unmanned gyroplanes is constrained by the limited fidelity of aerodynamic models and control challenges posed by unique flight characteristics. To address these issues, a comprehensive methodology for unmanned gyroplane mo...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Autonomous Mobility Toward Low-Altitude Economy and Three-Dimensional Transportation Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,144 Views
34 Pages

Robust Dual-Loop MPC for Variable-Mass Feeding UAVs with Lyapunov Small-Gain Guarantees

  • Haixia Qi,
  • Xiaohao Li,
  • Wei Xu,
  • Youheng Yi,
  • Xiwen Luo and
  • Xing Mao

11 December 2025

Feeding unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in aquaculture face critical challenges due to time-varying mass, strong coupling, and environmental disturbances, which hinder the effectiveness of conventional control strategies. This paper proposes a robust...

(This article belongs to the Section Drones in Ecology)
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
2,619 Views
18 Pages

Research on Multi-Modal Fusion Detection Method for Low-Slow-Small UAVs Based on Deep Learning

  • Zhengtang Liu,
  • Yongjie Zou,
  • Zhenzhen Hu,
  • Han Xue,
  • Meng Li and
  • Bin Rao

11 December 2025

Addressing the technical challenges in detecting Low-Slow-Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (LSS-UAV) cluster targets, such as weak signals and complex environmental interference coupling with strong features, this paper proposes a visible-infrared multi...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Integrative AI, Machine Learning, and Big Data for Transformative Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
2,451 Views
26 Pages

WA-LPA*: An Energy-Aware Path-Planning Algorithm for UAVs in Dynamic Wind Environments

  • Fangjia Lian,
  • Bangjie Li,
  • Qisong Yang,
  • Hongwei Zhu and
  • Desong Du

11 December 2025

Energy optimization is crucial for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) path planning, particularly in complex wind-field environments. Most existing path-planning algorithms rely on simplified energy consumption models, which often fail to adequately captu...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Planning, and Embodied Intelligence of Agile UAVs in Indoor Environments)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,635 Views
19 Pages

11 December 2025

This study presents the development of a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) employing cardboard as the primary structural material and integrating affordable avionics. The wing spar was constructed entirely from cardboard, and its structural perf...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,257 Views
19 Pages

11 December 2025

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are regarded as a novel mode for urban air mobility, earning increasing attention on many commercial and civil applications. The risk of UAVs to people on the ground is heightened by airspace range and operational risk...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,577 Views
23 Pages

10 December 2025

Planning trajectories for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) actively tracking a moving target poses a significant challenge. This paper introduces a motion planning system utilizing UAVs to track a dynamic target actively. The system can handle complex...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence in Drones (AID))
  • Review
  • Open Access
14 Citations
5,422 Views
34 Pages

Electric Propulsion and Hybrid Energy Systems for Solar-Powered UAVs: Recent Advances and Challenges

  • Norliza Ismail,
  • Nadhiya Liyana Mohd Kamal,
  • Nurhakimah Norhashim,
  • Sabarina Abdul Hamid,
  • Zulhilmy Sahwee and
  • Shahrul Ahmad Shah

10 December 2025

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly utilized across civilian and defense sectors due to their versatility, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, their operational endurance remains constrained by limited onboard energy storage. Re...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,844 Views
34 Pages

8 December 2025

Autonomous multi-UAV formation control in cluttered urban environments remains challenging due to partial observability, dense and dynamic obstacles, and conflicting objectives (task efficiency, energy use, and safety). Yet many MARL-based approaches...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence in Drones (AID))
  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,775 Views
24 Pages

Autonomous Exploration-Oriented UAV Approach for Real-Time Spatial Mapping in Unknown Environments

  • Yang Ye,
  • Xuanhao Wang,
  • Guohua Gou,
  • Hao Zhang,
  • Han Li and
  • Haigang Sui

8 December 2025

Autonomous exploration is essential for various mapping tasks, including data collection, environmental monitoring, and search and rescue operations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), owing to their low cost and high maneuverability, have become key e...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing UAV-Based Remote Sensing: Innovations, Techniques and Applications)
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
1,264 Views
27 Pages

Anti-Disturbance for ST-VTOL UAV via Sliding Mode Control with Enhanced Observer

  • Jiahui Zhang,
  • Jinwu Xiang,
  • Daochun Li,
  • Gang Yang,
  • Weicheng Di,
  • Ligang Zhang and
  • Zhan Tu

8 December 2025

As a classical disturbance observation method, the extended state observer (ESO) is commonly used in controllers for disturbance estimation and feedback control. However, the ESO relies mainly on input–output signals and does not fully utilize...

(This article belongs to the Topic International Conference on Autonomous Unmanned Systems (5th ICAUS 2025))
  • Review
  • Open Access
17 Citations
9,132 Views
47 Pages

8 December 2025

Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative solution to urban traffic congestion and inefficient ground travel. This paper presents the UAM development of Shenzhen, a pioneering city of low-altitude economy in China. It focuses on eVTOL...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric-Powered and Hybrid-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology and Applications of Low-Altitude Aviation)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,458 Views
24 Pages

Human Machine Autonomy in Medical and Humanitarian Logistics in Remote and Infrastructure-Poor Settings

  • Martha R. Grabowski,
  • Gwendolyn Morgan,
  • James McGarvey,
  • Steve Roberts,
  • Robert Squire,
  • Sebastian Ibanez,
  • Selmer Bringsjord and
  • Aaron Rowen

5 December 2025

Human–autonomy teams (HATs) incorporating uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) play critical roles in a variety of safety-critical systems. Increased autonomy in HATs in beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) UAS operations introduces new mission, safet...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Healthcare Applications of Drones)
  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,164 Views
53 Pages

5 December 2025

Quadrotors have been under development for over a century. The first quadrotors were large, heavy, and difficult to control aircraft operated by a single pilot. The first quadrotors remained in the prototype stage due to accidents, budget cuts, and f...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,735 Views
25 Pages

4 December 2025

To address the issues of structural diversity, modeling complexity, and the lack of evaluation methods in drone swarm command and control (C2) networks, this paper proposes a complex network-based quality evaluation method for drone swarm C2 networks...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence in Drones (AID))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,326 Views
20 Pages

4 December 2025

(1) Background: The structural integrity of key components in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mission systems is crucial for achieving performance goals. The installation environment of military and civilian UAV wing pylons is very complex, as they are...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,679 Views
35 Pages

Overlapping Coalition Formation for Resource Allocation in Post-Disaster Rescue UAV Swarms

  • Wenxin Li,
  • Yongxin Feng,
  • Fan Zhou,
  • Konstantin Igorevich Kostromitin,
  • Jian Wang and
  • Peiying Zhang

4 December 2025

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms, equipped for distributed sensing and rapid response, can form coalitions to undertake complex missions such as post-disaster relief, communication support, and payload delivery. However, typical coalition formati...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Technologies and Applications for Unmanned Systems)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,572 Views
21 Pages

3 December 2025

This paper presents a Gaussian Process (GP)-based Funnel Model Predictive Control (MPC) for docking control of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). The control method employs a Gaussian Process regression to learn the residual dynamics, which compens...

(This article belongs to the Section Unmanned Surface and Underwater Drones)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,714 Views
32 Pages

2 December 2025

This work addresses the critical need for documentation and validation of structural flight loads for Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Despite the increasing prevalence of these aircraft, the industrial and researc...

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,511 Views
34 Pages

2 December 2025

Reliable navigation in cooperative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks requires adaptively managing measurement degradations within Kalman-filter-based estimation frameworks. This paper introduces a learning-based Kalman approach for real-time det...

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence in Drones (AID))
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,178 Views
21 Pages

1 December 2025

In public safety scenarios, such as large-scale event security and urban crowd management, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) serve as a vital tool for crowd localization, offering high mobility and broad coverage. However, UAV-based overhead localizati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
737 Views
21 Pages

1 December 2025

This paper proposes an online human-aware behavior planning method to enable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to dynamically satisfy high-level linear temporal logic (LTL) task descriptions from human collaborators. The proposed method has the potenti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
1,112 Views
24 Pages

30 November 2025

Path planning is a critical capability for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating in complex 2D environments such as agricultural fields or indoor facilities—scenarios where flight altitude is often constrained and safe, smooth trajectories...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,005 Views
20 Pages

30 November 2025

As precision agriculture advances, UAV-based aerial image object detection has emerged as a pivotal technology for maize-phenotyping perception operations. Complex backgrounds reduce the model’s performance in extracting features of maize tasse...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of UAV in Precision Agriculture—2nd Edition)

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Drones - ISSN 2504-446X