Nutrients

14 pages, 1011 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dietary Animal and Plant Protein Composition with All-Cause Mortality: 24-Year Population-Based Cohort Study

by Federica Prinelli and Antonio Giampiero Russo

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122035 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background: This study examined the associations of dietary animal (AP) and plant protein (PP) with all-cause mortality in an Italian population and assessed the potential effect modification by sex, smoking status, and overweight/obesity (defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). Methods [...] Read more.

Background: This study examined the associations of dietary animal (AP) and plant protein (PP) with all-cause mortality in an Italian population and assessed the potential effect modification by sex, smoking status, and overweight/obesity (defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). Methods: This longitudinal population-based study included 1350 adults (50.2% females), aged 40–74 years, recruited between 1991 and 1995, who were followed for all-cause mortality through the regional mortality registry until 2015. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and protein composition was analysed within a compositional data analysis framework, modelling the balance of AP and PP within the overall macronutrient composition. The associations of protein balances with all-cause mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for potential confounders. Effect modification was evaluated through stratified analyses. Results: During follow-up, 405 deaths occurred. A greater AP relative to other macronutrients was associated with higher mortality overall (hazard ratio (HR): 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.87) and in males (HR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.05–2.33). In stratified analyses, these associations were restricted to ever smokers overall (HR 2.06, 95% CI 1.32–3.20), males (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.18–3.06), females (HR 3.29, 95% CI 1.03–10.54), and to participants with normal weight (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.07–3.41). No overall association was observed for PP. Among females, PP was associated with lower mortality in those with normal weight. Conclusions: The associations between AP and PP and mortality differed by sex, smoking status, and adiposity, supporting more tailored dietary recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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33 pages, 4245 KB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemistry, Bioavailability, and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Multitarget Anticancer Activity of Aloe vera

by Nimra Haroon, Adnan Amjad, Muhammad Maaz, Ahmad Mujtaba Noman, Nimra Anees, Zafarullah Muhammad, Mohibullah Shah and Waleed Al Abdulmonem

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122034 - 22 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1115

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cancer, a multifactorial disease with uncontrolled cell growth, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and molecular signaling pathways, is a global health concern, leading to the ~20 million newly diagnosed cases annually. Although conventional therapy has been shown to enhance the survival [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cancer, a multifactorial disease with uncontrolled cell growth, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and molecular signaling pathways, is a global health concern, leading to the ~20 million newly diagnosed cases annually. Although conventional therapy has been shown to enhance the survival rates of cancer patients, its clinical efficacy is limited by certain side effects that occur as a result of treatment, thus necessitating the exploration of plant-derived bioactive compounds for their potential as safer and alternative supportive therapeutic agents. Aloe vera, known as the plant of immortality, comprises phytochemicals, such as anthraquinones (aloe-emodin, emodin, and aloin), polysaccharides (acemannan), flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute to the pharmacological effect of the compound. Methods: This review summarizes the anticancer potential of Aloe vera, and the data were retrieved from databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library, during the time period of 2015 to 2025. Results: The literature revealed that Aloe vera and its bioactive compounds have dose-dependent cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties against hepatocellular, cervical, colorectal, lung, breast, prostate, and hematological cancers, which are significantly mediated by apoptosis and pyroptosis induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis, and the modulation of key signaling pathways, particularly PI3K/Akt, MAPK, NF-кB, p53, and Wnt/β-catenin. Furthermore, anthraquinones, including Aloe-emodin, demonstrate potent anticancer effects at micro-molar doses, and polysaccharides increase immune reactions and provide tumor immunity. Conclusions: Conclusively, Aloe vera is a promising multi-target natural compound, particularly efficient in the treatment of cancer. However, despite significant therapeutic potential, more research on pharmacokinetics, standard dose, and controlled clinical trials of Aloe vera is required to validate clinical applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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20 pages, 4290 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Interstitial and Blood Glucose Responses Following Consumption of Different Carbohydrate-Containing Beverages in Humans: A Randomised Controlled Trial

by Ross Hamilton, Stephen C. Bain and Richard M. Bracken

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122033 - 22 Jun 2026

Viewed by 552

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between interstitial and blood glucose concentrations following ingestion of carbohydrate-containing drinks differing in carbohydrate amount, osmolarity, and glycaemic index. Methods: Ten healthy adults (nine male; age: 22 ± 1 y; height: 177 ± 12 cm; weight: 75 [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between interstitial and blood glucose concentrations following ingestion of carbohydrate-containing drinks differing in carbohydrate amount, osmolarity, and glycaemic index. Methods: Ten healthy adults (nine male; age: 22 ± 1 y; height: 177 ± 12 cm; weight: 75 ± 14 kg) completed a double-blind, randomised cross-over study with seven beverage trials varying in carbohydrate (CHO) characteristics. Blood samples were collected at rest and over two hours, while interstitial glucose ([iG]) was recorded using a continuous glucose monitor (Supersapiens, Atlanta, USA). Glycaemic metrics and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) were calculated for hypoglycaemic, euglycaemic, and hyperglycaemic ranges. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction and paired t-tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results: Interstitial and blood glucose concentrations were similar at baseline but diverged post-ingestion. MARD varied by glucose rate and direction, exceeding 20% during rapid declines (>2 mg/dL/min), where [iG] underestimated [BG] by −7.3 ± 27.1 mg/dL. Accuracy was highest during stable glucose (MARD = 10.5 ± 8.6%). Carbohydrate amount and glycaemic index influenced peak glucose, whereas beverage concentration (5–20%) had minimal effect when CHO amount was fixed, though variation in CGM agreement appeared during post-peak declines. Conclusions: CGM tracked blood glucose overall but showed reduced accuracy during rapid falls or hypoglycaemia. Carbohydrate properties influenced glycaemic response but not sensor agreement when CHO load was constant. Glucose rate and direction of change are key considerations for interpreting CGM data in research and applied settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Interventions for Diabetes in Physical Activity and Beyond)

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25 pages, 807 KB

Open AccessReview

Across Kingdoms: The Bacteriome, Mycobiome, and Virome in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanistic Insights, Therapeutic Perspectives, and the Emerging Role of COVID-19

by Edit Posta, Eva Gyarmati, Laszlo Majoros, Istvan Fekete, Istvan Varkonyi, Eva Zold and Zsolt Barta

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122032 - 22 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1407

Abstract

Autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) develop when genetically and environmentally susceptible hosts lose stable immune tolerance. The gut ecosystem is increasingly recognized as a biologically active interface in this process. Its bacterial, fungal, and viral components may shape mucosal and systemic immunity [...] Read more.

Autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) develop when genetically and environmentally susceptible hosts lose stable immune tolerance. The gut ecosystem is increasingly recognized as a biologically active interface in this process. Its bacterial, fungal, and viral components may shape mucosal and systemic immunity through antigenic stimulation, barrier regulation, and metabolite-dependent signaling, although the strength of evidence is uneven: bacteriome data are currently the most mature, whereas mycobiome, virome, and phageome findings remain more disease-specific and emerging. Dysbiosis may influence autoimmunity through overlapping routes, including epithelial barrier failure, altered short-chain fatty acid, bile acid, and tryptophan metabolism, molecular mimicry, and cross-kingdom microbial interactions. Nutrition is central to this network because dietary substrates determine microbial growth, metabolic output, epithelial integrity, and immune-cell differentiation. In this narrative review, we integrate evidence on disease-associated bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome patterns in systemic autoimmune diseases, with emphasis on rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, spondyloarthritis, vasculitides, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. COVID-19 is considered not as a proven causal driver of autoimmunity, but as an example of an environmental and infectious insult capable of perturbing microbiome–barrier–immune communication. Finally, we discuss diet-based and microbiome-targeted approaches, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, as adjunctive strategies that may help restore microbial resilience and immune balance. A better understanding of the diet–microbiome–host immunity axis may support more personalized preventive and therapeutic concepts in autoimmune disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease-Associated Gut Microbiota Patterns, Nutritional Factors, and Host Immunity)

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20 pages, 3840 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue-Associated Alterations in Gut Microbiota, Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism, and Immune Function in Mice: Implications for Future Nutrition Studies

by Menghui She, Huiyi Peng, Qin Liu and Zhoujin Tan

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122031 - 22 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 648

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the relationships among mitochondrial energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in mice under a fatigued state, providing preliminary evidence for future nutrition-related mechanistic and intervention studies. Methods: Mice were adaptively fed for 4 days and then randomly divided [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigated the relationships among mitochondrial energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota in mice under a fatigued state, providing preliminary evidence for future nutrition-related mechanistic and intervention studies. Methods: Mice were adaptively fed for 4 days and then randomly divided into a normal control group (NC) and a fatigue model group (NM). Immune organ indices, serum IgG levels, thigh muscle ATP content, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I–IV activities, and gut microbiota composition were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microplate assays, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Compared with the NC, the NM showed a significantly reduced spleen index, serum IgG levels, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, III, and IV activities, along with reduced ATP content. Regarding gut microbiota, mice in the NM exhibited disordered intestinal villus arrangement, inflammatory cell infiltration in the crypts and muscular layers, and markedly reduced intestinal microbial activity as well as protease and sucrase activities. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed fewer ASVs in the NM, with enrichment of Lactobacillaceae, Limosilactobacillus, and Ligilactobacillus, whereas the NC was characterized by Borkfalkiaceae and Borkfalkia. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis identified Lactobacillaceae, Firmicutes_D, and Lactobacillales as characteristic taxa of the NM. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) prediction indicated that fatigue-associated microbial functions were mainly related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Correlation and RDA analyses further suggested that alterations in gut microbiota structure were closely associated with mitochondrial energy-related indicators and immune-related parameters. Conclusions: Fatigue was associated with alterations in energy metabolism, immune function, and gut microecology in mice. The “gut microbiota–energy metabolism–immunity” framework may represent a potential association-based framework and provides biological information to support future nutrition-related intervention studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease-Associated Gut Microbiota Patterns, Nutritional Factors, and Host Immunity)

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17 pages, 289 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity During Pregnancy, Dietary Adequacy, and Energy-Dense, Nutrient-Poor Food and Beverage Intake: Associations with Preterm Birth

by Oana Liliana Atomei, Petronela Vicoveanu, Dragos Vicoveanu and Monica Tarcea

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2030; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122030 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition and physical activity are modifiable behaviours relevant to pregnancy outcomes, but higher activity may coexist with both favourable and unfavourable dietary patterns. This study examined associations between pregnancy physical activity, individualised fruit–vegetable adequacy, energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) food and beverage intake, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Maternal nutrition and physical activity are modifiable behaviours relevant to pregnancy outcomes, but higher activity may coexist with both favourable and unfavourable dietary patterns. This study examined associations between pregnancy physical activity, individualised fruit–vegetable adequacy, energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) food and beverage intake, and preterm birth. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1048 postpartum women with singleton live births recruited consecutively at a tertiary maternity hospital in Romania. Physical activity during the last three months of pregnancy was assessed using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire and categorised into quartiles of total MET-hours/week. Dietary intake was assessed using an adapted food frequency questionnaire. Fruit–vegetable adequacy was evaluated against individualised recommendations, and EDNP intake was summarised using a composite score derived from fast food, sweets, chocolate, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Preterm birth was defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Results: Preterm birth occurred in 118 cases (11.3%). Higher physical activity categories showed greater fruit–vegetable intake and adequacy, but also higher EDNP intake. After adjustment for maternal age, pregestational BMI, parity, education, and income, physical activity category remained associated with all modelled dietary outcomes. Category 4 had higher odds of fruit–vegetable adequacy than category 1 (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.55–3.24). In diet-informed models, category 3 had the lowest odds of preterm birth (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.21–0.68). Conclusions: Total physical activity during pregnancy was associated with a complex dietary profile rather than a uniformly favourable lifestyle pattern. The lowest odds of preterm birth were observed in the third activity category, suggesting a non-linear association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition and Exercise During Pregnancy on Maternal and Infant Health)

24 pages, 5065 KB

Open AccessArticle

Marine Peptides from Solenocera crassicornis Are Associated with Improved Metabolic, Hepatic, and Intestinal Markers During Diet Normalization in HFD-Induced Obese Mice

by Huirong Lv, Jiaxin Liu, Zhongcang Qian, Gen Lin and Zhengshun Wen

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122029 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction involves oxidative stress, gut barrier impairment, and gut–liver axis disruption. This study evaluated whether enzymatically prepared Solenocera crassicornis peptides (SCPs) provide additional benefits during diet normalization in HFD-induced obese mice and examined associations with antioxidant, microbial, and barrier [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction involves oxidative stress, gut barrier impairment, and gut–liver axis disruption. This study evaluated whether enzymatically prepared Solenocera crassicornis peptides (SCPs) provide additional benefits during diet normalization in HFD-induced obese mice and examined associations with antioxidant, microbial, and barrier markers. Methods: SCPs were characterized using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and amino acid analysis. Peptides underwent bioactivity prediction and Keap1 docking. After 7 weeks of HFD feeding, obese male C57BL/6J mice were switched to a normal diet and administered vehicle, orlistat, or SCPs for 4 weeks. Adipose tissue mass, serum lipid profiles, liver histology, hepatic antioxidant status, barrier-associated histological and biochemical markers, and gut microbiota composition were assessed. A simulated digestion–fecal fermentation model was used to assess the effects of fermentation products generated in the presence of digested SCPs on H₂O₂-induced oxidative injury and MUC2 secretion in LS174T goblet-like cells. Results: SCPs reduced epididymal and perirenal fat, improved serum lipids, improved hepatic steatosis-related morphology and enhanced hepatic antioxidant status. SCPs were also associated with improved intestinal morphology, increased mucin-associated staining, decreased serum diamine oxidase levels and reduced hepatic lipopolysaccharide accumulation. 16S rRNA sequencing showed SCP-associated microbial shifts, with correlations linking taxa to metabolic and barrier markers. Fermentation products generated in the presence of digested SCPs improved oxidative-stress and MUC2-related readouts in LS174T cells. Conclusions: During diet normalization, SCPs were associated with additional improvements in adiposity, lipid profiles, hepatic antioxidant status, intestinal barrier readouts, and gut microbiota. These findings support further investigation of SCPs as standardized marine protein hydrolysates, but active components, causal mechanisms, long-term efficacy, safety, and human relevance remain to be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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22 pages, 5933 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Vascular Health in Patients with Long COVID: The BioICOPER Study

by Nuria Suárez-Moreno, Elena Navarro-Matías, Silvia Arroyo-Romero, Alicia Navarro-Cáceres, Andrea Domínguez-Martín, Cristina Lugones-Sanchez, Susana Gonzalez-Sanchez, Manuel A. Gómez-Marcos, Marta Gómez-Sánchez, Leticia Gómez-Sánchez and BioICOPER Investigators Group

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122028 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background: Long COVID (LC) has been associated with persistent endothelial dysfunction and vascular impairment. Although nutrition is a key modifiable determinant of cardiovascular health, the relationship between dietary macronutrient intake and vascular alterations in LC remains poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the association [...] Read more.

Background: Long COVID (LC) has been associated with persistent endothelial dysfunction and vascular impairment. Although nutrition is a key modifiable determinant of cardiovascular health, the relationship between dietary macronutrient intake and vascular alterations in LC remains poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary macronutrient intake and markers of vascular structure, arterial stiffness, and vascular aging in patients with LC, including potential sex differences. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 304 patients with LC. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 7-day dietary record (EVIDENT study). Vascular evaluation included carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), augmentation index adjusted to a heart rate of 75 beats per minute (AIx@75), and vascular aging index (VAI), measured using carotid ultrasound and validated devices (SphygmoCor^® and VaSera^®). Results: The mean age was 53 ± 12, higher in men (p = 0.001). The study included 207 women (68%) and 97 men (32%). Energy intake and carbohydrate intake in g/day showed a negative association with cfPWV in Model 2 (energy intake: β = −0.06; 95% CI: −0.11 to −0.01; p = 0.02; carbohydrate intake: β = −0.47; 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.07; p = 0.02). The percentage of carbohydrate/total energy intake was positively associated with AIx@75 in Model 2 (β = 0.8; 95% CI 0.12 to 1.49; p = 0.02), and percentage of fat/total energy intake showed a consistent inverse association (β = −0.30; 95% CI: −0.49 to −0.11; p = 0.002). No significant associations were observed for cIMT, baPWV, CAVI or VAI. Conclusions: In patients with LC, total energy intake and absolute carbohydrate intake were negatively associated with cfPWV, whereas the relative contribution of carbohydrates and fats to total energy intake showed divergent associations with AIx@75. These findings suggest that both absolute macronutrient intake and relative macronutrient distribution may be related to central arterial stiffness and wave reflection parameters LC. However, given the cross-sectional design of the study, these results should be interpreted as exploratory and do not allow causal inference. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to confirm these findings and to assess whether nutritional strategies may contribute to modulating vascular risk in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Association Between Nutrition, Diet Quality, Dietary Patterns, and Human Health and Diseases—3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Reported Dietary Attentiveness to Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Actigraphy-Measured Sleep Efficiency in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Chun-Hao Chen, Hsiao-Han Tang, I-Ju Lai, Yi-Chen Lee, Szu-Yu Hou and Ching-Ju Chiu

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2027; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122027 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Diet and sleep are both important modifiable factors in healthy aging, yet little is known about whether attention to healthy eating behaviors is associated with objectively measured sleep. This study examined the association between self-reported attention to fruit and vegetable intake [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Diet and sleep are both important modifiable factors in healthy aging, yet little is known about whether attention to healthy eating behaviors is associated with objectively measured sleep. This study examined the association between self-reported attention to fruit and vegetable intake and actigraphy-measured sleep efficiency among women aged 45 years and older. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 143 women aged 45 years and older recruited from community centers. Participants wore a wrist-worn actigraphy device continuously for 7 days and completed daily sleep logs. Attention to fruit and vegetable intake was assessed using a single-item, four-category self-report measure. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to examine its independent association with sleep efficiency after adjustment for sociodemographic, health-related, and psychological covariates. Results: The mean age of the participants was 56.34 ± 7.67 years, and the mean sleep efficiency was 82.69 ± 8.60%. In the fully adjusted model, participants who reported “often” paying attention to fruit and vegetable intake had significantly higher sleep efficiency than those who reported doing so “almost every day” (β = 0.24, p = 0.013). Older age was independently associated with lower sleep efficiency (β = −0.31, p = 0.001). Conclusions: In this exploratory cross-sectional study, a single-item measure of self-reported attentiveness to fruit and vegetable intake showed a category-specific association with actigraphy-measured sleep efficiency. Longitudinal studies using more detailed dietary and behavioral measures are needed to clarify the direction and meaning of this association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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18 pages, 667 KB

Open AccessReview

1α,25(OH)₂ Vitamin D₃ Signaling in Adipose Tissue: Bridging Classical and Non-Classical Pathways in Metabolic Regulation Complexity

by Alice Lima Rosa Mendes, Paola Miranda Sulis, Murilo Ferenz, Bruna Antunes Zaniboni, Marcela Aragón, Guilherme Brasil Pintarelli, Daniela Ota Hisayasu Suzuki, Carine Royer and Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2026; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122026 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background: Adipose tissue is increasingly recognized as a highly dynamic endocrine and immunometabolic organ with marked functional heterogeneity. It serves as a reservoir for the active form of vitamin D₃, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ or calcitriol (1α,25-D₃), since it expresses [...] Read more.

Background: Adipose tissue is increasingly recognized as a highly dynamic endocrine and immunometabolic organ with marked functional heterogeneity. It serves as a reservoir for the active form of vitamin D₃, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ or calcitriol (1α,25-D₃), since it expresses enzymes responsible for its activation and inactivation and contains the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Through both classical and non-classical mechanisms, calcitriol modulates adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, protein expression and energy metabolism. This review aims to explore the signal transduction mechanisms of calcitriol in adipocytes, detailing the classical pathways mediated by the nuclear VDR (VDRn), as well as non-classical pathways involving membrane-associated VDR (VDRm), microRNAs, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and MDPI-indexed journals, prioritizing studies published within the last 10 years to ensure the inclusion of up-to-date evidence. Results: This review summarizes current knowledge on both classical and non-classical signaling pathways that are activated by calcitriol and highlights key molecular targets with potential relevance for drug development and therapeutic intervention. Through VDRn, calcitriol regulates the expression of proteins involved in inflammation and energy metabolism. Additionally, it modulates cellular processes such as energy production and secretion via the AMPK/SIRT1 axis and microRNA-mediated pathways, contributing to mitochondrial function and metabolic homeostasis. Conclusions: Calcitriol plays a central role in adipocyte biology by integrating multiple signaling pathways that regulate metabolic and inflammatory responses. These mechanisms highlight its potential as a therapeutic target and biomarker in metabolic diseases. Moreover, microRNAs emerge as critical posttranscriptional regulators in these processes, reinforcing their relevance as both biomarkers and targets for future interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research Progress and Application of Nutritional Metabolomics)

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22 pages, 5510 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study of Nutrition Knowledge, Diet Quality, Lifestyle, and Health Profiles Among Older Adults Attending Universities of the Third Age in Poland

by Anna Miller, Agata Kotowska and Sabina Lachowicz-Wiśniewska

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122025 - 22 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background: Population ageing increases the burden of chronic diseases, multimorbidity, and functional limitations, making nutrition and lifestyle important modifiable determinants of healthy ageing. Universities of the Third Age (U3A) provide an educational and social environment for older adults, but multidimensional relationships between nutrition [...] Read more.

Background: Population ageing increases the burden of chronic diseases, multimorbidity, and functional limitations, making nutrition and lifestyle important modifiable determinants of healthy ageing. Universities of the Third Age (U3A) provide an educational and social environment for older adults, but multidimensional relationships between nutrition knowledge, diet quality, lifestyle, and health status in this population remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to assess these associations among older adults attending U3A in Poland. Methodology: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between January and April 2026 among community-dwelling older adults participating in U3A programs. Of 700 distributed invitations and 520 returned questionnaires, 450 complete and eligible responses were included. The questionnaire was based on the KomPAN^® framework and expanded with items on health, lifestyle, psychosocial resources, barriers to healthy eating, and sources of health information. Diet quality was assessed using the pro-Healthy Diet Index, non-Healthy Diet Index, and overall Diet Quality Index (DQI). Nutrition knowledge was measured using a 24-item scale. Analyses included distributional diagnostics, non-parametric group comparisons, FDR-corrected Spearman correlations, psychometric assessment, principal component analysis, multivariable regression with model diagnostics, and profile segmentation. Results: The mean age was 73.63 ± 5.73 years, and most participants were women. The median DQI was 15.59 [3.93–24.86], with a predominance of neutral diet quality. Nutrition knowledge was moderate, with a median score of 12.00 [9.00–15.00], and the scale showed very good internal consistency. PCA identified three dietary patterns: convenience/ultra-processed, prudent/health-promoting, and traditional meat-and-fat. Higher DQI was associated with better nutrition knowledge, greater physical activity, a more favorable sleep profile, regular meal timing, and lower disease burden. Participants with multimorbidity had significantly lower DQI. Segmentation distinguished a health-engaged/higher-resource profile and a lower-resource/nutritionally vulnerable profile. Conclusions: U3A participants in Poland are educationally and socially active but nutritionally heterogeneous. The predominance of neutral diet quality, moderate nutrition knowledge, and identifiable knowledge gaps indicates the need for targeted, practical, and behavior-oriented nutrition education supporting healthy ageing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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18 pages, 960 KB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Folate in Relation to Lipid Abnormalities in Community-Dwelling Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China

by Xiangyu Chen, Jingjing Lin, Lijin Chen, Weiyuan Yao, Jieming Zhong and Mingbin Liang

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122024 - 22 Jun 2026

Viewed by 400

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional associations between serum folate concentrations and four lipid abnormality subtypes among community-dwelling adults in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 3254 adults from Zhejiang Province, China. Serum folate concentrations were [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the cross-sectional associations between serum folate concentrations and four lipid abnormality subtypes among community-dwelling adults in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 3254 adults from Zhejiang Province, China. Serum folate concentrations were analyzed both as quartiles and per 1-standard deviation (SD) increments. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of serum folate with hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression models were further applied to assess dose–response patterns. Additional RCS analyses using continuous lipid parameters were also performed. False discovery rate (FDR) correction, exploratory subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were additionally conducted. Results: The prevalences of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, and low HDL-C were 7.87%, 17.12%, 4.30%, and 4.46%, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, each 1-SD increment in serum folate was associated with lower odds of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73–0.92) and low HDL-C (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.49–0.81). Compared with the lowest quartile, participants in the highest serum folate quartile had lower odds of hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46–0.82) and low HDL-C (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.22–0.64), with significant trends across quartiles (both p for trend < 0.001). No significant associations were observed for hypercholesterolemia or high LDL-C. These findings remained significant after FDR correction. RCS analyses suggested an overall inverse association between serum folate and hypertriglyceridemia, with no evidence of nonlinearity (p for overall = 0.001; p for nonlinearity = 0.212), whereas the association with low HDL-C showed evidence of nonlinearity (p for overall < 0.001; p for nonlinearity = 0.009). Additional RCS analyses using continuous lipid parameters showed broadly consistent findings for TG and HDL-C. Exploratory subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed generally similar results. Conclusions: Higher serum folate concentrations were cross-sectionally associated with lower odds of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C among community-dwelling adults in Zhejiang Province, China, whereas no significant associations were observed for hypercholesterolemia or high LDL-C. Further prospective cohort studies are warranted to verify these cross-sectional findings and to explore underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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16 pages, 2322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevention of Diet-Induced Obesity by Phytoecdysteroids 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Calonysterone—Unexpected Modulation of Androgen Balance in Normal and Obese Rats

by Alaa AM Osman, Dávid Laczkó, Máté Vágvölgyi, Noémi Tóth, Kata Kira Kemény, Péter Szatmári, Adrienn Seres-Bokor, Attila Hunyadi and Eszter Ducza

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122023 - 21 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background: Calonysterone (CAL) is a natural derivative of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) with enhanced bioactivity on skeletal muscle cells in vitro, but its in vivo physiological actions remain less well characterized. This study aimed to compare the effects of 20E and CAL on metabolic, muscular, [...] Read more.

Background: Calonysterone (CAL) is a natural derivative of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) with enhanced bioactivity on skeletal muscle cells in vitro, but its in vivo physiological actions remain less well characterized. This study aimed to compare the effects of 20E and CAL on metabolic, muscular, and endocrine parameters in normal and obese male rats, with a particular focus on androgen balance. Methods: Male rats were treated with 20E or CAL under normal (ND) or high-fat, high-sugar dietary (HFHSD) conditions for 12 weeks. Body weight, food intake, skeletal and androgen-sensitive muscle mass, and testicular weight were measured. Testicular expression of androgen receptor (Ar) and aromatase (Cyp19a1) mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. ELISA was used to determine the plasma corticosterone, testosterone and ERβ level in testes. Results: 20E and CAL prevented HFHSD-induced weight gain and skeletal muscle atrophy. CAL uniquely preserved testicular and levator ani muscle mass in obese rats. CAL increased the expression of Cyp19a1 and ERβ in testicles. Decreased Ar mRNA expression was regulated in 20E- and CAL-treated obese animals. While 20E treatment significantly reduced plasma testosterone levels in the normal diet group compared to controls, both 20E and CAL interventions elicited significant reductions in the obese group relative to both the ND and HFHSD groups. HFHSD-induced increase in plasma corticosterone levels was normalized by 20E or CAL treatment. Conclusions: 20E and CAL exhibit beneficial metabolic and anabolic effects by preventing HFHSD-induced obesity and consequential muscle atrophy. CAL counteracts obesity-induced testicular atrophy in terms of tissue mass. Based on our results, we hypothesized that CAL enhances testicular aromatase levels, which may lead to increased compensatory androgen receptor mRNA expression and increased ERβ levels. These complex, not yet fully understood results underscore the need for caution in the use of phytoecdysteroids as dietary supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Supplements in Human Health)

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17 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Quality, Healthy Practices, and Psychosocial Functioning Across School Youth, Students, and Adults in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey

by Klaudia Sochacka, Agata Kotowska and Sabina Lachowicz-Wiśniewska

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122022 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 548

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to compare a limited set of predefined diet-, lifestyle-, knowledge-, and psychosocial indicators across school youth, students, and adults in Poland, and to examine their associations with three predefined outcomes: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², poorer mental well-being, [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to compare a limited set of predefined diet-, lifestyle-, knowledge-, and psychosocial indicators across school youth, students, and adults in Poland, and to examine their associations with three predefined outcomes: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², poorer mental well-being, and high stress/overload. Diet quality, daily health-related practices, psychosocial well-being, and stress/overload may co-occur across different life stages, but online survey data require a focused analytical framework to avoid overinterpretation. Methods: This cross-sectional anonymous online survey included 360 respondents: 154 school youth aged 15–19 years, 127 students aged 20–29 years, and 79 adults aged 30 years or older. Dietary assessment was based on the KomPAN questionnaire and included the pro-healthy diet index, non-healthy diet index, and Diet Quality Index. Study-specific scores were used for knowledge, healthy practices, psychosocial well-being, and stress/overload. Analyses were restricted to predefined group comparisons, selected correlations, and three whole-sample adjusted logistic regression models. Results: Adults had the highest BMI and waist/hip circumference, whereas school youth showed the highest non-healthy diet index and more frequent high processed-food intake. Among the knowledge and psychosocial indicators, only obesity knowledge differed significantly between groups, with the highest mean value among students. Stress/overload was inversely associated with psychosocial well-being, and DQI was positively associated with psychosocial well-being after adjustment for age, sex, and group. In adjusted whole-sample models, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² was positively associated with age and DQI and inversely associated with physical activity frequency and regular meals; the positive DQI–BMI association was interpreted cautiously as potentially reflecting reverse causality, reporting bias, or compensatory dietary modification among respondents with excess body weight. Poorer mental well-being was associated with higher stress/overload and inversely associated with DQI, physical activity frequency, and family meals. High stress/overload was positively associated with highly processed food intake and inversely associated with regular meals. Conclusions: The findings suggest that diet quality, behavioral regularity, and psychosocial burden may be more informative than knowledge alone when describing health-related profiles across age-defined groups. Because the study was cross-sectional, self-reported, anonymous, and based on a modest sample, the results should be interpreted as preliminary and hypothesis-generating rather than causal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Psychiatry: Eating Behaviors and Mental Health Outcomes)

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25 pages, 14839 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary In Vitro Screening of Structure-Dependent β-Hydroxybutyrate Responses to Dietary Fatty Acids in Hepatocyte Models

by Xiaojing Liu, Fei Pan, Yandan Wang, Wei Wei, Jun Jin, Xingguo Wang and Zhe Cui

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122021 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Controlled comparisons of extracellular β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) responses induced by individual dietary fatty acids (FAs) remain limited. This study established a preliminary hepatocyte-derived in vitro assay for comparing FA-associated β-HB responses and used exploratory descriptor-based modeling for hypothesis-generating FA ranking. Methods: Dose- and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Controlled comparisons of extracellular β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) responses induced by individual dietary fatty acids (FAs) remain limited. This study established a preliminary hepatocyte-derived in vitro assay for comparing FA-associated β-HB responses and used exploratory descriptor-based modeling for hypothesis-generating FA ranking. Methods: Dose- and time-dependent extracellular β-HB accumulation induced by nineteen dietary FAs was quantified in HepG2 and AML12 cells under nutrient-deprived assay conditions. For exploratory descriptor-based modeling, the 19-FA HepG2 dataset was split into 15 training compounds and four held-out compounds. Model stability was further assessed using repeated random splits, LOOCV, permutation testing, MCFA sensitivity analyses, and simple structural baseline models. Four additional structurally related FAs were tested only for preliminary experimental ranking assessment, not as an independent external test set. Results: C8:0 and C10:0 consistently induced the highest extracellular β-HB accumulation, whereas most long-chain saturated FAs and very-long-chain monounsaturated FAs showed lower responses. The single four-compound held-out subset yielded an apparent R² of 0.875, but repeated random-split assessment showed substantial split-dependent variability, and simple baseline models performed similarly to GradientBoosting. Conclusions: This study provides a preliminary in vitro dataset for comparing extracellular β-HB responses to selected dietary FAs under defined nutrient-deprived hepatocyte assay conditions. The descriptor-based analysis should be interpreted only as a small-sample, exploratory, hypothesis-generating structure–response framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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18 pages, 1893 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Safety and Tolerability of L-Tyrosine Supplementation in Healthy Adult Men: A Randomized Crossover Trial

by Hideki Matsumoto, Naoki Miura, Masaki Naito and Rajavel Elango

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2020; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122020 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1291

Abstract

Background: L-tyrosine, classified as a dispensable amino acid, is widely consumed as a component of commonly consumed foods and as a dietary supplement. However, 4-week safety data on supplementation with this amino acid remain limited. Methods: The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Background: L-tyrosine, classified as a dispensable amino acid, is widely consumed as a component of commonly consumed foods and as a dietary supplement. However, 4-week safety data on supplementation with this amino acid remain limited. Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of L-tyrosine supplementation over a 4-week period and to estimate the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL). In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 30 healthy adult men received L-tyrosine at graded daily doses (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 g/day). Each participant received four of the five doses in a randomized sequence, with each intervention period separated by a 2-week washout period. The primary endpoints were clinical laboratory parameters, and the secondary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events. Anthropometric and dietary parameters were also assessed. In addition, plasma amino acid concentrations following L-tyrosine supplementation were evaluated as exploratory outcomes. Results: No clinically meaningful or statistically significant dose-related abnormalities were observed in hematological, biochemical, or electrolyte parameters at any dose. Anthropometric and dietary parameters remained unchanged. No serious adverse events occurred, and the incidence of mild-to-moderate adverse events was comparable to that observed with placebo. At the end of each supplementation period and under fasting conditions, plasma L-tyrosine concentrations modestly increased at the highest dose (4 g/day), whereas concentrations of other amino acids remained unchanged. Conclusions: Four-week supplementation with L-tyrosine at doses up to 4 g/day was well tolerated in healthy adult men and was not associated with biochemical and clinically relevant adverse effects under the conditions of this study. These findings suggest that 4 g/day represents the highest tested intake level without observable adverse effects and may serve as the NOAEL under the present 4-week study conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relevance and Safe Utilization of Amino Acids in Dietary Supplements)

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14 pages, 984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid Shifts and Muscle Loss in Critical Care: Accuracy of Ultrasound Versus Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

by Gintarė Šostakaitė, Martyna Jauniškytė, Dominykas Budrys, Kastytis Budrevičius, Erika Šalčiūtė-Šimėnė, Marija Svetikienė, Tomas Jovaiša, Tadas Žvirblis, Andrius Klimašauskas and Jūratė Šipylaitė

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2019; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122019 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 482

Abstract

Background: Critically ill patients experience rapid muscle wasting during their ICU stay. Ultrasound (US) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are widely used to assess muscle mass; however, their accuracy may be affected by fluid balance alterations. This study aimed to compare the [...] Read more.

Background: Critically ill patients experience rapid muscle wasting during their ICU stay. Ultrasound (US) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are widely used to assess muscle mass; however, their accuracy may be affected by fluid balance alterations. This study aimed to compare the reliability of US and BIA in detecting muscle loss under varying fluid balance conditions in ICU patients. Methods: In this prospective observational study, adult ICU patients with an ICU stay of ≥7 days were evaluated on Days 1, 5, and 7. Muscle thickness was measured using US, and phase angle (PhA) using BIA. Cumulative fluid balance, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate levels were recorded. Patients were stratified according to cumulative fluid balance. Results: A total of 143 ICU patients were included in the final analysis. US demonstrated a progressive decrease in muscle thickness (−3.54% ± 10.90% from Day 1 to Day 5 and −7.56% ± 11.82% from Day 1 to Day 7 (both p < 0.0001)), whereas BIA showed no significant change in PhA. Positive fluid balance significantly reduced PhA compared with the negative balance group, p < 0.001, whereas no statistically significant effect on US measurements was detected. CRP > 200 mg/L was associated with greater US-detected muscle loss on Day 5, while lactate > 2.5 mmol/L was associated with lower PhA. Conclusions: Ultrasound reliably identified structural muscle wasting in critically ill patients, with no statistically significant effect of fluid balance detected in this cohort. Furthermore, ultrasound measurements were associated with inflammation-related muscle loss. In contrast, BIA was strongly influenced by hydration and perfusion status, limiting its ability to assess true muscle mass loss in the ICU setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Metabolic Support in Critical Illness: Mechanisms, Monitoring, and Clinical Outcomes)

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17 pages, 321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant-Based Diet Indices and Depression in University Students: The Nuts4Brain-Z Study

by Valentina Díaz-Goñi, Fernando Peral-Martínez, Tomás Olivo-Martins-de-Passos, María Eugenia Visier-Alfonso, Nuria Beneit, Estela Jiménez-López, Arthur Eumann Mesas and Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2018; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122018 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1829

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Evidence on the associations between adherence to different plant-based diet indices and depression in young adults remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the associations of overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diet indices with depressive symptoms in university students. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Evidence on the associations between adherence to different plant-based diet indices and depression in young adults remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the associations of overall, healthy, and unhealthy plant-based diet indices with depressive symptoms in university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with self-reported data from university students in Cuenca, Spain. Adherence to the overall plant-based diet index (PDI) and to the healthy (hPDI) and unhealthy (uPDI) plant-based diet indices were calculated using data from a 137-item food-frequency questionnaire. Mild-to-severe depression was defined as a Beck Depression Inventory II score > 13 points. Linear and logistic regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle-related confounders. Results: A total of 392 students (mean age: 20.9 ± 2.4 years; 70.4% female) were included. The prevalence of mild-to-severe depression was 36.0%. Higher hPDI and overall PDI scores were associated with lower depressive symptom scores, whereas uPDI scores showed a positive but non-significant association after full adjustment. In logistic regression analyses, high adherence to the hPDI was associated with lower odds of mild-to-severe depression (OR = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.28–0.95; p-for-trend = 0.030). In contrast, higher uPDI adherence was associated with greater odds of depression, although the association was attenuated after adjustment for lifestyle-related variables. Conclusions: Greater adherence to a healthy plant-based diet was associated with lower depressive symptoms and lower odds of mild-to-severe depression among university students. These findings highlight the importance of plant food quality, rather than plant-based diets per se, in relation to depression in young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Lifestyle Behaviors in Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being Across the Lifespan)

11 pages, 10617 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Prompt Engineering and Model Selection for LLM-Based Nutritional Estimation from Food Images: A Multi-Dataset Investigation

by Shinichi Nakagawa and Akira Yamamoto

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122017 - 21 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Accurate estimation of nutritional content from food images has important applications in dietary assessment and public health surveillance. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for this task, the effects of prompt design and model selection on estimation accuracy remain poorly [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Accurate estimation of nutritional content from food images has important applications in dietary assessment and public health surveillance. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for this task, the effects of prompt design and model selection on estimation accuracy remain poorly characterized. Methods: We evaluated three Claude models (Haiku 4.5, Sonnet 4.6, Opus 4.6) for visual estimation of five mandatory nutritional components (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and salt equivalent) across three datasets: NutriImage (691 Japanese meal photographs with dietitian-validated ground truth, after OCR-mask quality filtering), SNAPMe (1463 US meal photographs from a publicly available benchmark), and the Japan Branded Food Database (JBFD; 989–1000 packaged food product images). We systematically compared a default prompt and a visual estimation prompt explicitly instructing the model not to read any text or numbers visible in the image. Results: The visual estimation prompt substantially improved accuracy when paired with a sufficiently capable model (energy R²: 0.23 for Haiku to 0.60 for Sonnet, JBFD). Sonnet and Opus substantially outperformed Haiku across all datasets, while differences between Sonnet and Opus were small (MedAPE difference 1–3 percentage points). Packaged food images (JBFD) yielded higher R² than meal photographs. Salt equivalent showed consistently poor accuracy (MedAPE 34–64%). On SNAPMe, Sonnet achieved lower energy MAE (116.9 vs. 123.0 kcal, −4.9%) and lower MAE for protein (5.9 vs. 7.9 g, −25.7%) and fat (6.6 vs. 8.7 g, −24.5%) compared with a recent ChatGPT-5 study. Conclusions: Claude Sonnet offers the best cost-performance balance for LLM-based nutritional estimation. Prompt design substantially affects accuracy, but only when paired with a sufficiently capable model; model visual recognition capability appears to be a key determinant of performance. These findings highlight the inherent difficulty of this task and provide practical guidance for dietary assessment system development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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23 pages, 1995 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Assessment of Red Beetroot Supplementation and Cultivar Effects in Low-Protein-Fed WKY Rats

by Michał S. Majewski, Anetta Hanć, Magdalena Krajewska-Włodarczyk, Joanna Majkowska-Gadomska and Anna Francke

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122016 - 21 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 493

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties. This study evaluated the effects of two beetroot cultivars (Boldor and Wodan) on blood serum parameters, body composition, and organ weights in male WKY [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties. This study evaluated the effects of two beetroot cultivars (Boldor and Wodan) on blood serum parameters, body composition, and organ weights in male WKY rats fed a low-protein diet (LPD, 8.8% protein). Methods: Five-week-old male rats were maintained on an LPD for 8 weeks and subsequently continued on the LPD diet supplemented with 4% dried beetroot for 45 days. The experimental diets included beetroot from the Boldor and Wodan cultivars, either treated or untreated with a plant growth stimulator during cultivation. Results: Foliar application of the selenium-based plant growth stimulator did not significantly increase selenium or other element concentrations in beet roots. Elemental analysis showed higher levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, As, Cd, and Sb in the Wodan group, while Boldor increased Cr, Pb, and As; Ni and Se remained unchanged. Beetroot supplementation significantly affected 14 of the 30 measured biochemical parameters, including biomarkers of liver function (ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, and total protein), renal function (uric acid), pancreatic activity (amylase and lipase), electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium, and chloride), mineral metabolism (calcium), inflammatory status (CRP), and nutritional metabolism (iron). Conversely, no significant effects were observed on lipid profile parameters or biomarkers of cardiac and skeletal muscle injury. Among the beetroot cultivars evaluated, Wodan exerted distinct effects relative to Boldor, resulting in higher circulating total bilirubin and potassium concentrations, alongside reduced uric acid and lipase levels in treated rats. Boldor supplementation significantly increased body weight gain and fat mass, with a trend toward higher lean mass, and increased kidney weight. Wodan did not significantly affect body weight but increased kidney and spleen mass. Feed intake was similar across groups. No changes in cardiovascular function were observed ex vivo. Conclusions: Beetroot supplementation modulated multiple metabolic and physiological biomarkers in rats fed a low-protein diet, with distinct cultivar-specific effects, underscoring the importance of cultivar selection for optimizing functional dietary interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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20 pages, 8204 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rectus Femoris Neuromechanical Responses to Exercise-Induced 3% Body Mass Loss by Baseline Hydration Status: A Randomized Group Comparison

by Karol Skotniczny, Artur Terbalyan, Paweł Linek and Jakub Chycki

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122015 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 530

Abstract

Background: Acute dehydration impairs performance, but its effects on resting neuromuscular and tissue mechanics are unclear. We tested whether baseline hydration status and exercise-induced sweat loss alter the resting neuromechanical phenotype of the rectus femoris (RF) as well as skin, subcutaneous tissue (subQ), [...] Read more.

Background: Acute dehydration impairs performance, but its effects on resting neuromuscular and tissue mechanics are unclear. We tested whether baseline hydration status and exercise-induced sweat loss alter the resting neuromechanical phenotype of the rectus femoris (RF) as well as skin, subcutaneous tissue (subQ), and fascia overlying the RF. Methods: Thirty physically active men were randomized to hydration guidance (EXP) or habitual intake (CON). Hydration was verified weekly using first-morning urine specific gravity (USG), with targets of USG < 1.018 (EXP) and USG > 1.018 (CON). Participants performed continuous cycling at 50% maximal power output (Wmax) until ~3% body mass loss. Shear-wave elastography quantified tissue shear modulus (kPa), and tensiomyography assessed RF twitch-derived contractile properties (Dm, Tc, Tr) before and immediately after exercise. SWE data were analyzed using mixed design repeated-measures ANOVA; TMG outcomes were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Results: Baseline measures did not differ between groups. No significant group, time, or interaction effects were observed for RF muscle, skin, or subQ shear modulus. In contrast, fascia shear modulus showed a significant time effect, while TMG outcomes did not change significantly from pre- to post-exercise (all p > 0.05). Deep fascia showed a significant main effect of time, with decreased shear modulus post-exercise (F(1, 21) = 5.06, p = 0.035, η²p = 0.194; Δ = 1.25 kPa; d = 0.41; 95% CI [0.04, 0.78]), independent of hydration group. Conclusions: Under moderate-intensity cycling with approximately 3% body mass loss, we did not detect significant hydration-group differences or significant pre–post changes in resting RF twitch-derived contractile properties or in RF muscle, skin, and subQ shear modulus. Fascia shear modulus decreased after exercise irrespective of hydration group. These findings should be interpreted cautiously: the study was underpowered to detect small effects, and the fascial finding emerged from an exploratory, layer-specific analysis without correction for multiple comparisons. It should therefore be regarded as preliminary and hypothesis-generating, requiring confirmation in adequately powered, pre-registered studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydration and Nutrition Status in Human Health)

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20 pages, 1526 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of the Edible Microalga Chlorella on Gut Microbiota and on Brain Health: Current Evidence and Emerging Links

by Olga Felip, Iker García, Garoa Santocildes, Joan Ramon Torrella, Ginés Viscor, Josep Lluis Torres and Sara Ramos-Romero

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2014; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122014 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

Background: Chlorella, a unicellular green alga, is currently one of the most popular algae supplements due to its high content of bioactive compounds. Chlorella’s wide range of macro- and micronutrients, including chlorophyll compounds and carotenoids, has been suggested to influence [...] Read more.

Background: Chlorella, a unicellular green alga, is currently one of the most popular algae supplements due to its high content of bioactive compounds. Chlorella’s wide range of macro- and micronutrients, including chlorophyll compounds and carotenoids, has been suggested to influence various disorders related to the digestive and nervous systems. This review’s primary purpose was to critically analyze the effects of Chlorella intake on gut microbiota and brain function. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review with narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed articles written in English and published in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus spanning the years 2009 to 2026 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42024527705). The search protocol was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Primary outcomes encompassed physiological variables, such as gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and hippocampal cell density. Secondary outcomes were assessed through neurobehavioral tests and psychological questionnaires. Results: Out of the 1333 articles identified, 47 studies were deemed eligible, and 21 met the predefined criteria, subsequently incorporated into this systematic review. In total, 10 articles documented interventions involving Chlorella and their effects on the gut microbiota, whereas 11 articles investigated several variables pertinent to brain function. Most of the studies included were conducted in animal models, with only a limited number of human trials. Nineteen studies (90%), predominantly preclinical, reported positive associations between Chlorella consumption, gut microbiota modulation, and physiological or neurobehavioral markers related to the gut–brain axis. Conclusions: Chlorella consumption may modulate gut microbiota composition and function, potentially influencing brain-related processes. However, the available literature lacks studies simultaneously addressing both gut microbiota and brain health parameters limiting the understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods for Healthy Brain Ageing: From Bench to Diet)

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15 pages, 2632 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Status and Atherogenic Lipid Profiles, Including Lipoprotein(a), in Elite Athletes

by Vincent Groesser, Astrid Most, Jamschid Sedighi, Priyanka Böttger, Samuel Sossalla and Pascal Bauer

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122013 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 890

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D has been implicated in lipid metabolism, but data regarding its association with atherogenic lipoproteins in elite athletes remain limited. Elite athletes represent a unique research model to investigate these associations with reduced confounding from obesity, chronic disease, smoking, and physical [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D has been implicated in lipid metabolism, but data regarding its association with atherogenic lipoproteins in elite athletes remain limited. Elite athletes represent a unique research model to investigate these associations with reduced confounding from obesity, chronic disease, smoking, and physical inactivity. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 773 male professional athletes from mixed sports disciplines (mean age 25.5 ± 5.0 years). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and lipid parameters, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], were assessed. Associations were analyzed using correlation analyses, subgroup comparisons according to predefined 25(OH)D categories (<30, 30–50, and >50 ng/mL), and multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, body mass index, season, and training-related variables. Results: Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations were independently associated with lower LDL-C (p = 0.028), triglyceride (p = 0.002), and Lp(a) concentrations (p = 0.036), whereas no independent association was observed with HDL-C (p = 0.559). Athletes with 25(OH)D concentrations ≥30 ng/mL demonstrated lower LDL-C, triglyceride, and Lp(a) levels compared with athletes below this threshold (all p < 0.05). Higher vitamin D status was additionally associated with greater peak exercise performance (4.29 ± 1.15 vs. 3.36 ± 0.68 W/kg; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Higher 25(OH)D concentrations were independently associated with a more favorable lipid profile in elite athletes, including lower LDL-C, triglyceride, and Lp(a) concentrations. Prospective studies are warranted to further investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and lipid metabolism in athletic populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nutritional Strategies for Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Health)

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28 pages, 8213 KB

Open AccessArticle

ChREBP Is Dispensable for Myofiber Type Switch but Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

by Junyu Lu, Jian Chen, Guanyu Zhang, Haoxin Ma, Pingxin Sun, Chao Wang, Xinlu Yu, Ke Feng, Chunyan Wang, Chenyi Hu, Xuewei Chen and Wenlin Li

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122012 - 21 Jun 2026

Viewed by 497

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The transcription factor carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a key glucose-sensing regulator that governs glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. However, its specific functions in skeletal muscle remain insufficiently clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of ChREBP in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The transcription factor carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a key glucose-sensing regulator that governs glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. However, its specific functions in skeletal muscle remain insufficiently clarified. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of ChREBP in skeletal muscle exercise capacity, energy metabolism, and adaptive remodeling, as well as muscle regeneration. Methods: We generated a skeletal muscle-specific ChREBP knockout mouse model, and assessed their exercise performance, energy metabolism, skeletal muscle fiber composition, and injury repair capacity. Additionally, hypoxia and high-fructose diet models were established to analyze the function of ChREBP in skeletal muscle adaptive remodeling. C2C12 myoblasts and primary muscle satellite cells were used to explore its effects on myogenic differentiation. Results: Genetic deletion of ChREBP induced no detectable alterations in myofiber composition, overall metabolic status, or muscle adaptive remodeling triggered by hypoxia and high-fructose diet. In vitro assays demonstrated that ChREBP overexpression facilitates C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Adeno-associated virus-mediated ChREBP overexpression enhanced histological markers of regeneration, including desmin-positive regenerative area and the cross-sectional area of newly formed myofibers after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Conclusions: Collectively, our experimental data indicate that ChREBP is largely dispensable for maintaining basal skeletal muscle homeostasis and stress-induced adaptive remodeling. Meanwhile, this study identifies a previously unrecognized regulatory role of ChREBP in the processes of skeletal muscle damage repair and post-injury regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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37 pages, 2636 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition Across the Life Course and Risk of Young-Onset Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Prevention Opportunities

by Cheng Wang and Zhenhua Liu

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122011 - 21 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 997

Abstract

The incidence of cancer in young adults has risen worldwide. Women comprise a disproportionate share of young-onset cases, among whom breast cancer predominates. This shift parallels globalization and urbanization, including the wider adoption of Western-pattern diets. Although hereditary syndromes explain a minority of [...] Read more.

The incidence of cancer in young adults has risen worldwide. Women comprise a disproportionate share of young-onset cases, among whom breast cancer predominates. This shift parallels globalization and urbanization, including the wider adoption of Western-pattern diets. Although hereditary syndromes explain a minority of cases, the secular rise underscores the impact of modifiable exposures, particularly diet. Prenatal life, neonatal life, childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood are critical periods during which dietary exposures may shape long-term mammary development. Mammary tissue undergoes rapid proliferation and differentiation during development, creating windows of heightened susceptibility to carcinogenic insults. However, most existing studies emphasize dietary exposures during a single developmental period; the entire span of critical developmental windows plays a formative role in shaping young-onset breast cancer (YoBC) risk, and the mechanisms underlying this life-course shaping remain insufficiently characterized. This review comprehensively synthesizes evidence on how nutrition across sensitive developmental windows shapes the risk of YoBC. We evaluate protective and adverse dietary factors within these stages and examine mechanistic pathways linking early-life nutrition to carcinogenesis, focusing on hormonal regulation, epigenetic programming, chronic inflammation, and the gut microbiome. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for English-language articles published from 1990 through May 2026, supplemented by hand-searching of relevant reviews and key primary studies. By framing nutrition and breast cancer through a life-course lens, this review provides an integrated foundation for stage-specific prevention strategies and identifies priority directions for future research on early-life dietary determinants of YoBC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Management and Intervention for Breast Cancer)

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15 pages, 275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Nutraceutical Supplementation and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Enhances Early Pain Reduction and Bone Callus Formation After Distal Radius Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Dalila Scaturro, Sofia Tomasello, Marika Triscari Barberi, Giuseppe Lo Re and Giulia Letizia Mauro

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122010 - 20 Jun 2026

Viewed by 535

Abstract

Background: Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are common fragility fractures often associated with underlying osteoporosis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of nutraceutical supplementation in addition to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on pain and early fracture healing. Methods: Sixty female patients were randomized into [...] Read more.

Background: Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are common fragility fractures often associated with underlying osteoporosis. Objective: To evaluate the effect of nutraceutical supplementation in addition to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on pain and early fracture healing. Methods: Sixty female patients were randomized into two groups: Group A received PEMF therapy alone, while Group B received PEMF plus nutraceutical supplementation. The primary outcome was pain reduction (NRS). Secondary outcomes included biochemical markers and ultrasound-based callus formation. Results: At T1, Group B showed a trend toward greater pain reduction compared with Group A (mean difference −0.57; p = 0.007) and higher bone alkaline phosphatase levels (p = 0.0002). A higher proportion of patients reached minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in Group B (60% vs. 30%, p = 0.02). Conclusions: Nutraceutical supplementation in addition to PEMF was associated with improved short-term outcomes; however, due to the absence of a non-PEMF control group, the independent effect of PEMF cannot be determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osteoporosis and Related Bone Metabolic Disease: Integrative Approaches to Nutrition Management)

29 pages, 2640 KB

Open AccessReview

Lepidium Meyenii Walp. (Maca) and Blood Biomarkers of Muscle Damage and Post-Exertion Protein Degradation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies

by Javiera Rodríguez Rojas, Álvaro Huerta Ojeda, Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes, Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera, Jorge Cancino-López, María-Mercedes Yeomans-Cabrera, Leonardo Pavez, Carlos Jara-Gutiérrez and Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2009; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122009 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background: Lepidium meyenii Walp (L. meyenii), traditionally known as maca, is widely recognized for its health-promoting properties, including potential protection against exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, its precise effect on post-exercise blood biomarkers remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Lepidium meyenii Walp (L. meyenii), traditionally known as maca, is widely recognized for its health-promoting properties, including potential protection against exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, its precise effect on post-exercise blood biomarkers remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to qualitatively review research published until April 2026 examining L. meyenii supplementation to reduce blood markers of muscle damage and protein degradation post-exertion in animal studies. Specifically, the effect size (ES) of L. meyenii supplementation on post-exercise levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was estimated. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE framework. Relevant studies were identified through Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE. Eligible studies included in vivo experiments in animals with controlled designs and pre-/post-intervention assessments. Methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated using the CAMARADES tool. Statistical analysis involved standardized mean differences (SMD) using Hedges’ g with 95% confidence intervals. Results: 15 studies were included in the systematic review, and 14 studies in animals in the meta-analysis. The CAMARADES scores ranged from 5 to 7 points, indicating moderate methodological quality. Supplementation with L. meyenii was not associated with statistically significant changes in LDH (SMD = −1.37; 95% CI −3.34 to 0.59), BUN (SMD = −0.37; 95% CI −2.16 to 1.42) nor CK (SMD = 0.29; 95% CI −5.45 to 6.03), with very high heterogeneity (I² > 97%). Exploratory subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses by formulation type and dose did not identify any moderators that could robustly explain this heterogeneity. Conclusions: The available evidence does not support a robust overall effect of L. meyenii supplementation on blood biomarkers of muscle damage or protein catabolism in animals subjected to physical stress. The high degree of heterogeneity could not be robustly explained by either the type of formulation or the dose. These findings, which are exploratory and hypothesis-generating in nature, highlight the need for standardized, well-characterized formulations and trials with adequate statistical power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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18 pages, 271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Elimination Diets, Not Food Selectivity, Are Associated with Reduced Nutritional Status in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Paula Grębska, Anna Fedorczak, Tomasz Pytrus, Anna Dębińska and Anna Kofla-Dłubacz

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122008 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and sensory processing abnormalities, including food selectivity. Due to the lack of effective causal therapies, alternative approaches such as dietary interventions are increasingly being [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and sensory processing abnormalities, including food selectivity. Due to the lack of effective causal therapies, alternative approaches such as dietary interventions are increasingly being explored. This study aimed to assess the impact of dietary factors on the nutritional status of children with ASD. Methods: A total of 103 children (75 with ASD and 28 controls) were included. Nutritional status was assessed using biochemical markers and standardized anthropometric measurements. Associations between nutritional status and dietary factors, particularly elimination diets implemented either on medical indications or in the absence of clinical justification, were analyzed. Results: ASD diagnosis was independently associated with lower height SDS (Standard Deviation Score). Food selectivity was significantly associated with growth patterns: children with food selectivity showed a higher prevalence of short stature compared with the control group (15.2% vs. 0%, p = 0.033). Children following elimination diets had significantly lower BMI SDS compared with those without dietary restrictions (−0.35 [−1.29 to 0.05] vs. −0.22 [−0.78 to 1.14], p = 0.046), although only 11.1% had medical indications for such interventions. Among non-supplemented participants, vitamin D deficiency was significantly more prevalent in the ASD group (84.6% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elimination diets were the only dietary factor associated with a clinically relevant reduction in BMI SDS in children with ASD. Food selectivity alone was not associated with impaired nutritional status. Most elimination diets were implemented without confirmed medical indications. These findings highlight the importance of evidence-based dietary management and routine vitamin D supplementation in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

20 pages, 629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychospiritual Profiles Differentiate Dietary and Lifestyle Behaviors

by Sebastian Binyamin Skalski-Bednarz, Loren L. Toussaint, Magdalena Piegza, Monika Bidzan-Wiącek and Mariola Bidzan

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122007 - 20 Jun 2026

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Previous literature has linked nutrition with both psychological distress and well-being. However, less is known about how psychological and spiritual resources cluster within individuals or whether distinct psychospiritual profiles are associated with dietary and lifestyle behaviors. This study examined these associations using [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Previous literature has linked nutrition with both psychological distress and well-being. However, less is known about how psychological and spiritual resources cluster within individuals or whether distinct psychospiritual profiles are associated with dietary and lifestyle behaviors. This study examined these associations using a person-centered approach. Methods: A community sample of 522 adults from the United States completed measures of perceived stress, depressive symptoms, coping self-efficacy, gratitude, forgiveness, religiousness/spirituality, daily spiritual experiences, religious/spiritual meaning and beliefs, and dietary and lifestyle behaviors. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify psychospiritual profiles. Results: Four profiles were identified: Moderate (n = 195), Flourishing (n = 199), Vulnerable (n = 70), and Maladaptive (n = 58). The Flourishing profile demonstrated the most adaptive psychological functioning and was associated with healthier dietary behaviors, including lower breakfast skipping and fast-food consumption, greater whole-grain and vegetable intake, lower salt use, and lower sweets and dessert intake. The Vulnerable profile demonstrated the highest levels of perceived stress and depressive symptoms together with relatively elevated religiousness/spirituality, whereas the Maladaptive profile was characterized by elevated distress and consistently low levels of psychological and spiritual resources. Overall, the Vulnerable and Maladaptive profiles demonstrated less favorable dietary patterns relative to the Flourishing and Moderate profiles. However, the observed effects were generally modest and selective. Conclusions: Dietary and lifestyle behaviors may be associated with broader psychospiritual configurations rather than isolated psychological characteristics alone. The findings additionally highlight the heterogeneous nature of religiousness and spirituality within psychological functioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Stress, and Psychological Well-Being Across the Lifespan)

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20 pages, 840 KB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Moderate Wine Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes

by Attilio Giacosa, Josep Masip, Ursula Fradera, Ramon Estruch and Mariangela Rondanelli

Nutrients 2026, 18(12), 2006; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18122006 - 20 Jun 2026

Viewed by 2753

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease worldwide that increases the risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications, disability and mortality. While excessive alcohol consumption is harmful, the effects of moderate wine consumption remain debated. This review evaluates whether moderate wine intake affects the [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease worldwide that increases the risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications, disability and mortality. While excessive alcohol consumption is harmful, the effects of moderate wine consumption remain debated. This review evaluates whether moderate wine intake affects the risk of developing T2D and its impact on subjects with T2D. Twenty-eight studies were analysed. Evidence suggests an association between moderate wine consumption and the risk of developing T2D, with a J-shaped relationship, and reduced risk observed at low levels. This effect appears more pronounced with red wine, likely related to its higher polyphenol content, and when consumed with meals. On the other side, in patients with T2D, moderate wine consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of CV complications, nephropathy and mortality. It has also been linked to improved lipid profiles and reduced inflammatory markers, without adversely affecting body weight or glycaemic control in well-managed patients. These effects may be enhanced within a Mediterranean dietary pattern, suggesting synergistic actions. However, alcohol intake may increase the risk of hypoglycemia, particularly in patients receiving glucose-lowering therapies. It should be avoided by vulnerable individuals, and those with comorbidities such as MASLD and other significant liver diseases, peripheral neuropathy or other severe conditions. In conclusion, moderate wine consumption may be associated with a reduction in the risk of developing T2D and with several CV benefits in patients with T2D. Vulnerable patients should abstain and individuals who currently do not drink alcohol should not start drinking. If wine is consumed, intake should always remain moderate (as low as possible), within healthy meals and only after individual clinical assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle, Diet, Wine and Health)

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Nutrients, Volume 18, Issue 12 (June-2 2026) – 200 articles

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