Materials

10 pages, 3418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Silver Chloride Nanoparticles Stabilized with Chitosan Oligomer for the Healing of Burns

by Yun Ok Kang¹

, Ju-Young Jung², Donghwan Cho³, Oh Hyeong Kwon³, Ja Young Cheon⁴ and Won Ho Park^4,*

¹ Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Nano Convergence Mechanical Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea

² Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea

³ Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea

⁴ Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040215 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8077

Abstract

Recently, numerous compounds have been studied in order to develop antibacterial agents, which can prevent colonized wounds from infection, and assist the wound healing. For this purpose, novel silver chloride nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan oligomer (CHI-AgCl NPs) were synthesized to investigate the influence [...] Read more.

Recently, numerous compounds have been studied in order to develop antibacterial agents, which can prevent colonized wounds from infection, and assist the wound healing. For this purpose, novel silver chloride nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan oligomer (CHI-AgCl NPs) were synthesized to investigate the influence of antibacterial chitosan oligomer (CHI) exerted by the silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl NPs) on burn wound healing in a rat model. The CHI-AgCl NPs had a spherical morphology with a mean diameter of 42 ± 15 nm. The burn wound healing of CHI-AgCl NPs ointment was compared with untreated group, Vaseline ointment, and chitosan ointment group. The burn wound treated with CHI-AgCl NPs ointment was completely healed by 14 treatment days, and was similar to normal skin. Particularly, the regenerated collagen density became the highest in the CHI-AgCl NPs ointment group. The CHI-AgCl NPs ointment is considered a suitable healing agent for burn wounds, due to dual antibacterial activity of the AgCl NPs and CHI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications of Nano-antimicrobial Treatments)

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10 pages, 3405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Enhancement of Mg Corrosion Resistance by Alloying Mn and Laser-Melting

by Youwen Yang^1,†, Ping Wu^2,†, Qiyuan Wang³, Hong Wu⁴, Yong Liu⁴, Youwen Deng³, Yuanzhuo Zhou¹ and Cijun Shuai^1,4,*

¹ State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

² College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China

³ Department of Emergency Medicine, 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

⁴ State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040216 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 6750

Abstract

Mg has been considered a promising biomaterial for bone implants. However, the poor corrosion resistance has become its main undesirable property. In this study, both alloying Mn and laser-melting were applied to enhance the Mg corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and [...] Read more.

Mg has been considered a promising biomaterial for bone implants. However, the poor corrosion resistance has become its main undesirable property. In this study, both alloying Mn and laser-melting were applied to enhance the Mg corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and microstructure of rapid laser-melted Mg-xMn (x = 0–3 wt %) alloys were investigated. The alloys were composed of dendrite grains, and the grains size decreased with increasing Mn. Moreover, Mn could dissolve and induce the crystal lattice distortion of the Mg matrix during the solidification process. Mn ranging from 0–2 wt % dissolved completely due to rapid laser solidification. As Mn contents further increased up to 3 wt %, a small amount of Mn was left undissolved. The compressive strength of Mg-Mn alloys increased first (up to 2 wt %) and then decreased with increasing Mn, while the hardness increased continuously. The refinement of grains and the increase in corrosion potential both made contributions to the enhancement of Mg corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradable Biomaterials Based on Magnesium Alloys)

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16 pages, 9373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Plasma ZrN Metallurgy and Shot Peening Duplex Treatment on Fretting Wear and Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Ti6Al4V Alloy

by Jingang Tang^1,2, Daoxin Liu^1,*, Xiaohua Zhang¹, Dongxing Du^1,2 and Shouming Yu¹

¹ Institute of Corrosion and Protection, School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

² Institute of Machinery Manufacturing Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040217 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6929

Abstract

A metallurgical zirconium nitride (ZrN) layer was fabricated using glow metallurgy using nitriding with zirconiuming prior treatment of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The microstructure, composition and microhardness of the corresponding layer were studied. The influence of this treatment on fretting wear (FW) and fretting [...] Read more.

A metallurgical zirconium nitride (ZrN) layer was fabricated using glow metallurgy using nitriding with zirconiuming prior treatment of the Ti6Al4V alloy. The microstructure, composition and microhardness of the corresponding layer were studied. The influence of this treatment on fretting wear (FW) and fretting fatigue (FF) behavior of the Ti6Al4V alloy was studied. The composite layer consisted of an 8-μm-thick ZrN compound layer and a 50-μm-thick nitrogen-rich Zr–Ti solid solution layer. The surface microhardness of the composite layer is 1775 HK_0.1. A gradient in cross-sectional microhardness distribution exists in the layer. The plasma ZrN metallurgical layer improves the FW resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy, but reduces the base FF resistance. This occurs because the improvement in surface hardness results in lowering of the toughness and increasing in the notch sensitivity. Compared with shot peening treatment, plasma ZrN metallurgy and shot peening composite treatment improves the FW resistance and enhances the FF resistance of the Ti6Al4V alloy. This is attributed to the introduction of a compressive stress field. The combination of toughness, strength, FW resistance and fatigue resistance enhance the FF resistance for titanium alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fracture and Fatigue Mechanics of Materials)

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9 pages, 2403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Cell Proliferation and Mechanical Behaviors Observed in Porous Zirconia Ceramics

by Jing Li¹, Xiaobei Wang²

, Yuanhua Lin^1,*, Xuliang Deng², Ming Li¹ and Cewen Nan¹

¹ State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

² School & Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Peking University, Beijing 100081, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040218 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4780

Abstract

Zirconia ceramics with porous structure have been prepared by solid-state reaction using yttria-stabilized zirconia and stearic acid powders. Analysis of its microstructure and phase composition revealed that a pure zirconia phase can be obtained. Our results indicated that its porosity and pore size [...] Read more.

Zirconia ceramics with porous structure have been prepared by solid-state reaction using yttria-stabilized zirconia and stearic acid powders. Analysis of its microstructure and phase composition revealed that a pure zirconia phase can be obtained. Our results indicated that its porosity and pore size as well as the mechanical characteristics can be tuned by changing the content of stearic acid powder. The optimal porosity and pore size of zirconia ceramic samples can be effective for the increase of surface roughness, which results in higher cell proliferation values without destroying the mechanical properties. Full article

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9 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Collagen Type I Conduits for the Regeneration of Nerve Defects

by Silvan Klein^1,*, Jody Vykoukal², Oliver Felthaus¹, Thomas Dienstknecht³ and Lukas Prantl¹

¹ Center for Plastic-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, Regensburg 93053, Germany

² Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD, Unit 951, 7435 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA

³ Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040219 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5469

Abstract

To date, reliable data to support the general use of biodegradable materials for bridging nerve defects are still scarce. We present the outcome of nerve regeneration following type I collagen conduit nerve repair in patients with large-diameter nerve gaps. Ten patients underwent nerve [...] Read more.

To date, reliable data to support the general use of biodegradable materials for bridging nerve defects are still scarce. We present the outcome of nerve regeneration following type I collagen conduit nerve repair in patients with large-diameter nerve gaps. Ten patients underwent nerve repair using a type I collagen nerve conduit. Patients were re-examined at a minimal follow-up of 14.0 months and a mean follow-up of 19.9 months. Regeneration of nerve tissue within the conduits was assessed by nerve conduction velocity (NCV), a static two-point discrimination (S2PD) test, and as disability of arm shoulder and hand (DASH) outcome measure scoring. Quality of life measures including patients’ perceived satisfaction and residual pain were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). No implant-related complications were observed. Seven out of 10 patients reported being free of pain, and the mean VAS was 1.1. The mean DASH score was 17.0. The S2PD was below 6 mm in 40%, between 6 and 10 mm in another 40% and above 10 mm in 20% of the patients. Eight out of 10 patients were satisfied with the procedure and would undergo surgery again. Early treatment correlated with lower DASH score levels. The use of type I collagen in large-diameter gaps in young patients and early treatment presented superior functional outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Materials)

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11 pages, 4014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Carbon Nanotube Clustering on Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Cement Pastes

by Sung-Hwan Jang^1,2

, Shiho Kawashima^1,* and Huiming Yin¹

¹ Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University in the City of New York, 610 Seely W. Mudd 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA

² Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040220 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8384

Abstract

Given the continued challenge of dispersion, for practical purposes, it is of interest to evaluate the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different states of clustering on the eventual performance properties of cement paste. This study evaluated the clustering of MWCNTs and [...] Read more.

Given the continued challenge of dispersion, for practical purposes, it is of interest to evaluate the impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at different states of clustering on the eventual performance properties of cement paste. This study evaluated the clustering of MWCNTs and the resultant effect on the mechanical and electrical properties when incorporated into cement paste. Cement pastes containing different concentrations of MWCNTs (up to 0.5% by mass of cement) with/without surfactant were characterized. MWCNT clustering was assessed qualitatively in an aqueous solution through visual observation, and quantitatively in cement matrices using a scanning electron microscopy technique. Additionally, the corresponding 28-day compressive strength, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity were measured. Results showed that the use of surfactant led to a downward shift in the MWCNT clustering size distribution in the matrices of MWCNT/cement paste, indicating improved dispersion of MWCNTs. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity of the composites with surfactant increased with MWCNT concentration and were higher than those without surfactant at all concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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13 pages, 3821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous-Based Coaxial Electrospinning of Genetically Engineered Silk Elastin Core-Shell Nanofibers

by Jingxin Zhu^1,2, Wenwen Huang², Qiang Zhang^2,3, Shengjie Ling^2,4, Ying Chen² and David L. Kaplan^2,*

¹ College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, China

² Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA

³ School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China

⁴ Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040221 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 9231

Abstract

A nanofabrication method for the production of flexible core-shell structured silk elastin nanofibers is presented, based on an all-aqueous coaxial electrospinning process. In this process, silk fibroin (SF) and silk-elastin-like protein polymer (SELP), both in aqueous solution, with high and low viscosity, respectively, [...] Read more.

A nanofabrication method for the production of flexible core-shell structured silk elastin nanofibers is presented, based on an all-aqueous coaxial electrospinning process. In this process, silk fibroin (SF) and silk-elastin-like protein polymer (SELP), both in aqueous solution, with high and low viscosity, respectively, were used as the inner (core) and outer (shell) layers of the nanofibers. The electrospinnable SF core solution served as a spinning aid for the nonelectrospinnable SELP shell solution. Uniform nanofibers with average diameter from 301 ± 108 nm to 408 ± 150 nm were obtained through adjusting the processing parameters. The core-shell structures of the nanofibers were confirmed by fluorescence and electron microscopy. In order to modulate the mechanical properties and provide stability in water, the as-spun SF-SELP nanofiber mats were treated with methanol vapor to induce β-sheet physical crosslinks. FTIR confirmed the conversion of the secondary structure from a random coil to β-sheets after the methanol treatment. Tensile tests of SF-SELP core-shell structured nanofibers showed good flexibility with elongation at break of 5.20% ± 0.57%, compared with SF nanofibers with an elongation at break of 1.38% ± 0.22%. The SF-SELP core-shell structured nanofibers should provide useful options to explore in the field of biomaterials due to the improved flexibility of the fibrous mats and the presence of a dynamic SELP layer on the outer surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Materials)

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16 pages, 4411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Thermal-Elastic Properties of C/C–SiC Composites Using a Hybrid Approach and PSO Algorithm

by Yingjie Xu^* and Tian Gao

Engineering Simulation and Aerospace Computing (ESAC), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040222 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4710

Abstract

Carbon fiber-reinforced multi-layered pyrocarbon–silicon carbide matrix (C/C–SiC) composites are widely used in aerospace structures. The complicated spatial architecture and material heterogeneity of C/C–SiC composites constitute the challenge for tailoring their properties. Thus, discovering the intrinsic relations between the properties and the microstructures and [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber-reinforced multi-layered pyrocarbon–silicon carbide matrix (C/C–SiC) composites are widely used in aerospace structures. The complicated spatial architecture and material heterogeneity of C/C–SiC composites constitute the challenge for tailoring their properties. Thus, discovering the intrinsic relations between the properties and the microstructures and sequentially optimizing the microstructures to obtain composites with the best performances becomes the key for practical applications. The objective of this work is to optimize the thermal-elastic properties of unidirectional C/C–SiC composites by controlling the multi-layered matrix thicknesses. A hybrid approach based on micromechanical modeling and back propagation (BP) neural network is proposed to predict the thermal-elastic properties of composites. Then, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is interfaced with this hybrid model to achieve the optimal design for minimizing the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of composites with the constraint of elastic modulus. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid model and optimization method. Full article

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17 pages, 3790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Internal Stress Monitoring of In-Service Structural Steel Members with Ultrasonic Method

by Zuohua Li^1,2, Jingbo He^1,2, Jun Teng^1,2,* and Ying Wang^3,*

¹ School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

² IoT Application Technology Center of NDT, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

³ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

Materials 2016, 9(4), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040223 - 23 Mar 2016

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7378

Abstract

Internal stress in structural steel members is an important parameter for steel structures in their design, construction, and service stages. However, it is hard to measure via traditional approaches. Among the existing non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, the ultrasonic method has received the most [...] Read more.

Internal stress in structural steel members is an important parameter for steel structures in their design, construction, and service stages. However, it is hard to measure via traditional approaches. Among the existing non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, the ultrasonic method has received the most research attention. Longitudinal critically refracted (Lcr) waves, which propagate parallel to the surface of the material within an effective depth, have shown great potential as an effective stress measurement approach. This paper presents a systematic non-destructive evaluation method to determine the internal stress in in-service structural steel members using Lcr waves. Based on theory of acoustoelasticity, a stress evaluation formula is derived. Factor of stress to acoustic time difference is used to describe the relationship between stress and measurable acoustic results. A testing facility is developed and used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Two steel members are measured by using the proposed method and the traditional strain gauge method for verification. Parametric studies are performed on three steel members and the aluminum plate to investigate the factors that influence the testing results. The results show that the proposed method is effective and accurate for determining stress in in-service structural steel members. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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14 pages, 5251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Image Analysis to Identify Quartz Grains in Heavy Aggregates Susceptible to ASR in Radiation Shielding Concrete

by Daria Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka^*

, Roman Jaskulski and Michał A. Glinicki

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5B Pawińskiego, Warsaw 02-106, Poland

Materials 2016, 9(4), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040224 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6586

Abstract

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is considered as a potential aging-related degradation phenomenon that might impair the durability of concrete in nuclear containments. The objective of this paper is the application of digital analysis of microscopic images to identify the content and size of quartz [...] Read more.

Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is considered as a potential aging-related degradation phenomenon that might impair the durability of concrete in nuclear containments. The objective of this paper is the application of digital analysis of microscopic images to identify the content and size of quartz grains in heavy mineral aggregates. The range of investigation covered magnetite and hematite aggregates, known as good absorbers of gamma radiation. Image acquisition was performed using thin sections observed in transmitted cross-polarized light with λ plate. Image processing, consisting of identification of ferrum oxide and epoxy resin, and the subsequent application of a set of filtering operations resulted in an adequate image reduction allowing the grain size analysis. Quartz grains were classified according to their mean diameter so as to identify the reactive range. Accelerated mortar bar tests were performed to evaluate the ASR potential of the aggregates. The SiO₂ content in the heavyweight aggregates determined using the image analysis of thin sections was similar to XRF test result. The content of reactive quartz hematite was 2.7%, suggesting that it would be prone to ASR. The expansion test, according to ASTM C1260, confirmed the prediction obtained using the digital image analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Image Analysis and Processing for Cement-based Materials)

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8 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperCommunication

Synthesis of Monodispersed Ag-Doped Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles via Surface Modification

by Dominika Kozon^1,2, Kai Zheng^1,*

, Elena Boccardi¹, Yufang Liu³, Liliana Liverani¹

and Aldo R. Boccaccini¹

¹ Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

² Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland

³ Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040225 - 24 Mar 2016

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7427

Abstract

Monodispersed spherical Ag-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles (Ag-BGNs) were synthesized by a modified Stöber method combined with surface modification. The surface modification was carried out at 25, 60, and 80 °C, respectively, to investigate the influence of processing temperature on particle properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray [...] Read more.

Monodispersed spherical Ag-doped bioactive glass nanoparticles (Ag-BGNs) were synthesized by a modified Stöber method combined with surface modification. The surface modification was carried out at 25, 60, and 80 °C, respectively, to investigate the influence of processing temperature on particle properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results indicated that higher temperatures facilitate the incorporation of Ag. Hydroxyapatite (HA) formation on Ag-BGNs was detected upon immersion of the particles in simulated body fluid for 7 days, which indicated that Ag-BGNs maintained high bioactivity after surface modification. The conducted antibacterial assay confirmed that Ag-BGNs had an antibacterial effect on E. coli. The above results thereby suggest that surface modification is an effective way to incorporate Ag into BGNs and that the modified BGNs can remain monodispersed as well as exhibit bioactivity and antibacterial capability for biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses)

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15 pages, 4765 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Bioactive Glasses with Low Ca/P Ratio and Enhanced Bioactivity

by Marco Araújo^1,2

, Marta Miola^3,4,*, Giovanni Baldi², Javier Perez¹ and Enrica Verné³

¹ Colorobbia España S.A, Carretera CV-160, Vilafamés 12192, Spain

² Ce.Ri.Col, Centro Richerche Colorobbia, Via Pietramarina 123, Sovigliana (FI) 50053, Italy

³ Politecnico di Torino, Applied Science and Technology Department, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy

⁴ Present affiliation: Università del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Health Sciences, Via Solaroli 17, Novara 28100, Italy

Materials 2016, 9(4), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040226 - 24 Mar 2016

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6091

Abstract

Three new silica-based glass formulations with low molar Ca/P ratio (2–3) have been synthesized. The thermal properties, the crystalline phases induced by thermal treatments and the sintering ability of each glass formulation have been investigated by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TG), X-ray [...] Read more.

Three new silica-based glass formulations with low molar Ca/P ratio (2–3) have been synthesized. The thermal properties, the crystalline phases induced by thermal treatments and the sintering ability of each glass formulation have been investigated by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis (DSC-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hot stage microscopy (HSM). The glasses exhibited a good sintering behavior, with two samples achieving shrinkage of 85%–95% prior to crystallization. The bioactivity of the glasses in simulated body fluid (SBF) has been investigated by performing XRD and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on the samples prior and after immersion. The glasses with lower MgO contents were able to form a fully crystallized apatite layer after three days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), while for the glass exhibiting a higher MgO content in its composition, the crystallization of the Ca–P layer was achieved after seven days. The conjugation of these properties opens new insights on the synthesis of highly bioactive and mechanically strong prosthetic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses)

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16 pages, 3892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Oxygen Partial Pressure during Processing on the Thermoelectric Properties of Aerosol-Deposited CuFeO₂

by Thomas Stöcker^*

, Jörg Exner

, Michael Schubert

, Maximilian Streibl

and Ralf Moos

Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum für Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040227 - 24 Mar 2016

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6637

Abstract

In the field of thermoelectric energy conversion, oxide materials show promising potential due to their good stability in oxidizing environments. Hence, the influence of oxygen partial pressure during synthesis on the thermoelectric properties of Cu-Delafossites at high temperatures was investigated in this study. [...] Read more.

In the field of thermoelectric energy conversion, oxide materials show promising potential due to their good stability in oxidizing environments. Hence, the influence of oxygen partial pressure during synthesis on the thermoelectric properties of Cu-Delafossites at high temperatures was investigated in this study. For these purposes, CuFeO₂ powders were synthetized using a conventional mixed-oxide technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were conducted to determine the crystal structures of the delafossites associated with the oxygen content during the synthesis. Out of these powders, films with a thickness of about 25 µm were prepared by the relatively new aerosol-deposition (AD) coating technique. It is based on a room temperature impact consolidation process (RTIC) to deposit dense solid films of ceramic materials on various substrates without using a high-temperature step during the coating process. On these dense CuFeO₂ films deposited on alumina substrates with electrode structures, the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity were measured as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. We compared the thermoelectric properties of both standard processed and aerosol deposited CuFeO₂ up to 900 °C and investigated the influence of oxygen partial pressure on the electrical conductivity, on the Seebeck coefficient and on the high temperature stability of CuFeO₂. These studies may not only help to improve the thermoelectric material in the high-temperature case, but may also serve as an initial basis to establish a defect chemical model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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21 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Leaching Impacts by Applying Biomass Bottom Ash and Recycled Mixed Aggregates in Structural Layers of Roads

by Manuel Cabrera

, Adela P. Galvin, Francisco Agrela^*

, Manuel G. Beltran and Jesus Ayuso

Area of Construction Engineering, University of Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain

Materials 2016, 9(4), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040228 - 24 Mar 2016

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5736

Abstract

This research is focused on analyzing the environmental pollution potential of biomass bottom ashes as individual materials, as mixtures manufactured with biomass bottom ashes and granular construction aggregates, and these mixtures treated with cement. For the environmental assessment of all of the samples [...] Read more.

This research is focused on analyzing the environmental pollution potential of biomass bottom ashes as individual materials, as mixtures manufactured with biomass bottom ashes and granular construction aggregates, and these mixtures treated with cement. For the environmental assessment of all of the samples and materials mentioned, the following leaching procedures have been performed: the compliance batch test of UNE-EN 12457-3:2003 for aggregates and bottom ashes; the column test according to NEN 7343:1994 for the mixtures prepared in the laboratory; and the tank test by EA NEN 7375:2004 for analyzing the behavior of mixtures after their solidification/stabilization with 5% cement. After the discussion of the data, the reduction of the pollution load of the most hazardous biomass bottom ashes after their combination with different aggregates can be confirmed, which implies their possible application in civil infrastructures, such as filler embankments and road construction layers, without negatively impacting the environment. In addition, the positive effect of the stabilization/solidification of the cement-treated mixtures with a reduction of the heavy metals that were released at the highest levels, namely As, Hg Cr, Ni, Cu, Se and Mo, was proven. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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19 pages, 7211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Setting Mechanical Properties of High Strength Steels for Rapid Hot Forming Processes

by Christian Löbbe^*, Oliver Hering, Lars Hiegemann

and A. Erman Tekkaya

Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction, TU Dortmund University, Baroper Str. 303, Dortmund 44227, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040229 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9664

Abstract

Hot stamping of sheet metal is an established method for the manufacturing of light weight products with tailored properties. However, the generally-applied continuous roller furnace manifests two crucial disadvantages: the overall process time is long and a local setting of mechanical properties is [...] Read more.

Hot stamping of sheet metal is an established method for the manufacturing of light weight products with tailored properties. However, the generally-applied continuous roller furnace manifests two crucial disadvantages: the overall process time is long and a local setting of mechanical properties is only feasible through special cooling techniques. Hot forming with rapid heating directly before shaping is a new approach, which not only reduces the thermal intervention in the zones of critical formability and requested properties, but also allows the processing of an advantageous microstructure characterized by less grain growth, additional fractions (e.g., retained austenite), and undissolved carbides. Since the austenitization and homogenization process is strongly dependent on the microstructure constitution, the general applicability for the process relevant parameters is unknown. Thus, different austenitization parameters are analyzed for the conventional high strength steels 22MnB5, Docol 1400M, and DP1000 in respect of the mechanical properties. In order to characterize the resulting microstructure, the light optical and scanning electron microscopy, micro and macro hardness measurements, and the X-ray diffraction are conducted subsequent to tensile tests. The investigation proves not only the feasibility to adjust the strength and ductility flexibly, unique microstructures are also observed and the governing mechanisms are clarified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forming of Light Weight Materials)

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11 pages, 5704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Modified Beeswax and Its Influence on the Surface Properties of Compressed Poplar Wood

by Lili Ren, Yingchun Cai^*, Limin Ren and Hong Yang

Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270595), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040230 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6192

Abstract

Beeswax was modified through the direct blending of nano-TiO₂, chitosan, acid dyes, and neutral dyes. With the varied modified beeswax, hot waxing was conducted on compressed poplar wood. Treated wood surfaces were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Results [...] Read more.

Beeswax was modified through the direct blending of nano-TiO₂, chitosan, acid dyes, and neutral dyes. With the varied modified beeswax, hot waxing was conducted on compressed poplar wood. Treated wood surfaces were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that the C, O, N, Au, S, and Ti elements in modified beeswax successfully penetrated into pits of compressed poplar wood, imparting rich colors to the wood surface. The blending of 10% (mass fraction) beeswax, 0.2% chitosan, and 0.05% neutral red was the best treatment for mulation for improving the in-surface staining uniformity, durability, surface gloss, contact angle, and texture conspicuity of compressed poplar. Full article

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25 pages, 2006 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Microwave-Matter Interaction Fundamentals and Efficient Microwave-Associated Heating Strategies

by Jing Sun¹, Wenlong Wang^2,* and Qinyan Yue^1,*

¹ School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China

² National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-fired Pollutants Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040231 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 625 | Viewed by 22828

Abstract

Microwave heating is rapidly emerging as an effective and efficient tool in various technological and scientific fields. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of microwave–matter interactions is the precondition for better utilization of microwave technology. However, microwave heating is usually only known as [...] Read more.

Microwave heating is rapidly emerging as an effective and efficient tool in various technological and scientific fields. A comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of microwave–matter interactions is the precondition for better utilization of microwave technology. However, microwave heating is usually only known as dielectric heating, and the contribution of the magnetic field component of microwaves is often ignored, which, in fact, contributes greatly to microwave heating of some aqueous electrolyte solutions, magnetic dielectric materials and certain conductive powder materials, etc. This paper focuses on this point and presents a careful review of microwave heating mechanisms in a comprehensive manner. Moreover, in addition to the acknowledged conventional microwave heating mechanisms, the special interaction mechanisms between microwave and metal-based materials are attracting increasing interest for a variety of metallurgical, plasma and discharge applications, and therefore are reviewed particularly regarding the aspects of the reflection, heating and discharge effects. Finally, several distinct strategies to improve microwave energy utilization efficiencies are proposed and discussed with the aim of tackling the energy-efficiency-related issues arising from the application of microwave heating. This work can present a strategic guideline for the developed understanding and utilization of the microwave heating technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Materials Processing)

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15 pages, 4696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Fabricated by Melt Electrospinning for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Sascha Zaiss^1,2,†, Toby D. Brown^1,†, Johannes C. Reichert^1,3 and Arne Berner^1,2,*

¹ Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia

² Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg 93055, Germany

³ Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Berlin 13589, Germany

^† These authors contributed equally to this work. The first two authors should be regarded as joint first authors.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040232 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 10795

Abstract

Melt electrospinning is a promising approach to manufacture biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, melt electrospinning of poly(ε-caprolactone) onto structured, metallic collectors resulted in scaffolds with an average pore size of 250–300 μm and an average fibre diameter of 15 μm. [...] Read more.

Melt electrospinning is a promising approach to manufacture biocompatible scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this study, melt electrospinning of poly(ε-caprolactone) onto structured, metallic collectors resulted in scaffolds with an average pore size of 250–300 μm and an average fibre diameter of 15 μm. Scaffolds were seeded with ovine osteoblasts in vitro. Cell proliferation and deposition of mineralised extracellular matrix was assessed using PicoGreen^® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Scoresby, Australia) and WAKO^® HR II (WAKO, Osaka, Japan) calcium assays. Biocompatibility, cell infiltration and the growth pattern of osteoblasts on scaffolds was investigated using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Osteoblasts proliferated on the scaffolds over an entire 40-day culture period, with excellent survival rates and deposited mineralized extracellular matrix. In general, the 3D environment of the structured melt electrospun scaffold was favourable for osteoblast cultures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Materials)

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6 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Fabrication of High-Aspect-Ratio Platinum Microprobes by Electrochemical Discharge Etching

by Min Zhang^* and Xiangwei Lian

Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040233 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7408

Abstract

Using a graphite crucible as the counter-electrode, platinum microprobes with an aspect ratio of 30 and a tip apex radius less than 100 nm were fabricated by an electrochemical discharge etching process. The “neck-in” structure on the platinum wire induced by the electrical [...] Read more.

Using a graphite crucible as the counter-electrode, platinum microprobes with an aspect ratio of 30 and a tip apex radius less than 100 nm were fabricated by an electrochemical discharge etching process. The “neck-in” structure on the platinum wire induced by the electrical discharge at the liquid-air interface plays a key role in the probe shape and the voltage of the following pure electrochemical etching determines the final probe aspect ratio and tip dimensions. Moreover, the shape and diameter of the graphite counter-electrode also exhibit a significant effect on the realization of high-aspect-ratio probes. The method presented here provides a simple and rapid approach to the fabrication of micro-tools for micromachining, micromanipulation, as well as biomedical applications. Full article

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10 pages, 12242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Crosslink Density on the Failure Behavior in Amorphous Polymers by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

by Junhua Zhao^*, Peishi Yu and Shuhong Dong

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040234 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 9976

Abstract

The crosslink density plays a key role in the mechanical response of the amorphous polymers in previous experiments. However, the mechanism of the influence is still not clear. In this paper, the influence of crosslink density on the failure behavior under tension and [...] Read more.

The crosslink density plays a key role in the mechanical response of the amorphous polymers in previous experiments. However, the mechanism of the influence is still not clear. In this paper, the influence of crosslink density on the failure behavior under tension and shear in amorphous polymers is systematically studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The present results indicate that the ultimate stresses and the broken ratios (the broken bond number to all polymer chain number ratios) increase, as well as the ultimate strains decrease with increasing crosslink density. The strain concentration is clearer with the increase of crosslink density. In other words, a higher crosslink density leads to a higher strain concentration. Hence, the higher strain concentration further reduces the fracture strain. This study implies that the mechanical properties of amorphous polymers can be dominated for different applications by altering the molecular architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Methods and Application to Computational Materials Design)

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12 pages, 2560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally Stable Solution Processed Vanadium Oxide as a Hole Extraction Layer in Organic Solar Cells

by Abdullah Alsulami¹, Jonathan Griffin¹, Rania Alqurashi¹, Hunan Yi², Ahmed Iraqi², David Lidzey¹ and Alastair Buckley^1,*

¹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Rd., Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7RH, UK

² Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK

Materials 2016, 9(4), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040235 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7456

Abstract

Low-temperature solution-processable vanadium oxide (V₂O_x) thin films have been employed as hole extraction layers (HELs) in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. V₂O_x films were fabricated in air by spin-coating vanadium(V) oxytriisopropoxide (s-V₂O_x) [...] Read more.

Low-temperature solution-processable vanadium oxide (V₂O_x) thin films have been employed as hole extraction layers (HELs) in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. V₂O_x films were fabricated in air by spin-coating vanadium(V) oxytriisopropoxide (s-V₂O_x) at room temperature without the need for further thermal annealing. The deposited vanadium(V) oxytriisopropoxide film undergoes hydrolysis in air, converting to V₂O_x with optical and electronic properties comparable to vacuum-deposited V₂O₅. When s-V₂O_x thin films were annealed in air at temperatures of 100 °C and 200 °C, OPV devices showed similar results with good thermal stability and better light transparency. Annealing at 300 °C and 400 °C resulted in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5% with a decrement approximately 15% lower than that of unannealed films; this is due to the relative decrease in the shunt resistance (R_sh) and an increase in the series resistance (R_s) related to changes in the oxidation state of vanadium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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10 pages, 1916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the New Clathrates K₈Cd₄Ge₄₂, Rb₈Cd₄Ge₄₂, and Cs₈Cd₄Ge₄₂

by Marion C. Schäfer and Svilen Bobev^*

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040236 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

This paper presents results from our exploratory work in the systems K-Cd-Ge, Rb-Cd-Ge, and Cs-Cd-Ge, which yielded the novel type-I clathrates with refined compositions K₈Cd_3.77(7)Ge_42.23, Rb₈Cd_3.65(7)Ge_42.35, and Cs_7.80(1)Cd_3.65(6) [...] Read more.

This paper presents results from our exploratory work in the systems K-Cd-Ge, Rb-Cd-Ge, and Cs-Cd-Ge, which yielded the novel type-I clathrates with refined compositions K₈Cd_3.77(7)Ge_42.23, Rb₈Cd_3.65(7)Ge_42.35, and Cs_7.80(1)Cd_3.65(6)Ge_42.35. The three compounds represent rare examples of clathrates of germanium with the alkali metals, where a d¹⁰ element substitutes a group 14 element. The three structures, established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, indicate that the framework-building Ge atoms are randomly substituted by Cd atoms on only one of the three possible crystallographic sites. This and several other details of the crystal chemistry are elaborated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Clathrate Materials)

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10 pages, 3003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reciprocal Sliding Friction Model for an Electro-Deposited Coating and Its Parameter Estimation Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method

by Kyungmok Kim

and Jaewook Lee^*

School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, 76 Hanggongdaehang-ro, Deogyang-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 412-791, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040237 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4355

Abstract

This paper describes a sliding friction model for an electro-deposited coating. Reciprocating sliding tests using ball-on-flat plate test apparatus are performed to determine an evolution of the kinetic friction coefficient. The evolution of the friction coefficient is classified into the initial running-in period, [...] Read more.

This paper describes a sliding friction model for an electro-deposited coating. Reciprocating sliding tests using ball-on-flat plate test apparatus are performed to determine an evolution of the kinetic friction coefficient. The evolution of the friction coefficient is classified into the initial running-in period, steady-state sliding, and transition to higher friction. The friction coefficient during the initial running-in period and steady-state sliding is expressed as a simple linear function. The friction coefficient in the transition to higher friction is described with a mathematical model derived from Kachanov-type damage law. The model parameters are then estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. It is identified that estimated friction coefficients obtained by MCMC approach are in good agreement with measured ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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10 pages, 2468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Defects of Zinc Oxide Nanorods for Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol

by Jamal Al-Sabahi^1,2, Tanujjal Bora², Mohammed Al-Abri^1,2,* and Joydeep Dutta^3,*

¹ Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33, PC 123, Al-Khoudh, Oman

² Chair in Nanotechnology, Water Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 17, PC 123, Al-Khoudh, Oman

³ Functional Materials Division, Materials and Nanophysics, ICT School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Isafjordsgatan 22, Kista Stockholm SE-164-40, Sweden

Materials 2016, 9(4), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040238 - 28 Mar 2016

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 10639

Abstract

Environmental pollution from human and industrial activities has received much attention as it adversely affects human health and bio-diversity. In this work we report efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of phenol using supported zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and explore the role of surface [...] Read more.

Environmental pollution from human and industrial activities has received much attention as it adversely affects human health and bio-diversity. In this work we report efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of phenol using supported zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and explore the role of surface defects in ZnO on the visible light photocatalytic activity. ZnO nanorods were synthesized on glass substrates using a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process, while the surface defect states were controlled by annealing the nanorods at various temperatures and were characterized by photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the evaluation of phenol photocatalytic degradation. ZnO nanorods with high surface defects exhibited maximum visible light photocatalytic activity, showing 50% degradation of 10 ppm phenol aqueous solution within 2.5 h, with a degradation rate almost four times higher than that of nanorods with lower surface defects. The mineralization process of phenol during degradation was also investigated, and it showed the evolution of different photocatalytic byproducts, such as benzoquinone, catechol, resorcinol and carboxylic acids, at different stages. The results from this study suggest that the presence of surface defects in ZnO nanorods is crucial for its efficient visible light photocatalytic activity, which is otherwise only active in the ultraviolet region. Full article

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11 pages, 3445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Coalescence on the Anisotropic Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Nickel Powder/Polydimethylsiloxane Composites

by Sung-Hwan Jang^1,2,*

, Yong-Lae Park^1,3 and Huiming Yin²

¹ Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

² Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA

³ Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040239 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7195

Abstract

Multifunctional polymer-based composites have been widely used in various research and industrial applications, such as flexible and stretchable electronics and sensors and sensor-integrated smart structures. This study investigates the influence of particle coalescence on the mechanical and electrical properties of spherical nickel powder [...] Read more.

Multifunctional polymer-based composites have been widely used in various research and industrial applications, such as flexible and stretchable electronics and sensors and sensor-integrated smart structures. This study investigates the influence of particle coalescence on the mechanical and electrical properties of spherical nickel powder (SNP)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites in which SNP was aligned using an external magnetic field. With the increase of the volume fraction of the SNP, the aligned SNP/PDMS composites exhibited a higher tensile strength and a lower ultimate strain. In addition, the composites with aligned SNP showed a lower percolation threshold and a higher electrical conductivity compared with those with randomly dispersed SNP. However, when the concentration of the SNP reached a certain level (40 vol. %), the anisotropy of the effective material property became less noticeable than that of the lower concentration (20 vol. %) composites due to the change of the microstructure of the particles caused by the coalescence of the particles at a high concentration. This work may provide rational methods for the fabrication of aligned composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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14 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement in Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Polypropylene Using Graphene Oxide Grafted with End-Functionalized Polypropylene

by Patchanee Chammingkwan, Katsuhiko Matsushita, Toshiaki Taniike and Minoru Terano^*

Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040240 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 7623

Abstract

Terminally hydroxylated polypropylene (PP) synthesized by a chain transfer method was grafted to graphene oxide (GO) at the chain end. Thus obtained PP-modified GO (PP-GO) was melt mixed with PP without the use of a compatibilizer to prepare PP/GO nanocomposites. Mechanical and electrical [...] Read more.

Terminally hydroxylated polypropylene (PP) synthesized by a chain transfer method was grafted to graphene oxide (GO) at the chain end. Thus obtained PP-modified GO (PP-GO) was melt mixed with PP without the use of a compatibilizer to prepare PP/GO nanocomposites. Mechanical and electrical properties of the resultant nanocomposites and reference samples that contained graphite nanoplatelets, partially reduced GO, or fully reduced GO were examined. The best improvement in the tensile strength was obtained using PP-GO at 1.0 wt %. The inclusion of PP-GO also led to the highest electrical conductivity, in spite of the incomplete reduction. These observations pointed out that terminally hydroxylated PP covalently grafted to GO prevented GO layers from re-stacking and agglomeration during melt mixing, affording improved dispersion as well as stronger interfacial bonding between the matrix and GO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Nanocomposites)

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11 pages, 4209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Sn Content in a CuSnZn Metal Precursor on Formation of MoSe₂ Film during Selenization in Se+SnSe Vapor

by Liyong Yao¹, Jianping Ao^1,*, Ming-Jer Jeng^2,*, Jinlian Bi¹, Shoushuai Gao¹, Guozhong Sun¹, Qing He¹, Zhiqiang Zhou¹, Yun Sun¹ and Liann-Be Chang²

¹ Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Thin film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China

² Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040241 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7247

Abstract

The preparation of Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe) thin films by the selenization of an electrodeposited copper–tin–zinc (CuSnZn) precursor with various Sn contents in low-pressure Se+SnSe_x vapor was studied. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements revealed that the [...] Read more.

The preparation of Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe) thin films by the selenization of an electrodeposited copper–tin–zinc (CuSnZn) precursor with various Sn contents in low-pressure Se+SnSe_x vapor was studied. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements revealed that the Sn content of the precursor that is used in selenization in a low-pressure Se+SnSe_x vapor atmosphere only slightly affects the elemental composition of the formed CZTSe films. However, the Sn content of the precursor significantly affects the grain size and surface morphology of CZTSe films. A metal precursor with a very Sn-poor composition produces CZTSe films with large grains and a rough surface, while a metal precursor with a very Sn-rich composition procures CZTSe films with small grains and a compact surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM revealed that the metal precursor with a Sn-rich composition can grow a thicker MoSe₂ thin film at CZTSe/Mo interface than one with a Sn-poor composition, possibly because excess Sn in the precursor may catalyze the formation of MoSe₂ thin film. A CZTSe solar cell with an efficiency of 7.94%was realized by using an electrodeposited metal precursor with a Sn/Cu ratio of 0.5 in selenization in a low-pressure Se+SnSe_x vapor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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15 pages, 3737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Dendronized Poly(l-Glutamate) via Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry

by Peter Perdih

, Andrej Kržan and Ema Žagar^*

Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Materials 2016, 9(4), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040242 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8388

Abstract

Poly(l-glutamate) (PGlu) was modified with a second-generation dendron to obtain the dendronized polyglutamate, P(Glu-D). Synthesized P(Glu-D) exhibited a degree of polymerization (DP_n) of 46 and a 43% degree of dendronization. Perfect agreement was found between the P(Glu-D) expected structure [...] Read more.

Poly(l-glutamate) (PGlu) was modified with a second-generation dendron to obtain the dendronized polyglutamate, P(Glu-D). Synthesized P(Glu-D) exhibited a degree of polymerization (DP_n) of 46 and a 43% degree of dendronization. Perfect agreement was found between the P(Glu-D) expected structure and the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and size-exclusion chromatography coupled to a multi-angle light-scattering detector (SEC-MALS) analysis. The PGlu precursor was modified by coupling with a bifunctional building block (N₃-Pr-NH₂) in the presence of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) coupling reagent. The second-generation polyamide dendron was prepared by a stepwise procedure involving the coupling of propargylamine to the l-lysine carboxyl group, followed by attaching the protected 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) building block to the l-lysine amino groups. The hydroxyl groups of the resulting second-generation dendron were quantitatively deprotected under mild acidic conditions. The deprotected dendron with an acetylene focal group was coupled to the pendant azide groups of the modified linear copolypeptide, P(Glu-N₃), in a Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to form a 1,4-disubstituted triazole. The dendronization reaction proceeded quantitatively in 48 hours in aqueous medium as confirmed by ¹H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable and Bio-Based Polymers)

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9 pages, 5745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Li₂Sb Additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-20Mg₂Si Alloy

by Hong-Chen Yu, Hui-Yuan Wang^*, Lei Chen, Min Zha^*, Cheng Wang, Chao Li and Qi-Chuan Jiang

Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of Ministry of Education & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanling Campus, Jilin University, No. 5988 Renmin Street, Changchun 130025, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040243 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6536

Abstract

It is found that Li₂Sb compound can act as the nucleus of primary Mg₂Si during solidification, by which the particle size of primary Mg₂Si decreased from ~300 to ~15–25 μm. Owing to the synergistic effect of the [...] Read more.

It is found that Li₂Sb compound can act as the nucleus of primary Mg₂Si during solidification, by which the particle size of primary Mg₂Si decreased from ~300 to ~15–25 μm. Owing to the synergistic effect of the Li₂Sb nucleus and adsorption-poisoning of Li atoms, the effect of complex modification of Li-Sb on primary Mg₂Si was better than that of single modification of Li or Sb. When Li-Sb content increased from 0 to 0.2 and further to 0.5 wt.%, coarse dendrite changed to defective truncated octahedron and finally to perfect truncated octahedral shape. With the addition of Li and Sb, ultimate compression strength (UCS) of Al-20Mg₂Si alloys increased from ~283 to ~341 MPa and the yield strength (YS) at 0.2% offset increased from ~112 to ~179 MPa while almost no change was seen in the uniform elongation. Our study offers a simple method to control the morphology and size of primary Mg₂Si, which will inspire developing new Al-Mg-Si alloys with improved mechanical properties. Full article

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12 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Homogel Uniaxial Compression Strength on Bio Grouting Material

by Kyungho Park and Daehyeon Kim^*

Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040244 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6838

Abstract

This study analyzed uniaxial compression strength over time by preparing a homogel specimen from a bio grouting material, a cement-like form produced by environment-friendly microbial reactions. Among chemical grouting methods, the most commonly used method is the Labile Waterglass method. In this study, [...] Read more.

This study analyzed uniaxial compression strength over time by preparing a homogel specimen from a bio grouting material, a cement-like form produced by environment-friendly microbial reactions. Among chemical grouting methods, the most commonly used method is the Labile Waterglass method. In this study, the homogel uniaxial compressive strength of Labile Waterglass (LW) injection material and that of bio grouting material were measured and analyzed. In order to perform the experiment, a total of 10 types of grouting mixing ratios were prepared by a combination of different materials such as Ordinary Portland Cement, Micro Cement, Bio Grouting Material and Sodium Silicate. They were cured in the air, and their homogel uniaxial compression strengths were measured on days 1, 3, 7 and 28 Based on the test results, it was confirmed that the uniaxial strength of the specimen made with Bio Grouting Material, Ordinary Portland Cement and Micro Cement was increased by more than 30% than that of the specimen only used with Ordinary Portland Cement, as a result of hydrogen-released heat reaction between calcium carbonate, the main ingredient of the bio grouting material, and calcium silicate in the cement. This indicates that the use of 30% bio-grouting material instead of cement in the grouting can be a reasonable mixing ratio to save the use of cement, leading to reduction in CO₂ emission. Full article

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11 pages, 4419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of CdS-Decorated TiO₂/Carbon Core-Shell Microspheres Derived from Microcrystalline Cellulose

by Xin Liu¹, Yinliang Li¹, Jun Yang¹, Bo Wang¹, Mingguo Ma¹, Feng Xu¹, Runcang Sun^1,2 and Xueming Zhang^1,*

¹ Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China

² State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040245 - 29 Mar 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6747

Abstract

The fabrication of reusable and biodegradation materials from renewable resources such as cellulose is essential for a sustainable world. The core-shell structured CdS-decorated TiO₂/Carbon microspheres (CdS/TiO₂/Carbon MS) photocatalyst was synthesized with controlled hydrolysis and a novel sonochemical method. It [...] Read more.

The fabrication of reusable and biodegradation materials from renewable resources such as cellulose is essential for a sustainable world. The core-shell structured CdS-decorated TiO₂/Carbon microspheres (CdS/TiO₂/Carbon MS) photocatalyst was synthesized with controlled hydrolysis and a novel sonochemical method. It was prepared by using crosslinked microcrystalline cellulose as the core, tetrabutyl titanate as the titania source and CdS as the photosensitizer. The morphology, chemical structure and properties of the obtained material were characterized by many means. Additionally, the photocatalytic activity of the CdS/TiO₂/Carbon MS was evaluated by the photodegradation efficiency of Rhodamine B solution, which reached 95.24% under visible light irradiation. This study demonstrated the excellent photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO₂/Carbon MS, which might have promising applications in environmental treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 3566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Electrodeposition Mode for Porous MnO₂/Ni Foam Composite for Asymmetric Supercapacitors

by Yi-Chiun Tsai¹, Wein-Duo Yang¹, Kuan-Ching Lee² and Chao-Ming Huang^2,*

¹ Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan

² Department of Materials Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71070, Taiwan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040246 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7218

Abstract

Three kinds of MnO₂/Ni foam composite electrode with hierarchical meso-macroporous structures were prepared using potentiodynamic (PD), potentiostatic (PS), and a combination of PS and PD(PS + PD) modes of electrodeposition. The electrodeposition mode markedly influenced the surface morphological, textural, and supercapacitive [...] Read more.

Three kinds of MnO₂/Ni foam composite electrode with hierarchical meso-macroporous structures were prepared using potentiodynamic (PD), potentiostatic (PS), and a combination of PS and PD(PS + PD) modes of electrodeposition. The electrodeposition mode markedly influenced the surface morphological, textural, and supercapacitive properties of the MnO₂/Ni electrodes. The supercapacitive performance of the MnO₂/Ni electrode obtained via PS + PD(PS + PD(MnO₂/Ni)) was found to be superior to those of MnO₂/Ni electrodes obtained via PD and PS, respectively. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor device, activated carbon (AC)/PS + PD(MnO₂/Ni), utilizing PS + PD(MnO₂/Ni) as a positive electrode and AC as a negative electrode, was fabricated. The device exhibited an energy density of 7.7 Wh·kg⁻¹ at a power density of 600 W·kg⁻¹ and superior cycling stability, retaining 98% of its initial capacity after 10,000 cycles. The good supercapacitive performance and excellent stability of the AC/PS + PD(MnO₂/Ni) device can be ascribed to its high surface area, hierarchical structure, and interconnected three-dimensional reticular configuration of the nickel metal support, which facilitates electrolyte ion intercalation and deintercalation at the electrode/electrolyte interface and mitigates volume change during repeated charge/discharge cycling. These results demonstrate the great potential of the combination of PS and PD modes for MnO₂ electrodeposition for the development of high-performance electrodes for supercapacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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10 pages, 6422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recycled PET Nanofibers for Water Filtration Applications

by Nicole E. Zander^*, Margaret Gillan and Daniel Sweetser

United States Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD 21005, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040247 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 107 | Viewed by 12537

Abstract

Water shortage is an immediate and serious threat to our world population. Inexpensive and scalable methods to clean freshwater and wastewater are in high demand. Nanofiber filtration membranes represent a next generation nonwoven filter media due to their unique properties. Polyethlyene terephthalate (PET) [...] Read more.

Water shortage is an immediate and serious threat to our world population. Inexpensive and scalable methods to clean freshwater and wastewater are in high demand. Nanofiber filtration membranes represent a next generation nonwoven filter media due to their unique properties. Polyethlyene terephthalate (PET) is often used in the packaging of water and other commonly used materials, leading to a large amount of plastic waste often with limited incentive for recycling (few value-added uses). Here, we present work in the generation of nanofiber liquid filtration membranes from PET plastic bottles and demonstrate their use in microfiltration. PET nanofiber membranes were formed via solution electrospinning with fiber diameters as low as ca. 100 nm. Filtration efficiency was tested with latex beads with sizes ranging from 30 to 2000 nm. Greater than 99% of the beads as small as 500 nm were removed using gravity filtration. To reduce biofouling, the mats were functionalized with quaternary ammonium and biguanide biocides. The biguanide functionalized mats achieved 6 log reduction for both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Materials)

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14 pages, 6137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Crack Control of Concrete by Self-Healing of Cementitious Composites Using Synthetic Fiber

by Heesup Choi¹

, Masumi Inoue¹, Sukmin Kwon², Hyeonggil Choi^3,* and Myungkwan Lim⁴

¹ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan

² Public Housing Division, Korea Land & Housing Institute, Daejeon 34047, Korea

³ Faculty of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 090-8585, Japan

⁴ Department of Architectural Engineering, Songwon University, Gwangju 61756, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040248 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7192

Abstract

Although concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, it is characterized by substantially low tensile strength in comparison to its compression strength, and the occurrence of cracks is unavoidable. In addition, cracks progress due to environmental conditions including damage by [...] Read more.

Although concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, it is characterized by substantially low tensile strength in comparison to its compression strength, and the occurrence of cracks is unavoidable. In addition, cracks progress due to environmental conditions including damage by freezing, neutralization, and salt, etc. Moreover, detrimental damage can occur in concrete structures due to the permeation of deteriorating elements such as Cl⁻ and CO₂. Meanwhile, under an environment in which moisture is being supplied and if the width of the crack is small, a phenomenon of self-healing, in which a portion of the crack is filled in due to the rehydration of the cement particles and precipitation of CaCO₃, is been confirmed. In this study, cracks in cementitious composite materials are effectively dispersed using synthetic fibers, and for cracks with a width of more than 0.1 mm, a review of the optimal self-healing conditions is conducted along with the review of a diverse range of self-healing performance factors. As a result, it was confirmed that the effective restoration of watertightness through the production of the majority of self-healing products was achieved by CaCO₃ and the use of synthetic fibers with polarity, along with the effect of inducing a multiple number of hairline cracks. In addition, it was confirmed that the self-healing conditions of saturated Ca(OH)₂ solution, which supplied CO₂ micro-bubbles, displayed the most effective self-healing performance in the surface and internal sections of the cracks. Full article

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13 pages, 2486 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Rapid Assay to Assess Bacterial Adhesion on Textiles

by Sabrina Schmidt-Emrich¹, Philipp Stiefel¹, Patrick Rupper²

, Heinz Katzenmeier³, Caroline Amberg⁴, Katharina Maniura-Weber¹ and Qun Ren^1,*

¹ Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland

² Laboratory for Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland

³ Sanitized AG, Burgdorf 3400, Switzerland

⁴ Swissatest Testmaterials AG, St. Gallen 9015, Switzerland

Materials 2016, 9(4), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040249 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7546

Abstract

Textiles are frequently colonized by microorganisms leading to undesired consequences like hygienic problems. Biocidal coatings often raise environmental and health concerns, thus sustainable, biocide-free coatings are of interest. To develop novel anti-adhesive textile coatings, a rapid, reliable, and quantitative high-throughput method to study [...] Read more.

Textiles are frequently colonized by microorganisms leading to undesired consequences like hygienic problems. Biocidal coatings often raise environmental and health concerns, thus sustainable, biocide-free coatings are of interest. To develop novel anti-adhesive textile coatings, a rapid, reliable, and quantitative high-throughput method to study microbial attachment to fabrics is required, however currently not available. Here, a fast and reliable 96-well plate-based screening method is developed. The quantification of bacterial adhesion is based on nucleic acid staining by SYTO9, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus as the model microorganisms. Subsequently, 38 commercially available and novel coatings were evaluated for their anti-bacterial adhesion properties. A poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) coating on polyester textile substratum revealed an 80% reduction of bacterial adhesion. Both the coating itself and the anti-adhesive property were stable after 20 washing cycles, confirmed by X-ray analysis. The assay provides an efficient tool to rapidly screen for non-biocidal coatings reducing bacterial attachment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biointerfaces)

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14 pages, 4907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forming Spacers in Situ by Photolithography to Mechanically Stabilize Electrofluidic-Based Switchable Optical Elements

by Meihong Wang^1,†, Yuanyuan Guo^1,†, Robert A. Hayes^1,3,*

, Danqing Liu², Dirk J. Broer² and Guofu Zhou^1,3,4

¹ Electronic Paper Display Institute, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China

² Eindhoven University of Technology, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven 5612AP, The Netherlands

³ Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China

⁴ Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics, Shenzhen 518110, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040250 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7143

Abstract

Electro-Fluidic Displays (EFD) have been demonstrated to be an attractive technology for incorporation into portable display devices. EFDs have excellent optical efficiency and fast switching enabling video content. Ensuring mechanical stability of EFD display cells is a key challenge and essential for developing [...] Read more.

Electro-Fluidic Displays (EFD) have been demonstrated to be an attractive technology for incorporation into portable display devices. EFDs have excellent optical efficiency and fast switching enabling video content. Ensuring mechanical stability of EFD display cells is a key challenge and essential for developing large area as well as flexible displays. Although the electro-optic performance of an EFD, unlike a liquid crystal display (LCD), is insensitive to cell-gap, extreme changes in cell-gap can result in irreversible collapse of the cell. Here we use photolithography to develop spacers to prevent cell-gap collapse and provide the required mechanical stability for EFD devices. The spacer is formed directly on the cover plates (ITO/glass) after cell assembly with UV light induced phase separation polymerization in the illuminated area. Phase separation behavior between polar aqueous solution and polymer is closely related to the solubility of acrylate monomers. In this work, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as cross-linker, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and acrylic acid or acrylamide as co-monomers are investigated for fabricating the spacers. PEGDA was added to the mixtures in order to increase the mechanical strength of the spacer. The spacers showed excellent performance for cell-gap control in EFD devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Photolithography and 3D Printing)

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15 pages, 2602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Removal of 4-Chlorophenol from Contaminated Water Using Activated Carbon from Dried Date Pits: Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Analyses

by Hussein Allaboun^1,2,* and Fahmi A. Abu Al-Rub¹

¹ Chemical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan

² Jordan Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box 70, Amman 11934, Jordan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040251 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6105

Abstract

Five different activated carbons (ACs) have been prepared from dried date pits using air and phosphoric acid as activating agents. The used phosphoric acid:date pit ratio dictated the characteristics of the prepared ACs; the equivalent BET-nitrogen surface area varied from 794 m² [...] Read more.

Five different activated carbons (ACs) have been prepared from dried date pits using air and phosphoric acid as activating agents. The used phosphoric acid:date pit ratio dictated the characteristics of the prepared ACs; the equivalent BET-nitrogen surface area varied from 794 m²/g for a ratio of 5:1, to 1707 m²/g for a ratio of 2:1, whereas the micropore volume changed in value from 0.24 cm³/g for the 5:1 ratio to 0.59 cm³/g for the 2:1 ratio. The prepared ACs were tested to remove 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solutions by means of batch adsorption process. The prepared 2:1 AC exhibited the highest uptake with a maximum of 525 mg/g. Equilibrium pH studies showed that 4-CP removal was pH dependent; the maximum uptake occurred at an equilibrium pH value of 5.5. Dynamic studies showed that 4-CP uptake on 2:1 AC is rapid, with 80% of the maximum uptake achieved during the first 40 min. Both surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion were identified to be effective adsorption mechanisms. Kinetic studies indicated a pseudo second-order reaction. Results of equilibrium adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption of the 4-CP on 2:1 AC is best described by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamics parameters of the adsorption (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, and ΔS⁰) were determined by studying the adsorption equilibrium at different temperatures. The values of these parameters indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption phenomenon of 4-CP on the prepared ACs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Nanomaterials for Environmental and Bio-Medical Applications)

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12 pages, 2595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Permeability of Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Pozzolanic Materials under Stress

by Hailong Wang¹, Xiaoyan Sun^1,*, Junjie Wang¹ and Paulo J.M. Monteiro²

¹ Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

² Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040252 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 6606

Abstract

The research reported herein studied the permeability of concrete containing recycled-concrete aggregate (RA), superfine phosphorous slag (PHS), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) with and without stress. Test results showed that the chloride diffusion coefficient of RA concrete (RAC) without external loads decreased [...] Read more.

The research reported herein studied the permeability of concrete containing recycled-concrete aggregate (RA), superfine phosphorous slag (PHS), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) with and without stress. Test results showed that the chloride diffusion coefficient of RA concrete (RAC) without external loads decreased with time, and the permeability of RAC is much lower than that of the reference concrete due to the on-going hydration and the pozzolanic reaction provided by the PHS and GGBS additives in the RAC mixture. The permeability of chloride under flexural load is much more sensitive than that under compressive load due to the differences in porosity and cracking pattern. At low compressive stress levels, the permeability of chloride decreased by the closing of pores and microcracks within RAC specimens. However, in a relatively short time the chloride diffusion coefficient and the chloride content increased rapidly with the increase of compressive stress when it exceeded a threshold stress level of approximate 35% of the ultimate compressive strength. Under flexural stress, the chloride transport capability increased with the increase of stress level and time. At high compressive and flexural stress levels, creep had a significant effect on the permeability of chloride in the RAC specimens due to the damage from the nucleation and propagation of microcracks over time. It is apparent that mortar cracking has more of a significant effect on the chloride transport in concrete than cracking in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). Full article

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11 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Bendable Circuits on a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Surface by Inkjet Printing Semi-Wrapped Structures

by Jiazhen Sun¹, Jieke Jiang², Bin Bao¹, Si Wang², Min He², Xingye Zhang² and Yanlin Song^1,2,*

¹ School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China

² Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040253 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 9399

Abstract

In this work, an effective method was developed to fabricate bendable circuits on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface by inkjet printing semi-wrapped structures. It is demonstrated that the precured PDMS liquid film could influence the depositing morphology of coalesced silver precursor inkjet droplets. Accordingly, [...] Read more.

In this work, an effective method was developed to fabricate bendable circuits on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface by inkjet printing semi-wrapped structures. It is demonstrated that the precured PDMS liquid film could influence the depositing morphology of coalesced silver precursor inkjet droplets. Accordingly, continuous and uniform lines with a semi-wrapped structure were fabricated on the PDMS surface. When the printed silver precursor was reduced to Ag nanoparticles, the fabricated conductive film exhibited good transparency and high bendability. This work presented a facile way to fabricate flexible patterns on a PDMS surface without any complicated modification or special equipment. Meanwhile, an in situ hydrazine reduction of Ag has been reported using the vapor phase method in the fabricating process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Forces and Thin Liquid Films)

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13 pages, 2949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Compressive Properties of Low to Medium Porosity Closed-Cell Porous Aluminum Using PMMA Space Holder Technique

by Nur Ayuni Jamal^1,2, Ai Wen Tan^1,2, Farazila Yusof^1,2,*, Kondoh Katsuyoshi³, Imai Hisashi³, S. Singh^1,2 and Hazleen Anuar⁴

¹ Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing (AMMP), Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

³ Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan

⁴ Manufacturing and Materials Department (MME), Kulliyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, Kuala Lumpur 50728, Malaysia

Materials 2016, 9(4), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040254 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5832

Abstract

In recent years, closed-cell porous Aluminum (Al) has drawn increasing attention, particularly in the applications requiring reduced weight and energy absorption capability such as in the automotive and aerospace industries. In the present work, porous Al with closed-cell structure was successfully fabricated by [...] Read more.

In recent years, closed-cell porous Aluminum (Al) has drawn increasing attention, particularly in the applications requiring reduced weight and energy absorption capability such as in the automotive and aerospace industries. In the present work, porous Al with closed-cell structure was successfully fabricated by powder metallurgy technique using PMMA as a space holder. The effects of the amount of PMMA powder on the porosity, density, microstructure and compressive behaviors of the porous specimens were systematically evaluated. The results showed that closed-cell porous Al having different porosities (12%–32%) and densities (1.6478 g/cm³, 1.5125 g/cm³ and 1.305 g/cm³) could be produced by varying the amount of PMMA (20–30 wt %). Meanwhile, the compressive behavior results demonstrated that the plateau stress decreased and the energy absorption capacity increased with increasing amount of PMMA. However, the maximum energy absorption capacity was achieved in the closed-cell porous Al with the addition of 25 wt % PMMA. Therefore, fabrication of closed-cell porous Al using 25 wt % PMMA is considered as the optimal condition in the present study since the resultant closed-cell porous Al possessed good combinations of porosity, density and plateau stress, as well as energy absorption capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Porous Materials)

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19 pages, 2483 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antimicrobial Nanomaterials Derived from Natural Products—A Review

by Ji Wang^1,2 and Wilfred Vermerris^1,2,*

¹ Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, IFAS, University of Florida, Cancer/Genetics Research Complex 302, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA

² UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040255 - 30 Mar 2016

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 9959

Abstract

Modern medicine has relied heavily on the availability of effective antibiotics to manage infections and enable invasive surgery. With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, novel approaches are necessary to prevent the formation of biofilms on sensitive surfaces such as medical implants. Advances in [...] Read more.

Modern medicine has relied heavily on the availability of effective antibiotics to manage infections and enable invasive surgery. With the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, novel approaches are necessary to prevent the formation of biofilms on sensitive surfaces such as medical implants. Advances in nanotechnology have resulted in novel materials and the ability to create novel surface topographies. This review article provides an overview of advances in the fabrication of antimicrobial nanomaterials that are derived from biological polymers or that rely on the incorporation of natural compounds with antimicrobial activity in nanofibers made from synthetic materials. The availability of these novel materials will contribute to ensuring that the current level of medical care can be maintained as more bacteria are expected to develop resistance against existing antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable and Bio-Based Polymers)

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23 pages, 15479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ZnO Nanostructure Templates as a Cost-Efficient Mass-Producible Route for the Development of Cellular Networks

by Eleni Makarona^1,*, Beatrix Peter^2,3, Inna Szekacs², Christos Tsamis¹

and Robert Horvath²

¹ Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 153 10, Greece

² Nanobiosensorics Momentum Group, Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest 1121, Hungary

³ Doctoral School of Molecular- and Nanotechnologies, University of Pannonia, Veszprém 8200, Hungary

Materials 2016, 9(4), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040256 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

The development of artificial surfaces which can regulate or trigger specific functions of living cells, and which are capable of inducing in vivo-like cell behaviors under in vitro conditions has been a long-sought goal over the past twenty years. In this work, [...] Read more.

The development of artificial surfaces which can regulate or trigger specific functions of living cells, and which are capable of inducing in vivo-like cell behaviors under in vitro conditions has been a long-sought goal over the past twenty years. In this work, an alternative, facile and cost-efficient method for mass-producible cellular templates is presented. The proposed methodology consists of a cost-efficient, two-step, all-wet technique capable of producing ZnO-based nanostructures on predefined patterns on a variety of substrates. ZnO—apart from the fact that it is a biocompatible material—was chosen because of its multifunctional nature which has rendered it a versatile material employed in a wide range of applications. Si, Si₃N₄, emulated microelectrode arrays and conventional glass cover slips were patterned at the micrometer scale and the patterns were filled with ZnO nanostructures. Using HeLa cells, we demonstrated that the fabricated nanotopographical features could promote guided cellular adhesion on the pre-defined micron-scale patterns only through nanomechanical cues without the need for further surface activation or modification. The basic steps of the micro/nanofabrication are presented and the results from the cell adhesion experiments are discussed, showing the potential of the suggested methodology for creating low-cost templates for engineered cellular networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular Materials: Design and Optimisation)

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9 pages, 1793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Pressure Synthesis of p-Type Ce_yFe_4−xCo_xSb₁₂ Skutterudites

by Yadi Liu, Xiaohui Li, Qian Zhang, Long Zhang, Dongli Yu, Bo Xu^*

and Yongjun Tian

State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040257 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4957

Abstract

Co-substituted p-Type CeFe_4−xCo_xSb₁₂ skutterudites were successfully synthesized with a high pressure synthesis method. The structure, composition, and thermoelectric properties were investigated. The obtained Ce_yFe_4−xCo_xSb₁₂ samples show the skutterudite structure of [...] Read more.

Co-substituted p-Type CeFe_4−xCo_xSb₁₂ skutterudites were successfully synthesized with a high pressure synthesis method. The structure, composition, and thermoelectric properties were investigated. The obtained Ce_yFe_4−xCo_xSb₁₂ samples show the skutterudite structure of

I m \bar{3}

symmetry. The hole concentration decreases with elevating Co substitution level, leading to increased Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity. Meanwhile, the filling fraction of Ce decreases, which is unfavorable for reducing the lattice thermal conductivity. As a result, the thermoelectric performance of Ce_yFe_4−xCo_xSb₁₂ deteriorates with higher Co content. The maximal ZT of 0.91 was achieved at 763 K for the optimal Ce_0.92Fe₄Sb₁₂ sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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14 pages, 3662 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis of Shape-Tailored WO₃ Micro-/Nanocrystals and the Photocatalytic Activity of WO₃/TiO₂ Composites

by István Székely^1,†

, Gábor Kovács^2,3,4,†, Lucian Baia^2,4

, Virginia Danciu¹ and Zsolt Pap^{2,3,4,5,*,†}

¹ Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Arany János 11, Cluj-Napoca RO-400028, Romania

² Faculty of Physics, Babeș–Bolyai University, M. Kogălniceanu 1, Cluj–Napoca RO-400084, Romania

³ Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, Szeged HU-6720, Hungary

⁴ Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Treboniu Laurian 42, Cluj-Napoca RO-400271, Romania

⁵ Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Tisza Lajos krt. 103, Szeged HU-6720, Hungary

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040258 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11664

Abstract

A traditional semiconductor (WO₃) was synthesized from different precursors via hydrothermal crystallization targeting the achievement of three different crystal shapes (nanoplates, nanorods and nanostars). The obtained WO₃ microcrystals were analyzed by the means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy [...] Read more.

A traditional semiconductor (WO₃) was synthesized from different precursors via hydrothermal crystallization targeting the achievement of three different crystal shapes (nanoplates, nanorods and nanostars). The obtained WO₃ microcrystals were analyzed by the means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). These methods contributed to the detailed analysis of the crystal morphology and structural features. The synthesized bare WO₃ photocatalysts were totally inactive, while the P25/WO₃ composites were efficient under UV light radiation. Furthermore, the maximum achieved activity was even higher than the bare P25’s photocatalytic performance. A correlation was established between the shape of the WO₃ crystallites and the observed photocatalytic activity registered during the degradation of different substrates by using P25/WO₃ composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Photocatalytic Materials 2016)

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19 pages, 3208 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Microparticles for Sustained Growth Factor Delivery in the Regeneration of Critically-Sized Segmental Tibial Bone Defects

by Giles T. S. Kirby^1,3, Lisa J. White³

, Roland Steck¹, Arne Berner^1,2, Kristofor Bogoevski¹, Omar Qutachi³

, Brendan Jones¹, Siamak Saifzadeh¹

, Dietmar W. Hutmacher¹

, Kevin M. Shakesheff³ and Maria A. Woodruff^1,*

¹ Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisban, QLD 4006, Australia

² Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93164, Germany

³ School of Pharmacy, University Park, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

Materials 2016, 9(4), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040259 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8025

Abstract

This study trialled the controlled delivery of growth factors within a biodegradable scaffold in a large segmental bone defect model. We hypothesised that co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) followed by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) could [...] Read more.

This study trialled the controlled delivery of growth factors within a biodegradable scaffold in a large segmental bone defect model. We hypothesised that co-delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) followed by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) could be more effective in stimulating bone repair than the delivery of BMP-2 alone. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA ) based microparticles were used as a delivery system to achieve a controlled release of growth factors within a medical-grade Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold. The scaffolds were assessed in a well-established preclinical ovine tibial segmental defect measuring 3 cm. After six months, mechanical properties and bone tissue regeneration were assessed. Mineralised bone bridging of the defect was enhanced in growth factor treated groups. The inclusion of VEGF and PDGF (with BMP-2) had no significant effect on the amount of bone regeneration at the six-month time point in comparison to BMP-2 alone. However, regions treated with VEGF and PDGF showed increased vascularity. This study demonstrates an effective method for the controlled delivery of therapeutic growth factors in vivo, using microparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Materials)

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15 pages, 2844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoparticles Suitable for BCAA Isolation Can Serve for Use in Magnetic Lipoplex-Based Delivery System for L, I, V, or R-rich Antimicrobial Peptides

by Radek Vesely¹, Pavlina Jelinkova^2,3, Dagmar Hegerova^2,3, Natalia Cernei^2,3, Pavel Kopel^2,3

, Amitava Moulick^2,3, Lukas Richtera^2,3

, Zbynek Heger^2,3, Vojtech Adam^2,3 and Ondrej Zitka^2,3,*

¹ Department of Traumatology at the Medical Faculty, Masaryk University and Trauma Hospital of Brno, Ponavka 6, Brno CZ-662 50, Czech Republic

² Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic

³ Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic

Materials 2016, 9(4), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040260 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5231

Abstract

This paper investigates the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are able to bind branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—leucine, valine, and isoleucine and, thus, serve as a tool for their isolation. Further, by this, we present an approach for encapsulation of nanoparticles into a [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are able to bind branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—leucine, valine, and isoleucine and, thus, serve as a tool for their isolation. Further, by this, we present an approach for encapsulation of nanoparticles into a liposome cavity resulting in a delivery system. Analyses of valine and leucine in entire complex show that 31.3% and 32.6% recoveries are reached for those amino acids. Evaluation of results shows that the success rate of delivery in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is higher in the case of BCAAs on nanoparticles entrapped in liposomes (28.7% and 34.7% for valine and leucine, respectively) when compared to nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope (18.3% and 13.7% for valine and leucine, respectively). The nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope exhibit the negative zeta potential (−9.1 ± 0.3 mV); however, their encapsulation results in a shift into positive values (range of 28.9 ± 0.4 to 33.1 ± 0.5 mV). Thus, electrostatic interactions with negatively-charged cell membranes (approx. −50 mV in the case of E. coli) leads to a better uptake of cargo. Our delivery system was finally tested with the leucine-rich antimicrobial peptide (FALALKALKKALKKLKKALKKAL) and it is shown that hemocompatibility (7.5%) and antimicrobial activity of the entire complex against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is comparable or better than conventional penicillin antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 6133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Calcined Zirconia-Carbon Composite from Metal Organic Frameworks and Its Application to Adsorption of Crystal Violet and Salicylic Acid

by Zubair Hasan¹

, Dong-Wan Cho¹, In-Hyun Nam², Chul-Min Chon²

and Hocheol Song^1,*

¹ Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea

² Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Minieral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040261 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6445

Abstract

Zirconia-carbon (ZC) composites were prepared via calcination of Zr-based metal organic frameworks, UiO-66 and amino-functionalized UiO-66, under N₂ atmosphere. The prepared composites were characterized using a series of instrumental analyses. The surface area of the ZC composites increased with the increase of [...] Read more.

Zirconia-carbon (ZC) composites were prepared via calcination of Zr-based metal organic frameworks, UiO-66 and amino-functionalized UiO-66, under N₂ atmosphere. The prepared composites were characterized using a series of instrumental analyses. The surface area of the ZC composites increased with the increase of calcination temperature, with the formation of a graphite oxide phase observed at 900 °C. The composites were used for adsorptive removal of a dye (crystal violet, CV) and a pharmaceutical and personal care product (salicylic acid, SA). The increase of the calcination temperature resulted in enhanced adsorption capability of the composites toward CV. The composite calcined at 900 °C exhibited a maximum uptake of 243 mg·g⁻¹, which was much greater than that by a commercial activated carbon. The composite was also effective in SA adsorption (102 mg·g⁻¹), and N-functionalization of the composite further enhanced its adsorption capability (109 mg·g⁻¹). CV adsorption was weakly influenced by solution pH, but was more dependent on the surface area and pore volume of the ZC composite. Meanwhile, SA adsorption showed strong pH dependence, which implies an active role of electrostatic interactions in the adsorption process. Base-base repulsion and hydrogen bonding are also suggested to influence the adsorption of CV and SA, especially for the N-functionalized composite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Porous Materials)

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35 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Polymer Nanocomposites—A Comparison between Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Clay as Nanofillers

by Mrinal Bhattacharya

Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040262 - 1 Apr 2016

Cited by 620 | Viewed by 26645

Abstract

Nanofilled polymeric matrices have demonstrated remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. In this article we review the processing of carbon nanotube, graphene, and clay montmorillonite platelet as potential nanofillers to form nanocomposites. The various functionalization techniques of modifying the nanofillers to enable interaction [...] Read more.

Nanofilled polymeric matrices have demonstrated remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. In this article we review the processing of carbon nanotube, graphene, and clay montmorillonite platelet as potential nanofillers to form nanocomposites. The various functionalization techniques of modifying the nanofillers to enable interaction with polymers are summarized. The importance of filler dispersion in the polymeric matrix is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for nanofilled polymeric composites are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Nanocomposites)

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10 pages, 2571 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperTechnical Note

Fabrication of a GMA-co-EDMA Monolith in a 2.0 mm i.d. Polypropylene Housing

by Marcello Iacono¹, Damian Connolly^1,2,* and Andreas Heise^1,3,*

¹ School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland

² Department of Science, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland

³ Polymer Chemistry and Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland

Materials 2016, 9(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040263 - 31 Mar 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6865

Abstract

Polymers are interesting housing materials for the fabrication of inexpensive monolithic chromatography and solid phase extraction (SPE) devices. Challenges arise when polymeric monoliths are formed in non-conical, cylindrical tubes of larger diameter due to potential monolith detachment from the housing wall resulting in [...] Read more.

Polymers are interesting housing materials for the fabrication of inexpensive monolithic chromatography and solid phase extraction (SPE) devices. Challenges arise when polymeric monoliths are formed in non-conical, cylindrical tubes of larger diameter due to potential monolith detachment from the housing wall resulting in loss of separation performance and mechanical stability. Here, a two-step protocol is applied to ensure formation of robust homogeneous methacrylate monolith in polypropylene (PP) tubing with a diameter of 2.0 mm. Detailed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging confirm the successful pre-modification of the tubing wall with an anchoring layer of cross-linked ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). Subsequent formation of an EDMA-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monolith in the PP tube resulted in a homogeneous monolithic polymer with enhanced mechanical stability as compared to non-anchored monoliths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Monolithic Materials for Applications in Separation Science)

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25 pages, 11022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Strength Concrete Columns under Axial Compression Load: Hybrid Confinement Efficiency of High Strength Transverse Reinforcement and Steel Fibers

by Wisena Perceka, Wen-Cheng Liao^* and Yo-de Wang

Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040264 - 1 Apr 2016

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9936

Abstract

Addition of steel fibers to high strength concrete (HSC) improves its post-peak behavior and energy absorbing capability, which can be described well in term of toughness. This paper attempts to obtain both analytically and experimentally the efficiency of steel fibers in HSC columns [...] Read more.

Addition of steel fibers to high strength concrete (HSC) improves its post-peak behavior and energy absorbing capability, which can be described well in term of toughness. This paper attempts to obtain both analytically and experimentally the efficiency of steel fibers in HSC columns with hybrid confinement of transverse reinforcement and steel fibers. Toughness ratio (TR) to quantify the confinement efficiency of HSC columns with hybrid confinement is proposed through a regression analysis by involving sixty-nine TRs of HSC without steel fibers and twenty-seven TRs of HSC with hybrid of transverse reinforcement and steel fibers. The proposed TR equation was further verified by compression tests of seventeen HSC columns conducted in this study, where twelve specimens were reinforced by high strength rebars in longitudinal and transverse directions. The results show that the efficiency of steel fibers in concrete depends on transverse reinforcement spacing, where the steel fibers are more effective if the spacing transverse reinforcement becomes larger in the range of 0.25–1 effective depth of the section column. Furthermore, the axial load–strain curves were developed by employing finite element software (OpenSees) for simulating the response of the structural system. Comparisons between numerical and experimental axial load–strain curves were carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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14 pages, 3430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heuristic Analysis Model of Nitrided Layers’ Formation Consisting of the Image Processing and Analysis and Elements of Artificial Intelligence

by Tomasz Wójcicki^1,* and Michał Nowicki²

¹ Institute for Sustainable Technologies, National Research Institute, Pulaski Str. 6/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland

² Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements PIAP, Jerozolimskie 202, 02-486 Warsaw, Poland

Materials 2016, 9(4), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040265 - 1 Apr 2016

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5273

Abstract

The article presents a selected area of research and development concerning the methods of material analysis based on the automatic image recognition of the investigated metallographic sections. The objectives of the analyses of the materials for gas nitriding technology are described. The methods [...] Read more.

The article presents a selected area of research and development concerning the methods of material analysis based on the automatic image recognition of the investigated metallographic sections. The objectives of the analyses of the materials for gas nitriding technology are described. The methods of the preparation of nitrided layers, the steps of the process and the construction and operation of devices for gas nitriding are given. We discuss the possibility of using the methods of digital images processing in the analysis of the materials, as well as their essential task groups: improving the quality of the images, segmentation, morphological transformations and image recognition. The developed analysis model of the nitrided layers formation, covering image processing and analysis techniques, as well as selected methods of artificial intelligence are presented. The model is divided into stages, which are formalized in order to better reproduce their actions. The validation of the presented method is performed. The advantages and limitations of the developed solution, as well as the possibilities of its practical use, are listed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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11 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Microfiber Patterns with Ivy Shoot-Like Geometries Using Improved Electrospinning

by Young Hun Jeong^1,* and Jongwan Lee²

¹ School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea

² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040266 - 1 Apr 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5159

Abstract

Fibers and fibrous structures are used extensively in various fields due to their many advantages. Microfibers, as well as nanofibers, are considered to be some of the most valuable forms of advanced materials. Accordingly, various methods for fabricating microfibers have been developed. Electrospinning [...] Read more.

Fibers and fibrous structures are used extensively in various fields due to their many advantages. Microfibers, as well as nanofibers, are considered to be some of the most valuable forms of advanced materials. Accordingly, various methods for fabricating microfibers have been developed. Electrospinning is a useful fabrication method for continuous polymeric nano- and microfibers with attractive merits. However, this technique has limitations in its ability to control the geometry of fibrous structures. Herein, advanced electrospinning with direct-writing functionality was used to fabricate microfiber patterns with ivy shoot-like geometries after experimentally investigating the effects of the process conditions on the fiber formation. The surface properties of the fibers were also modified by introducing nanoscale pores through the use of higher levels of humidity during the fabrication process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Materials)

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24 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessReview

Composite Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration

by Gianluca Tozzi¹

, Arianna De Mori², Antero Oliveira² and Marta Roldo^2,*

¹ School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Anglesea Building, Anglesea Road, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK

² School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St Michael’s Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK

Materials 2016, 9(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040267 - 2 Apr 2016

Cited by 135 | Viewed by 12076

Abstract

Over the past few decades, bone related disorders have constantly increased. Among all pathological conditions, osteoporosis is one of the most common and often leads to bone fractures. This is a massive burden and it affects an estimated 3 million people only in [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, bone related disorders have constantly increased. Among all pathological conditions, osteoporosis is one of the most common and often leads to bone fractures. This is a massive burden and it affects an estimated 3 million people only in the UK. Furthermore, as the population ages, numbers are due to increase. In this context, novel biomaterials for bone fracture regeneration are constantly under development. Typically, these materials aim at favoring optimal bone integration in the scaffold, up to complete bone regeneration; this approach to regenerative medicine is also known as tissue engineering (TE). Hydrogels are among the most promising biomaterials in TE applications: they are very flexible materials that allow a number of different properties to be targeted for different applications, through appropriate chemical modifications. The present review will focus on the strategies that have been developed for formulating hydrogels with ideal properties for bone regeneration applications. In particular, aspects related to the improvement of hydrogels’ mechanical competence, controlled delivery of drugs and growth factors are treated in detail. It is hoped that this review can provide an exhaustive compendium of the main aspects in hydrogel related research and, therefore, stimulate future biomaterial development and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Materials)

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11 pages, 2444 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Application of Direct Current Atmospheric Pressure Glow Microdischarge Generated in Contact with a Flowing Liquid Solution for Synthesis of Au-Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles

by Anna Dzimitrowicz^1,*

, Piotr Jamroz¹

, Marcin Nyk²

and Pawel Pohl¹

¹ Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze St. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

² Department of Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland

Materials 2016, 9(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040268 - 6 Apr 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7051

Abstract

A direct current atmospheric pressure glow microdischarge (dc-μAPGD) generated between an Ar nozzle microjet and a flowing liquid was applied to produce Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles (Au@AgCSNPs) in a continuous flow system. Firstly, operating dc-μAPGD with the flowing solution of the Au(III) ions as [...] Read more.

A direct current atmospheric pressure glow microdischarge (dc-μAPGD) generated between an Ar nozzle microjet and a flowing liquid was applied to produce Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles (Au@AgCSNPs) in a continuous flow system. Firstly, operating dc-μAPGD with the flowing solution of the Au(III) ions as the cathode, the Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) core was produced. Next, to produce the core-shell nanostructures, the collected AuNPs solution was immediately mixed with an AgNO₃ solution and passed through the system with the reversed polarity to fabricate the Ag nanoshell on the AuNPs core. The formation of Au@AgCSNPs was confirmed using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorbance spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Three localized surface plasmon resonance absorption bands with wavelengths centered at 372, 546, and 675 nm were observed in the UV-Vis spectrum of Au@AgCSNPs, confirming the reduction of both the Au(III) and Ag(I) ions. The right configuration of metals in Au@AgCSNPs was evidenced by TEM. The Au core diameter was 10.2 ± 2.0 nm, while the thickness of the Ag nanoshell was 5.8 ± 1.8 nm. The elemental composition of the bimetallic nanoparticles was also confirmed by EDS. It is possible to obtain 90 mL of a solution containing Au@AgCSNPs per hour using the applied microdischarge system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from ISN2A2016)

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17 pages, 8509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nano-TiC Dispersed Particles and Electro-Codeposition Parameters on Morphology and Structure of Hybrid Ni/TiC Nanocomposite Layers

by Lidia Benea^1,*

and Jean-Pierre Celis²

¹ Competences Center: Interfaces-Tribocorrosion-Electrochemical Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati RO-800008, Romania

² Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven B-3001, Belgium

Materials 2016, 9(4), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040269 - 6 Apr 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6268

Abstract

This research work describes the effect of dispersed titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles into nickel plating bath on Ni/TiC nanostructured composite layers obtained by electro-codeposition. The surface morphology of Ni/TiC nanostructured composite layers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of coatings [...] Read more.

This research work describes the effect of dispersed titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles into nickel plating bath on Ni/TiC nanostructured composite layers obtained by electro-codeposition. The surface morphology of Ni/TiC nanostructured composite layers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composition of coatings and the incorporation percentage of TiC nanoparticles into Ni matrix were studied and estimated by using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) has been applied in order to investigate the phase structure as well as the corresponding relative texture coefficients of the composite layers. The results show that the concentration of nano-TiC particles added in the nickel electrolyte affects the inclusion percentage of TiC into Ni/TiC nano strucured layers, as well as the corresponding morphology, relative texture coefficients and thickness indicating an increasing tendency with the increasing concentration of nano-TiC concentration. By increasing the amount of TiC nanoparticles in the electrolyte, their incorporation into nickel matrix also increases. The hybrid Ni/nano-TiC composite layers obtained revealed a higher roughness and higher hardness; therefore, these layers are promising superhydrophobic surfaces for special application and could be more resistant to wear than the pure Ni layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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13 pages, 5062 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Increasing Mechanical Properties of 2-D-Structured Electrospun Nylon 6 Non-Woven Fiber Mats

by Chunhui Xiang^1,*

and Margaret W. Frey²

¹ Department of Apparel, Events and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA

² Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040270 - 7 Apr 2016

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7397

Abstract

Tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness of electrospun nylon 6 non-woven fiber mats were improved by increasing individual nanofiber strength and fiber–fiber load sharing. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as reinforcement to increase the strength of the electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers. Young’s [...] Read more.

Tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and toughness of electrospun nylon 6 non-woven fiber mats were improved by increasing individual nanofiber strength and fiber–fiber load sharing. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as reinforcement to increase the strength of the electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers. Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and toughness of the nylon 6 non-woven fiber mats electrospun from 20 wt % solutions increased 51%, 87%, and 136%, respectively, after incorporating 1 wt % CNTs into the nylon 6 nanofibers. Three methods were investigated to enhance fiber–fiber load sharing: increasing friction between fibers, thermal bonding, and solvent bonding. The addition of beaded nylon 6 nanofibers into the non-woven fiber mats to increase fiber-fiber friction resulted in a statistically significantly increase in Young’s modulus over comparable smooth non-woven fiber mats. After annealing, tensile strength, elongation, and toughness of the nylon 6 non-woven fiber mats electrospun from 20 wt % + 10 wt % solutions increased 26%, 28%, and 68% compared to those from 20 wt % solutions. Solvent bonding with formic acid vapor at room temperature for 30 min caused increases of 56%, 67%, and 39% in the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and toughness of non-woven fiber mats, respectively. The increases attributed to increased individual nanofiber strength and solvent bonding synergistically resulted in the improvement of Young’s modulus of the electrospun nylon 6 non-woven fiber mats. Full article

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21 pages, 5443 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Status and Future Prospects of Copper Oxide Heterojunction Solar Cells

by Terence K. S. Wong^1,*, Siarhei Zhuk^1,2, Saeid Masudy-Panah² and Goutam K. Dalapati^2,*

¹ NOVITAS, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Block S2, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore

² Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis 138634, Singapore

Materials 2016, 9(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040271 - 7 Apr 2016

Cited by 175 | Viewed by 18199

Abstract

The current state of thin film heterojunction solar cells based on cuprous oxide (Cu₂O), cupric oxide (CuO) and copper (III) oxide (Cu₄O₃) is reviewed. These p-type semiconducting oxides prepared by Cu oxidation, sputtering or electrochemical deposition are [...] Read more.

The current state of thin film heterojunction solar cells based on cuprous oxide (Cu₂O), cupric oxide (CuO) and copper (III) oxide (Cu₄O₃) is reviewed. These p-type semiconducting oxides prepared by Cu oxidation, sputtering or electrochemical deposition are non-toxic, sustainable photovoltaic materials with application potential for solar electricity. However, defects at the copper oxide heterojunction and film quality are still major constraining factors for achieving high power conversion efficiency, η. Amongst the Cu₂O heterojunction devices, a maximum η of 6.1% has been obtained by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of Al_xGa_1−xO onto thermal Cu₂O doped with Na. The performance of CuO/n-Si heterojunction solar cells formed by magnetron sputtering of CuO is presently limited by both native oxide and Cu rich copper oxide layers at the heterointerface. These interfacial layers can be reduced by using a two-step sputtering process. A high η of 2.88% for CuO heterojunction solar cells has been achieved by incorporation of mixed phase CuO/Cu₂O nanopowder. CuO/Cu₂O heterojunction solar cells fabricated by electrodeposition and electrochemical doping has a maximum efficiency of 0.64% after surface defect passivation and annealing. Finally, early stage study of Cu₄O₃/GaN deposited on sapphire substrate has shown a photovoltaic effect and an η of ~10⁻²%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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12 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrospun 3D Fibrous Scaffolds for Chronic Wound Repair

by Huizhi Chen^1,2, Yan Peng³, Shucheng Wu³ and Lay Poh Tan^1,*

¹ School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore

² Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore

³ School of Mechanical Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, Singapore 599489, Singapore

Materials 2016, 9(4), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040272 - 6 Apr 2016

Cited by 78 | Viewed by 9517

Abstract

Chronic wounds are difficult to heal spontaneously largely due to the corrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) where cell ingrowth is obstructed. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable scaffold mimicking native ECM to replace the missing or dysfunctional [...] Read more.

Chronic wounds are difficult to heal spontaneously largely due to the corrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) where cell ingrowth is obstructed. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable scaffold mimicking native ECM to replace the missing or dysfunctional ECM, which may be an essential strategy for wound healing. The 3D fibrous scaffolds of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were successfully fabricated by liquid-collecting electrospinning, with 5~20 µm interconnected pores. Surface modification with the native ECM component aims at providing biological recognition for cell growth. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) successfully infiltrated into scaffolds at a depth of ~1400 µm after seven days of culturing, and showed significant progressive proliferation on scaffolds immobilized with collagen type I. In vivo models showed that chronic wounds treated with scaffolds had a faster healing rate. These results indicate that the 3D fibrous scaffolds may be a potential wound dressing for chronic wound repair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Materials)

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14 pages, 4015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Label Free Poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)–Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Impedimetric Immunosensor for Fumonisin B₁ Detection

by Milua Masikini¹, Avril R. Williams², Christopher E. Sunday¹, Tesfaye T. Waryo¹, Ezo Nxusani¹, Lindsay Wilson¹, Sinazo Qakala¹, Mawethu Bilibana¹, Samantha Douman¹, Anovuyo Jonnas¹, Priscilla G. L. Baker¹ and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha^1,*

¹ SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa

² Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados

Materials 2016, 9(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040273 - 7 Apr 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5932

Abstract

An impedimetric immunosensor for fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) was developed from a poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-multi-walled carbon nanotube (PDMA-MWCNT) composite on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The composite was prepared electrochemically and characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The preparation of the FB₁ [...] Read more.

An impedimetric immunosensor for fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) was developed from a poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline)-multi-walled carbon nanotube (PDMA-MWCNT) composite on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The composite was prepared electrochemically and characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The preparation of the FB₁ immunosensor involved the drop-coating of a bovine serum albumin mixture of the anti-fumonisin antibody (anti-Fms) onto the composite polymer-modified GCE. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) responses of the FB₁ immunosensor (GCE/PDMA-MWCNT/anti-Fms) have a linear range of 7 to 49 ng·L⁻¹, and the corresponding sensitivity and detection limits are 0.272 kΩ L·ng⁻¹ and 3.8 pg·L⁻¹, respectively. The limit of detection of the immunosensor for certified corn sample (i.e., certified reference material) is 0.014 ppm FB₁, which is in excellent agreement with the value published by the vendors and significantly more accurate than that obtained with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Full article

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13 pages, 7512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deposition of Antimicrobial Copper-Rich Coatings on Polymers by Atmospheric Pressure Jet Plasmas

by Jana Kredl, Juergen F. Kolb

, Uta Schnabel, Martin Polak, Klaus-Dieter Weltmann and Katja Fricke^*

Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald e.V.), Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, Greifswald 17489, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040274 - 7 Apr 2016

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7709

Abstract

Inanimate surfaces serve as a permanent reservoir for infectious microorganisms, which is a growing problem in areas in everyday life. Coating of surfaces with inorganic antimicrobials, such as copper, can contribute to reduce the adherence and growth of microorganisms. The use of a [...] Read more.

Inanimate surfaces serve as a permanent reservoir for infectious microorganisms, which is a growing problem in areas in everyday life. Coating of surfaces with inorganic antimicrobials, such as copper, can contribute to reduce the adherence and growth of microorganisms. The use of a DC operated air plasma jet for the deposition of copper thin films on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) substrates is reported. ABS is a widespread material used in consumer applications, including hospitals. The influence of gas flow rate and input current on thin film characteristics and its bactericidal effect have been studied. Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of thin copper layers on plasma-exposed ABS and the formation of copper particles with a size in the range from 20 to 100 nm, respectively. The bactericidal properties of the copper-coated surfaces were tested against Staphylococcus aureus. A reduction in growth by 93% compared with the attachment of bacteria on untreated samples was observed for coverage of the surface with 7 at. % copper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Cleaning and Antimicrobial Surfaces)

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13 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Utilization of Sewage Sludge and Coal Gangue for Cement Clinker Products: Promoting Tricalcium Silicate Formation and Trace Elements Immobilization

by Zhenzhou Yang¹, Yingyi Zhang¹, Lili Liu¹, Seshadri Seetharaman², Xidong Wang¹ and Zuotai Zhang^1,3,*

¹ Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management and Department of Energy and Resource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

² Department of Materials Science Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE 100-4, Sweden

³ School of Environmental Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040275 - 7 Apr 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6602

Abstract

The present study firstly proposed a method of integrated utilization of sewage sludge (SS) and coal gangue (CG), two waste products, for cement clinker products with the aim of heat recovery and environment protection. The results demonstrated that the incremental amounts of SS [...] Read more.

The present study firstly proposed a method of integrated utilization of sewage sludge (SS) and coal gangue (CG), two waste products, for cement clinker products with the aim of heat recovery and environment protection. The results demonstrated that the incremental amounts of SS and CG addition was favorable for the formation of tricalcium silicate (C₃S) during the calcinations, but excess amount of SS addition could cause the impediment effect on C₃S formation. Furthermore, it was also observed that the C₃S polymorphs showed the transition from rhombohedral to monoclinic structure as SS addition was increased to 15 wt %. During the calcinations, most of trace elements could be immobilized especially Zn and cannot be easily leached out. Given the encouraging results in the present study, the co-process of sewage sludge and coal gangue in the cement kiln can be expected with a higher quality of cement products and minimum pollution to the environment. Full article

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14 pages, 4327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Testing of Scaffolds for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Meniscus Tissue Engineering—Introducing a New Biocompatibility Scoring System

by Felix P. Achatz¹

, Richard Kujat¹, Christian G. Pfeifer¹, Matthias Koch¹, Michael Nerlich¹, Peter Angele^1,2 and Johannes Zellner^1,*

¹ Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg; Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany

² Sporthopaedicum Regensburg, Hildegard von Bingen Strasse 1, 93053 Regensburg, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040276 - 7 Apr 2016

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7348

Abstract

A combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and scaffolds seems to be a promising approach for meniscus repair. To facilitate the search for an appropriate scaffold material a reliable and objective in vitro testing system is essential. This paper introduces a new scoring [...] Read more.

A combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and scaffolds seems to be a promising approach for meniscus repair. To facilitate the search for an appropriate scaffold material a reliable and objective in vitro testing system is essential. This paper introduces a new scoring for this purpose and analyzes a hyaluronic acid (HA) gelatin composite scaffold and a polyurethane scaffold in combination with MSCs for tissue engineering of meniscus. The pore quality and interconnectivity of pores of a HA gelatin composite scaffold and a polyurethane scaffold were analyzed by surface photography and Berliner-Blau-BSA-solution vacuum filling. Further the two scaffold materials were vacuum-filled with human MSCs and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry after 21 days in chondrogenic media to determine cell distribution and cell survival as well as proteoglycan production, collagen type I and II content. The polyurethane scaffold showed better results than the hyaluronic acid gelatin composite scaffold, with signs of central necrosis in the HA gelatin composite scaffolds. The polyurethane scaffold showed good porosity, excellent pore interconnectivity, good cell distribution and cell survival, as well as an extensive content of proteoglycans and collagen type II. The polyurethane scaffold seems to be a promising biomaterial for a mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue engineering approach for meniscal repair. The new score could be applied as a new standard for in vitro scaffold testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regenerative Materials)

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9 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Compact Layers of Hybrid Halide Perovskites Fabricated via the Aerosol Deposition Process—Uncoupling Material Synthesis and Layer Formation

by Fabian Panzer^1,2,3

, Dominik Hanft¹

, Tanaji P. Gujar⁴, Frank-Julian Kahle^2,3, Mukundan Thelakkat⁴, Anna Köhler^2,3 and Ralf Moos^1,*

¹ Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany

² Experimental Physics II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany

³ Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany

⁴ Applied Functional Polymers, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95440, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040277 - 8 Apr 2016

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9138

Abstract

We present the successful fabrication of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite layers by the aerosol deposition method (ADM). The layers show high structural purity and compactness, thus making them suitable for application in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. By using the aerosol deposition [...] Read more.

We present the successful fabrication of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite layers by the aerosol deposition method (ADM). The layers show high structural purity and compactness, thus making them suitable for application in perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. By using the aerosol deposition method we are able to decouple material synthesis from layer processing. Our results therefore allow for enhanced and easy control over the fabrication of perovskite-based devices, further paving the way for their commercialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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19 pages, 5289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Damage Evolution in Circular Stirrup-Confined Concrete

by Zuohua Li^1,2, Zhihan Peng^1,2, Jun Teng^1,2,* and Ying Wang^3,*

¹ School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

² IoT Application Technology Center of NDT, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China

³ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

Materials 2016, 9(4), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040278 - 8 Apr 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7529

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental study on circular stirrup-confined concrete specimens under uniaxial and monotonic load. The effects of stirrup volume ratio, stirrup yield strength and concrete strength on damage evolution of stirrup-confined concrete were investigated. The experimental results showed that the strength [...] Read more.

This paper presents an experimental study on circular stirrup-confined concrete specimens under uniaxial and monotonic load. The effects of stirrup volume ratio, stirrup yield strength and concrete strength on damage evolution of stirrup-confined concrete were investigated. The experimental results showed that the strength and ductility of concrete are improved by appropriate arrangement of the stirrup confinement. Firstly, the concrete damage evolution can be relatively restrained with the increase of the stirrup volume ratio. Secondly, higher stirrup yield strength usually causes larger confining pressures and slower concrete damage evolution. In contrast, higher concrete strength leads to higher brittleness, which accelerates the concrete damage evolution. A plastic strain expression is obtained through curve fitting, and a damage evolution equation for circular stirrup-confined concrete is proposed by introducing a confinement factor (C) based on the experimental data. The comparison results demonstrate that the proposed damage evolution model can accurately describe the experimental results. Full article

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10 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Fabrication of Pt/Ti/TiO₂ Photoelectrodes by RF-Magnetron Sputtering for Separate Hydrogen and Oxygen Production

by Gian Luca Chiarello^1,*

, Cristina Tealdi², Piercarlo Mustarelli² and Elena Selli¹

¹ Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy

² Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, viale Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy

Materials 2016, 9(4), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040279 - 8 Apr 2016

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6573

Abstract

Evolution of pure hydrogen and oxygen by photocatalytic water splitting was attained from the opposite sides of a composite Pt/Ti/TiO₂ photoelectrode. The TiO₂ films were prepared by radio frequency (RF)-Magnetron Sputtering at different deposition time ranging from 1 up to 8 [...] Read more.

Evolution of pure hydrogen and oxygen by photocatalytic water splitting was attained from the opposite sides of a composite Pt/Ti/TiO₂ photoelectrode. The TiO₂ films were prepared by radio frequency (RF)-Magnetron Sputtering at different deposition time ranging from 1 up to 8 h and then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-vis-NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) measurements and by photocatalytic water splitting measurements in a two-compartment cell. The highest H₂ production rate was attained with the photoelectrode prepared by 6 h-long TiO₂ deposition thanks to its high content in the rutile polymorph, which is active under visible light. By contrast, the photoactivity dropped for longer deposition time, because of the increased probability of electron-hole recombination due to the longer electron transfer path. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Photocatalytic Materials 2016)

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8 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Liquid Film Capillary Mechanism for Densification of Ceramic Powders during Flash Sintering

by Rachman Chaim

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

Materials 2016, 9(4), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040280 - 11 Apr 2016

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 7551

Abstract

Recently, local melting of the particle surfaces confirmed the formation of spark and plasma during spark plasma sintering, which explains the rapid densification mechanism via liquid. A model for rapid densification of flash sintered ceramics by liquid film capillary was presented, where liquid [...] Read more.

Recently, local melting of the particle surfaces confirmed the formation of spark and plasma during spark plasma sintering, which explains the rapid densification mechanism via liquid. A model for rapid densification of flash sintered ceramics by liquid film capillary was presented, where liquid film forms by local melting at the particle contacts, due to Joule heating followed by thermal runaway. Local densification is by particle rearrangement led by spreading of the liquid, due to local attractive capillary forces. Electrowetting may assist this process. The asymmetric nature of the powder compact represents an invasive percolating system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Spark-Plasma Sintering and Related Field-Assisted Powder Consolidation Technologies)

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14 pages, 4701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Conductive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Icing Prevention and Curing

by Oscar Galao^†

, Luis Bañón^†

, Francisco Javier Baeza, Jesús Carmona

and Pedro Garcés^*

¹ Civil Engineering Department, University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig 03690, Spain

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040281 - 12 Apr 2016

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 10734

Abstract

This paper aims to study the feasibility of highly conductive carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) as a self-heating material for ice formation prevention and curing in pavements. Tests were carried out in lab ambient conditions at different fixed voltages and then introduced in [...] Read more.

This paper aims to study the feasibility of highly conductive carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) as a self-heating material for ice formation prevention and curing in pavements. Tests were carried out in lab ambient conditions at different fixed voltages and then introduced in a freezer at −15 °C. The specimens inside the freezer were exposed to different fixed voltages when reaching +5 °C for prevention of icing and when reaching the temperature inside the freezer, i.e., −15 °C, for curing of icing. Results show that this concrete could act as a heating element in pavements with risk of ice formation, consuming a reasonable amount of energy for both anti-icing (prevention) and deicing (curing), which could turn into an environmentally friendly and cost-effective deicing method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)

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11 pages, 3301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sol-Gel Synthesis of Carbon Xerogel-ZnO Composite for Detection of Catechol

by Dawei Li^1,†, Jun Zang^2,†, Jin Zhang¹, Kelong Ao¹, Qingqing Wang¹, Quanfeng Dong² and Qufu Wei^1,*

¹ Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China

² State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040282 - 12 Apr 2016

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6715

Abstract

Carbon xerogel-zinc oxide (CXZnO) composites were synthesized by a simple method of sol-gel condensation polymerization of formaldehyde and resorcinol solution containing zinc salt followed by drying and thermal treatment. ZnO nanoparticles were observed to be evenly dispersed on the surfaces of the carbon [...] Read more.

Carbon xerogel-zinc oxide (CXZnO) composites were synthesized by a simple method of sol-gel condensation polymerization of formaldehyde and resorcinol solution containing zinc salt followed by drying and thermal treatment. ZnO nanoparticles were observed to be evenly dispersed on the surfaces of the carbon xerogel microspheres. The as-prepared CXZnO composites were mixed with laccase (Lac) and Nafion to obtain a mixture solution, which was further modified on an electrode surface to construct a novel biosensing platform. Finally, the prepared electrochemical biosensor was employed to detect the environmental pollutant, catechol. The analysis result was satisfactory, the sensor showed excellent electrocatalysis towards catechol with high sensitivity (31.2 µA·mM⁻¹), a low detection limit (2.17 µM), and a wide linear range (6.91–453 µM). Moreover, the biosensor also displayed favorable repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, and stability besides being successfully used in the trace detection of catechol existing in lake water environments. Full article

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8 pages, 2724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Apatite Cement Containing Atelocollagen on Attachment to and Proliferation and Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Osteoblastic Cells

by Masaaki Takechi¹, Yoshiaki Ninomiya¹, Kouji Ohta^1,*, Misato Tada¹, Kazuki Sasaki¹, Mohammad Zeshaan Rahman¹, Akira Ohta¹, Kanji Tsuru² and Kunio Ishikawa²

¹ Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico-Gnathostomatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan

² Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040283 - 13 Apr 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5401

Abstract

To improve the osteoconductivity of apatite cement (AC) for reconstruction of bone defects after oral maxillofacial surgery, we previously fabricated AC containing atelocollagen (AC(ate)). In the present study, we examined the initial attachment, proliferation and differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) on [...] Read more.

To improve the osteoconductivity of apatite cement (AC) for reconstruction of bone defects after oral maxillofacial surgery, we previously fabricated AC containing atelocollagen (AC(ate)). In the present study, we examined the initial attachment, proliferation and differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1 cells) on the surface of conventional AC (c-AC), AC(ate) and a plastic cell dish. The number of osteoblastic cells showing initial attachment to AC(ate) was greater than those attached to c-AC and similar to the number attached to the plastic cell wells. We also found that osteoblastic cells were well spread and increased their number on AC(ate) in comparison with c-AC and the wells without specimens, while the amount of procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide (PIPC) produced in osteoblastic cells after three days on AC(ate) was greater as compared to the others. There was no significant difference in regard to alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin production by osteoblastic cells among the three surface types after three and six days. However, after 12 days, ALP activity and the produced osteocalcin were greater with AC(ate). In conclusion, AC(ate) may be a useful material with high osteoconductivity for reconstruction of bone defects after oral maxillofacial surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular Materials: Design and Optimisation)

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8 pages, 3101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Si₉₆: A New Silicon Allotrope with Interesting Physical Properties

by Qingyang Fan^1,*, Changchun Chai¹, Qun Wei²

, Peikun Zhou³, Junqin Zhang¹ and Yintang Yang¹

¹ Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Wide Band-Gap Semiconductor Materials and Devices, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China

² School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China

³ Faculty of Science, University of Paris-Sud, Paris 91400, France

Materials 2016, 9(4), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040284 - 13 Apr 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7611

Abstract

The structural mechanical properties and electronic properties of a new silicon allotrope Si₉₆ are investigated at ambient pressure by using a first-principles calculation method with the ultrasoft pseudopotential scheme in the framework of generalized gradient approximation. The elastic constants and phonon calculations [...] Read more.

The structural mechanical properties and electronic properties of a new silicon allotrope Si₉₆ are investigated at ambient pressure by using a first-principles calculation method with the ultrasoft pseudopotential scheme in the framework of generalized gradient approximation. The elastic constants and phonon calculations reveal that Si₉₆ is mechanically and dynamically stable at ambient pressure. The conduction band minimum and valence band maximum of Si₉₆ are at the R and G point, which indicates that Si₉₆ is an indirect band gap semiconductor. The anisotropic calculations show that Si₉₆ exhibits a smaller anisotropy than diamond Si in terms of Young’s modulus, the percentage of elastic anisotropy for bulk modulus and shear modulus, and the universal anisotropic index A^U. Interestingly, most silicon allotropes exhibit brittle behavior, in contrast to the previously proposed ductile behavior. The void framework, low density, and nanotube structure make Si₉₆ quite attractive for applications such as hydrogen storage and electronic devices that work at extreme conditions, and there are potential applications in Li-battery anode materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Multiscale Modeling and Simulation in Materials Science)

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17 pages, 4011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hydrogel Model Incorporating 3D-Plotted Hydroxyapatite for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

by Michal Bartnikowski¹, Ashwini Rahul Akkineni², Michael Gelinsky², Maria A. Woodruff^1,* and Travis J. Klein^1,*

¹ Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia

² Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden D-01307, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040285 - 14 Apr 2016

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8849

Abstract

The concept of biphasic or multi-layered compound scaffolds has been explored within numerous studies in the context of cartilage and osteochondral regeneration. To date, no system has been identified that stands out in terms of superior chondrogenesis, osteogenesis or the formation of a [...] Read more.

The concept of biphasic or multi-layered compound scaffolds has been explored within numerous studies in the context of cartilage and osteochondral regeneration. To date, no system has been identified that stands out in terms of superior chondrogenesis, osteogenesis or the formation of a zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC). Herein we present a 3D plotted scaffold, comprising an alginate and hydroxyapatite paste, cast within a photocrosslinkable hydrogel made of gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA), or GelMA with hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA). We hypothesized that this combination of 3D plotting and hydrogel crosslinking would form a high fidelity, cell supporting structure that would allow localization of hydroxyapatite to the deepest regions of the structure whilst taking advantage of hydrogel photocrosslinking. We assessed this preliminary design in terms of chondrogenesis in culture with human articular chondrocytes, and verified whether the inclusion of hydroxyapatite in the form presented had any influence on the formation of the ZCC. Whilst the inclusion of HAMA resulted in a better chondrogenic outcome, the effect of HAP was limited. We overall demonstrated that formation of such compound structures is possible, providing a foundation for future work. The development of cohesive biphasic systems is highly relevant for current and future cartilage tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Hydrogels for (Bio)printing Applications)

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15 pages, 2133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Properties of g-C₃N₄–TiO₂ Heterojunctions under UV and Visible Light Conditions

by Rachel Fagan^1,2, Declan E. McCormack^1,2,*, Steven J. Hinder³ and Suresh C. Pillai^4,5,*

¹ Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St, Dublin 8, Ireland

² School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland

³ The Surface Analysis Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

⁴ Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland

⁵ Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland

Materials 2016, 9(4), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040286 - 14 Apr 2016

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 12129

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were chosen as a model system to investigate photocatalytic abilities of heterojunction system under UV and visible light conditions. The use of g-C₃N₄ [...] Read more.

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were chosen as a model system to investigate photocatalytic abilities of heterojunction system under UV and visible light conditions. The use of g-C₃N₄ has been shown to be effective in the reduction in recombination through the interaction between the two interfaces of TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄. A simple method of preparing g-C₃N₄ through the pyrolysis of melamine was employed, which was then added to undoped TiO₂ material to form the g-C₃N₄–TiO₂ system. These materials were then fully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), and various spectroscopic techniques including Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), diffuse absorbance, and photoluminescence analysis. Photocatalysis studies were conducted using the model dye, rhodamine 6G utilizing visible and UV light irradiation. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that a composite of the materials was formed as opposed to a mixture of the two. Using XPS analysis, a shift in the nitrogen peak to that indicative of substitutional nitrogen was detected for all doped samples. This is then mirrored in the diffuse absorbance results, which show a clear decrease in band gap values for these samples, showing the effective band gap alteration achieved through this preparation process. When g-C₃N₄–TiO₂ samples were analyzed under visible light irradiation, no significant improvement was observed compared that of pure TiO₂. However, under UV light irradiation conditions, the photocatalytic ability of the doped samples exhibited an increased reactivity when compared to the undoped TiO₂ (0.130 min⁻¹), with 4% g-C₃N₄–TiO₂ (0.187 min⁻¹), showing a 43.9% increase in reactivity. Further doping to 8% g-C₃N₄–TiO₂ lead to a decrease in reactivity against rhodamine 6G. BET analysis determined that the surface area of the 4% and 8% g-C₃N₄–TiO₂ samples were very similar, with values of 29.4 and 28.5 m²/g, respectively, suggesting that the actual surface area is not a contributing factor. This could be due to an overloading of the system with covering of the active sites resulting in a lower reaction rate. XPS analysis showed that surface hydroxyl radicals and oxygen vacancies are not being formed throughout this preparation. Therefore, it can be suggested that the increased photocatalytic reaction rates are due to successful interfacial interactions with the g-C₃N₄-doped TiO₂ systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Photocatalytic Materials 2016)

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12 pages, 10815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel MgO-CaO-SiO₂ System for Fabricating Bone Scaffolds with Improved Overall Performance

by Hang Sun^1,†, Shiwei He^2,†, Ping Wu³, Chengde Gao¹, Pei Feng¹, Tao Xiao⁴, Youwen Deng⁴ and Cijun Shuai^1,*

¹ State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

² School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China

³ College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China

⁴ Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040287 - 14 Apr 2016

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7572

Abstract

Although forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) possesses good biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties, the insufficient bioactivity and degradability hinders its further application. In this study, a novel MgO-CaO-SiO₂ system was developed by adding wollastonite (CaSiO₃) into Mg₂SiO [...] Read more.

Although forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄) possesses good biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties, the insufficient bioactivity and degradability hinders its further application. In this study, a novel MgO-CaO-SiO₂ system was developed by adding wollastonite (CaSiO₃) into Mg₂SiO₄ to fabricate bone scaffolds via selective laser sintering (SLS). The apatite-forming ability and degradability of the scaffolds were enhanced because the degradation of CaSiO₃ could form silanol groups, which could offer nucleation sites for apatite. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds grew with increasing CaSiO₃ to 20 wt %. It was explained that the liquid phase of CaSiO₃ promoted the densification during sintering due to its low melting point. With the further increase in CaSiO₃, the mechanical properties decreased due to the formation of the continuous filling phase. Furthermore, the scaffolds possessed a well-interconnected porous structure and exhibited an ability to support cell adhesion and proliferation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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17 pages, 1760 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Materials Design for Biomedical Applications

by Charlotte Vichery^1,2,* and Jean-Marie Nedelec^1,2

¹ SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France

² CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, Aubiere F-63178, France

Materials 2016, 9(4), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040288 - 14 Apr 2016

Cited by 246 | Viewed by 18454

Abstract

Thanks to their high biocompatibility and bioactivity, bioactive glasses are very promising materials for soft and hard tissue repair and engineering. Because bioactivity and specific surface area intrinsically linked, the last decade has seen a focus on the development of highly porous and/or [...] Read more.

Thanks to their high biocompatibility and bioactivity, bioactive glasses are very promising materials for soft and hard tissue repair and engineering. Because bioactivity and specific surface area intrinsically linked, the last decade has seen a focus on the development of highly porous and/or nano-sized materials. This review emphasizes the synthesis of bioactive glass nanoparticles and materials design strategies. The first part comprehensively covers mainly soft chemistry processes, which aim to obtain dispersible and monodispersed nanoparticles. The second part discusses the use of bioactive glass nanoparticles for medical applications, highlighting the design of materials. Mesoporous nanoparticles for drug delivery, injectable systems and scaffolds consisting of bioactive glass nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer, implant coatings and particle dispersions will be presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses)

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13 pages, 2923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

1-D Compression Behaviour of Acid Sulphate Soils Treated with Alkali-Activated Slag

by Shahidul Islam, Asadul Haque^*

and Ha Hong Bui

Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia

Materials 2016, 9(4), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040289 - 15 Apr 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5689

Abstract

Improvements of soft soils by mechanically mixing cementitious additives have been widely practised for construction of infrastructure. Mixing of additives improves strength and compressibility properties of soils through the development of soil structure. This study investigates the 1-D compression behaviour of alkali-activated slag [...] Read more.

Improvements of soft soils by mechanically mixing cementitious additives have been widely practised for construction of infrastructure. Mixing of additives improves strength and compressibility properties of soils through the development of soil structure. This study investigates the 1-D compression behaviour of alkali-activated slag treated acid sulphate soils (ASS) cured up to 365 days. The void ratio-logarithm of pressure (e-logσ′) behaviour of treated ASS, including the destructuration behaviour, with additive contents and curing time have been analysed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses have been undertaken to explain the observed variations of the 1-D compression behaviour. This paper presents the results of these analyses in view of obtaining an insight into the 1-D compression behaviour of treated ASS with the help of mineralogical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geopolymers and Alkali-Activated Materials)

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11 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SiO₂-CaO-P₂O₅ Bioactive Glasses: A Promising Curcuminoids Delivery System

by Valentina Nicolini

, Monica Caselli

, Erika Ferrari

, Ledi Menabue, Gigliola Lusvardi, Monica Saladini and Gianluca Malavasi^*

Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy

Materials 2016, 9(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040290 - 15 Apr 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6250

Abstract

In this paper, we report the study of the loading and the release of curcuminoids by bioactive glasses (BG) and mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG). Through a detailed spectroscopic study, it was possible to determine the amount and the type of molecules released in [...] Read more.

In this paper, we report the study of the loading and the release of curcuminoids by bioactive glasses (BG) and mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG). Through a detailed spectroscopic study, it was possible to determine the amount and the type of molecules released in water and in simulated body fluid (SBF). In particular, curcumin and K2T21 show a good ability to be released in di-keto and keto-enolic form, depending from the pH. However, after 24 h, the amount of pristine curcumin release is very low with a consequent increment of degradation products derived by curcuminoids. The presence of –OH groups on curcuminoids is a fundamental pre-requisite in order to obtain a high loading and release in polar solution such as water and SBF. The substrate on which we loaded the drugs does not seem to affect significantly the loading and the release of the drugs. The environment, instead, affects the release: for all the drugs, the release in SBF, buffered at pH of 7.4, is slightly worse than the release in water (basic pH values). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses)

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23 pages, 33296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Tomography Technique for Assessment of the Material Condition of Concrete Using Optimized Elastic Wave Parameters

by Hwa Kian Chai^1,*, Kit Fook Liu¹

, Arash Behnia^2,*, Kobayashi Yoshikazu³ and Tomoki Shiotani⁴

¹ Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

² Discipline of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 46150, Malaysia

³ Department of Civil Engineering, Nihon University, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan

⁴ Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan

Materials 2016, 9(4), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040291 - 16 Apr 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6740

Abstract

Concrete is the most ubiquitous construction material. Apart from the fresh and early age properties of concrete material, its condition during the structure life span affects the overall structural performance. Therefore, development of techniques such as non-destructive testing which enable the investigation of [...] Read more.

Concrete is the most ubiquitous construction material. Apart from the fresh and early age properties of concrete material, its condition during the structure life span affects the overall structural performance. Therefore, development of techniques such as non-destructive testing which enable the investigation of the material condition, are in great demand. Tomography technique has become an increasingly popular non-destructive evaluation technique for civil engineers to assess the condition of concrete structures. In the present study, this technique is investigated by developing reconstruction procedures utilizing different parameters of elastic waves, namely the travel time, wave amplitude, wave frequency, and Q-value. In the development of algorithms, a ray tracing feature was adopted to take into account the actual non-linear propagation of elastic waves in concrete containing defects. Numerical simulation accompanied by experimental verifications of wave motion were conducted to obtain wave propagation profiles in concrete containing honeycomb as a defect and in assessing the tendon duct filling of pre-stressed concrete (PC) elements. The detection of defects by the developed tomography reconstruction procedures was evaluated and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Image Analysis and Processing for Cement-based Materials)

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9 pages, 3577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Glass Frit Deposition Based on the Electrospray Process

by Yifang Liu, Daner Chen, Zhan Zhan, Chenlei Li, Jianyi Zheng and Daoheng Sun^*

School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040292 - 18 Apr 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5530

Abstract

In this paper, the electrospray technology is used to easily deposit the glass frit into patterns at a micro-scale level. First, far-field electrospray process was carried out with a mixture of glass frit in the presence of ethanol. A uniform, smooth, and dense [...] Read more.

In this paper, the electrospray technology is used to easily deposit the glass frit into patterns at a micro-scale level. First, far-field electrospray process was carried out with a mixture of glass frit in the presence of ethanol. A uniform, smooth, and dense glass frit film was obtained, verifying that the electrospray technology was feasible. Then, the distance between the nozzle and the substrate was reduced to 2 mm to carry out near-field electrospray. The experimental process was improved by setting the range of the feed rate of the substrate to match both the concentration and the flow rate of the solution. Spray diameter could be less at the voltage of 2 kV, in which the glass frit film was expected to reach the minimum line width. A uniform glass frit film with a line width within the range of 400–500 μm was prepared when the speed of the substrate was 25 mm/s. It indicates that electrospray is an efficient technique for the patterned deposition of glass frit in wafer-level hermetic encapsulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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14 pages, 1840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Charge Carrier Transport in GaN Sensors

by Eugenijus Gaubas^*, Tomas Ceponis, Edmundas Kuokstis, Dovile Meskauskaite, Jevgenij Pavlov and Ignas Reklaitis

Institute of Applied Research, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 9-III, Vilnius 10222, Lithuania

Materials 2016, 9(4), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040293 - 18 Apr 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4847

Abstract

Capacitor and Schottky diode sensors were fabricated on GaN material grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition techniques using plasma etching and metal deposition. The operational characteristics of these devices have been investigated by profiling current transients and by [...] Read more.

Capacitor and Schottky diode sensors were fabricated on GaN material grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition techniques using plasma etching and metal deposition. The operational characteristics of these devices have been investigated by profiling current transients and by comparing the experimental regimes of the perpendicular and parallel injection of excess carrier domains. Profiling of the carrier injection location allows for the separation of the bipolar and the monopolar charge drift components. Carrier mobility values attributed to the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) GaN material have been estimated as μ_e = 1000 ± 200 cm²/Vs for electrons, and μ_h = 400 ± 80 cm²/Vs for holes, respectively. Current transients under injection of the localized and bulk packets of excess carriers have been examined in order to determine the surface charge formation and polarization effects. Full article

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13 pages, 2977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasonic Monitoring of Setting and Strength Development of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete

by Doo-Yeol Yoo¹, Hyun-Oh Shin² and Young-Soo Yoon^3,*

¹ Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea

² Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada

³ School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea

Materials 2016, 9(4), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040294 - 19 Apr 2016

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6752

Abstract

In this study, the setting and tensile strength development of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) at a very early age was investigated by performing the penetration resistance test (ASTM C403), as well as the direct tensile test using the newly developed test apparatus, and taking [...] Read more.

In this study, the setting and tensile strength development of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) at a very early age was investigated by performing the penetration resistance test (ASTM C403), as well as the direct tensile test using the newly developed test apparatus, and taking ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements. In order to determine the optimum surface treatment method for preventing rapid surface drying of UHPC, four different methods were examined: plastic sheet, curing cover, membrane-forming compound, and paraffin oil. Based on the test results, the use of paraffin oil was found to be the best choice for measuring the penetration resistance and the UPV, and attaching the plastic sheet to the exposed surface was considered to be a simple method for preventing the rapid surface drying of UHPC elements. An S-shaped tensile strength development at a very early age (before 24 h) was experimentally obtained, and it was predicted by a power function of UPV. Lastly, the addition of shrinkage-reducing and expansive admixtures resulted in more rapid development of penetration resistance and UPV of UHPC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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15 pages, 3914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Mechanical Properties of Concrete Made with Crushed Clay Bricks and Roof Tiles Aggregate after Exposure to High Temperatures

by Ivana Miličević^1,*, Nina Štirmer² and Ivana Banjad Pečur²

¹ Department for Materials and Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia

² Department for Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia

Materials 2016, 9(4), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040295 - 19 Apr 2016

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6508

Abstract

This paper presents the residual mechanical properties of concrete made with crushed bricks and clay roof tile aggregates after exposure to high temperatures. One referent mixture and eight mixtures with different percentages of replacement of natural aggregate by crushed bricks and roof tiles [...] Read more.

This paper presents the residual mechanical properties of concrete made with crushed bricks and clay roof tile aggregates after exposure to high temperatures. One referent mixture and eight mixtures with different percentages of replacement of natural aggregate by crushed bricks and roof tiles are experimentally tested. The properties of the concrete were measured before and after exposure to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C. In order to evaluate the basic residual mechanical properties of concrete with crushed bricks and roof tiles after exposure to high temperatures, ultrasonic pulse velocity is used as a non-destructive test method and the results are compared with those of a destructive method for validation. The mixture with the highest percentage of replacement of natural aggregate by crushed brick and roof tile aggregate has the best physical, mechanical, and thermal properties for application of such concrete in precast concrete elements exposed to high temperatures. Full article

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14 pages, 1943 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Spin-Coated vs. Electrodeposited Mn Oxide Films as Water Oxidation Catalysts

by Simelys Hernández^1,2,*,†

, Carminna Ottone^1,3,†, Sara Varetti¹, Marco Fontana^1,2, Diego Pugliese¹

, Guido Saracco^1,2, Barbara Bonelli¹

and Marco Armandi¹

¹ Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy

² Center for Space Human Robotics, IIT@POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, C.so Trento 21, Turin 10129, Italy

³ School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2147, Valparaíso 2362803, Chile

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040296 - 19 Apr 2016

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7192

Abstract

Manganese oxides (MnO_x), being active, inexpensive and low-toxicity materials, are considered promising water oxidation catalysts (WOCs). This work reports the preparation and the physico-chemical and electrochemical characterization of spin-coated (SC) films of commercial Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O [...] Read more.

Manganese oxides (MnO_x), being active, inexpensive and low-toxicity materials, are considered promising water oxidation catalysts (WOCs). This work reports the preparation and the physico-chemical and electrochemical characterization of spin-coated (SC) films of commercial Mn₂O₃, Mn₃O₄ and MnO₂ powders. Spin coating consists of few preparation steps and employs green chemicals (i.e., ethanol, acetic acid, polyethylene oxide and water). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time SC has been used for the preparation of stable powder-based WOCs electrodes. For comparison, MnO_x films were also prepared by means of electrodeposition (ED) and tested under the same conditions, at neutral pH. Particular interest was given to α-Mn₂O₃-based films, since Mn (III) species play a crucial role in the electrocatalytic oxidation of water. To this end, MnO₂-based SC and ED films were calcined at 500 °C, in order to obtain the desired α-Mn₂O₃ crystalline phase. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to study both electrode charge transport properties and electrode–electrolyte charge transfer kinetics. Long-term stability tests and oxygen/hydrogen evolution measurements were also made on the highest-performing samples and their faradaic efficiencies were quantified, with results higher than 95% for the Mn₂O₃ SC film, finally showing that the SC technique proposed here is a simple and reliable method to study the electrocatalytic behavior of pre-synthesized WOCs powders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrode Materials)

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13 pages, 3217 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Polyelectrolyte-Functionalized Nanofiber Mats Control the Collection and Inactivation of Escherichia coli

by Katrina A. Rieger, Michael Porter

and Jessica D. Schiffman^*

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003-9303, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040297 - 19 Apr 2016

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6884

Abstract

Quantifying the effect that nanofiber mat chemistry and hydrophilicity have on microorganism collection and inactivation is critical in biomedical applications. In this study, the collection and inactivation of Escherichia coli K12 was examined using cellulose nanofiber mats that were surface-functionalized using three polyelectrolytes: [...] Read more.

Quantifying the effect that nanofiber mat chemistry and hydrophilicity have on microorganism collection and inactivation is critical in biomedical applications. In this study, the collection and inactivation of Escherichia coli K12 was examined using cellulose nanofiber mats that were surface-functionalized using three polyelectrolytes: poly (acrylic acid) (PAA), chitosan (CS), and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (pDADMAC). The polyelectrolyte functionalized nanofiber mats retained the cylindrical morphology and average fiber diameter (~0.84 µm) of the underlying cellulose nanofibers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements confirmed the presence of polycations or polyanions on the surface of the nanofiber mats. Both the control cellulose and pDADMAC-functionalized nanofiber mats exhibited a high collection of E. coli K12, which suggests that mat hydrophilicity may play a larger role than surface charge on cell collection. While the minimum concentration of polycations needed to inhibit E. coli K12 was 800 µg/mL for both CS and pDADMAC, once immobilized, pDADMAC-functionalized nanofiber mats exhibited a higher inactivation of E. coli K12, (~97%). Here, we demonstrate that the collection and inactivation of microorganisms by electrospun cellulose nanofiber mats can be tailored through a facile polyelectrolyte functionalization process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrospun Materials)

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19 pages, 4341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties, Short Time Creep, and Fatigue of an Austenitic Steel

by Josip Brnic^1,*, Goran Turkalj¹, Marko Canadija¹, Domagoj Lanc¹, Sanjin Krscanski¹

, Marino Brcic¹

, Qiang Li² and Jitai Niu^2,3

¹ Department of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia

² School of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China

³ School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040298 - 20 Apr 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 11728

Abstract

The correct choice of a material in the process of structural design is the most important task. This study deals with determining and analyzing the mechanical properties of the material, and the material resistance to short-time creep and fatigue. The material under consideration [...] Read more.

The correct choice of a material in the process of structural design is the most important task. This study deals with determining and analyzing the mechanical properties of the material, and the material resistance to short-time creep and fatigue. The material under consideration in this investigation is austenitic stainless steel X6CrNiTi18-10. The results presenting ultimate tensile strength and 0.2 offset yield strength at room and elevated temperatures are displayed in the form of engineering stress-strain diagrams. Besides, the creep behavior of the steel is presented in the form of creep curves. The material is consequently considered to be creep resistant at temperatures of 400 °C and 500 °C when subjected to a stress which is less than 0.9 of the yield strength at the mentioned temperatures. Even when the applied stress at a temperature of 600 °C is less than 0.5 of the yield strength, the steel may be considered as resistant to creep. Cyclic tensile fatigue tests were carried out at stress ratio R = 0.25 using a servo-pulser machine and the results were recorded. The analysis shows that the stress level of 434.33 MPa can be adopted as a fatigue limit. The impact energy was also determined and the fracture toughness assessed. Full article

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15 pages, 5158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave Synthesized ZnO Nanorod Arrays for UV Sensors: A Seed Layer Annealing Temperature Study

by Ana Pimentel^*, Sofia Henriques Ferreira, Daniela Nunes, Tomas Calmeiro, Rodrigo Martins and Elvira Fortunato^*

i3N/CENIMAT, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal

Materials 2016, 9(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040299 - 20 Apr 2016

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 11712

Abstract

The present work reports the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) seed layer annealing temperature on structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanorod arrays, synthesized by hydrothermal method assisted by microwave radiation, to be used as UV sensors. The ZnO seed layer was [...] Read more.

The present work reports the influence of zinc oxide (ZnO) seed layer annealing temperature on structural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanorod arrays, synthesized by hydrothermal method assisted by microwave radiation, to be used as UV sensors. The ZnO seed layer was produced using the spin-coating method and several annealing temperatures, ranging from 100 to 500 °C, have been tested. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectrophotometry measurements have been used to investigate the structure, morphology, and optical properties variations of the produced ZnO nanorod arrays regarding the seed layer annealing temperatures employed. After the growth of ZnO nanorod arrays, the whole structure was tested as UV sensors, showing an increase in the sensitivity with the increase of seed layer annealing temperature. The UV sensor response of ZnO nanorod arrays produced with the seed layer annealed temperature of 500 °C was 50 times superior to the ones produced with a seed layer annealed at 100 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Materials Processing)

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15 pages, 4992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature-Driven Structural and Morphological Evolution of Zinc Oxide Nano-Coalesced Microstructures and Its Defect-Related Photoluminescence Properties

by Karkeng Lim^1,*, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Hamid^1,*, Roslinda Shamsudin^1,†, N.H. Al-Hardan^1,†, Ishak Mansor² and Weesiong Chiu³

¹ Materials Science Program, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia

² Technical Support Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Kajang 43000, Malaysia

³ Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Materials 2016, 9(4), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040300 - 20 Apr 2016

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 7759

Abstract

In this paper, we address the synthesis of nano-coalesced microstructured zinc oxide thin films via a simple thermal evaporation process. The role of synthesis temperature on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the prepared zinc oxide samples was deeply investigated. The obtained [...] Read more.

In this paper, we address the synthesis of nano-coalesced microstructured zinc oxide thin films via a simple thermal evaporation process. The role of synthesis temperature on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the prepared zinc oxide samples was deeply investigated. The obtained photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy outcomes will be used to discuss the surface structure defects of the prepared samples. The results indicated that the prepared samples are polycrystalline in nature, and the sample prepared at 700 °C revealed a tremendously c-axis oriented zinc oxide. The temperature-driven morphological evolution of the zinc oxide nano-coalesced microstructures was perceived, resulting in transformation of quasi-mountain chain-like to pyramidal textured zinc oxide with increasing the synthesis temperature. The results also impart that the sample prepared at 500 °C shows a higher percentage of the zinc interstitial and oxygen vacancies. Furthermore, the intensity of the photoluminescence emission in the ultraviolet region was enhanced as the heating temperature increased from 500 °C to 700 °C. Lastly, the growth mechanism of the zinc oxide nano-coalesced microstructures is discussed according to the reaction conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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19 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Shape-Dependent Single-Electron Levels for Au Nanoparticles

by Georgios D. Barmparis^1,2, Georgios Kopidakis^1,3 and Ioannis N. Remediakis^1,3,*

¹ Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece

² Crete Center for Quantum Complexity and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece

³ Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece

Materials 2016, 9(4), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040301 - 21 Apr 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8180

Abstract

The shape of metal nanoparticles has a crucial role in their performance in heterogeneous catalysis as well as photocatalysis. We propose a method of determining the shape of nanoparticles based on measurements of single-electron quantum levels. We first consider nanoparticles in two shapes [...] Read more.

The shape of metal nanoparticles has a crucial role in their performance in heterogeneous catalysis as well as photocatalysis. We propose a method of determining the shape of nanoparticles based on measurements of single-electron quantum levels. We first consider nanoparticles in two shapes of high symmetry: cube and sphere. We then focus on Au nanoparticles in three characteristic shapes that can be found in metal/inorganic or metal/organic compounds routinely used in catalysis and photocatalysis. We describe the methodology we use to solve the Schrödinger equation for arbitrary nanoparticle shape. The method gives results that agree well with analytical solutions for the high-symmetry shapes. When we apply our method in realistic gold nanoparticle models, which are obtained from Wulff construction based on first principles calculations, the single-electron levels and their density of states exhibit distinct shape-dependent features. Results for clean-surface nanoparticles are closer to those for cubic particles, while CO-covered nanoparticles have energy levels close to those of a sphere. Thiolate-covered nanoparticles with multifaceted polyhedral shape have distinct levels that are in between those for sphere and cube. We discuss how shape-dependent electronic structure features could be identified in experiments and thus guide catalyst design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement of Photocatalytic Materials 2016)

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17 pages, 9033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation and Mechanism Analysis of the Fiber Shedding Property of Textile Pile Debridement Materials

by Yijun Fu, Qixue Xie, Jihong Lao and Lu Wang^*

Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China

Materials 2016, 9(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040302 - 22 Apr 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6742

Abstract

Fiber shedding is a critical problem in biomedical textile debridement materials, which leads to infection and impairs wound healing. In this work, single fiber pull-out test was proposed as an in vitro evaluation for the fiber shedding property of a textile pile debridement [...] Read more.

Fiber shedding is a critical problem in biomedical textile debridement materials, which leads to infection and impairs wound healing. In this work, single fiber pull-out test was proposed as an in vitro evaluation for the fiber shedding property of a textile pile debridement material. Samples with different structural design (pile densities, numbers of ground yarns and coating times) were prepared and estimated under this testing method. Results show that single fiber pull-out test offers an appropriate in vitro evaluation for the fiber shedding property of textile pile debridement materials. Pull-out force for samples without back-coating exhibited a slight escalating trend with the supplement in pile density and number of ground yarn plies, while back-coating process significantly raised the single fiber pull-out force. For fiber shedding mechanism analysis, typical pull-out behavior and failure modes of the single fiber pull-out test were analyzed in detail. Three failure modes were found in this study, i.e., fiber slippage, coating point rupture and fiber breakage. In summary, to obtain samples with desirable fiber shedding property, fabric structural design, preparation process and raw materials selection should be taken into full consideration. Full article

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23 pages, 2078 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review on Grafting of Biofibers for Biocomposites

by Liqing Wei and Armando G. McDonald^*

Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-1132, USA

Materials 2016, 9(4), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040303 - 22 Apr 2016

Cited by 133 | Viewed by 13296

Abstract

A recent increase in the use of biofibers as low-cost and renewable reinforcement for the polymer biocomposites has been seen globally. Biofibers are classified into: lignocellulosic fibers (i.e., cellulose, wood and natural fibers), nanocellulose (i.e., cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose [...] Read more.

A recent increase in the use of biofibers as low-cost and renewable reinforcement for the polymer biocomposites has been seen globally. Biofibers are classified into: lignocellulosic fibers (i.e., cellulose, wood and natural fibers), nanocellulose (i.e., cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils), and bacterial cellulose, while polymer matrix materials can be petroleum based or bio-based. Green biocomposites can be produced using both biobased fibers and polymers. Incompatibility between the hydrophilic biofibers and hydrophobic polymer matrix can cause performance failure of resulting biocomposites. Diverse efforts have focused on the modification of biofibers in order to improve the performances of biocomposites. “Grafting” copolymerization strategy can render the advantages of biofiber and impart polymer properties onto it and the performance of biocomposites can be tuned through changing grafting parameters. This review presents a short overview of various “grafting” methods which can be directly or potentially employed to enhance the interaction between biofibers and a polymer matrix for biocomposites. Major grafting techniques, including ring opening polymerization, grafting via coupling agent and free radical induced grafting, have been discussed. Improved properties such as mechanical, thermal, and water resistance have provided grafted biocomposites with new opportunities for applications in specific industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio- and Natural-Fiber Composites)

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15 pages, 5045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Functionalized Porous Titanium Implants for Enhancing Angiogenesis in Vitro

by Laura Roland^1,2, Samantha Backhaus¹, Michael Grau^1,2, Julia Matena^1,2, Michael Teske³, Martin Beyerbach⁴, Hugo Murua Escobar^1,2, Heinz Haferkamp⁵, Nils-Claudius Gellrich⁶ and Ingo Nolte^1,*

¹ Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover D-30559, Germany

² Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock D-18057, Germany

³ Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock D-18119, Germany

⁴ Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover D-30559, Germany

⁵ Institut fuer Werkstoffkunde, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Garbsen D-30823, Germany

⁶ Clinic for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover D-30625, Germany

Materials 2016, 9(4), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9040304 - 22 Apr 2016

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6201

Abstract

Implant constructs supporting angiogenesis are favorable for treating critically-sized bone defects, as ingrowth of capillaries towards the center of large defects is often insufficient. Consequently, the insufficient nutritional supply of these regions leads to impaired bone healing. Implants with specially designed angiogenic supporting [...] Read more.

Implant constructs supporting angiogenesis are favorable for treating critically-sized bone defects, as ingrowth of capillaries towards the center of large defects is often insufficient. Consequently, the insufficient nutritional supply of these regions leads to impaired bone healing. Implants with specially designed angiogenic supporting geometry and functionalized with proangiogenic cytokines can enhance angiogenesis. In this study, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) were used for incorporation into poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)-coated porous titanium implants. Bioactivity of released factors and influence on angiogenesis of functionalized implants were evaluated using a migration assay and angiogenesis assays. Both implants released angiogenic factors, inducing migration of endothelial cells. Also, VEGF-functionalized PCL-coated titanium implants enhanced angiogenesis in vitro. Both factors were rapidly released in high doses from the implant coating during the first 72 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Hard and Soft Tissue Engineering: Novel Approaches)

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