The inclusion of distributed energy resources (DER) in Microgrids (MGs) comes at the expense of increased changes in current direction and magnitude. In the autonomous mode of MG operation, the penetration of synchronous distributed generators (DGs)...
To meet the increased customer demands, microgrid evolved. The structure of microgrid changes dynamically due to the intermittent nature of renewable-based generation, status of the distributed generator and opening of breakers for fault/maintenance....
The energy grid becomes more complex with increasing penetration of renewable resources, distributed energy storage, distributed generators, and more diverse loads such as electric vehicle charging stations. The presence of distributed energy resourc...
In recent years, with the growing popularity of smart microgrids in distribution networks, the effective coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) has presented a significant challenge for power system operators due to the intricate and...
Penetration of the power grid by renewable energy sources, distributed storage, and distributed generators is becoming increasingly common. Increased utilization of these distributed energy resources (DERs) has given rise to additional protection coo...
In the electrical power system, the coordination of directional overcurrent protection relays (DOPR) plays a preeminent role in protecting the electrical power system with the help of primary and back up protection to keep the system vigorous and to...
This article provides a comprehensive review of optimal relay coordination (ORC) in distribution networks (DNs) that include distributed generators (DGs). The integration of DGs into DNs has become a real challenge for power system protection, as the...
In an electrical power system, the coordination of the overcurrent relays plays an important role in protecting the electrical system by providing primary as well as backup protection. To reduce power outages, the coordination between these relays sh...
The ever increasing presence of renewable distributed generation (DG) in microgrids is imposing new challenges in protection coordination. The high penetration of renewable DG enables microgrids to operate under different topologies, giving rise to b...
In power systems protection, the optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is of paramount importance. The coordination of DOCRs in a multi-loop power system is formulated as an optimization problem. The main objective of this pa...
In this paper, an integrated optimization model based on Gradient-Based Optimizer (GBO) for overcurrent relays coordination along with the challenging practical constraints is proposed. The current proposed effort aims to facilitate the coordination...
Microgrids (MGs) are revolutionizing modern power systems by enabling decentralized energy production, renewable energy integration, and enhanced grid resilience. However, the increasing complexity of MGs, particularly with the integration of Distrib...
Integration of distributed generators (DGs) into a distribution network (DN) can cause coordination challenges of overcurrent relays (OCRs) because of different fault-current contributions of DGs as well as the directional change in fault currents. T...
This paper presents an integrated overcurrent relays coordination approach for an Egyptian electric power distribution system. The protection scheme suits all network topologies, including adding distribution generation units (DGs) and creating new p...
The optimal coordination of overcurrent relays (OCRs) has recently become a major challenge owing to the ever-increasing participation of distributed generation (DG) and the multi-looped structure of modern distribution networks (DNs). Furthermore, t...
Protecting AC microgrids (MGs) is a challenging task due to their dual operating modes—grid-connected and islanded—which cause sudden variations in fault currents. Traditional protection methods may no longer ensure network security. This...
Microgrids constitute complex systems that integrate distributed generation (DG) and feature different operational modes. The optimal coordination of directional over-current relays (DOCRs) in microgrids is a challenging task, especially if topology...
In the contemporary context of power network protection, acknowledging uncertainties in safeguarding recent power networks integrated with distributed generation (DG) is imperative to uphold the dependability, security, and efficiency of the grid ami...
The application of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) plays an important role in protecting power systems and ensuring their safe, reliable, and efficient operation. However, coordinating DOCRs involves solving a highly constrained and nonlinear...
The proper coordination of directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) is crucial in electrical power systems. The coordination of DOCRs in a multi-loop power system is expressed as an optimization problem. The aim of this study focuses on improving the p...
This paper introduces a two-stage protection coordination framework designed for grid-connected and islanded microgrids (MGs) that integrate distributed generations (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs). The first stage focuses on determining the o...
The relay coordination problem is of dire importance as it is critical to isolate the faulty portion in a timely way and thus ensure electrical network security and reliability. Meanwhile a relay protection optimization problem is highly constraint a...
A directional overcurrent relay is commonly used to protect the power distribution networks of a distributed system. The selection of the appropriate settings for the relays is an important component of the protection strategies used to isolate the f...
Electric power distribution networks are generally radial in nature, with unidirectional power flows transmitted from the highest voltage levels to the consumption levels. The protection system in these distribution networks is relatively simple and...
In case of an error in the power system, it is the duty of the protection relays to isolate the faulty part from the rest of the system as soon as possible. Overcurrent and distance relays are usually used to protect the transmission and super distri...
Wind power systems are being integrated increasingly into the power grid because of their large capacity and easy access to the transmission grid. The reliability of wind power plants is very important and the elimination of protective relay’s malfun...
This paper proposes the assessment method of the protection coordination index (PCI) for overcurrent protection relay and upstream relay. The protection coordination index is an indicator of how properly the equipment is protected by protective relay...
Much attention has been paid to the optimized protection of microgrids (MGs) and active distribution networks (ADNs). However, the literature shows a research gap in proposing a hybrid scheme, utilizing the voltage-based and overcurrent-based relays,...
This paper introduces a new protection system for solar photovoltaic generator (SPVG)-connected networks. The system is a combination of voltage-restrained overcurrent relays (VROCRs) and directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). The DOCRs are implemen...
Conventional protection schemes in the distribution system are liable to suffer from high penetration of renewable energy source-based distributed generation (RES-DG). The characteristics of RES-DG, such as wind turbine generators (WTGs), are stochas...
The uses of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cables pose a challenge of power system protection since the impedance of the HTS cable is varied during fault conditions. The protection systems should be designed properly to ensure the reliability...
Due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources into the electrical power network, overcurrent relays coordination with highly sensitive and selective protection systems are now two of the most important power protection concerns. In this res...
The optimization of overcurrent relays’ operation is a topic associated with protection coordination of distribution networks. Usually, this refers to medium-voltage networks, since they are protected by numerical relay devices, as opposed to l...
The relative protective devices are cascaded in a proper sequence with a proper min/max coordination time margin (CTM) to minimize the outage area of the network in case of fault condition. This manuscript addresses a new methodology based on the gor...
The aim of this work is to analyze and stabilize the power system when connecting an energy storage system (ESS) to replace the traditional power reserve of a power plant. Thus, it is necessary to validate and simulate the power facility protection s...
In the vision of the future smart grid, the communication is often featured by wide range, massive connect, and low latency, which poses new requirements on the reachable distance and spectral efficiency of wireless communication. In this regard, thi...
In electrical power systems, ensuring a reliable, precise, and efficient relay strategy is crucial for safe and trustworthy operation, especially in multi-loop distribution systems. Overcurrent relays (OCRs) have emerged as effective solutions for th...
The miscoordination and malfunctioning of directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) may occur due to a significant change in the fault current level (FCL) and a change in the network topology, from a radial to ring topology, caused by renewable energy re...
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication using non-orthogonal multiple access-based coordinated direct and relay transmission (NOMA-CDRT) supports both massive connectivity and wide-area coverage, becoming a key technology for future emergency res...
This paper addresses the protection coordination problem of microgrids combining unsupervised learning techniques, metaheuristic optimization and non-standard characteristics of directional over-current relays (DOCRs). Microgrids may operate under di...
The coordination of optimal overcurrent relays (OCRs) for modern power networks is nowadays one of the critical concerns due to the increase in the use of renewable energy sources. Modern grids connected to inverter-based distributed generations (IDG...
This paper describes the detailed analysis of a reactor application for a power plant to mitigate the voltage rise of a distribution line (DL) caused by the connection of distributed resources (DRs). The maximum capacity of renewable energy generator...
With the increasing predilection for renewable energy sources across the world, the novel idea of a miniature version of a grid, called a microgrid, has emerged. The efficiency and sustainability of a power grid increase by integrating distributed en...
The sudden explosive growth of data in intelligent devices and existing communication networks has brought great challenges to existing communication networks. On the one hand, D2D (device to device) technology greatly improves the utilization of spe...
The hybridization of PSO for the Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Protection Relays (DOPR) of the IEEE bus system proposes a new method for coordinating directional overcurrent protection relays in power systems. The method combines th...
The relay optimization expresses quite a challenge for smooth and optimal operation of power system networks. The relay optimization is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear problem and is highly constrained. Furthermore, a reliable relaying syste...
Distributed, generation-based micro-grids are increasingly being used in the build-up of the modern power system. However, the protection of these micro-grids has many challenges. One of the important challenges is the coordination of directional ove...
This paper proposes an adaptive protection scheme (APS) based on the original heap-based optimization (HBO) and a modified HBO (MHBO). APS is used to solve protection relays coordination problems that include directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) as...
This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme (APS) for solving the coordination problem that deals with coordination directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) and distance relays second zone time, in relation to coordination with DOCRs. The coordin...
Microgrids (MGs) are decentralized systems that integrate distributed energy resources and may operate in grid-connected or islanded modes. Furthermore, MGs may feature several topologies or operative scenarios. These characteristics bring about majo...
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